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150 young people gathered in the CHQ Building in Dublin today to celebrate their creation and invention with technology over the past year.
These young people are participants in the national TechSpace movement.
TechSpace is an afterschool programme that inspires young people to become digital creators, inventors and makers through free access to hardware, software, trained educators and creative mentors.
“TechSpace works beautifully,” says Jen Hesnan, a TechSpace Educator based in Galway and working with young people on the autistic spectrum, “It channels young people’s point of interest into something they can socially engage in and exhibit to others. Whether it’s sport, dance, history or anything else that the they are interested in, creative facilitation techniques ensure that any young person who comes in the door can find a purpose and have fun with their peers”.
The program teaches the fundamentals of the digital world, while developing skills in problem solving, creativity, communications and teamwork.
Typical activities in the areas of creative media and STEAM include animation and video production, mobile app development, music production, digital photography, web design, programming, electronics and circuitry.
Over 150 young people, who take part in the TechSpace after school program, showcased the work they have completed over the past year. This work is in the area of creative technology (video and photography projects) and ‘maker’ technology (electronics, programming, tech DIY).
The attendees took part in workshops, received advice from inspirational speakers, and were inspired for the year ahead.
CEO of Camra Education, John Fitzsimons the organisation that delivers TechSpace nationally said, “It is fantastic to see the educational outcomes being achieved by these young people, as they develop new skills in key areas for their future success”.
Second collaborative artwork with one of the biggest and baddest illa's about to hit the industry, my man Mr Wan.
A universal theme is chosen and we independently create artwork which best reflects (a key word or phrase within) that theme using our signature styles.
Eventually to be released (in a very limited quantity and) a very exclusive pack of double sided cards.
Each image will be constructed using various technical printing and handicraftwork processes to ensure maximum quality and longevity.
You can see Mr Wan's 'Invention' here
Hill's Cigarettes "Scientific Inventions & Discoveries" issued in 1929.
#32 William Caxton and the printing press
Fingerprints
The discovery that fingerprints are unique in each person and are left behind on everything we touch made by Jan Evangelista in 1823 was nothing short of miraculous. The even bigger breakthrough came when this discovery could be used by law enforcement to conduct...
top6.com/most-significant-breakthroughs-in-the-history-of...
Helps by heel spur ,easier to get by foot and more force, keep moving top end for about two minutes , good luck ,thanks for the visit
*I had a little fun with Photoshop - my face inside my imagined Television-Telephone. It's how I thought I could telephone my friends... some day in the future.
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As a kid, I loved "Lost in Space" and my parents took me to see futuristic films - "2001: A Space Odyssey" (1968) and Woody Allen’s "Sleeper" (1973). Maybe that’s why I often fantasized a lot about the future. I’d wonder what music of the future would be like, Just a bunch of robotic, mono-tone electronic blips? By the year 2000, cars will fly, of course! But without lanes how will they not crash into each other? I had concerns. Will the air still be breathable? Will the earth be nothing but a burning heap of trash? Then I’d start to hyperventilate.
But mostly my thoughts were on what kind of cool appliances and cars we’d have. That’s one reason I loved Disneyland’s Tomorrowland, with the white, sleek orb-like swooshing vehicles, I could pretend I was already in the future. Yes, that’s what the future would look like. And I loved the Jetson's cartoon, too - with its robotic maids and computerized kitchens. I was sure the future would be just like that. Everything would be white and zooming at break-neck speeds.
What I really looked forward to was having my own Television-Telephone. Maybe because the only phones I’d every known were heavy, usually black (or maybe harvest gold or avocado) rotary phones that took forever to dial. I practically had to wipe sweat from my brow when having to dial a number with lots of 8s, 9s or 0s in it. So when I saw an article in the newspaper about the possible invention of a Television-Telephone, I got so excited I tacked the article to my bedroom door. The future was nearly here! And I would live to see it before I got wrinkles. With this amazing new technology I will be able to see anyone I phoned and they will see me. It’ll be great! I could eat breakfast with my cousin in Texas. I could show her the prize I pulled out of my cereal box (if I could talk my dad into letting me have sugary cereal, that is). Or I could show my friend Cindy my latest Archie comic book without even having to leave my house. Cool! But then I realized that I’d have to wash my face, brush my hair and get out of my pajamas before ever using the phone. So… maybe the Television-Telephone wouldn’t be so great.
Still, I daydreamed about the future. Maybe I’d be a stewardess who will fly around the world, looking foxy in hot pants. Yes, I foresaw myself about thirty years in the future still wearing 1974’s trends. In my head, I saw a clear vision: Me, at about thirty-years-old, wearing a yellow smiley face t-shirt (very tight fitting, as my future self would be very foxy and built) with purple hot pants and white, platform go-go boots. My future self will be one sexy mama – a combo of Teresa Graves' no-nonsense hipness (from “Get Christie Love”), Raquel Welch’s curvy allure and Mary Tyler Moore's spunky carefree-ness - so carefree she tossed her hat into the air. Yes, I would be one foxy, curvy, spunky, world-traveling future lady in hot pants!
So here I am in my future, without one pair of hot pants. And never did I predict the invention of the internet (even better than the Television-Telephone, because I can answer e-mail in my underwear – if I want). I also never predicted I would be able to buy movie tickets and reserve my seat online. Every time I do this, I feel so futuristic. I can’t help but think my kid-self would’ve loved this convenience. But then I didn’t even foresee - right around the corner – Pong, ATMs, answering machines or call-waiting. I just assumed I would be forever hearing the bop-bop-bop headache-causing busy drone of the telephone. And now that I can see who is calling me, I think about these poor kids of the present (or my past future) who will never know the joy of anonymous crank (or is it prank?) calling (a latchkey kid's version of video games). Who’d have thought it? Not me. I was too busy daydreaming about me in hot pants. Purple hot pants.
♫♪♫ The Submarines - Modern Inventions
I dues siluetes a la deriva, desolades... vivint, aprofitant un temps que s'ha aturat només per elles, a Barcelona; 14 d'abril de 2008.
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Poema recitat de Miquel López Crespí - Aquests carrers mullats sota la pluja
Disneyland Paris.
June 2014.
Visit our website for loads of Disney Character pictures and information!
Kajakin kannella tahtoo irtonainen mela lähteä pyörimään. Litteä os melan keskellä estää tämän. Melan voi myös kiinnittää kevyesti kajakin kannelle.
Strasbourg (/ˈstræzbɜrɡ/, French pronunciation: [stʁaz.buʁ, stʁas.buʁ]; German: Straßburg, [ˈʃtʁaːsbʊɐ̯k]) is the capital and principal city of the Alsace region in north eastern France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located close to the border with Germany, it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin département. The city and the region of Alsace were historically Alemannic-speaking, hence the city's Germanic name.[5] In 2006, the city proper had 272,975 inhabitants and its urban community 467,375 inhabitants. With 759,868 inhabitants in 2010, Strasbourg's metropolitan area (only the part of the metropolitan area on French territory) is the ninth largest in France. The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of 884,988 inhabitants in 2008.[6]
Strasbourg is the seat of several European institutions, such as the Council of Europe (with its European Court of Human Rights, its European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and its European Audiovisual Observatory) and the Eurocorps, as well as the European Parliament and the European Ombudsman of the European Union. The city is also the seat of the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine and the International Institute of Human Rights.[7]
Strasbourg's historic city centre, the Grande Île (Grand Island), was classified a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1988, the first time such an honour was placed on an entire city centre. Strasbourg is immersed in the Franco-German culture and although violently disputed throughout history, has been a bridge of unity between France and Germany for centuries, especially through the University of Strasbourg, currently the second largest in France, and the coexistence of Catholic and Protestant culture. The largest Islamic place of worship in France, the Strasbourg Grand Mosque, was inaugurated by French Interior Minister Manuel Valls on 27 September 2012.[8]
Economically, Strasbourg is an important centre of manufacturing and engineering, as well as a hub of road, rail, and river transportation. The port of Strasbourg is the second largest on the Rhine after Duisburg, Germany.
Etymology and Names
The city's Gallicized name (Lower Alsatian: Strossburi, [ˈʃd̥rɔːsb̥uri]; German: Straßburg, [ˈʃtʁaːsbʊɐ̯k]) is of Germanic origin and means "Town (at the crossing) of roads". The modern Stras- is cognate to the German Straße and English street, all of which are derived from Latin strata ("paved road"), while -bourg is cognate to the German Burg and English borough, all of which are derived from Proto-Germanic *burgz ("hill fort, fortress").
Geography
Strasbourg seen from Spot Satellite
Strasbourg is situated on the eastern border of France with Germany. This border is formed by the River Rhine, which also forms the eastern border of the modern city, facing across the river to the German town Kehl. The historic core of Strasbourg however lies on the Grande Île in the River Ill, which here flows parallel to, and roughly 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from, the Rhine. The natural courses of the two rivers eventually join some distance downstream of Strasbourg, although several artificial waterways now connect them within the city.
The city lies in the Upper Rhine Plain, at between 132 metres (433 ft) and 151 metres (495 ft) above sea level, with the upland areas of the Vosges Mountains some 20 km (12 mi) to the west and the Black Forest 25 km (16 mi) to the east. This section of the Rhine valley is a major axis of north-south travel, with river traffic on the Rhine itself, and major roads and railways paralleling it on both banks.
The city is some 400 kilometres (250 mi) east of Paris. The mouth of the Rhine lies approximately 450 kilometres (280 mi) to the north, or 650 kilometres (400 mi) as the river flows, whilst the head of navigation in Basel is some 100 kilometres (62 mi) to the south, or 150 kilometres (93 mi) by river.
Climate
In spite of its position far inland, Strasbourg's climate is classified as Oceanic (Köppen climate classification Cfb), with warm, relatively sunny summers and cold, overcast winters. Precipitation is elevated from mid-spring to the end of summer, but remains largely constant throughout the year, totaling 631.4 mm (24.9 in) annually. On average, snow falls 30 days per year.
The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) in August 2003, during the 2003 European heat wave. The lowest temperature ever recorded was −23.4 °C (−10.1 °F) in December 1938.
Strasbourg's location in the Rhine valley, sheltered from the dominant winds by the Vosges and Black Forest mountains, results in poor natural ventilation, making Strasbourg one of the most atmospherically polluted cities of France.[10][11] Nonetheless, the progressive disappearance of heavy industry on both banks of the Rhine, as well as effective measures of traffic regulation in and around the city have reduced air pollution.
Prehistory
The first traces of human occupation in the environs of Strasbourg go back many thousands of years.[16] Neolithic, bronze age and iron age artifacts have been uncovered by archeological excavations. It was permanently settled by proto-Celts around 1300 BC. Towards the end of the third century BC, it developed into a Celtic township with a market called "Argentorate". Drainage works converted the stilthouses to houses built on dry land.[17]
From Romans
The Romans under Nero Claudius Drusus established a military outpost belonging to the Germania Superior Roman province at Strasbourg's current location, and named it Argentoratum. (Hence the town is commonly called Argentina in medieval Latin.[18]) The name "Argentoratum" was first mentioned in 12 BC and the city celebrated its 2,000th birthday in 1988. "Argentorate" as the toponym of the Gaulish settlement preceded it before being Latinized, but it is not known by how long. The Roman camp was destroyed by fire and rebuilt six times between the first and the fifth centuries AD: in 70, 97, 235, 355, in the last quarter of the fourth century, and in the early years of the fifth century. It was under Trajan and after the fire of 97 that Argentoratum received its most extended and fortified shape. From the year 90 on, the Legio VIII Augusta was permanently stationed in the Roman camp of Argentoratum. It then included a cavalry section and covered an area of approximately 20 hectares. Other Roman legions temporarily stationed in Argentoratum were the Legio XIV Gemina and the Legio XXI Rapax, the latter during the reign of Nero.
The centre of Argentoratum proper was situated on the Grande Île (Cardo: current Rue du Dôme, Decumanus: current Rue des Hallebardes). The outline of the Roman "castrum" is visible in the street pattern in the Grande Ile. Many Roman artifacts have also been found along the current Route des Romains, the road that led to Argentoratum, in the suburb of Kœnigshoffen. This was where the largest burial places were situated, as well as the densest concentration of civilian dwelling places and commerces next to the camp. Among the most outstanding finds in Kœnigshoffen were (found in 1911–12) the fragments of a grand Mithraeum that had been shattered by early Christians in the fourth century. From the fourth century, Strasbourg was the seat of the Bishopric of Strasbourg (made an Archbishopric in 1988). Archaeological excavations below the current Église Saint-Étienne in 1948 and 1956 unearthed the apse of a church dating back to the late fourth or early fifth century, considered to be the oldest church in Alsace. It is supposed that this was the first seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Strasbourg.
