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Large: 'Climbing Hands' On Black
Not sure how bad they are gonna look like in 1 month. Tim!!! This is your fault!!!
Little Stat: 14 Green finished, 25 Blue Finished, 7 yellow finished and 2 new bruises.
These are my personal notes taken during a geology presentation. I give them here because they may be of some interest. Do not expect them to always be in complete sentences, etc.
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Graptolites of the Cincinnatian
Presented by: Rich Fuchs (Dry Dredgers, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA)
21 November 1997 & 28 May 2010
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Cincinnatian Series Graptolites:
Geniculograptus is the most common graptolites in the Cincinnatian Series (type Upper Ordovician of North America; outcrop belt in & around Cincinnati, Ohio).
(strata.uga.edu/cincy/fauna/graptolithina/DGGeniculograptu...)
(www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/16771115263)
(www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/17203716088)
The Cincinnatian has biserial and uniserial graptoloid graptolites - uniserial forms are not common, while biserial forms are ~common.
James Hall probably was the first to identify Cincinnatian graptolites. Ruedemann named many Cincinnatian species. John Taylor's 1974 University of Cincinnati Master's thesis was about Cincinnatian graptolites - it has some omissions. One problem is tracing original type specimens. Charles Mitchell & Stig Bergström have revised some Cincinnatian graptolites.
Most Cincinnatian forms have had genus reassignments based on modern genus definitions, which are based on sicula structure (the first theca). Graptolite systematics focuses on the proximal end of the skeleton and how thecae begin to bud off.
The nema is attached to the seafloor or something floating in the water or to a float.
Rich Fuchs hasn’t found nemas attached to floats, probably because they got detached. Rich did find a possible float once. Floats are not found because they float away. Graptolites are worldwide.
Dictyonema was a little bush. (www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/15126818037) It’s now shown upside down (attached to floats & hung down, it’s now thought).
Cincinnatian graptolites are usually simple blades.
Tetragraptus from Australia was pendant with 4 stipes.
(www.geo-tools.com/Images/Gallery/Fossil/Big/036.jpg)
Some graptolites were coiled, like the monograptid Spirograptus (Australia; Lower Ordovician of New York).
(www.graptolit.com/spirograptus.png-for-web.jpg)
Many graptolites were floaters - they did get distributed very widely. Graptolites are used for relative dating & correlation.
Ordovician and Silurian rocks are divided into graptolite biozones. The end-Ordovician experienced an Ice Age - all but 1 or 2 genera of graptolite went extinct. Every post-Ordovician graptolite is related to these 1 or 2 genera. All graptolites went extinct in the mid-Mississippian. They may be alive in the present day, though.
There are 7 orders of graptolites.
Dendroidea - sessile, attached; bush-like; have the longest duration of any graptolite group - Middle Cambrian to Middle Mississippian.
Graptoloidea - planktonic (floaters), attached to a float structure; only Ordovician to Silurian.
Dendroids and graptoloids are found in Cincinnatian rocks.
Graptolites like deep water - they are found in shales. They are very fragile. Shale tends to flake as it ages, so that combination means good graptolites are difficult to find.
Sometimes, graptolites are found on limestone - get better preservation.
The Kope Formation (Edenian Stage, lower Cincinnatian Series, Upper Ordovician) has the best Cincinnatian graptolites. There are 16 genera total in the Cincinnatian, not counting the Utica Shale (Middle Ordovician or Upper Ordovician, depending on who you ask). Same for the Fulton Shale.
There are 31 species of graptolites in the Cincinnatian (Upper Ordovician of the Cincinnati, Ohio area): 9 graptoloid graptolites (Kope Formation to Waynesville Formation), 7 dendroid graptolites (including problematic forms) (Kope Formation to Waynesville Formation), 5 encrusters (Kope Formation to Whitewater Formation), plus other problematic species.
Dendroidea
Dictyonema arbusculum - Cincinnatian, Kope Formation; rare; Rich Fuchs hasn’t found one yet; it resembles Dictyonema flabelliforme.
Acanthograptus ulrichi - a dendroid like Dictyonema arbusculum, except that it’s in the Fairview Formation. Rich hasn’t seen it or found one. Acanthograptus ulrichi is bush-like but with thorns.
(digimuse.nmns.edu.tw/DigiMuse/XML/files/000001/80/27/6f/0...)
Graptoloidea
The Cincinnatian Series has scandent, reclined, and reflexed forms - these are prevalent in the Upper Ordovician. Pendant, declined, and deflexed forms tend to be Lower Ordovician. So, there’s change through time.
Geniculograptus typicalis typicalis (strata.uga.edu/cincy/fauna/graptolithina/DGGeniculograptu...) (www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/16771115263) (www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/17203716088)
The first identified Cincinnatian graptolite, the most common, and most well studied Cincinnatian graptolite is the graptoloid Geniculograptus typicalis typicalis (there are other subspecies) - it’s common in the Southgate Member of the Kope Formation; it's upper range is not really known, but it goes down into the Middle Ordovician. James Hall’s 1800s list of New York graptolites listed Climacograptus typicalis but no description accompanied the name. Hall named it and figured it. This was the first reference to that graptolite. Ruedemann’s description gave species credit to Hall, though he never originally described Climacograptus typicalis. Ruedemann claims he described it in 1908. James apparently described it in 1892. This species is biserial. Riva recognized that typicalis isn't a Climacograptus. Mitchell, using sicular morphology, put typicalis in Geniculograptus - it is no longer in Climacograptus. Riva also proposed a new genus name (Uticagraptus), but that name was published one month after Mitchell's new genus name. In northern Kentucky, troughs/trough fillings of Geniculograptus have been found with the graptolites all lined up (Ron Fine has found these). Geniculograptus typicalis typicalis is 2 to 5 centimeters long (3/4 inch to 2 inches). Its thecae have a slightly tapering square appearance. These alternate on either side of the virgula.
