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DRD - "Waiting for Santa" set. Includes 2 signs on posts, 2 wooden signs, and back lit sign all shown. These items are FREE just for joining the "Waiting For Santa" group along with many other great Christmas items from her top creators. Plus as a DRD bonus, get both the "Winters Eve" patio set & "The Last Christmas" cabin which is epically wintery.
To join, just come to DRD and join the group by clicking the free HUD. Bam you are in! maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Death%20Row/114/213/22
For all things DRD: linktr.ee/death_row_designs
New art works on display😊
Happy Wall Wednesday!
Article from 2008
Tunnel becomes Banksy art exhibit
A disused road tunnel in south London has been turned into a giant exhibition space by graffiti artist Banksy.
Murals in the Bristol artist's famous stencil style appear with work by 29 other artists in a half-mile stretch of the tunnel in Leake Street, Waterloo.
Images of Madonna kissing Britney Spears and a hoodie appear alongside installations of crashed cars.
People can add their own stencil work to the tunnel walls in a three-day exhibition, opening on Saturday.
Reclusive artist Banksy kept the tunnel's location secret until Friday morning.
'Filth pit'
He said the exhibition, known as the Cans Festival, aimed to "transform a dark forgotten filth pit" into "an oasis of beautiful art".
"I've always felt anyone with a paint can should have as much say in how our cities look as architects and ad men," Banksy said.
The installations will be removed after the event but Banksy said he hoped the murals and graffiti would become permanent part of the tunnel.
They also include images of a girl holding flowers, London Bridge, the Queen and Boris Johnson.
An installation depicts a burnt-out car crashed into a tree while another stencil spells out: "Hey Banksy - why don't you return my emails?"
In recent years his work has grown in popularity, with Brad Pitt and Christina Aguilera listed among celebrity collectors.
In January a piece of his graffiti in Portobello Road, west London - which shows a painter finishing off the word "Banksy" - attracted a bid of £208,100 in an online auction.
- Includes:
○ Shape
○ Eyebrows shape
○ Detailed Stylecard with landmarks, pics settings and extra info.
Enjoy ♡
Moon Phase Glasses
Includes:
Unrigged Glasses
Temple + No Temple Versions
Physically Based Rendering + Blinn-Phong Materials
Texture HUD With Four Frames + Eight Gems
Available at the Mainstore & Marketplace, discounted by 25%!
⋆˚࿔ QE Designs ˚⋆
[QE]Designs- Salem Set
- INCLUDES:
. Dress, Sleeves, Boots, Tal, Collar & Mask
. BODYS: Legacy, Maitreya, Reborn & Juicy
. HUD Controlled
❀ LM: maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Calisto/124/124/27
❀ MP: marketplace.secondlife.com/en-US/stores/32435
•——————•°•✿•——————•
-`♡´- VEZZO INK TATTOO -`♡´-
♡ Jehny - Fatpack of 2 colors.
- Black and White.
- 4 opacities 25%/50%/75%/100%
- BOM ONLY!!!
- Compatible with:
Lelutka EvoX, AK ADVX (AKERUKA ADVX), GA.EG BoMGenX, LOGO, CRYPTID heads.
Belleza, GenX, Signature, Maitreya, Ebody Reborn + Juicy, Legacy bodies.
🚀 SLurl:
maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Fashion%20Boulevard%20II/1...
✔️MP: marketplace.secondlife.com/en-US/stores/199278
•——————•°•✿•——————•
•·.·''·.·• The Bearded Guy•·.·''·.·•
Solo Spot Backdrop PBR - The Bearded Guy
✭ LM: maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Moonwall/169/121/32
✭ MP: marketplace.secondlife.com/stores/208779
•——————•°•✿•——————•
Beamish Museum includes the Rowley Station as it looked in Edwardian times – the signal box, waiting rooms, and goods yard with waggons on display. The station was originally in Rowley, near Consett, County Durham, in 1867.
N.Kolour: Shades Of Orange Nail Applier
includes five nail options, for feet as well
Omega, Maitreya
N.Kolour
Marketplace: marketplace.secondlife.com/stores/219967
Inworld Store: maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Cherry%20Isle/159/99/2385
DOUX Sophie
Lel EvoX Lilly head
gabbyjaws.blogspot.com/2024/12/wild-fashiondesigner-showc...