The Alemanni fought the Battle of Argentoratum against Rome in 357. They were defeated by Julian, later Emperor of Rome, and their King Chonodomarius was taken prisoner. On 2 January 366, the Alemanni crossed the frozen Rhine in large numbers to invade the Roman Empire. Early in the fifth century, the Alemanni appear to have crossed the Rhine, conquered, and then settled what is today Alsace and a large part of Switzerland.
In the fifth century Strasbourg was occupied successively by Alemanni, Huns, and Franks. In the ninth century it was commonly known as Strazburg in the local language, as documented in 842 by the Oaths of Strasbourg. This trilingual text contains, alongside texts in Latin and Old High German (teudisca lingua), the oldest written variety of Gallo-Romance (lingua romana) clearly distinct from Latin, the ancestor of Old French. The town was also called Stratisburgum or Strateburgus in Latin, from which later came Strossburi in Alsatian and Straßburg in Standard German, and then Strasbourg in French. The Oaths of Strasbourg is considered as marking the birth of the two countries of France and Germany with the division of the Carolingian Empire.[19]
A major commercial centre, the town came under the control of the Holy Roman Empire in 923, through the homage paid by the Duke of Lorraine to German King Henry I. The early history of Strasbourg consists of a long conflict between its bishop and its citizens. The citizens emerged victorious after the Battle of Oberhausbergen in 1262, when King Philip of Swabia granted the city the status of an Imperial Free City.
Around 1200, Gottfried von Straßburg wrote the Middle High German courtly romance Tristan, which is regarded, alongside Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival and the Nibelungenlied, as one of great narrative masterpieces of the German Middle Ages.
A revolution in 1332 resulted in a broad-based city government with participation of the guilds, and Strasbourg declared itself a free republic. The deadly bubonic plague of 1348 was followed on 14 February 1349 by one of the first and worst pogroms in pre-modern history: over a thousand Jews were publicly burnt to death, with the remainder of the Jewish population being expelled from the city.[20] Until the end of the 18th century, Jews were forbidden to remain in town after 10 pm. The time to leave the city was signalled by a municipal herald blowing the Grüselhorn (see below, Museums, Musée historique);.[21] A special tax, the Pflastergeld (pavement money), was furthermore to be paid for any horse that a Jew would ride or bring into the city while allowed to.[22]
Construction on Strasbourg Cathedral began in the twelfth century, and it was completed in 1439 (though, of the towers, only the north tower was built), becoming the World's Tallest Building, surpassing the Great Pyramid of Giza. A few years later, Johannes Gutenberg created the first European moveable type printing press in Strasbourg.
In July 1518, an incident known as the Dancing Plague of 1518 struck residents of Strasbourg. Around 400 people were afflicted with dancing mania and danced constantly for weeks, most of them eventually dying from heart attack, stroke or exhaustion.
In the 1520s during the Protestant Reformation, the city, under the political guidance of Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck and the spiritual guidance of Martin Bucer embraced the religious teachings of Martin Luther. Their adherents established a Gymnasium, headed by Johannes Sturm, made into a University in the following century. The city first followed the Tetrapolitan Confession, and then the Augsburg Confession. Protestant iconoclasm caused much destruction to churches and cloisters, notwithstanding that Luther himself opposed such a practice. Strasbourg was a centre of humanist scholarship and early book-printing in the Holy Roman Empire, and its intellectual and political influence contributed much to the establishment of Protestantism as an accepted denomination in the southwest of Germany. (John Calvin spent several years as a political refugee in the city). The Strasbourg Councillor Sturm and guildmaster Matthias represented the city at the Imperial Diet of Speyer (1529), where their protest led to the schism of the Catholic Church and the evolution of Protestantism. Together with four other free cities, Strasbourg presented the confessio tetrapolitana as its Protestant book of faith at the Imperial Diet of Augsburg in 1530, where the slightly different Augsburg Confession was also handed over to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.
After the reform of the Imperial constitution in the early sixteenth century and the establishment of Imperial Circles, Strasbourg was part of the Upper Rhenish Circle, a corporation of Imperial estates in the southwest of Holy Roman Empire, mainly responsible for maintaining troops, supervising coining, and ensuring public security.
After the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg around 1440, the first printing offices outside the inventor's hometown Mainz were established around 1460 in Strasbourg by pioneers Johannes Mentelin and Heinrich Eggestein. Subsequently, the first modern newspaper was published in Strasbourg in 1605, when Johann Carolus received the permission by the City of Strasbourg to print and distribute a weekly journal written in German by reporters from several central European cities.
From Thirty Years' War to First World War
The Free City of Strasbourg remained neutral during the Thirty Years' War 1618-1648, and retained its status as a Free Imperial City. However, the city was later annexed by Louis XIV of France to extend the borders of his kingdom.
Louis' advisors believed that, as long as Strasbourg remained independent, it would endanger the King's newly annexed territories in Alsace, and, that to defend these large rural lands effectively, a garrison had to be placed in towns such as Strasbourg.[23] Indeed, the bridge over the Rhine at Strasbourg had been used repeatedly by Imperial (Holy Roman Empire) forces,[24] and three times during the Franco-Dutch War Strasbourg had served as a gateway for Imperial invasions into Alsace.[25] In September 1681 Louis' forces, though lacking a clear casus belli, surrounded the city with overwhelming force. After some negotiation, Louis marched into the city unopposed on 30 September 1681 and proclaimed its annexation.[26]
This annexation was one of the direct causes of the brief and bloody War of the Reunions whose outcome left the French in possession. The French annexation was recognized by the Treaty of Ryswick (1697). The official policy of religious intolerance which drove most Protestants from France after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 was not applied in Strasbourg and in Alsace, because both had a special status as a province à l'instar de l'étranger effectif (a kind of foreign province of the king of France). Strasbourg Cathedral, however, was taken from the Lutherans to be returned to the Catholics as the French authorities tried to promote Catholicism wherever they could (some other historic churches remained in Protestant hands). Its language also remained overwhelmingly German: the German Lutheran university persisted until the French Revolution. Famous students included Goethe and Herder.
The Duke of Lorraine and Imperial troops crossing the Rhine at Strasbourg during the War of the Austrian Succession, 1744
During a dinner in Strasbourg organized by Mayor Frédéric de Dietrich on 25 April 1792, Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle composed "La Marseillaise". The same year François Christophe Kellermann, a child of Strasbourg was appointed the head of the Mosel Army. He led his company to victory at the battle of Valmy and saved the young French republic. He was later appointed Duke of Valmy by Napoléon in 1808.
During this period Jean-Baptiste Kléber, also born in Strasbourg, led the French army to win several decisive victories. A statue of Kléber now stands in the centre of the city, at Place Kléber, and he is still one of the most famous French officers. He was later appointed Marshal of France by Napoléon.
Strasbourg's status as a free city was revoked by the French Revolution. Enragés, most notoriously Eulogius Schneider, ruled the city with an increasingly iron hand. During this time, many churches and monasteries were either destroyed or severely damaged. The cathedral lost hundreds of its statues (later replaced by copies in the 19th century) and in April 1794, there was talk of tearing its spire down, on the grounds that it was against the principle of equality. The tower was saved, however, when in May of the same year citizens of Strasbourg crowned it with a giant tin Phrygian cap. This artifact was later kept in the historical collections of the city until it was destroyed by the Germans in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian war.[27]
In 1805, 1806 and 1809, Napoléon Bonaparte and his first wife, Joséphine stayed in Strasbourg.[28] In 1810, his second wife Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma spent her first night on French soil in the palace. Another royal guest was King Charles X of France in 1828.[29] In 1836, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte unsuccessfully tried to lead his first Bonapartist coup in Strasbourg.
During the Franco-Prussian War and the Siege of Strasbourg, the city was heavily bombarded by the Prussian army. The bombardment of the city was meant to break the morale of the people of Strasbourg.[30] On 24 and 26 August 1870, the Museum of Fine Arts was destroyed by fire, as was the Municipal Library housed in the Gothic former Dominican church, with its unique collection of medieval manuscripts (most famously the Hortus deliciarum), rare Renaissance books, archeological finds and historical artifacts. The gothic cathedral was damaged as well as the medieval church of Temple Neuf, the theatre, the city hall, the court of justice and many houses. At the end of the siege 10,000 inhabitants were left without shelter; over 600 died, including 261 civilians, and 3200 were injured, including 1,100 civilians.[31]
In 1871, after the end of the war, the city was annexed to the newly established German Empire as part of the Reichsland Elsass-Lothringen under the terms of the Treaty of Frankfurt. As part of Imperial Germany, Strasbourg was rebuilt and developed on a grand and representative scale, such as the Neue Stadt, or "new city" around the present Place de la République. Historian Rodolphe Reuss and Art historian Wilhelm von Bode were in charge of rebuilding the municipal archives, libraries and museums. The University, founded in 1567 and suppressed during the French Revolution as a stronghold of German sentiment,[citation needed] was reopened in 1872 under the name Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität.
Strasbourg in the 1890s.
A belt of massive fortifications was established around the city, most of which still stands today, renamed after French generals and generally classified as Monuments historiques; most notably Fort Roon (now Fort Desaix) and Fort Podbielski (now Fort Ducrot) in Mundolsheim, Fort von Moltke (now Fort Rapp) in Reichstett, Fort Bismarck (now Fort Kléber) in Wolfisheim, Fort Kronprinz (now Fort Foch) in Niederhausbergen, Fort Kronprinz von Sachsen (now Fort Joffre) in Holtzheim and Fort Großherzog von Baden (now Fort Frère) in Oberhausbergen.[32]
Those forts subsequently served the French army (Fort Podbielski/Ducrot for instance was integrated into the Maginot Line[33]), and were used as POW-camps in 1918 and 1945.
Two garrison churches were also erected for the members of the Imperial German army, the Lutheran Église Saint-Paul and the Roman Catholic Église Saint-Maurice.
1918 to the present
A lost, then restored, symbol of modernity in Strasbourg : a room in the Aubette building designed by Theo van Doesburg, Hans Arp and Sophie Taeuber-Arp.
Following the defeat of the German empire in World War I and the abdication of the German Emperor, some revolutionary insurgents declared Alsace-Lorraine as an independent Republic, without preliminary referendum or vote. On 11 November 1918 (Armistice Day), communist insurgents proclaimed a "soviet government" in Strasbourg, following the example of Kurt Eisner in Munich as well as other German towns. French troops commanded by French general Henri Gouraud entered triumphantly in the city on 22 November. A major street of the city now bears the name of that date (Rue du 22 Novembre) which celebrates the entry of the French in the city.[34][35][36] Viewing the massive cheering crowd gathered under the balcony of Strasbourg's town hall, French President Raymond Poincaré stated that "the plebiscite is done".[37]
In 1919, following the Treaty of Versailles, the city was annexed by France in accordance with U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points" without a referendum. The date of the assignment was retroactively established on Armistice Day. It is doubtful whether a referendum in Strasbourg would have ended in France's favour since the political parties striving for an autonomous Alsace or a connection to France accounted only for a small proportion of votes in the last Reichstag as well as in the local elections.[38] The Alsatian autonomists who were pro French had won many votes in the more rural parts of the region and other towns since the annexation of the region by Germany in 1871. The movement started with the first election for the Reichstag; those elected were called "les députés protestataires", and until the fall of Bismarck in 1890, they were the only deputies elected by the Alsatians to the German parliament demanding the return of those territories to France.[39] At the last Reichstag election in Strasbourg and its periphery, the clear winners were the Social Democrats; the city was the administrative capital of the region, was inhabited by many Germans appointed by the central government in Berlin and its flourishing economy attracted many Germans. This could explain the difference between the rural vote and the one in Strasbourg. After the war, many Germans left Strasbourg and went back to Germany; some of them were denounced by the locals or expelled by the newly appointed authorities. The Saverne Affair was vivid in the memory among the Alsatians.
In 1920, Strasbourg became the seat of the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine, previously located in Mannheim, one of the oldest European institutions. It moved into the former Imperial Palace.
When the Maginot Line was built, the Sous-secteur fortifié de Strasbourg (fortified sub-sector of Strasbourg) was laid out on the city's territory as a part of the Secteur fortifié du Bas-Rhin, one of the sections of the Line. Blockhouses and casemates were built along the Grand Canal d'Alsace and the Rhine in the Robertsau forest and the port.[40]
Between the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 and the Anglo-French declaration of War against the German Reich on 3 September 1939, the entire city (a total of 120,000 people) was evacuated, like other border towns as well. Until the arrival of the Wehrmacht troops mid-June 1940, the city was, for ten months, completely empty, with the exception of the garrisoned soldiers. The Jews of Strasbourg had been evacuated to Périgueux and Limoges, the University had been evacuated to Clermont-Ferrand.