Geniculograptus typicalis magnificus is a big biserial form in the Maysville Stage. typicalis typicalis has lengths up to 3.5 centimeters (1 3/8 inches), but typicalis magnificus can get to 7 centimeters long (almost 3 inches). It looks like it has smaller thecae, but they are just spread out more, because the rhabdosome is wider between thecae.
Geniculograptus typicalis posterus is a smaller-than-magnificus form in the Fairview Formation.
Geniculograptus pygmaeus is also a now-well studied form. (www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/17389529022) It has been tossed around from time to time as typicalis. It can be confused with typicalis, but it’s a lot smaller than typicalis. pygmaeus is younger - it occurs in the upper Kope Formation and the lower Fairview Formation. pygmaeus and typicalis do overlap, but pygmaeus is younger & typicalis is older. Geniculograptus pygmaeus is usually less than 1 centimeter long and ~1 millimeter or so wide (this species is small & narrow). Geniculograptus typicalis is ~1.25 inches (2 to 3 centimeters) long. Geniculograptus pygmaeus has square thecae that taper more than in Geniculograptus typicalis.
An intermediate form between G. typicalis typicalis and G. pygmaeus is known - it occurs in the top of the Southgate Member of the Kope Formation in Kentucky - it’s not named yet, apparently - Geniculograptus sp. - it is longer and skinnier than pygmaeus, but still smaller than typicalis.
Orthograptus quadrimucronatus - short spines come out from the sides; found in the Kope Formation to Arnheim Formation (the Richmondian Stage form is a subspecies - O. quadrimucronatus richmondensis). Biserial; thecae are more triangular and have thecal spines; the thecae are chevron-shaped (V-shaped), while Geniculograptus, in contrast, has squarish thecae. This is a larger species than Arnheimograptus anacanthus.
(Orthograptus - www.geodil.com/images/30/3004/mid.jpg)
Arnheimograptus anacanthus - found at the Flat Run Trilobite Lagerstätte site near Mt. Orab, Ohio (look for graptolites there, not trilobites!). This is a relatively new genus (named by Mitchell); it is only ~1 centimeter long, with chevron-shaped thecae; biserial.
Dicranograptus nicholsoni (strata.uga.edu/cincy/fauna/graptolithina/DicranograptusNi...) - Rich Fuchs has never seen it; a reclined graptolite - has a scandent portion, then it splits; it has a two-stipe rhabdosome with a biserial extension (Y-shaped rhabdosome - the root is biserial; the two upper branches are uniserial). Occurs in the bottom of the Kope Formation (Fulton Shale Member), which is mostly flooded now by the Ohio River.
Dicellograptus forchammeri (strata.uga.edu/cincy/fauna/graptolithina/DicellograptusFo...) - a uniserial grapolite supposedly in the Fairveiw Formation; formerly Leptograptus annectens (a Ruedemann name). Mitchell and Bergström reassigned it to Dicellograptus, because Leptograptus has a two-stipe rhabdosome. The Cincinnatian form is actually Dicellograptus sp. aff. Dicellograptus forchammeri. It has a V-shaped or U-shaped rhabdosome.
Amplexograptus maxwelli (www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/17203906150) - occurs in the bottom of the Kope Formation, in the Fulton Shale; it is similar to Geniculograptus typicalis posterus, but don't worry - it occurs in beds below water level along the Ohio River in Cincinnati; biserial; square thecae - slightly rounded lip of thecae; tip is different from Geniculograptus.
(Amplexograptus - jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/76/5/921/F2.large.jpg)
Climacograptus - there’s still one of these in the Fairview Fm.
Uncertain placement graptolites:
Most of what's been assigned to the Cincinnatian dendroid graptolites is Mastigograptus, but there's lots of conjecture about what it is. There are five or so species of Mastigograptus in the Cincinnatian Series. They appear as plain, black lines (flattened tubes) in rock - "pepper rock". The five species range from the Kope Formation to the Waynesville Formation. The best way to figure out the species is to use the stratigraphic horizon.
Mastigograptus tenuiramosus - delicate; occurs in the bottom half of the Kope Formation; usually fragile - forms pepper rock. Pepper rock usually has scolecodonts. Branch angles are at 45°.
Mastigograptus gracillimus (strata.uga.edu/cincy/fauna/graptolithina/MastigograptusGr...) - these are decent-sized fossils compared with Cincinnatian graptoloids; Kope Formation to Fairview Formation.
Mastigograptus perixilis - Waynesville Formation.
(www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/17203569048)
Mastigograptus strictus - has shallow branching angles. Occurs in the Arnheim Formation - can be found at the Flat Run Trilobite Lagerstätte site near Mt. Orab, Ohio. But, it could be the same species as Mastigograptus tenuiramosus.
Mastigograptus multifasciatus - upper Fairview Formation.
Are there visible thecae in Mastigograptus? Ruedemann said thecae in Mastigograptus are known from other areas. Taylor found only one thecae-bearing specimen. Rich has never seen thecae in Cincinnatian Mastigograptus. The Treatise has thecae drawn in on the Mastigograptus illustration.