After the ceasefire following the Fall of France in June 1940, Alsace was annexed to Germany and a rigorous policy of Germanisation was imposed upon it by the Gauleiter Robert Heinrich Wagner. When, in July 1940, the first evacuees were allowed to return, only residents of Alsatian origin were admitted. The last Jews were deported on 15 July 1940 and the main synagogue, a huge Romanesque revival building that had been a major architectural landmark with its 54-metre-high dome since its completion in 1897, was set ablaze, then razed.[41]
In September 1940 the first Alsatian resistance movement led by Marcel Weinum called La main noire (The black hand) was created. It was composed by a group of 25 young men aged from 14 to 18 years old who led several attacks against the German occupation. The actions culminated with the attack of the Gauleiter Robert Wagner, the highest commander of Alsace directly under the order of Hitler. In March 1942, Marcel Weinum was prosecuted by the Gestapo and sentenced to be beheaded at the age of 18 in April 1942 in Stuttgart, Germany. His last words will be: "If I have to die, I shall die but with a pure heart". From 1943 the city was bombarded by Allied aircraft. While the First World War had not notably damaged the city, Anglo-American bombing caused extensive destruction in raids of which at least one was allegedly carried out by mistake.[42] In August 1944, several buildings in the Old Town were damaged by bombs, particularly the Palais Rohan, the Old Customs House (Ancienne Douane) and the Cathedral.[43] On 23 November 1944, the city was officially liberated by the 2nd French Armoured Division under General Leclerc. He achieved the oath that he made with his soldiers, after the decisive Capture of Kufra. With the Oath of Kuffra, they swore to keep up the fight until the French flag flew over the Cathedral of Strasbourg.
Many people from Strasbourg were incorporated in the German Army against their will, and were sent to the eastern front, those young men and women were called Malgré-nous. Many tried to escape from the incorporation, join the French Resistance, or desert the Wehrmacht but many couldn't because they were running the risk of having their families sent to work or concentration camps by the Germans. Many of these men, especially those who did not answer the call immediately, were pressured to "volunteer" for service with the SS, often by direct threats on their families. This threat obliged the majority of them to remain in the German army. After the war, the few that survived were often accused of being traitors or collaborationists, because this tough situation was not known in the rest of France, and they had to face the incomprehension of many. In July 1944, 1500 malgré-nous were released from Soviet captivity and sent to Algiers, where they joined the Free French Forces. Nowadays history recognizes the suffering of those people, and museums, public discussions and memorials have been built to commemorate this terrible period of history of this part of Eastern France (Alsace and Moselle). Liberation of Strasbourg took place on 23 November 1944.
In 1947, a fire broke out in the Musée des Beaux-Arts and devastated a significant part of the collections. This fire was an indirect consequence of the bombing raids of 1944: because of the destruction inflicted on the Palais Rohan, humidity had infiltrated the building, and moisture had to be fought. This was done with welding torches, and a bad handling of these caused the fire.[44]
In the 1950s and 1960s the city was enlarged by new residential areas meant to solve both the problem of housing shortage due to war damage and that of the strong growth of population due to the baby boom and immigration from North Africa: Cité Rotterdam in the North-East, Quartier de l'Esplanade in the South-East, Hautepierre in the North-West. Between 1995 and 2010, a new district has been built in the same vein, the Quartier des Poteries, south of Hautepierre.
In 1958, a violent hailstorm destroyed most of the historical greenhouses of the Botanical Garden and many of the stained glass windows of St. Paul's Church.
In 1949, the city was chosen to be the seat of the Council of Europe with its European Court of Human Rights and European Pharmacopoeia. Since 1952, the European Parliament has met in Strasbourg, which was formally designated its official 'seat' at the Edinburgh meeting of the European Council of EU heads of state and government in December 1992. (This position was reconfirmed and given treaty status in the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam). However, only the (four-day) plenary sessions of the Parliament are held in Strasbourg each month, with all other business being conducted in Brussels and Luxembourg. Those sessions take place in the Immeuble Louise Weiss, inaugurated in 1999, which houses the largest parliamentary assembly room in Europe and of any democratic institution in the world. Before that, the EP sessions had to take place in the main Council of Europe building, the Palace of Europe, whose unusual inner architecture had become a familiar sight to European TV audiences.[45] In 1992, Strasbourg became the seat of the Franco-German TV channel and movie-production society Arte.
In 2000, a terrorist plot to blow up the cathedral was prevented thanks to the cooperation between French and German police that led to the arrest in late 2000 of a Frankfurt-based group of terrorists.
On 6 July 2001, during an open-air concert in the Parc de Pourtalès, a single falling Platanus tree killed thirteen people and injured 97. On 27 March 2007, the city was found guilty of neglect over the accident and fined €150,000.[46]
In 2006, after a long and careful restoration, the inner decoration of the Aubette, made in the 1920s by Hans Arp, Theo van Doesburg, and Sophie Taeuber-Arp and destroyed in the 1930s, was made accessible to the public again. The work of the three artists had been called "the Sistine Chapel of abstract art".
Architecture
Strasbourg, Cathedral of Our Lady
The city is chiefly known for its sandstone Gothic Cathedral with its famous astronomical clock, and for its medieval cityscape of Rhineland black and white timber-framed buildings, particularly in the Petite France district or Gerberviertel ("tanners' district") alongside the Ill and in the streets and squares surrounding the cathedral, where the renowned Maison Kammerzell stands out.
Notable medieval streets include Rue Mercière, Rue des Dentelles, Rue du Bain aux Plantes, Rue des Juifs, Rue des Frères, Rue des Tonneliers, Rue du Maroquin, Rue des Charpentiers, Rue des Serruriers, Grand' Rue, Quai des Bateliers, Quai Saint-Nicolas and Quai Saint-Thomas. Notable medieval squares include Place de la Cathédrale, Place du Marché Gayot, Place Saint-Étienne, Place du Marché aux Cochons de Lait and Place Benjamin Zix.
Maison des tanneurs.
In addition to the cathedral, Strasbourg houses several other medieval churches that have survived the many wars and destructions that have plagued the city: the Romanesque Église Saint-Étienne, partly destroyed in 1944 by Allied bombing raids, the part Romanesque, part Gothic, very large Église Saint-Thomas with its Silbermann organ on which Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Albert Schweitzer played,[49] the Gothic Église protestante Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune with its crypt dating back to the seventh century and its cloister partly from the eleventh century, the Gothic Église Saint-Guillaume with its fine early-Renaissance stained glass and furniture, the Gothic Église Saint-Jean, the part Gothic, part Art Nouveau Église Sainte-Madeleine, etc. The Neo-Gothic church Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Catholique (there is also an adjacent church Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Protestant) serves as a shrine for several 15th-century wood worked and painted altars coming from other, now destroyed churches and installed there for public display. Among the numerous secular medieval buildings, the monumental Ancienne Douane (old custom-house) stands out.
The German Renaissance has bequeathed the city some noteworthy buildings (especially the current Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie, former town hall, on Place Gutenberg), as did the French Baroque and Classicism with several hôtels particuliers (i.e. palaces), among which the Palais Rohan (1742, now housing three museums) is the most spectacular. Other buildings of its kind are the "Hôtel de Hanau" (1736, now the city hall), the Hôtel de Klinglin (1736, now residence of the préfet), the Hôtel des Deux-Ponts (1755, now residence of the military governor), the Hôtel d'Andlau-Klinglin (1725, now seat of the administration of the Port autonome de Strasbourg) etc. The largest baroque building of Strasbourg though is the 150 m (490 ft) long 1720s main building of the Hôpital civil. As for French Neo-classicism, it is the Opera House on Place Broglie that most prestigiously represents this style.
Strasbourg also offers high-class eclecticist buildings in its very extended German district, the Neustadt, being the main memory of Wilhelmian architecture since most of the major cities in Germany proper suffered intensive damage during World War II. Streets, boulevards and avenues are homogeneous, surprisingly high (up to seven stories) and broad examples of German urban lay-out and of this architectural style that summons and mixes up five centuries of European architecture as well as Neo-Egyptian, Neo-Greek and Neo-Babylonian styles. The former imperial palace Palais du Rhin, the most political and thus heavily criticized of all German Strasbourg buildings epitomizes the grand scale and stylistic sturdiness of this period. But the two most handsome and ornate buildings of these times are the École internationale des Pontonniers (the former Höhere Mädchenschule, girls college) with its towers, turrets and multiple round and square angles[50] and the École des Arts décoratifs with its lavishly ornate façade of painted bricks, woodwork and majolica.[51]
Notable streets of the German district include: Avenue de la Forêt Noire, Avenue des Vosges, Avenue d'Alsace, Avenue de la Marseillaise, Avenue de la Liberté, Boulevard de la Victoire, Rue Sellénick, Rue du Général de Castelnau, Rue du Maréchal Foch, and Rue du Maréchal Joffre. Notable squares of the German district include: Place de la République, Place de l'Université, Place Brant, and Place Arnold
As for modern and contemporary architecture, Strasbourg possesses some fine Art Nouveau buildings (such as the huge Palais des Fêtes and houses and villas like Villa Schutzenberger and Hôtel Brion), good examples of post-World War II functional architecture (the Cité Rotterdam, for which Le Corbusier did not succeed in the architectural contest) and, in the very extended Quartier Européen, some spectacular administrative buildings of sometimes utterly large size, among which the European Court of Human Rights building by Richard Rogers is arguably the finest. Other noticeable contemporary buildings are the new Music school Cité de la Musique et de la Danse, the Musée d'Art moderne et contemporain and the Hôtel du Département facing it, as well as, in the outskirts, the tramway-station Hoenheim-Nord designed by Zaha Hadid.
Place Kléber
The city has many bridges, including the medieval and four-towered Ponts Couverts that, despite their name, are no longer covered. Next to the Ponts Couverts is the Barrage Vauban, a part of Vauban's 17th-century fortifications, that does include a covered bridge. Other bridges are the ornate 19th-century Pont de la Fonderie (1893, stone) and Pont d'Auvergne (1892, iron), as well as architect Marc Mimram's futuristic Passerelle over the Rhine, opened in 2004.
The largest square at the centre of the city of Strasbourg is the Place Kléber. Located in the heart of the city's commercial area, it was named after general Jean-Baptiste Kléber, born in Strasbourg in 1753 and assassinated in 1800 in Cairo. In the square is a statue of Kléber, under which is a vault containing his remains. On the north side of the square is the Aubette (Orderly Room), built by Jacques François Blondel, architect of the king, in 1765–1772.
Parks
The Pavillon Joséphine (rear side) in the Parc de l'Orangerie
The Château de Pourtalès (front side) in the park of the same name
Strasbourg features a number of prominent parks, of which several are of cultural and historical interest: the Parc de l'Orangerie, laid out as a French garden by André le Nôtre and remodeled as an English garden on behalf of Joséphine de Beauharnais, now displaying noteworthy French gardens, a neo-classical castle and a small zoo; the Parc de la Citadelle, built around impressive remains of the 17th-century fortress erected close to the Rhine by Vauban;[52] the Parc de Pourtalès, laid out in English style around a baroque castle (heavily restored in the 19th century) that now houses a small three-star hotel,[53] and featuring an open-air museum of international contemporary sculpture.[54] The Jardin botanique de l'Université de Strasbourg (botanical garden) was created under the German administration next to the Observatory of Strasbourg, built in 1881, and still owns some greenhouses of those times. The Parc des Contades, although the oldest park of the city, was completely remodeled after World War II. The futuristic Parc des Poteries is an example of European park-conception in the late 1990s. The Jardin des deux Rives, spread over Strasbourg and Kehl on both sides of the Rhine opened in 2004 and is the most extended (60-hectare) park of the agglomeration. The most recent park is Parc du Heyritz (8,7 ha), opened in 2014 along a canal facing the hôpital civil.
"Necessity, who is the mother of invention"
Plato, The Republic
And what is more of a necessity to a small boy than cookies!
Taken for the Lowepro UK Competition with the theme of Invention.
“Discovery consists in seeing what everyone else has seen and thinking what no one else has thought.” ~ Albert Szent-Gyorgyi (Hungarian Biochemist, 1937 Nobel Prize for Medicine, 1893-1986)
Pills, patches and Nitrolingual spray are used for treating angina because they act as a vasodilator which allows more blood to flow and more oxygen to reach the heart so easing chest pain and potential damage to the heart.
It is made from nitroglycerin which is the explosive component of dynamite discovered in 1847 by Asconi Sobrero. He thought it was far too unstable and dangerous to use as an explosive because his own face was badly damaged when it exploded in the lab. It was Alfred Nobel who discovered how to stabilise it ... not before many researchers were killed trying to discover how.
I find it quite amazing that Dr William Murrel decided to experiment with it to produce vasodilators which have now been used to treat angina for about 130 years. Nobel was actually prescribed it for his heart condition in the 1880's.
I am using this small bottle of pump spray, which was invented in1997, to symbolise the massive progress which has been made in medicine in the last 100 or so years, often by people who somehow came up with an idea which others either didn't see (or ridiculed) in the beginning. This invention was thoroughly tested by hubby today!
Display for ToroLUG at Sherway Gardens Lego Store
This is the display for January 2014 at Sherway Gardens. I tried to pick significant innovations which have been invented, designed or built in Canada or by Canadians. To represent them, I tried to pick more generic designs which people would immediately identify visually instead of the original object: For example, the telephone is a modern one, even though Bell's original invention looks nothing like it.
One of my favourite memories was the 1984 Lego World Show which featured invention models as well.
Telephone (1876)
Basketball (1891)
Snowmobile (1937)
G-Suit (1941)
Canola Oil (1970)
Canadarm (1981)
BlackBerry (1999)
Vertical pan, with a quick right turn after the lab workbench. Layered with a flipped copy to fill in the black areas.
The Personal Air Freshener is just that, an air freshener that can be personalized with your name or unique phrase all while keeping your car smelling fresh! This invention is the brain child of our client, Curtis.
Gautama Buddha, also known as Siddhārtha Gautama, Shakyamuni, or simply the Buddha, was a sage on whose teachings Buddhism was founded. He is believed to have lived and taught mostly in northeastern India sometime between the sixth and fourth centuries BCE.
The word Buddha means "awakened one" or "the enlightened one". "Buddha" is also used as a title for the first awakened being in a Yuga era. In most Buddhist traditions, Siddhartha Gautama is regarded as the Supreme Buddha (Pali sammāsambuddha, Sanskrit samyaksaṃbuddha) of the present age. Gautama taught a Middle Way between sensual indulgence and the severe asceticism found in the śramaṇa movement common in his region. He later taught throughout regions of eastern India such as Magadha and Kosala.
Gautama is the primary figure in Buddhism and accounts of his life, discourses, and monastic rules are believed by Buddhists to have been summarized after his death and memorized by his followers. Various collections of teachings attributed to him were passed down by oral tradition and first committed to writing about 400 years later.
CONTENTS
HISTORICAL SIDDHARTA GAUTAMA
Scholars are hesitant to make unqualified claims about the historical facts of the Buddha's life. Most accept that he lived, taught and founded a monastic order during the Mahajanapada era during the reign of Bimbisara, the ruler of the Magadha empire, and died during the early years of the reign of Ajasattu, who was the successor of Bimbisara, thus making him a younger contemporary of Mahavira, the Jain tirthankara. Apart from the Vedic Brahmins, the Buddha's lifetime coincided with the flourishing of other influential śramaṇa schools of thoughts like Ājīvika, Cārvāka, Jainism, and Ajñana. It was also the age of influential thinkers like Mahavira, Pūraṇa Kassapa , Makkhali Gosāla, Ajita Kesakambalī, Pakudha Kaccāyana, and Sañjaya Belaṭṭhaputta, whose viewpoints the Buddha most certainly must have been acquainted with and influenced by. Indeed, Sariputta and Moggallāna, two of the foremost disciples of the Buddha, were formerly the foremost disciples of Sañjaya Belaṭṭhaputta, the skeptic. There is also evidence to suggest that the two masters, Alara Kalama and Uddaka Ramaputta, were indeed historical figures and they most probably taught Buddha two different forms of meditative techniques. While the general sequence of "birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death" is widely accepted, there is less consensus on the veracity of many details contained in traditional biographies.
The times of Gautama's birth and death are uncertain. Most historians in the early 20th century dated his lifetime as circa 563 BCE to 483 BCE. More recently his death is dated later, between 411 and 400 BCE, while at a symposium on this question held in 1988, the majority of those who presented definite opinions gave dates within 20 years either side of 400 BCE for the Buddha's death. These alternative chronologies, however, have not yet been accepted by all historians.
The evidence of the early texts suggests that Siddhārtha Gautama was born into the Shakya clan, a community that was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the northeastern Indian subcontinent in the 5th century BCE. It was either a small republic, in which case his father was an elected chieftain, or an oligarchy, in which case his father was an oligarch. According to the Buddhist tradition, Gautama was born in Lumbini, nowadays in modern-day Nepal, and raised in the Shakya capital of Kapilavastu, which may have been in either present day Tilaurakot, Nepal or Piprahwa, India. He obtained his enlightenment in Bodh Gaya, gave his first sermon in Sarnath, and died in Kushinagar.
No written records about Gautama have been found from his lifetime or some centuries thereafter. One Edict of Asoka, who reigned from circa 269 BCE to 232 BCE, commemorates the Emperor's pilgrimage to the Buddha's birthplace in Lumbini. Another one of his edicts mentions several Dhamma texts, establishing the existence of a written Buddhist tradition at least by the time of the Maurya era and which may be the precursors of the Pāli Canon. The oldest surviving Buddhist manuscripts are the Gandhāran Buddhist texts, reported to have been found in or around Haḍḍa near Jalalabad in eastern Afghanistan and now preserved in the British Library. They are written in the Gāndhārī language using the Kharosthi script on twenty-seven birch bark manuscripts and date from the first century BCE to the third century CE.
TRADITIONAL BIOGRAPHIES
BIOGRAPHICAL SOURCES
The sources for the life of Siddhārtha Gautama are a variety of different, and sometimes conflicting, traditional biographies. These include the Buddhacarita, Lalitavistara Sūtra, Mahāvastu, and the Nidānakathā. Of these, the Buddhacarita is the earliest full biography, an epic poem written by the poet Aśvaghoṣa, and dating around the beginning of the 2nd century CE. The Lalitavistara Sūtra is the next oldest biography, a Mahāyāna/Sarvāstivāda biography dating to the 3rd century CE. The Mahāvastu from the Mahāsāṃghika Lokottaravāda tradition is another major biography, composed incrementally until perhaps the 4th century CE. The Dharmaguptaka biography of the Buddha is the most exhaustive, and is entitled the Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra, and various Chinese translations of this date between the 3rd and 6th century CE. The Nidānakathā is from the Theravada tradition in Sri Lanka and was composed in the 5th century by Buddhaghoṣa.
From canonical sources, the Jataka tales, the Mahapadana Sutta (DN 14), and the Achariyabhuta Sutta (MN 123) which include selective accounts that may be older, but are not full biographies. The Jātakas retell previous lives of Gautama as a bodhisattva, and the first collection of these can be dated among the earliest Buddhist texts. The Mahāpadāna Sutta and Achariyabhuta Sutta both recount miraculous events surrounding Gautama's birth, such as the bodhisattva's descent from the Tuṣita Heaven into his mother's womb.
NATURE OF TRADITIONAL DEPICTIONS
In the earliest Buddhists texts, the nikāyas and āgamas, the Buddha is not depicted as possessing omniscience (sabbaññu) nor is he depicted as being an eternal transcendent (lokottara) being. According to Bhikkhu Analayo, ideas of the Buddha's omniscience (along with an increasing tendency to deify him and his biography) are found only later, in the Mahayana sutras and later Pali commentaries or texts such as the Mahāvastu. In the Sandaka Sutta, the Buddha's disciple Ananda outlines an argument against the claims of teachers who say they are all knowing while in the Tevijjavacchagotta Sutta the Buddha himself states that he has never made a claim to being omniscient, instead he claimed to have the "higher knowledges" (abhijñā). The earliest biographical material from the Pali Nikayas focuses on the Buddha's life as a śramaṇa, his search for enlightenment under various teachers such as Alara Kalama and his forty five year career as a teacher.
Traditional biographies of Gautama generally include numerous miracles, omens, and supernatural events. The character of the Buddha in these traditional biographies is often that of a fully transcendent (Skt. lokottara) and perfected being who is unencumbered by the mundane world. In the Mahāvastu, over the course of many lives, Gautama is said to have developed supra-mundane abilities including: a painless birth conceived without intercourse; no need for sleep, food, medicine, or bathing, although engaging in such "in conformity with the world"; omniscience, and the ability to "suppress karma". Nevertheless, some of the more ordinary details of his life have been gathered from these traditional sources. In modern times there has been an attempt to form a secular understanding of Siddhārtha Gautama's life by omitting the traditional supernatural elements of his early biographies.
Andrew Skilton writes that the Buddha was never historically regarded by Buddhist traditions as being merely human:
It is important to stress that, despite modern Theravada teachings to the contrary (often a sop to skeptical Western pupils), he was never seen as being merely human. For instance, he is often described as having the thirty-two major and eighty minor marks or signs of a mahāpuruṣa, "superman"; the Buddha himself denied that he was either a man or a god; and in the Mahāparinibbāna Sutta he states that he could live for an aeon were he asked to do so.The ancient Indians were generally unconcerned with chronologies, being more focused on philosophy. Buddhist texts reflect this tendency, providing a clearer picture of what Gautama may have taught than of the dates of the events in his life. These texts contain descriptions of the culture and daily life of ancient India which can be corroborated from the Jain scriptures, and make the Buddha's time the earliest period in Indian history for which significant accounts exist. British author Karen Armstrong writes that although there is very little information that can be considered historically sound, we can be reasonably confident that Siddhārtha Gautama did exist as a historical figure. Michael Carrithers goes a bit further by stating that the most general outline of "birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death" must be true.
BIOGRAPHY
CONCEPTION AND BIRTH
The Buddhist tradition regards Lumbini, in present-day Nepal to be the birthplace of the Buddha. He grew up in Kapilavastu. The exact site of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown. It may have been either Piprahwa, Uttar Pradesh, present-day India, or Tilaurakot, present-day Nepal. Both places belonged to the Sakya territory, and are located only 15 miles apart from each other.
Gautama was born as a Kshatriya, the son of Śuddhodana, "an elected chief of the Shakya clan", whose capital was Kapilavastu, and who were later annexed by the growing Kingdom of Kosala during the Buddha's lifetime. Gautama was the family name. His mother, Maya (Māyādevī), Suddhodana's wife, was a Koliyan princess. Legend has it that, on the night Siddhartha was conceived, Queen Maya dreamt that a white elephant with six white tusks entered her right side, and ten months later Siddhartha was born. As was the Shakya tradition, when his mother Queen Maya became pregnant, she left Kapilvastu for her father's kingdom to give birth. However, her son is said to have been born on the way, at Lumbini, in a garden beneath a sal tree.
The day of the Buddha's birth is widely celebrated in Theravada countries as Vesak. Buddha's Birthday is called Buddha Purnima in Nepal and India as he is believed to have been born on a full moon day. Various sources hold that the Buddha's mother died at his birth, a few days or seven days later. The infant was given the name Siddhartha (Pāli: Siddhattha), meaning "he who achieves his aim". During the birth celebrations, the hermit seer Asita journeyed from his mountain abode and announced that the child would either become a great king (chakravartin) or a great sadhu. By traditional account, this occurred after Siddhartha placed his feet in Asita's hair and Asita examined the birthmarks. Suddhodana held a naming ceremony on the fifth day, and invited eight Brahmin scholars to read the future. All gave a dual prediction that the baby would either become a great king or a great holy man. Kondañña, the youngest, and later to be the first arhat other than the Buddha, was reputed to be the only one who unequivocally predicted that Siddhartha would become a Buddha.
While later tradition and legend characterized Śuddhodana as a hereditary monarch, the descendant of the Suryavansha (Solar dynasty) of Ikṣvāku (Pāli: Okkāka), many scholars think that Śuddhodana was the elected chief of a tribal confederacy.
Early texts suggest that Gautama was not familiar with the dominant religious teachings of his time until he left on his religious quest, which is said to have been motivated by existential concern for the human condition. The state of the Shakya clan was not a monarchy, and seems to have been structured either as an oligarchy, or as a form of republic. The more egalitarian gana-sangha form of government, as a political alternative to the strongly hierarchical kingdoms, may have influenced the development of the śramanic Jain and Buddhist sanghas, where monarchies tended toward Vedic Brahmanism.
EARLY LIFE AND MARRIAGE
Siddhartha was brought up by his mother's younger sister, Maha Pajapati. By tradition, he is said to have been destined by birth to the life of a prince, and had three palaces (for seasonal occupation) built for him. Although more recent scholarship doubts this status, his father, said to be King Śuddhodana, wishing for his son to be a great king, is said to have shielded him from religious teachings and from knowledge of human suffering.
When he reached the age of 16, his father reputedly arranged his marriage to a cousin of the same age named Yaśodharā (Pāli: Yasodharā). According to the traditional account, she gave birth to a son, named Rāhula. Siddhartha is said to have spent 29 years as a prince in Kapilavastu. Although his father ensured that Siddhartha was provided with everything he could want or need, Buddhist scriptures say that the future Buddha felt that material wealth was not life's ultimate goal.