Mastigograptus is sometimes listed as a dendroid, sometimes listed as uncertain.
Bulman didn’t know where to place Mastigograptus within the graptolites.
Ultrastructure studies show Mastigograptus is a graptolite. But some say they look like seawhips.
Rich Fuchs thinks that Mastigograptus is similar to seawhips. He thinks it is almost definitely not a graptolite. Seawhips are a form of coral (horny coral). After seawhips die, the outer organic material comes off, resulting in a Mastigograptus-like thing.
[Dave Meyer comment: seawhips now are much larger than Mastigograptus, but the point is well taken. There’s nothing saying Ordovician seawhips couldn’t have been small enough to be Mastigograptus.]
Urbanek did an SEM study of Mastigograptus - it’s structure is consistent with graptolites; the chemistry is the same as graptolites; therefore, it could be a graptolite; but, it still could be something else. There’s still no evidence of thecae.
There are 5 or 6 species of Cincinnatian Chaunograptus named. Most are Liberty Formation forms. Most are based on one specimen. Most of the holotypes are now missing (museum-wise). The Smithsonian renumbered their collections a while ago and lost the Chaunograptus. One was lost in a Dayton flood. Few holotypes are left. Chaunograptus are extremely fragile - not often found.
Chaunograptus is an encruster that may not be a graptolite. It is fairly rare and easily overlooked. It is more like to be found in the Richmondian Stage, especially encrusting brachiopod shells. Chaunograptus is classified as a dendroid or uncertain. There are several species, but some don't look like the rest. Ruedemann listed 11 species - 7 were Upper Ordovician - 6 were Cincinnatian. Now we're down to five species. John Taylor said two of them were synonymous. Taylor's thesis says that Chaunograptus shideleri is the same as Chaunograptus delicatus. Most of the species are Richmondian. Chaunograptus fossils have been found at the Newport Shopping Center. Rich Fuchs has found what he calls Chaunograptus contortus and Chaunograptus delicatus in the Kope Formation. This is probably a form whose ranges are not well known.
Chaunograptus contortus - encrusting black spots on nodules. Twisted thecae with extremely thin lines (nemas). Rich Fuchs has found Chaunograptus contortus in the Kope Formation, but it was described from the Liberty Formation. The type is missing - couldn't be found by Taylor.
(www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/17203753020)
(www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/17389341202)
Chaunograptus delicatus - the type specimen is encrusting a nodule; it has thicker lines than C. contortus; the lines trail around; occasional thecae structures; the lines move out from a central point. Also first described from the Liberty Formation. Occurs in the Liberty Formation and Whitewater Formation. The type specimen is known.
(www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/16771017233)
(www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/16771013283)
Chaunograptus vermiformis - Liberty Formation. The type specimen is in the Smithsonian - it's been renumbered, but it has been found.
Chaunograptus macrothecae - Grant Lake Formation. Type specimen can't be found.
Chaunograptus gemmatus - Kope Formation The type specimen (one specimen) is known.
Inocaulis (www.graptolite.net/INOCAUL.jpg) (www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/17203749888) - a worse genus than Mastigograptus in terms of identifying structure and determining affinities. This is a rare fossil that's supposedly a graptolite. Inocaulis is a non-descript collection of tubes, forming a stem - looks like a series of tubes (= the thecae) bundled together. Two Cincinnatian species - Inocaulis simplex (Kope Formation) and Inocaulis grandis (Maysville Stage); it doesn’t look like a graptolite, but it’s listed as a dendroid. Grammaria is a modern hydrozoan (chess.myspecies.info/sites/chess.myspecies.info/files/gra...) - it has a similar arrangement of tubes put together. Inocaulis may be another graptolite that really isn’t.
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OPENING CALENDAR
December 11, 2014
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Find us on: www.shaneglobal.com
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen "A. P. J." Abdul Kalam (Listeni/ˈæbdʊl kəˈlɑːm/; 15 October 1931 – 27 July 2015) was the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007. A career scientist turned politician, Kalam was born and raised in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, and studied physics and aerospace engineering. He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and was intimately involved in India's civilian space program and military missile development efforts.[1] He thus came to be known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology.[2][3][4] He also played a pivotal organizational, technical, and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the first since the original nuclear test by India in 1974.[5]
Kalam was elected as the 11th President of India in 2002 with the support of both the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party and the then-opposition Indian National Congress. Widely referred to as the "People's President,"[6] he returned to his civilian life of education, writing and public service after a single term. He was a recipient of several prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.
While delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong, Kalam collapsed and died from an apparent cardiac arrest on 27 July 2015, aged 83.[7] Thousands including national-level dignitaries attended the funeral ceremony held in his hometown of Rameshwaram, where he was buried with full state honours.[8]Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931 to a Tamil Muslim family in the pilgrimage centre of Rameswaram on Pamban Island, then in the Madras Presidency and now in the State of Tamil Nadu. His father Jainulabudeen was a boat owner and imam of a local mosque;[9] his mother Ashiamma was a housewife.[10][11][12][13] His father owned a ferry that took Hindu pilgrims back and forth between Rameswaram and the now uninhabited Dhanushkodi.[14][15] Kalam was the youngest of four brothers and one sister in his family.[16][17][18] His ancestors had been wealthy traders and landowners, with numerous properties and large tracts of land. Their business had involved trading groceries between the mainland and the island and to and from Sri Lanka, as well as ferrying pilgrims between the mainland and Pamban. As a result, the family acquired the title of "Mara Kalam iyakkivar" (wooden boat steerers), which over the years became shortened to "Marakier." With the opening of the Pamban Bridge to the mainland in 1914, however, the businesses failed and the family fortune and properties were lost over time, apart from the ancestral home.[19] By his early childhood, Kalam's family had become poor; at an early age, he sold newspapers to supplement his family's income.[20][20][21]
In his school years, Kalam had average grades but was described as a bright and hardworking student who had a strong desire to learn. He spent hours on his studies, especially mathematics.[21] After completing his education at the Schwartz Higher Secondary School, Ramanathapuram, Kalam went on to attend Saint Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli, then affiliated with the University of Madras, from where he graduated in physics in 1954.[22] He moved to Madras in 1955 to study aerospace engineering in Madras Institute of Technology.[13] While Kalam was working on a senior class project, the Dean was dissatisfied with his lack of progress and threatened to revoke his scholarship unless the project was finished within the next three days. Kalam met the deadline, impressing the Dean, who later said to him, "I was putting you under stress and asking you to meet a difficult deadline".[23] He narrowly missed achieving his dream of becoming a fighter pilot, as he placed ninth in qualifiers, and only eight positions were available in the IAF.[24]
Career as a scientistAfter graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology in 1960, Kalam joined the Aeronautical Development Establishment of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) as a scientist. He started his career by designing a small hovercraft, but remained unconvinced by his choice of a job at DRDO.[26] Kalam was also part of the INCOSPAR committee working under Vikram Sarabhai, the renowned space scientist.[13] In 1969, Kalam was transferred to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) where he was the project director of India's first Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III) which successfully deployed the Rohini satellite in near-earth orbit in July 1980; Kalam had first started work on an expandable rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965.[1] In 1969, Kalam received the government's approval and expanded the programme to include more engineers.[25]
Kalam addresses engineering students at IIT Guwahati
In 1963–64, he visited NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia; Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland; and Wallops Flight Facility.[11][27] Between the 1970s and 1990s, Kalam made an effort to develop the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and SLV-III projects, both of which proved to be successful.
Kalam was invited by Raja Ramanna to witness the country's first nuclear test Smiling Buddha as the representative of TBRL, even though he had not participated in its development. In the 1970s, Kalam also directed two projects, Project Devil and Project Valiant, which sought to develop ballistic missiles from the technology of the successful SLV programme.[28] Despite the disapproval of the Union Cabinet, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi allotted secret funds for these aerospace projects through her discretionary powers under Kalam's directorship.[28] Kalam played an integral role convincing the Union Cabinet to conceal the true nature of these classified aerospace projects.[28] His research and educational leadership brought him great laurels and prestige in the 1980s, which prompted the government to initiate an advanced missile programme under his directorship.[28] Kalam and Dr V S Arunachalam, metallurgist and scientific adviser to the Defence Minister, worked on the suggestion by the then Defence Minister, R. Venkataraman on a proposal for simultaneous development of a quiver of missiles instead of taking planned missiles one after another.[29] R Venkatraman was instrumental in getting the cabinet approval for allocating ₹388 crores for the mission, named Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) and appointed Kalam as the chief executive.[29] Kalam played a major part in developing many missiles under the mission including Agni, an intermediate range ballistic missile and Prithvi, the tactical surface-to-surface missile, although the projects have been criticised for mismanagement and cost and time overruns.[29][30]
Kalam served as the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Prime Minister and the Secretary of the Defence Research and Development Organisation from July 1992 to December 1999. The Pokhran-II nuclear tests were conducted during this period in which he played an intensive political and technological role. Kalam served as the Chief Project Coordinator, along with Rajagopala Chidambaram, during the testing phase.[11][31] Media coverage of Kalam during this period made him the country's best known nuclear scientist.[32] However, the director of the site test, K Santhanam, said that the thermonuclear bomb had been a "fizzle" and criticisied Kalam for issuing an incorrect report.[33] Both Kalam and Chidambaram dismissed the claims.[34]
In 1998, along with cardiologist Soma Raju, Kalam developed a low cost coronary stent, named the "Kalam-Raju Stent".[35][36] In 2012, the duo designed a rugged tablet computer for health care in rural areas, which was named the "Kalam-Raju Tablet".[37]
Presidency
Kalam served as the 11th President of India, succeeding K. R. Narayanan. He won the 2002 presidential election with an electoral vote of 922,884, surpassing the 107,366 votes won by Lakshmi Sahgal. His term lasted from 25 July 2002 to 25 July 2007.[38]
On 10 June 2002, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) which was in power at the time, expressed that they would nominate Kalam for the post of President,[39][40] and both the Samajwadi Party and the Nationalist Congress Party backed his candidacy.[41][42] After the Samajwadi Party announced its support for Kalam, Narayanan chose not to seek a second term in office, leaving the field clear.[43] Kalam said of the announcement of his candidature:
I am really overwhelmed. Everywhere both in Internet and in other media, I have been asked for a message. I was thinking what message I can give to the people of the country at this juncture.[44]
On 18 June, Kalam filed his nomination papers in the Indian Parliament, accompanied by Vajpayee and his senior Cabinet colleagues.[45]
Kalam along with Vladimir Putin and Manmohan Singh during his presidency