RENUNCIATION AND ASCETIC LIFE
At the age of 29, the popular biography continues, Siddhartha left his palace to meet his subjects. Despite his father's efforts to hide from him the sick, aged and suffering, Siddhartha was said to have seen an old man. When his charioteer Channa explained to him that all people grew old, the prince went on further trips beyond the palace. On these he encountered a diseased man, a decaying corpse, and an ascetic. These depressed him, and he initially strove to overcome aging, sickness, and death by living the life of an ascetic.
Accompanied by Channa and riding his horse Kanthaka, Gautama quit his palace for the life of a mendicant. It's said that, "the horse's hooves were muffled by the gods" to prevent guards from knowing of his departure.
Gautama initially went to Rajagaha and began his ascetic life by begging for alms in the street. After King Bimbisara's men recognised Siddhartha and the king learned of his quest, Bimbisara offered Siddhartha the throne. Siddhartha rejected the offer, but promised to visit his kingdom of Magadha first, upon attaining enlightenment.
He left Rajagaha and practised under two hermit teachers of yogic meditation. After mastering the teachings of Alara Kalama (Skr. Ārāḍa Kālāma), he was asked by Kalama to succeed him. However, Gautama felt unsatisfied by the practice, and moved on to become a student of yoga with Udaka Ramaputta (Skr. Udraka Rāmaputra). With him he achieved high levels of meditative consciousness, and was again asked to succeed his teacher. But, once more, he was not satisfied, and again moved on.
Siddhartha and a group of five companions led by Kaundinya are then said to have set out to take their austerities even further. They tried to find enlightenment through deprivation of worldly goods, including food, practising self-mortification. After nearly starving himself to death by restricting his food intake to around a leaf or nut per day, he collapsed in a river while bathing and almost drowned. Siddhartha was rescued by a village girl named Sujata and she gave him some payasam (a pudding made from milk and jaggery) after which Siddhartha got back some energy. Siddhartha began to reconsider his path. Then, he remembered a moment in childhood in which he had been watching his father start the season's ploughing. He attained a concentrated and focused state that was blissful and refreshing, the jhāna.
AWAKENING
According to the early Buddhist texts, after realizing that meditative dhyana was the right path to awakening, but that extreme asceticism didn't work, Gautama discovered what Buddhists call the Middle Way - a path of moderation away from the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification, or the Noble Eightfold Path, as was identified and described by the Buddha in his first discourse, the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta. In a famous incident, after becoming starved and weakened, he is said to have accepted milk and rice pudding from a village girl named Sujata. Such was his emaciated appearance that she wrongly believed him to be a spirit that had granted her a wish.
Following this incident, Gautama was famously seated under a pipal tree - now known as the Bodhi tree - in Bodh Gaya, India, when he vowed never to arise until he had found the truth. Kaundinya and four other companions, believing that he had abandoned his search and become undisciplined, left. After a reputed 49 days of meditation, at the age of 35, he is said to have attained Enlightenment. According to some traditions, this occurred in approximately the fifth lunar month, while, according to others, it was in the twelfth month. From that time, Gautama was known to his followers as the Buddha or "Awakened One" ("Buddha" is also sometimes translated as "The Enlightened One").
According to Buddhism, at the time of his awakening he realized complete insight into the cause of suffering, and the steps necessary to eliminate it. These discoveries became known as the "Four Noble Truths", which are at the heart of Buddhist teaching. Through mastery of these truths, a state of supreme liberation, or Nirvana, is believed to be possible for any being. The Buddha described Nirvāna as the perfect peace of a mind that's free from ignorance, greed, hatred and other afflictive states, or "defilements" (kilesas). Nirvana is also regarded as the "end of the world", in that no personal identity or boundaries of the mind remain. In such a state, a being is said to possess the Ten Characteristics, belonging to every Buddha.
According to a story in the Āyācana Sutta (Samyutta Nikaya VI.1) - a scripture found in the Pāli and other canons - immediately after his awakening, the Buddha debated whether or not he should teach the Dharma to others. He was concerned that humans were so overpowered by ignorance, greed and hatred that they could never recognise the path, which is subtle, deep and hard to grasp. However, in the story, Brahmā Sahampati convinced him, arguing that at least some will understand it. The Buddha relented, and agreed to teach.
FORMATION OF THE SANGHA
After his awakening, the Buddha met Taphussa and Bhallika — two merchant brothers from the city of Balkh in what is currently Afghanistan - who became his first lay disciples. It is said that each was given hairs from his head, which are now claimed to be enshrined as relics in the Shwe Dagon Temple in Rangoon, Burma. The Buddha intended to visit Asita, and his former teachers, Alara Kalama and Udaka Ramaputta, to explain his findings, but they had already died.
He then travelled to the Deer Park near Varanasi (Benares) in northern India, where he set in motion what Buddhists call the Wheel of Dharma by delivering his first sermon to the five companions with whom he had sought enlightenment. Together with him, they formed the first saṅgha: the company of Buddhist monks.
All five become arahants, and within the first two months, with the conversion of Yasa and fifty four of his friends, the number of such arahants is said to have grown to 60. The conversion of three brothers named Kassapa followed, with their reputed 200, 300 and 500 disciples, respectively. This swelled the sangha to more than 1,000.
TRAVELS AND TEACHING
For the remaining 45 years of his life, the Buddha is said to have traveled in the Gangetic Plain, in what is now Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and southern Nepal, teaching a diverse range of people: from nobles to servants, murderers such as Angulimala, and cannibals such as Alavaka. Although the Buddha's language remains unknown, it's likely that he taught in one or more of a variety of closely related Middle Indo-Aryan dialects, of which Pali may be a standardization.
The sangha traveled through the subcontinent, expounding the dharma. This continued throughout the year, except during the four months of the Vāsanā rainy season when ascetics of all religions rarely traveled. One reason was that it was more difficult to do so without causing harm to animal life. At this time of year, the sangha would retreat to monasteries, public parks or forests, where people would come to them.
The first vassana was spent at Varanasi when the sangha was formed. After this, the Buddha kept a promise to travel to Rajagaha, capital of Magadha, to visit King Bimbisara. During this visit, Sariputta and Maudgalyayana were converted by Assaji, one of the first five disciples, after which they were to become the Buddha's two foremost followers. The Buddha spent the next three seasons at Veluvana Bamboo Grove monastery in Rajagaha, capital of Magadha.
Upon hearing of his son's awakening, Suddhodana sent, over a period, ten delegations to ask him to return to Kapilavastu. On the first nine occasions, the delegates failed to deliver the message, and instead joined the sangha to become arahants. The tenth delegation, led by Kaludayi, a childhood friend of Gautama's (who also became an arahant), however, delivered the message.
Now two years after his awakening, the Buddha agreed to return, and made a two-month journey by foot to Kapilavastu, teaching the dharma as he went. At his return, the royal palace prepared a midday meal, but the sangha was making an alms round in Kapilavastu. Hearing this, Suddhodana approached his son, the Buddha, saying:
"Ours is the warrior lineage of Mahamassata, and not a single warrior has gone seeking alms."
The Buddha is said to have replied:
"That is not the custom of your royal lineage. But it is the custom of my Buddha lineage. Several thousands of Buddhas have gone by seeking alms."
Buddhist texts say that Suddhodana invited the sangha into the palace for the meal, followed by a dharma talk. After this he is said to have become a sotapanna. During the visit, many members of the royal family joined the sangha. The Buddha's cousins Ananda and Anuruddha became two of his five chief disciples. At the age of seven, his son Rahula also joined, and became one of his ten chief disciples. His half-brother Nanda also joined and became an arahant.
Of the Buddha's disciples, Sariputta, Maudgalyayana, Mahakasyapa, Ananda and Anuruddha are believed to have been the five closest to him. His ten foremost disciples were reputedly completed by the quintet of Upali, Subhoti, Rahula, Mahakaccana and Punna.
In the fifth vassana, the Buddha was staying at Mahavana near Vesali when he heard news of the impending death of his father. He is said to have gone to Suddhodana and taught the dharma, after which his father became an arahant.The king's death and cremation was to inspire the creation of an order of nuns. Buddhist texts record that the Buddha was reluctant to ordain women. His foster mother Maha Pajapati, for example, approached him, asking to join the sangha, but he refused. Maha Pajapati, however, was so intent on the path of awakening that she led a group of royal Sakyan and Koliyan ladies, which followed the sangha on a long journey to Rajagaha. In time, after Ananda championed their cause, the Buddha is said to have reconsidered and, five years after the formation of the sangha, agreed to the ordination of women as nuns. He reasoned that males and females had an equal capacity for awakening. But he gave women additional rules (Vinaya) to follow.
MAHAPARINIRVANA
According to the Mahaparinibbana Sutta of the Pali canon, at the age of 80, the Buddha announced that he would soon reach Parinirvana, or the final deathless state, and abandon his earthly body. After this, the Buddha ate his last meal, which he had received as an offering from a blacksmith named Cunda. Falling violently ill, Buddha instructed his attendant Ānanda to convince Cunda that the meal eaten at his place had nothing to do with his passing and that his meal would be a source of the greatest merit as it provided the last meal for a Buddha. Mettanando and Von Hinüber argue that the Buddha died of mesenteric infarction, a symptom of old age, rather than food poisoning. The precise contents of the Buddha's final meal are not clear, due to variant scriptural traditions and ambiguity over the translation of certain significant terms; the Theravada tradition generally believes that the Buddha was offered some kind of pork, while the Mahayana tradition believes that the Buddha consumed some sort of truffle or other mushroom. These may reflect the different traditional views on Buddhist vegetarianism and the precepts for monks and nuns.
Waley suggests that Theravadin's would take suukaramaddava (the contents of the Buddha's last meal), which can translate as pig-soft, to mean soft flesh of a pig. However, he also states that pig-soft could mean "pig's soft-food", that is, after Neumann, a soft food favoured by pigs, assumed to be a truffle. He argues (also after Neumann) that as Pali Buddhism was developed in an area remote to the Buddha's death, the existence of other plants with suukara- (pig) as part of their names and that "(p)lant names tend to be local and dialectical" could easily indicate that suukaramaddava was a type of plant whose local name was unknown to those in the Pali regions. Specifically, local writers knew more about their flora than Theravadin commentator Buddhaghosa who lived hundreds of years and kilometres remote in time and space from the events described. Unaware of an alternate meaning and with no Theravadin prohibition against eating animal flesh, Theravadins would not have questioned the Buddha eating meat and interpreted the term accordingly.
Ananda protested the Buddha's decision to enter Parinirvana in the abandoned jungles of Kuśināra (present-day Kushinagar, India) of the Malla kingdom. The Buddha, however, is said to have reminded Ananda how Kushinara was a land once ruled by a righteous wheel-turning king that resounded with joy:
44. Kusavati, Ananda, resounded unceasingly day and night with ten sounds - the trumpeting of elephants, the neighing of horses, the rattling of chariots, the beating of drums and tabours, music and song, cheers, the clapping of hands, and cries of "Eat, drink, and be merry!"
The Buddha then asked all the attendant Bhikkhus to clarify any doubts or questions they had. They had none. According to Buddhist scriptures, he then finally entered Parinirvana. The Buddha's final words are reported to have been: "All composite things (Saṅkhāra) are perishable. Strive for your own liberation with diligence" (Pali: 'vayadhammā saṅkhārā appamādena sampādethā'). His body was cremated and the relics were placed in monuments or stupas, some of which are believed to have survived until the present. For example, The Temple of the Tooth or "Dalada Maligawa" in Sri Lanka is the place where what some believe to be the relic of the right tooth of Buddha is kept at present.
According to the Pāli historical chronicles of Sri Lanka, the Dīpavaṃsa and Mahāvaṃsa, the coronation of Emperor Aśoka (Pāli: Asoka) is 218 years after the death of the Buddha. According to two textual records in Chinese (十八部論 and 部執異論), the coronation of Emperor Aśoka is 116 years after the death of the Buddha. Therefore, the time of Buddha's passing is either 486 BCE according to Theravāda record or 383 BCE according to Mahayana record. However, the actual date traditionally accepted as the date of the Buddha's death in Theravāda countries is 544 or 545 BCE, because the reign of Emperor Aśoka was traditionally reckoned to be about 60 years earlier than current estimates. In Burmese Buddhist tradition, the date of the Buddha's death is 13 May 544 BCE. whereas in Thai tradition it is 11 March 545 BCE.
At his death, the Buddha is famously believed to have told his disciples to follow no leader. Mahakasyapa was chosen by the sangha to be the chairman of the First Buddhist Council, with the two chief disciples Maudgalyayana and Sariputta having died before the Buddha.
While in the Buddha's days he was addressed by the very respected titles Buddha, Shākyamuni, Shākyasimha, Bhante and Bho, he was known after his parinirvana as Arihant, Bhagavā/Bhagavat/Bhagwān, Mahāvira, Jina/Jinendra, Sāstr, Sugata, and most popularly in scriptures as Tathāgata.
BUDDHA AND VEDAS
Buddha's teachings deny the authority of the Vedas and consequently [at least atheistic] Buddhism is generally viewed as a nāstika school (heterodox, literally "It is not so") from the perspective of orthodox Hinduism.
RELICS
After his death, Buddha's cremation relics were divided amongst 8 royal families and his disciples; centuries later they would be enshrined by King Ashoka into 84,000 stupas. Many supernatural legends surround the history of alleged relics as they accompanied the spread of Buddhism and gave legitimacy to rulers.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
An extensive and colorful physical description of the Buddha has been laid down in scriptures. A kshatriya by birth, he had military training in his upbringing, and by Shakyan tradition was required to pass tests to demonstrate his worthiness as a warrior in order to marry. He had a strong enough body to be noticed by one of the kings and was asked to join his army as a general. He is also believed by Buddhists to have "the 32 Signs of the Great Man".
The Brahmin Sonadanda described him as "handsome, good-looking, and pleasing to the eye, with a most beautiful complexion. He has a godlike form and countenance, he is by no means unattractive." (D, I:115)
"It is wonderful, truly marvellous, how serene is the good Gotama's appearance, how clear and radiant his complexion, just as the golden jujube in autumn is clear and radiant, just as a palm-tree fruit just loosened from the stalk is clear and radiant, just as an adornment of red gold wrought in a crucible by a skilled goldsmith, deftly beaten and laid on a yellow-cloth shines, blazes and glitters, even so, the good Gotama's senses are calmed, his complexion is clear and radiant." (A, I:181)
A disciple named Vakkali, who later became an arahant, was so obsessed by the Buddha's physical presence that the Buddha is said to have felt impelled to tell him to desist, and to have reminded him that he should know the Buddha through the Dhamma and not through physical appearances.
Although there are no extant representations of the Buddha in human form until around the 1st century CE (see Buddhist art), descriptions of the physical characteristics of fully enlightened buddhas are attributed to the Buddha in the Digha Nikaya's Lakkhaṇa Sutta (D, I:142). In addition, the Buddha's physical appearance is described by Yasodhara to their son Rahula upon the Buddha's first post-Enlightenment return to his former princely palace in the non-canonical Pali devotional hymn, Narasīha Gāthā ("The Lion of Men").
Among the 32 main characteristics it is mentioned that Buddha has blue eyes.
NINE VIRTUES
Recollection of nine virtues attributed to the Buddha is a common Buddhist meditation and devotional practice called Buddhānusmṛti. The nine virtues are also among the 40 Buddhist meditation subjects. The nine virtues of the Buddha appear throughout the Tipitaka, and include:
- Buddho – Awakened
- Sammasambuddho – Perfectly self-awakened
- Vijja-carana-sampano – Endowed with higher knowledge and ideal conduct.
- Sugato – Well-gone or Well-spoken.
- Lokavidu – Wise in the knowledge of the many worlds.
- Anuttaro Purisa-damma-sarathi – Unexcelled trainer of untrained people.
- Satthadeva-Manussanam – Teacher of gods and humans.
- Bhagavathi – The Blessed one
- Araham – Worthy of homage. An Arahant is "one with taints destroyed, who has lived the holy life, done what had to be done, laid down the burden, reached the true goal, destroyed the fetters of being, and is completely liberated through final knowledge."
TEACHINGS
TRACING THE OLDEST TEACHINGS
Information of the oldest teachings may be obtained by analysis of the oldest texts. One method to obtain information on the oldest core of Buddhism is to compare the oldest extant versions of the Theravadin Pali Canon and other texts. The reliability of these sources, and the possibility to draw out a core of oldest teachings, is a matter of dispute. According to Vetter, inconsistencies remain, and other methods must be applied to resolve those inconsistencies.
According to Schmithausen, three positions held by scholars of Buddhism can be distinguished:
"Stress on the fundamental homogeneity and substantial authenticity of at least a considerable part of the Nikayic materials;"
"Scepticism with regard to the possibility of retrieving the doctrine of earliest Buddhism;"
"Cautious optimism in this respect."
DHYANA AND INSIGHT
A core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between dhyana and insight. Schmithausen, in his often-cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight", which is attained after mastering the Rupa Jhanas, is a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36
CORE TEACHINGS
According to Tilmann Vetter, the core of earliest Buddhism is the practice of dhyāna. Bronkhorst agrees that dhyana was a Buddhist invention, whereas Norman notes that "the Buddha's way to release [...] was by means of meditative practices." Discriminating insight into transiency as a separate path to liberation was a later development.
According to the Mahāsaccakasutta, from the fourth jhana the Buddha gained bodhi. Yet, it is not clear what he was awakened to. "Liberating insight" is a later addition to this text, and reflects a later development and understanding in early Buddhism. The mentioning of the four truths as constituting "liberating insight" introduces a logical problem, since the four truths depict a linear path of practice, the knowledge of which is in itself not depicted as being liberating:
[T]hey do not teach that one is released by knowing the four noble truths, but by practicing the fourth noble truth, the eightfold path, which culminates in right samadhi.
Although "Nibbāna" (Sanskrit: Nirvāna) is the common term for the desired goal of this practice, many other terms can be found throughout the Nikayas, which are not specified.
According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path.
According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson, the four truths became a substitution for prajna, or "liberating insight", in the suttas in those texts where "liberating insight" was preceded by the four jhanas. According to Bronkhorst, the four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of "liberating insight". Gotama's teachings may have been personal, "adjusted to the need of each person."
The three marks of existence may reflect Upanishadic or other influences. K.R. Norman supposes that these terms were already in use at the Buddha's time, and were familiar to his listeners.
The Brahma-vihara was in origin probably a brahmanic term; but its usage may have been common to the Sramana traditions.
LATER DEVELOPMENTS
In time, "liberating insight" became an essential feature of the Buddhist tradition. The following teachings, which are commonly seen as essential to Buddhism, are later formulations which form part of the explanatory framework of this "liberating insight":
- The Four Noble Truths: that suffering is an ingrained part of existence; that the origin of suffering is craving for sensuality, acquisition of identity, and fear of annihilation; that suffering can be ended; and that following the Noble Eightfold Path is the means to accomplish this;
- The Noble Eightfold Path: right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration;
- Dependent origination: the mind creates suffering as a natural product of a complex process.
OTHER RELIGIONS
Some Hindus regard Gautama as the 9th avatar of Vishnu. The Buddha is also regarded as a prophet by the Ahmadiyya Muslims and a Manifestation of God in the Bahá'í Faith. Some early Chinese Taoist-Buddhists thought the Buddha to be a reincarnation of Lao Tzu.
The Christian Saint Josaphat is based on the Buddha. The name comes from the Sanskrit Bodhisattva via Arabic Būdhasaf and Georgian Iodasaph. The only story in which St. Josaphat appears, Barlaam and Josaphat, is based on the life of the Buddha. Josaphat was included in earlier editions of the Roman Martyrology (feast day 27 November) — though not in the Roman Missal — and in the Eastern Orthodox Church liturgical calendar (26 August).
Disciples of the Cao Đài religion worship the Buddha as a major religious teacher. His image can be found in both their Holy See and on the home altar. He is revealed during communication with Divine Beings as son of their Supreme Being (God the Father) together with other major religious teachers and founders like Jesus, Laozi, and Confucius.
In the ancient Gnostic sect of Manichaeism the Buddha is listed among the prophets who preached the word of God before Mani.
WIKIPEDIA
hydrogen, LH2, with high winds as the energy source. Recently they found ammonia. To store (wind- and sun-) energy. To store and to spread out the energy after then storm is over. So, we have an input. Spailboat, for storms and waves at sea and orbitesstrai, for high wind and storm on land. We need them and a medium like, hydrogen or, ammonia to store the energy and to spread it all out.
The super structure of the Spailboat is the actual invention. This implies stable sailing. The rest followed, like the wheels for dagger boards, to avoid cavition at high speed. Besides, the wheels spin, collecting the energy from the motion.
Bewegen houdt in dat er energie is. Een wereld zonder vervuiling kan worden gemaakt met waterstof, ammonia. Wheels spin, cuz of wind and waves at sea. Remote energy to ammonia. That is all. Wherever hydrogen, LH2, is mentioned, also ammonia can be read.
U ziet hoe.
Met wielen onder boten. De uitzetconstructie is de eigenlijke uitvinding. De wielen volgen vanzelf door de snelheden. Hoge snelheden door water laat het water caviteren.
Please, understand that holding a wing, as a kite, is essential, priority, condition, to sail in a stable way.
The goal is energy and super composites, carbon fibred constructions.
Holding "Spailboat ''''fixed'''' to the plane of the earth takes gyroscopes. So, Spailboat is like an insect. made as such, in two major ways > by means of the monocoque construction methods and the nervousness of the winged composition. 100km/hr, surprisingly easy to reach with wind surfing and kite surfing. the race circuit for a wind surfer is the line flat to the wind. ''''half wind''''
WATER WHEELS to avoid cavitation and to drive axis running into turbines for energy. wheels are spinned by storms, driving turbines for energy. The old wheel is seen here, under SPAILBOAT. wheels under spailboat are special swords to avoid cavitation.
before the airplane showed up, we called flying what birds, winged insects and bats did. already can be distinguished here, because, there are also flying fish, squirrels, frogs, snakes and the rest which I forget. the flights of flying fish, falling frogs, squirrels and snakes, are another type of flying than the birds and insects. it is for sure that for planes birds served as the example. later came the helicopter and it had been based clearly more on an insect, probably a dragonfly.
voordat het vliegtuig kwam, noemden we vliegen hetgeen vogels en gevleugelde insecten deden. nu al kan er onderscheid worden gemaakt, want, er zijn ook vliegende vissen, eekhoorns, kikkers, slangen en de rest die ik vergeet. de vluchten van vliegende vissen, vallende kikkers, eekhoorns en slangen, zijn een ander soort van vliegen dan de vogels en insecten. ik kan me zo voorstellen dat voor vliegtuigen vogels als voorbeeld dienden. later kwam de helikopter en die was duidelijk meer gebaseerd op een insect, een libel denk ik.
as from now flying is therefore presented as the flaunting piece of birds and bats. flying is in fact therefore in this context the control over the articulation of wings. to couple directly to full imagination; a swarm of birds, in a storm or, fall winds or other type turbulent air trends. another show is the flight of for example an albatross, only actively moving the wings occasionally. of course, it is best for birds to save as much energy as possible and to glide as much as they can with the wings, but, in case of a swarm in a storm, is it necessary, to fly!?
vanaf nu wordt vliegen dus voorgesteld als het pronkstuk van vogels. vliegen is dus in deze context eigenlijk de controle hebben over vleugels. om direct de verbeelding aan te spreken stel ik een hele zwerm vogels voor, in een storm, valwind of ander soort turbulente luchtstromingen. een andere voorstelling is de koele vlucht van bijvoorbeeld een Albatros, die zo weinig mogelijk met zijn vleugels wiekt. natuurlijk is het zaak voor vogels om zo weinig mogelijk te slaan met de vleugels, maar, in geval van een zwerm in een storm, is het nodig, om, te vliegen!?