The polling for the presidential election began on 15 July 2002 in Parliament and the state assemblies, with the media claiming that the election was a one-sided affair and Kalam's victory was a foregone conclusion; the count was held on 18 July.[46] Kalam became the 11th president of the Republic of India in an easy victory,[47] and moved into the Rashtrapati Bhavan after he was sworn in on 25 July.[48] Kalam was the third President of India to have been honoured with a Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour, before becoming the President. Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1954) and Dr Zakir Hussain (1963) were the earlier recipients of Bharat Ratna who later became the President of India.[49] He was also the first scientist and the first bachelor to occupy Rashtrapati Bhawan.[50]
During his term as president, he was affectionately known as the People's President,[51][52][53] saying that signing the Office of Profit Bill was the toughest decision he had taken during his tenure.[54][55] Kalam was criticised for his inaction in deciding the fate of 20 out of the 21 mercy petitions submitted to him during his tenure.[56] Article 72 of the Constitution of India empowers the President of India to grant pardons, and suspend or commute the death sentence of convicts on death row.[56][57] Kalam acted on only one mercy plea in his five-year tenure as president, rejecting the plea of rapist Dhananjoy Chatterjee, who was later hanged.[56] Perhaps the most notable plea was from Afzal Guru, a Kashmiri terrorist who was convicted of conspiracy in the December 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament and was sentenced to death by the Supreme Court of India in 2004.[57] While the sentence was scheduled to be carried out on 20 October 2006, the pending action on his mercy plea resulted in him remaining on death row.[57] He also took the controversial decision to impose President's Rule in Bihar in 2005.[58]
In September 2003, in an interactive session in PGI Chandigarh, Kalam supported the need of Uniform Civil Code in India, keeping in view the population of the country.[59][60][61][62]
At the end of his term, on 20 June 2007, Kalam expressed his willingness to consider a second term in office provided there was certainty about his victory in the 2007 presidential election.[63] However, two days later, he decided not to contest the Presidential election again stating that he wanted to avoid involving Rashtrapati Bhavan from any political processes.[64] He did not have the support of the left parties, Shiv Sena and UPA constituents, to receive a renewed mandate.[65][66]
Nearing the expiry of the term of the 12th President Pratibha Patil on 24 July 2012, media reports in April claimed that Kalam was likely to be nominated for his second term.[67][68][69] After the reports, social networking sites witnessed a number of people supporting his candidature.[70][71] The BJP potentially backed his nomination, saying that the party would lend their support if the Trinamool Congress, Samajwadi Party and Indian National Congress proposed him for the 2012 presidential election.[72][73] A month ahead of the election, Mulayam Singh Yadav and Mamata Banerjee also expressed their support for Kalam.[74] Days afterwards, Mulayam Singh Yadav backed out, leaving Mamata Banerjee as the solitary supporter.[75] On 18 June 2012, Kalam declined to contest the 2012 presidential poll. He said of his decision not to do so:
Many, many citizens have also expressed the same wish. It only reflects their love and affection for me and the aspiration of the people. I am really overwhelmed by this support. This being their wish, I respect it. I want to thank them for the trust they have in me.[76]
Post-presidency
After leaving office, Kalam became a visiting professor at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong, the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, and the Indian Institute of Management Indore; an honorary fellow of Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore;[77] chancellor of the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram; professor of Aerospace Engineering at Anna University; and an adjunct at many other academic and research institutions across India. He taught information technology at the International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, and technology at Banaras Hindu University and Anna University.[78]
In May 2012, Kalam launched a programme for the youth of India called the What Can I Give Movement, with a central theme of defeating corruption.[79][80]
In 2011, Kalam was criticised by civil groups over his stand on the Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant; he supported the establishment of the nuclear power plant and was accused of not speaking with the local people.[81] The protesters were hostile to his visit as they perceived to him to be a pro-nuclear scientist and were unimpressed by the assurances provided by him regarding the safety features of the plant.[82]
Death
Kalam at Bijnor a week before his death
Wikinews has related news: Former Indian president APJ Abdul Kalam dies at age 83
On 27 July 2015, Kalam travelled to Shillong to deliver a lecture on "Creating a Livable Planet Earth" at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong. While climbing a flight of stairs, he experienced some discomfort, but was able to enter the auditorium after a brief rest.[83] At around 6:35 p.m. IST, only five minutes into his lecture, he collapsed.[84][85] He was rushed to the nearby Bethany Hospital in a critical condition; upon arrival, he lacked a pulse or any other signs of life.[84] Despite being placed in the intensive care unit, Kalam was confirmed dead of a sudden cardiac arrest at 7:45 p.m IST.[84][86][87] His last words, to his aide Srijan Pal Singh, were reportedly: "Funny guy! Are you doing well?"[88]
Following his death, Kalam's body was airlifted in an Indian Air Force helicopter from Shillong to Guwahati, from where it was flown to New Delhi on the morning of 28 July in an air force C-130J Hercules. The flight landed at Palam Air Base that afternoon and was received by the President, the Prime Minister, Chief Minister of Delhi Arvind Kejriwal, and the three service chiefs of the Indian Armed Forces, who laid wreaths on Kalam's body.[89] His body was then placed on a gun carriage draped with the Indian flag and taken to his Delhi residence at 10 Rajaji Marg; there, the public and numerous dignitaries paid homage, including former prime minister Manmohan Singh, Congress President Sonia Gandhi and Vice-President Rahul Gandhi, and Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav.[90]
On the morning of 29 July, Kalam's body, wrapped in the Indian flag, was taken to Palam Air Base and flown to Madurai in an air force C-130J aircraft, arriving at Madurai Airport that afternoon. His body was received at the airport by the three service chiefs and national and state dignitaries, including cabinet ministers Manohar Parrikar, Venkaiah Naidu, Pon Radhakrishnan and the governors of Tamil Nadu and Meghalaya, K Rosaiah and V. Shanmuganathan. After a brief ceremony, Kalam's body was flown by air force helicopter to the town of Mandapam, from where it was taken in an army truck to his hometown of Rameswaram. Upon arriving at Rameswaram, his body was displayed in an open area in front of the local bus station to allow the public to pay their final respects until 8 p.m. that evening.[91][92]
On 30 July 2015, the former President was laid to rest at Rameswaram's Pei Karumbu Ground with full state honours. Over 350,000 people attended the last rites, including the Prime Minister, the governor of Tamil Nadu and the chief ministers of Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh.[93][94]
Reactions
Prime Minister Narendra Modi lays a wreath at Kalam's body, on arrival at Palam Air Base.