So, what is in fact flying? flying is the not stationary position of wings with respect to the fuselage of the bird. because, a flying fish or a falling squirrel or flat snake fly also but, there is another source for flying than clapping the wings. a flying fish, for instance, is launched from the water by swimming speed and a falling flat snake or squirrel really do not fly to the other side, but glide over the air. and this to slide comes already in neighbourhood of what albatrosses dearest doing. from time to time clap with the wings and for the rest use the albatrosses the thermals but also, the pushed up air as a result of sea waves.
hier wil ik U hebben ; wat is nu eigenlijk vliegen? natuurlijk is dat hetgeen vogels doen door het wieken van de vleugels ten opzichte van de romp van de vogel. want, een vliegende vis of een vallende eekhoorn of platte slang vliegen ook wel, maar, er is ook spraken van een andere aandrijving dan de kracht van de klappende vleugels. een vliegende vis wordt als het ware uit het water afgeschoten en een vallende platte slang of eekhoorn vliegen niet echt naar de overkant, maar glijden, en dit glijden komt al in buurt van wat Albatrossen het liefste doen. af en toe een slagje om op hoogte te blijven en voor de rest gebruiken de Albatrossen de thermiek maar ook, de opgestuwde lucht als gevolg van zee golven.
dan, een vliegtuig. het stond natuurlijk groots in de krant rond, 1900AD. de mensheid kan vliegen! maar, was dat ook zo? de vleugels stonden star, zonder articulatie zoals vogels, vleermuizen en -honden en dat wel degelijk hebben, aan de romp, en van vliegen was eigenlijk geen sprake, want, het valt onder vallen, glijden, met in plaats van de zwaartekracht als aandrijvende kracht, een motor, de propeller. een vliegtuig is dus meer te vergelijken met een vallende platte slang of, die speciale eekhoorn of kikker. met andere woorden, zonder een motor, en zonder een valhoogte kunnen platte slangen, eekhoorns en, vliegtuigen, niet vliegen! een vliegtuig is dus in feite geen vliegtuig, maar een luchtglijder. zonder een motor en zonder een valhoogte kan er niet worden gevlogen door luchtglijders.
then, an airplane. massive in the newspaper around, 1900AD: humanity can fly! but, was this in fact the case? the airplane got airborne and covered a distance by using the air as carrier of the mass. true, of course. and in a way, we can call that phenomenon ‘’’’flying’’’’, but, of course! however, after looking closer to this kind of flying, we will see that this kind of flying is in fact more like falling or, air gliding; like flat snakes and squirrels do, when covering distance by falling. only birds, winged insects and bats can take off caused by the motion of the wings with respect to the fuselage. the wings at the fuselage of an airplane are without articulation, such as birds have indeed. so, flying, like birds do, was in fact not copied. flying, gliding, like airplanes do, without wings articulated to the fuselages, need a propeller or, compulsion other than the motion of the wings with respect to the fuselage and therefore it falls under, falling, or, gliding; like the flat snakes and squirrels do when falling, gliding over the air beneath, from one tree to another or, in any way a point lower than take off height. So, without wings actively used for airborne power, the flying of airplanes falls under: falling, gliding, with, instead of the gravitation as operating strength for the earlier mentioned air gliders, such as flat snakes and squirrels, an engine; the aircraft’s propeller. an air plane, which uses compulsion other than the movements of the wings with respect to the fuselage, is, therefore, to compare with falling flat snakes or, special flying squirrels or, special flying frogs; the last with those nice toes spreading out creating so a fall screen. in other words, without an engine and without a fall altitude, the airplanes fly like flat snakes, squirrels and those nice frogs. not like a bird, at all! an airplane is therefore in fact not a flying thing, but an air glider. without an engine and, without a falling height, so, without a ‘’’’pull’’’’, air gliders cannot be flown.
laat staan dat er met een zwerm vliegtuigen kan worden gevlogen in een storm, want, dat noem ik nu vliegen! of beter, de kunst van vliegen. windsurfers en kitesurfers, daarentegen, kunnen dat wel. ze vliegen soms ook zelfs alhoewel dit ook gebeurt door middel van een aanvangssnelheid; net als een vliegende vis in feite. het gemaakte punt is dus deze: windsurfers en kitesurfers hebben vleugels die gearticuleerd zijn ten opzichte van de romp, respectievelijk voortgang van het board. articulatie is dat de vleugels niet star zijn verbonden met de romp.
and then, what about a swarm flying airplanes, only inches apart from each other, in a storm or, in turbulent airflows or under fall winds? I mean, that is what I want to call flying! anticipating by means of articulating the wings with respect to the bodies and so, also anticipating with respect to the other birds in the swarm and at the same time with respect to the always differing motions of the air in storms. wind - and kite surfers, on the other hand, can do this, very well in fact. the participation on the ever changing angles of attack in the wings is also done with the articulation of the wings, sails, with respect to the hulls, fuselages, bodies, boards. wind - and kite surfing are therefore bird-like. the triviality now comes with this: also wind - and kite surfers do, sometimes, cover distances through air; which was called flying in the first place, but, in this new definition this kind of flying is air gliding indeed! the actual flying prior to the ‘’’’jump’’’’ is the wind surfing; just like a flying fish uses the swimming just before the air glide. these flying fish cannot wing themselves up to keep on flying for a long time. And neither can snakes, squirrels and frogs. this kind of flying is therefore in fact, not flying, but, gliding on air. the point is therefore: wind - and kite surfers have wings which are articulated with respect to the fuselage, respectively to the board. articulation is that the wings are not rigidly linked with the fuselage but with ball-and-sockets.
en, wind- en kitesurfers hebben geen motor en ook geen valhoogte waardoor glijden vervalt en plaats maakt voor, vliegen!? een vliegtuig vliegt dus niet maar glijdt terwijl wind- en kitesurfers wel als vogels vliegen. als dan mijn verhaal is inbegrepen in deze positionering. vliegen door vogels wordt gedaan door de articulatie van de vleugels en wind- en kitesurfen ook.
wind - and kite surfing are because of this articulation difficult. so difficult indeed, that, not all can do it; even if they try real hard. there is a kind of talent needed. right away crystals the point: sailing a sailing boat and flying an airplane are so much easier than actively articulating wings by hand, and, so, the brain of the human! skill brings energy, whereas we used to use brutal power. it is war against peace after all. much more effort is to do for peace, than for war, easy. war is stupid. this is the point all the way of course. everyone can sail and fly, but, it takes this special breed to wind surf. no fear and persistance are the first characteristics of this breed. it is therefore no surprise that wind - and kite surfing are not yet embedded in modern science, because, the art of flying is not for sale! the rich cannot buy this art, so, it is just not here. for once, this is the way the system is build up. make, sale. wind surf riggings and boards are, with respect to sailing boats, absurdly cheap and the speed to reach is no less than, 100km/hr, but still, we never see wind surfers in sailing boat regatta’s. so many times I have mentioned the revolution and this is why: sailing is going from, A, to, B. sailing was going somewhere, to make war and for trading. wind - and kite surfing are going nowhere but fast. regatta’s nearly exclude the half wind sailing course! so, there is no place for a wind surfer in regatta’s. the rules make low wind courses and high wind courses and exclude this way the entrance of wind surfing for speed. there was this song: street fighting man. the ever repeating lines were: there is no place for street fighting man. anyway, in the world the rich make is no place for wind surfing. time for a stand, call it revolution. the revolution for using the wind, notably the outcome of using oil and coals! by also planes, indeed. global warming led to more wind and higher sea waves, exactly the two to use by wind surfers. exactly, child’s play! how beautiful do you want to have it? avoiding war is to be done with child’s play. the grownups at the top rather play a different game of course, they rather go to war for oil, otherwise, their airplanes cannot glide and their cars would not run! the facts are that the population is now so big, that this world of the happy few is ending real fast. the thing is, in history these days, that we cannot make war any more over nothing, whereas the rich always had this trick in the sleeve to get rid of the young men, which were threatening the kingdoms. the rage could always be tempered, by taking the young out in a war with the neighbours. so, now the rich seek to go to war outside. bingo. game on. but, what if the children of the West gave Iran water, which is the result of burning, LH2? what if we use the human skill to make energy instead of war? and what about identical core of the message. walk away from the pyramids. paragraphs of the three most important books, where we all are called to walk away from the Pyramid? the problem we face as mankind is to straighten out a few tiny things. where in the Bible Moses doubts God, there is no doubt by Moses in the Quran. Iran, me West, give you water! please see.
instead of going to war with Iran, we can ask for a debate about this passage. and then, the Quran was written long after the Bible was partly corrupted by the Catholics, so that it makes sense that God came back to tell the story again, in plain terms. this is the issue of modern mankind. the differences in interpretation of what God, Allah, meant. the problem is not oil, as I showed you earlier, the problem with energy is that the rich cannot buy the skill to make it. on the other hand is oil for flying for sale, so that energy is a matter of skill. mankind is brutal and this proves this point. flying, well, now called, air gliding an airplane is a brutal act. air gliding has in fact nothing to do with flying like birds do. so, making war over oil is that too. Wind surfing for energy is the revolution of today. this means that the articulation of the wings with respect to the boards can only be coordinated and controlled by human power. and, of course, human power is the complex combination of the muscles and the brain. articulation of the wings with planes, demands : ‘’’’science’’’’, the same as articulation of guns in war is! air anti-aircraft guns, such as the goal keeper, and guns on tanks are articulated, just like the wings on the joints in the hands of the wind surfer. wind surfing is three dimensionally articulation and fall, therefore, under the war industry.
wind- en kitesurfen zijn dus erg moeilijk. alleen de mens zelf kan het. anders dan over de lucht glijden met vliegtuigen, vergt wind en kitesurfen de gecontroleerde articulatie van de vleugels. de '''wetenschap''' die wel goed is met articuleren is oorlog! luchtafweergeschut, zoals de goalkeeper, en de lopen van tanks worden gearticuleerd. wind- en kitesurfen vallen dus onder de oorlogsindustrie.
the aim is to replace the human handler of the wings by mechanics, just like in war the humans who hold the guns were replaced by tanks and air anti-aircraft guns et cetera. because, how large can the barrel of a gun be, if directly in the hands of a soldier? war for oil. peace with oil. oil is plastic, and oil is mechanical wind and kite surfer which arouse energy. the technique for war proves to be the same such as those for peace, if with the wind made speed of the wind - and kite surfer is producing energy, LH2. lalala, mass in motion, E°kinetic and then electrifying the whole santamacram for LH2, from marine water. why do you think planet earth is the blue one? and, now, imagine living somewhere else in the universe ; what do we want to look for? of course, a globe like earth. so, stop looking for life ; if there is life somewhere, they will look for us. again, space exploiration, for now, without flying saucers, are like pyramids. insane. the efforts and the sacrifices from the working people should be used for preserving planet earth. first, we unite, make peace, and, then, maybe, with flying saucers on, LH2, we can enter space. how absurd is looking for life, in space, without the proper means, while our own planet is on fire? saving this planet is, number one. again, what if we were looking for life, from far space, and we find this paradize on this planet and we encounter the mess the so called intelligent life on it has made? where is the mirror? it is like leaving your burning home, where your starving family is fighting to death with eachother, where they search desperately for the last crumble of corn and the last drop of clean water, to go to work in your Rolls Roys, and, telling your neighbours on your way out how they should live happy, where on your work place your job is looking for a new piece of land, to build a new house. So much better is to clean up ( y ) our own shit and make the harmony. I mean, what bad does a baby? it is only love that saves us. LH2_energy is water, after burning, which is food. LH2 from marine water pumps water from the oceans to land. on land we need ( sweet - ) water and we also need the sea level to drop. wheeling to paradize.
het doel is om de mens te vervangen als drager / behandelaar van de vleugels, net zoals in oorlog de mens werd vervangen door kanonnen en luchtafweergeschut et cetera. want, hoe groot kan een loop van een geweer nu eenmaal zijn, indien rechtstreeks in de handen van een soldaat? Hoe groot zijn die zeilen en de kites in de handen van de mens? …….. ik bedoel: toen het geweer in de handen kwam van de techniek, veranderde / vergrootte het geweer in / tot een kanon, en dus, voor vrede is het nodig dat de wind- en kitesurfzeilen in de handen van de techniek komen. dan vergroten zich de zeilen precies zo als de grootte van de geweren groter werden. en, zo, is er meer massa dat kan windsurfen. juist nodig voor energie: e_kin ~ 1 / 2 M v2 in Watts. om energie te halen uit wind is het dus zaak dat de techniek de zaak, de zeilen, onder handen neemt. de situatie in de wereld is zo dat, er weer oorlog dreigt en dat, het weer gaat om energie, getuige de schermutselingen in het Midden-Oosten. in plaats dat er slaven worden gedreven, hetgeen verbranding van fossiele brandstoffen en gebruik van kernenergie zijn, kunnen de mensen hun techniek gebruiken om energie op te wekken.
er is namelijk ´´´´iets´´´´ te doen (net zoals oorlog maken iets is in feite voor energie, olie) tussen de soorten van energie. aan de ene kant stormt het en aan de kant is er energie nodig. nu is die storm mede een gevolg van juist ons energie verbruik. global warming maakte de lucht dikker, warmde zo de aarde op, en de warmere wateren en dikkere lucht zorgden voor meer wind. meer wind leidt tot hogere golven. wind en golven. pak dat nu eens letterlijk op, en dan volgt: wind surf!
wind surfen gebeurt met plastic, olie dus, en zet de wind om in snelheid. Massa maal snelheid is, energie. met energie hoeven we niet naar de oorlog te gaan. het ging om olie, toch? het ging er toch om dat het volk zijn brood krijgt? LH2, of, stikstof of, elektriciteit zijn energie, het tegenwoordige brood. olie is plastic en olie is de mechanische wind- en kitesurfer die energie opwekt. oorlog is zodoende niet slim, en vrede wel. dit komt doordat windsurfen niet te koop is en olie wel. Zelfde techniek: oorlog en vrede. beide impliceren namelijk de kunst van de drie dimensionale behandeling, van ofwel een geweer ofwel een vleugel. ofwel leren vliegen als vogels is wat de mensheid moet doen, voor vrede, omdat vrede hangt om energie. via energie kan namelijk zeewater worden gezuiverd. met water kan er worden geïrrigeerd, voor voedsel voor bossen en zo meer. het lijkt me zo dat er behoefte is aan water en eten. energie. water. LH2 uit zeeewater met energe, storm.