India reacted to Kalam's death with an outpouring of grief; numerous tributes were paid to the former President across the nation and on social media.[95] The Government of India declared a seven-day state mourning period as a mark of respect.[96] President Pranab Mukherjee, Vice President Hamid Ansari, Home Minister Rajnath Singh, and other leaders condoled the former President's demise.[86] Prime Minister Narendra Modi said "[Dr. Kalam's] death is a great loss to the scientific community. He took India to great heights. He showed the way."[97] Former Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, who had served as prime minister under Kalam, said, "our country has lost a great human being who made phenomenal contributions to the promotion of self reliance in defence technologies. I worked very closely with Dr. Kalam as prime minister and I greatly benefited from his advice as president of our country. His life and work will be remembered for generations to come."[98] ISRO chairman A. S. Kiran Kumar called his former colleague "a great personality and a gentleman", while former chairman G. Madhavan Nair described Kalam as "a global leader" for whom "the downtrodden and poor people were his priority. He always had a passion to convey what is in his mind to the young generation", adding that his death left a vacuum which none could fill.[99][100]
South Asian leaders expressed condolences and lauded the late statesman. The Bhutanese government ordered the country's flags to fly at half-staff to mourn Kalam's death, and lit 1000 butter lamps in homage. Bhutanese Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay expressed deep sadness, saying Kalam "was a leader greatly admired by all people, especially the youth of India who have referred to him as the people's President".[101] Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina described Kalam as "a rare combination of a great statesman, acclaimed scientist, and a source of inspiration to the young generation of South Asia" and termed his death an "irreparable loss to India and beyond". Bangladesh Nationalist Party chief Khaleda Zia said "as a nuclear scientist, he engaged himself in the welfare of the people". Ashraf Ghani, the President of Afghanistan, called Kalam "an inspirational figure to millions of people," noting that "we have a lot to learn from his life". Nepalese Prime Minister Sushil Koirala recalled Kalam's scientific contributions to India: "Nepal has lost a good friend and I have lost an honoured and ideal personality." The President of Pakistan, Mamnoon Hussain, and Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif also expressed their grief and condolences on his death.[102][103][104] The President of Sri Lanka, Maithripala Sirisena, also expressed his condolences. "Dr. Kalam was a man of firm conviction and indomitable spirit, and I saw him as an outstanding statesman of the world. His death is an irreparable loss not only to India but to the entire world."[105] Maldivian President Abdulla Yameen and Vice President Ahmed Adheeb condoled Kalam's death, with Yameen naming him as a close friend of the Maldives who would continue to be an inspiration to Indians and generations of South Asians. Former president Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, who had made an official visit to India during Kalam's presidency, termed his demise as a great loss to all of humankind.[106] The Commander-in-Chief of the Myanmar Armed Forces, Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, expressed condolences on behalf of the Myanmar government.[107] The Dalai Lama expressed his sadness and offered condolences and prayers, calling Kalam's death "an irreparable loss".[108]
Kathleen Wynne, the Premier of Ontario, which Kalam had visited on numerous occasions, expressed "deepest condolences ... as a respected scientist, he played a critical role in the development of the Indian space program. As a committed educator, he inspired millions of young people to achieve their very best. And as a devoted leader, he gained support both at home and abroad, becoming known as 'the people's President'. I join our Indo–Canadian families, friends, and neighbours in mourning the passing of this respected leader."[109] United States President Barack Obama extended "deepest condolences to the people of India on the passing of former Indian President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam", and highlighted his achievements as a scientist and as a statesman, notably his role in strengthening U.S.–India relations and increasing space cooperation between the two nations. "Suitably named 'the People's President', Dr. Kalam's humility and dedication to public service served as an inspiration to millions of Indians and admirers around the world."[110] Russian President Vladimir Putin expressed sincere condolences and conveyed his sympathy and support "to the near and dear ones of the deceased leader, to the government, and entire people of India". He remarked on Kalam's outstanding "personal contribution to the social, economic, scientific, and technical progress of India and in ensuring its national security," adding that Dr. Kalam would be remembered as a "consistent exponent of closer friendly relations between our nations, who has done a lot for cementing mutually beneficial Russian–Indian cooperation."[111] Other international leaders—including former Indonesian president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak, Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, President of the United Arab Emirates Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, and Vice President and Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates and emir of Dubai Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum—also paid tribute to Kalam.[112][113] In a special gesture, Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon visited the Permanent Mission of India to the UN and signed a condolence book. "The outpouring of grief around the world is a testament of the respect and inspiration he has garnered during and after his presidency. The UN joins the people of India in sending our deepest condolences for this great statesman. May he rest in peace and eternity", Ban wrote in his message.[114]
Personal life
Kalam was the youngest of five siblings, the eldest of whom was a sister, Asim Zohra (d. 1997), followed by three elder brothers: Mohammed Muthu Meera Lebbai Maraikayar (b. 1916; aged 99), Mustafa Kamal (d. 1999) and Kasim Mohammed (d. 1995).[115] He was extremely close to his elder siblings and their extended families throughout his life, and would regularly send small sums of money to his older relations, himself remaining a lifelong bachelor.[115][116]
Kalam was noted for his integrity and his simple lifestyle.[116] He never owned a television, and was in the habit of rising at 6:30 or 7 a.m and sleeping by 2 a.m.[117] His few personal possessions included his books, his veena, some articles of clothing, a CD player and a laptop; at his death, he left no will, and his possessions went to his eldest brother, who survived him.[118][119]
In the 2011 Hindi film I Am Kalam, Kalam is portrayed as a positive influence on a poor but bright Rajasthani boy named Chhotu, who renames himself Kalam in honour of his idol.[120]
Religious and spiritual views
Religion and spirituality were very important to Kalam throughout his life.[121] In fact, he made his own spiritual journey the subject of his final book, Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji.[122][123]
Islam
A proud and practicing Muslim, daily namāz and fasting during Ramadan were integral to Kalam's life.[9][124][125] His father, the imam of a mosque in his hometown of Rameswaram, had strictly instilled these Islamic customs in his children.[9] His father had also impressed upon the young Kalam the value of interfaith respect and dialogue. As Kalam recalled: "Every evening, my father A.P. Jainulabdeen, an imam, Pakshi Lakshmana Sastry, the head priest of the Ramanathaswamy Hindu temple, and a church priest used to sit with hot tea and discuss the issues concerning the island."[122][126] Such early exposure convinced Kalam that the answers to India's multitudinous issues lay in "dialogue and cooperation" among the country's religious, social, and political leaders.[124] Moreover, since Kalam believed that "respect for other faiths" was one of the key cornerstones of Islam, he was fond of saying: "For great men, religion is a way of making friends; small people make religion a fighting tool."[127]
Syncretism
One component of Kalam's widespread popularity among diverse groups in India, and an enduring aspect of his legacy, is the syncretism he embodied in appreciating various elements of the many spiritual and cultural traditions of India.[124][125][128][129] In addition to his faith in the Koran and Islamic practice, Kalam was well-versed in Hindu traditions; he learnt Sanskrit,[130][131] read the Bhagavad Gita[132][133] and he was a vegetarian.[134] Kalam also enjoyed writing Tamil poetry, playing the veena (a South Indian string instrument),[135] and listening to Carnatic devotional music every day.[125] In 2002, in one of his early speeches to Parliament after becoming President, he reiterated his desire for a more united India, stating that "[d]uring the last one year I met a number of spiritual leaders of all religions ... [and] I would like to endeavour to work for bringing about unity of minds among the divergent traditions of our country".[128] Describing Kalam as a unifier of diverse traditions, Congress leader Shashi Tharoor stated, "Kalam was a complete Indian, an embodiment of the eclecticism of India's heritage of diversity".[125] BJP leader L. K. Advani concurred that Kalam was "the best exemplar of the Idea of India, one who embodied the best of all the cultural and spiritual traditions that signify India's unity in immense diversity. This was most strikingly evident in the last book he wrote, presciently titled Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swami.[129]
Pramukh Swami as Guru
Kalam's desire to meet spiritual leaders to help create a more prosperous, spiritual, and unified India was what initially led him to meet Pramukh Swami, the Hindu guru of the BAPS Swaminarayan Sampradaya, who Kalam would come to consider his ultimate spiritual teacher and guru.[122][124] The first of eight meetings between Kalam and Pramukh Swami over a fourteen-year period took place on 30 June 2001 in New Delhi, during which Kalam described being immediately drawn to Pramukh Swami's simplicity and spiritual purity.[136] Kalam stated that he was inspired by Pramukh Swami throughout their numerous interactions. One such incident occurred the day following the terrorist attack on BAPS' Akshardham, Gandhinagar complex in September 2002; Pramukh Swami prayed for, and sprinkled holy water upon, the sites of all of the deceased, including the terrorists, demonstrating the view that all human life is sacred. Kalam recalled being moved by Pramukh Swami's equanimity and compassion, citing this incident as one of his motivations for writing Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji.[137] Summarizing the effect that Pramukh Swami had on him, Kalam stated that "[Pramukh Swami] has indeed transformed me. He is the ultimate stage of the spiritual ascent in my life ... Pramukh Swamiji has put me in a God-synchronous orbit. No manoeuvres are required any more, as I am placed in my final position in eternity."[124][138] Following Kalam's death a month after his final book was released, co-author Arun Tiwari pointed to this passage as potentially prophetic and premonitory of Kalam's death.[139]
Writings
A P J Abdul Kalam delivering a speech
In his book India 2020, Kalam strongly advocated an action plan to develop India into a "knowledge superpower" and a developed nation by the year 2020. He regarded his work on India's nuclear weapons programme as a way to assert India's place as a future superpower.[140]
I have identified five areas where India has a core competence for integrated action: (1) agriculture and food processing; (2) education and healthcare; (3) information and communication technology; (4) infrastructure, reliable and quality electric power, surface transport and infrastructure for all parts of the country; and (5) self-reliance in critical technologies. These five areas are closely inter-related and if advanced in a coordinated way, will lead to food, economic and national security.