the sailing is stable, feature one. and the wheels are used for swords, two. Spailing is speed sailing, so, it needed controlled wings. But, then, in a stable way. speed sailing is, so, stable sailing, with, wings held as kites, on a structure, in stead of wires alone. then, with the high speed from stable sailing [ which is, kite surfing, in fact, but, then, controlled as wind surfers hold the sails on the handle bar ] comes cavitation, because of the high velocity, through the water. wheels for swords fool the water. wheels fooled the earth first, so to speak. maglev can also fool the earth. with going to maglev layerings on land, the wheels on land will go and the wheels go on in water. what is said is that wheels, with massive axis, disappear on, land and, appear in / over the water and the sky. a flying saucer is a wheel, and / but, also a ring. ah. we called a round and rotating body : ''''a wheel''''. which is a round thing with, an axle. now, going on, over a globe, makes a looping. when construction the path we have a boulevard over the globe, a ring : a boulevard over the earth is a ring. wheels have axis and with blades coming from them, they can not turn in storm. wheels, with blades stuck directly in, composing wind turbines, can not turn in storm. while rings can have a go in storms. wind surfing and kite surfing are just over taking wind turbines. wind turbines, as we know them, are for the lower winds. the same counts for sailing boats. - the old wind users fail in storms -. handling the sails led to kite surfing. handling kite surfing is Spailboat.
de stormen zijn de energie om van zeewater waterstof, LH2, en water te maken.
the storms are the energy for making / generating / extracting, LH2, from water.
from going nowhere, but fast, half wind comes a ring, a boulevard. and, this is much more an invention then the wheel for round thing that might spin. a wheel is, doable, even with nothing at all, but trees and, tools to work the trees. Boulevard Wind Turbine is an accomplishment.
the hole in the middle of the RING / BOULEVARD WIND TURBINE forms a turbo-gap. the wingtip line makes a circle, a ring. turbo-gaps. the wings form an edge around the round gap in the center of the wind rose.
half wind moving is not a sailing course, but is, of course. wind surfers go of course! in course is, either to, A, or, B. rings with blades and gaps in the middle are from wind surfing, picture.
back then, we had only solid wheels, sand. solid is not construction, so, the wheels are not inventions.
energy is storms. that is all really. we needed a ring, the new wheel.
the wheel was not really an invention. sand under rocks were wheeling the rock, helping the slaves.
slaves, to drive wheels. that is what we know. so, this ring is really what we called the wheel invented. a ring came from what you see : a rig holding wings.
the old wheel was a tree trunck and sand.
oil is plastic, too. plastic and, LH2, come after steel and oil. steel and oil are, bad.
iether way.
a boulevard is an accomplishment.
the wheel was piece of wood. not really an accomplishment.
the wheel was a word.
this word includes rings, while rings are stricly something else than wheels.
rings have no center.
wheels, with axle, can not hold blades in storm.
wheels can, on the other hand, turn in nuclear powerplants.
so, the wheel must go.
the ring is better.
blades stuck in rings can turn in storms.
so, I invented the wheel, really.
the old wheel was causing a bit of trouble. it could only turn with other means than storms.
for using storms, the energy from global warming, we needed a ring. Windriaan, page 54.
laten draaien en laten draaien. hetzelfde maar toch leidt het een tot de ondergang en de ander tot oneindigheid. laat men ''''het wiel'''' draaien dan moet dit zonder wind, laat men een ring draaien, dan kan dit op storm.
over to the work places. after all, what engineers cook, the floor has to make it happen for real. I mean, no use in talking Latin, as Simon Stevin understood. making is simple, do not forget the vains, for letting through warm fluid. it is very cold in and around Antarctica!
A scottish inventor and engineerer who was also a miner for gold and jewels wanted to create a locomotive cart, he came out with the first train which became a big project in the Americas. The modern age was born as the first train rolled through the west with steam rising in the air. The age of engineering and invention as it was known, rose the world into a period of construction. Through the invention of the airplane was also the invention of the helicopter, the private jet and the passanger plane. Wars and revolutions were fought all through the 19th century, movements began to rise and monarchy was replaced by politics. Ugly factor of war brought tanks, aerial combat and battleships into play plus the most deadly of all, the atomic bomb (precursor to the nuclear bomb) which brought in WMDs. War went from radical uprisings, to extremeist movements to terrorism. The American Revolution brought freedom, the Texas Revolution brought governmental and constitutional purity. Government was introduced by modernists which was a concept where leaders are given powerful positions to make laws and hear the people's decision. Weapons of warfare advanced as quickly going from time consuming muskets to auto rifles and machine guns, the castle age found poetry, fairytales and holidays. The late castle age created folk songs whereas the modern age created popular songs, best-selling novels, master poets, innovative cinematographers and awesome artists. Many wars brought changes in our world like the Civil War which caused a split in the government creating political parties. Popular culture surged in hipsterdom, the first hipsters started in Europe after the American Civil War known as Cabaret which spread to America. The Wright Brothers, Amelia Earnhart, Louis Pasteur, Ford, Elvis Prestly, John Lennon, President Dwight D. Eisenhower, President John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr., Neil Armstrong, Michael Jackson, Madonna, Kurt Cobain, Selena, President Ronald Raegan, Bob Hope, John Wayne, Johnny Cash and Bill Gates were some major and revolutionairy names in a world of creative, innovative, inventive and world changing people. Ford was the founder of the first automobile that changed transportation forever! Along came the first steel structure that manuevered on wheels called the bike, by the 40s the motorbike was released and by the 90s the speedbike often known as the Kawasaki came along. The ending of the Civil War brought the industrial revolution which led to the industrial era which was a time that factories rose up and steel was put to use for construction. The unexpected world wars brought devastation instead of prosperity, America's first landed them into The Great Depression which effected the whole world. Then World War 2 started by the infamous Adolf Hilter, the slayer of Jews led to the Nazi regimes' collapse. The starting of the 20th century led to the existence of progressivism which is made of many failed political ideas like regimism, imperialism, communism, monarchism and socialism. Also it was the rise of the conservative philosophy which meant to be frugal with our economy and preserve rights as well as tradition. Political corruption existed as early as the 1880's but awaited for its chance to announce itself as a so-called movement for change. Social, folk-wise and rank-wise segregation came to its peak leading away from the compassion and humane values our world once bore. Europe brought over the new 'class system' which seperated between upper, middle and lower class or 'rich, working and ghetto class'. Kids of rich families who for the longest time attended private schools became indifferent towards lesser society. The 40's revived the hipster craze which went on for a long time with the zoot suits, pop-culture itself was born into our society. Even after slavery was abolished, indifference of race or folkage was still in play. The 50's brought America's ultimate time of prosperity and wealth, the 60's was a time for movements and change in our society where indifference was needed to put a halt to. The 60's also brought in a massive shift in our world from a primitive globe to a civilized one, the first man on the moon brought the opening of a new era also known as the digital era where everything turned to digital production and eniacs came into the public. The 70's pushed from eniacs to computers, digitalized music came into existence called disco which long preluded a style of music that would rule the futuristic age. The brown box was created and eventually brought forth the console system which gave birth to video gaming. Major industries in video gaming were Atari, Nintendo and eventually Sega... Later came Playstation and Xbox. Music started being recorded onto big black vinyl record players but advanced to tapes and eventually CDs. The computer evolved into the PC which operated on Tandy and IBM systems before the arrival of Apple and Microsoft Windows. Games like rugby, basketball, hockey and otherwise ball or non-ball sports even games involving competetive skills were founded in the 1870s. Music went from the folk songs of the 19th century to dance, country, pop and rock music of the 20th century. Rock music has had a long evolutionairy chain going from Rockabilly to New Age rock. Rock music is considered the music of the modern age that ultimately attracts troubled and non-conforming teens. The late 60's started a music cultural movement that set the pace to today, the yuppies who were once rebellious but sold out becoming corperate executives, hollywood film producers, record company masters, gaming company presidents and government officials; the yippies who were also rebellious became the anarchists, activists, extremeists and radicalists of today. College and schooling which were just starting in the 1600s became the highest form of education in our modern world. Social segregation came into the teens of pop-culture which came into fruition by the later 90's dividing the troubled teens from the popular teens. The troubled teens were ousted as 'freaks' and 'rejects' because they didn't belong in society in the eyes of the popular kids. The popular teens were also banished for being 'posers' and 'mall-kids' because they couldn't understand nor bothered to know the inside out of counter-culture. Segregation led to prejudism and then led to violent acts as well as massacres and hate crime murder. Fashions advanced through the 80's which became a spur known as the peak of modern fashion. Entertainment reached its peak by the 90's as did culture. The opening of the new millennium caused the opening of new ideas, new movements and new things. Though Karl Marx is secretively the founder of Atheism a belief not seen since the prime age, it sprung out of the closet by the new millennium as did rockaholism. In the 80's, rich kids or preppy culture came out of the closet along with homosexuals. Awareness about hermaphrodytes, genderless, deformed and sensitive people of different sexual orientations was raised. Major authors like J.R.R. Tolkien made their genre huge by a single set of novels, Tolkien made fantasy very popular, Gene Roddenberry was the creator of the highly imaginative sci-fi show Star Trek which lunged science-fiction into popularity, George Lucas was a phenomenal pioneer of cinematography and founder of sci-fi/fantasy crossover with his first hit Star Wars, Anne Rice was a master at dark fiction which her famous series 'The Vampire Chronicles' which made dark fiction and vampirism wildly popular afterwards, Hironobu Sakaguchi helped to give a fantasy twist on the fantasy/sci-fi crossover and created the most popular JRPG of all time Final Fantasy, Shel Silverstein is the master of bizarre fiction with a light in the attic creating outrageous and bizarre child minded scenarios that became a hit like 'where the wild things are', stan lee is the mastermind behind very popular comic books of the marvel set, bob kane became a major artist in the noir fiction universe, robert jordan became a major influental author for many of today's movie makers; authors and animators, Shirou Masamune became the master of CG animation with his series Ghost in the Shell and made CG animation a hit for modern art, Hayao Miyazaki is the one who brought anime into popularity in the U.S. through his amazing disney animes that tell wonderful stories, Alfred Hitchcock spurred the addiction of watching horror films around Halloween time and made horror a popular genre of fiction, Raon Harwood mastered and brought popularity to a newly arrived fiction called Dream Fiction which stood next to sci-fi and fantasy in appeal and lastly Ang Lee is considered a mastermind behind foreign films being Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon broke the boring formula of most foreign filming and made them recognizable. Fictional lore for dark fiction was mastered by Whitewolf studios giving a set rule for vampires and werewolves alike. EA brought PC gaming into the big leagues as much as Nintendo did for consoles, Blizzard revolutionised RPGs and Bioware perfected them, Activision made gaming fun for all ages and people of different walks of life, id Software brought violent video games into recognition whereas Ubisoft upped the performance of action games. Since rock'n'roll was modern music, acoustic guitars were considered classics when the electric guitar was invented by the 50's and he grit guitar by the 80's. DJing was a big hit for people of the nightlife, DJs were recognized for running the radio, the TV music videos, bringing groove to the clubs and doing mix ups for the sake of enjoyment. Mechs are an invention meant to replace task force being on the ground, thus they get to be in fully armored machine artillary with legs and arms. The media itself has shifted since the day the TV happened, the TV made it possible to view entertainment from another part of the world right on the set. The telephone, air conditioner and all the things of luxury we have today are a result of innovative inventors. The media began industrial, where everything was black and white and sound wasn't there yet, but when sound was possible the language was kept child friendly and morally straight material. The Mainstream media came in the 70s to replace the need for child safe material so adults and teens could have material they could enjoy too. The mainstream allowed profanity, sexual ambiguity and violence to be shown but overall it only allowed the most popular and top rated to be shown keeping some real entertainment away. The independent media was created as a way to allow people who didn't want fame to be heard and shown, it also took on the old ethic of the industrial media to keep television clean as a whistle. The underground media was created by those would didn't want to be bound by the moral rules of the independent media nor the conforming rules of the mainstream a chance to make it in the world of entertainment. Suddenly some bits of futuristic inventions came forward such as MP3 pods, HDTV, Blue Ray, the flying car, eco/hybrid cars, mopeds, lasers, 3D entertainment, MMO worlds, Web 2.0, auto wheel chairs, GPS, voice response technology, robots and virtual glasses. The modern age is soon ending and problems of the past will hopefully be laid to rest.