Kalam describes a "transformative moment" in his life when he asked Pramukh Swami, the guru of the BAPS Swaminarayan Sampradaya, how India might realize this five-pronged vision of development. Pramukh Swami's answer—to add a sixth area developing faith in God and spirituality to overcome the current climate of crime and corruption—became the spiritual vision for the next 15 years Kalam's life, which he describes in his final book, Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji, published just a month before his death.[136]
It was reported that there was considerable demand in South Korea for translated versions of books authored by him.[141]
Kalam took an active interest in other developments in the field of science and technology, including a research programme for developing biomedical implants. He also supported open source technology over proprietary software, predicting that the use of free software on a large scale would bring the benefits of information technology to more people.[142]
Kalam set a target of interacting with 100,000 students during the two years after his resignation from the post of scientific adviser in 1999.[21] He explained, "I feel comfortable in the company of young people, particularly high school students. Henceforth, I intend to share with them experiences, helping them to ignite their imagination and preparing them to work for a developed India for which the road map is already available."[21]
Awards and honours
An Indian Post commemorative postage stamp on A. P. J. Abdul Kalam - issued on October 15, 2015
Kalam received honorary doctorates from 40 universities.[143][144] The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1981 and the Padma Vibhushan in 1990 for his work with ISRO and DRDO and his role as a scientific advisor to the Government.[145] In 1997, Kalam received India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, for his contribution to the scientific research and modernisation of defence technology in India.[146] In 2013, he was the recipient of the Von Braun Award from the National Space Society "to recognize excellence in the management and leadership of a space-related project".[147]
Following his death, Kalam received numerous tributes. The Tamil Nadu state government announced that his birthday, 15 October, would be observed across the state as "Youth Renaissance Day;" the state government further instituted the "Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Award," constituting an 8-gram gold medal, a certificate and ₹500,000 (US$7,400). The award will be awarded annually on Independence Day, beginning in 2015, to residents of the state with achievements in promoting scientific growth, the humanities or the welfare of students.[148]
On occasion of his birth day (2015), CBSE has given the topics on his name in the CBSE expression series.[149]
The Prime Minister, Mr. Narendra Modi released the commemorative postal stamps on the former President of India, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, on his 84th birth anniversary celebrations, at DRDO Bhawan, in New Delhi on October 15, 2015.
Educational and scientific institutions
Several educational and scientific institutions and other locations were renamed or named in honour of Kalam following his death.
An agricultural college at Kishanganj, Bihar, was renamed the "Dr. Kalam Agricultural College, Kishanganj" by the Bihar state government on the day of Kalam's funeral. The state government also announced it would name a proposed science city after Kalam.[150]
Uttar Pradesh Technical University (UPTU) was renamed "A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University" by the Uttar Pradesh state government.[151]
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Memorial Travancore Institute of Digestive Diseases, a new research institute in Kollam city, Kerala attached to the Travancore Medical College Hospital.[152]
A new academic complex at Mahatma Gandhi University in Kerala.[153]
A new science centre and planetarium in Lawspet, Puducherry.[154]
India and the US have launched the Fulbright-Kalam Climate Fellowship In September 2014. The first call for applicants was announced on Friday March 12, 2016, for the fellowship which will enable up to 6 Indian PhD students and post-doctoral researchers to work with US host institutions for a period of 6–12 months. The fellowship will be operated by the binational US-India Educational Foundation (USIEF) under theFulbright programme.[155]
Island
Wheeler Island, a national missile test site in Odisha, was renamed Abdul Kalam Island in September 2015.[156]
presentation boards for an architectural project. the intent was to design an extended stay hotel on a rooftop (of JH Ashdown factory) in the Exchange District
this is #3 of 3
#1 of 3 www.flickr.com/photos/kpasc/2277604351/in/set-72157603945...
#2 of 3 www.flickr.com/photos/kpasc/2277605019/in/set-72157603945...
from my 2nd year in the Environmental Design undergrad program at the University of Manitoba
Intermediate searchlight signals are shown on the mainline through Stearns,Ky. To the right of the signals in a yard that the NS uses to interchange with the K&T.
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At the best time of day in unusually beautiful lighting, an Intermediate Egret makes its way along the lake shoreline feeding. The sun was reflecting off the ripples between me and the bird.
The virtual walk-around the motor-wagon of Kremenchuk city electric tramway (Poltava district, Russian Empire, circa 1900).
Such motor-wagons were erected by Schukert Werke, Germany, due to the Siemens design.
There is the intermediate result of 3D modelling & rendering: less an environment, textures & normal maps.
The first Author's experience with Blender-3D modelling environment. The project is going on...
Виртуальный обзор мотор-вагона электрического трамвая города Кременчуг, (Полтавская губерния Российской Империи, 1900-е гг.) Такие мотор-вагоны изготовлялись фирмой Шуккерт, Германия, по чертежам Симменса. Представлен промежуточный результат 3-D моделирования и рендеринга: отсутствует окружающая среда, карты нормалей и текстуры. Это первый опыт Автора в среде 3-D моделирования Blender. Работа над проектом продолжается...