WILD FASHION Candice includes earrings
sizes include Erica, GenX, Curvy, Kupra, LaraX, Legacy, Peach, Reborn, Waifu w/20 Texture hud
WILD Fashion & Beauty
LM: maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Tropical%20Lodge/61/87/27
MP: marketplace.secondlife.com/stores/191525
LANDMARK TO DESIGNER SHOWCASE: maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Whispering%20Angels/193/51...
Stealthic Barbwire
an lar [poses] The Jane series
LaraX
WoW Skins Valea
Full Body BOM 5 Skin Tones
6 Velour Tones
6 Skinnery Tones
WoW Skins
LM TO Wow Skins: maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Vintage%20Romance/158/113/...
translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=ht...
The prongs Haren is a nature reserve in the north of the country Brandenburg . He is one of the largest wetland complexes in the forest natural area of Granseer plate with a variety of habitat types . The reserve covers an area of about 823 ha in the districts Glambeck , Gieben , Großmutz , Hoppenrade and Linde the municipality Löwenberger Land
Flora and fauna
Worth protecting plant communities in Haren prongs are particularly alder-swamp forests , alder - ash forests , large and small sedge marshes , wet meadows and bogs . The area serves as a habitat and refuge for a variety of animal species. These include strictly protected species such as bats , the black stork , crane , the lesser spotted eagle , the kingfisher , the green sandpiper , the fire-bellied toad and the moor frog .
History
The prongs Haren was once hunting ground of the family of value based on Schloss Hoppenrade . He was in the context of land reform in the Soviet occupation zone in 1945 expropriated and divided. During the period of the German Democratic Republic it was used by the State Forestry operation. 1990 sought to provide the Haren prongs under protection. The designation as a nature reserve finally took place in 2003. In the same year, 160 ha of the area were from the Federal Republic of Germany at the Green League for natural management transfer. [2]
The reserve is part of the European bird reserve Upper Havelniederung.
· ▸ Silvia Collection includes:
ㅤㅤ• Sideboard
ㅤㅤ• Lamp
ㅤㅤ• Mirror
ㅤㅤ• Texture Changer Menu to Mix & Match:
ㅤㅤ · 4 Sideboard color textures
ㅤㅤ · 2 Lamp color textures
ㅤㅤ · Lamp On/Off option
· ▸ Sideboard Landimpact · 3
· ▸ Lamp Landimpact · 2
· ▸ Mirror Landimpact · 3
· ▸ Copy
· ▸ Modify
· ▸ No Transfer
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ㅤㅤｓｈｏｐ ｔｈｉｓ ａｔ ｅｑｕａｌ１０ 苛 尉 ズ ょ ド
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▸ Ｊｏｉｎ ｕｓ ｏｎ Ｆａｃｅｂｏｏｋ
ㅤㅤ
▸ Ｊｏｉｎ ｕｓ ｏｎ Ｉｎｓｔａｇｒａｍ
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▸ Main Sim
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Includes:
- SHAPE
- EYEBROWS
- STYLE CARD - All informations for you look like the model if you wish it, and instructions to edit.
Permissions: Copiable and Modifiable!
Please dont hesitate to contact us if you have any doubt!
Enjoy your new shape by .C. PETROVA STORE!
-> MP - Search for: .C. PETROVA SHAPES
-> WORLD - Search for: SHAPES .C. PETROVA
☾ ♡ ☾ ♡ ☾ ♡ ☾ ♡ ☾ ♡ ☾ ♡ ☾
☚DRESS☛
BLACK ANGEL STORE-LEXIE DRESS
☚Includes☛
70 COLORS DRESS
3 COLORS METALS
☚SIZES☛
LARA X / PETITE
MAITREYA / PETITE
LEGACY / PERKY
REBORN / WAIFU
KUPRA
ERIKA
GENX CLASSIC / CURVY
Free Demo available InWorld store
Please try the Demo before you buy
No Refunds For Products with Demo
☚PURCHASE IN-WORLD☛
maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Amadeus/74/199/23
☚PURCHASE ON MARKETPLACE☛
marketplace.secondlife.com/p/LEXIE-DRESS-by-BA-StorePROMO...
☚Helpful Links for Black Angel Store!☛
❥❥https://linktr.ee/BlackAngelStore
❥❥IN-WORLD: maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Amadeus/74/199/23
❥❥MP: marketplace.secondlife.com/en-US/stores/231206
❥❥FB: www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100094240335975
❥❥FLICKR: www.flickr.com/photos/194518744@N08/
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The US Army Corps of Engineers built this earthen dam, visible at center. The building at right is a USACE visitor center that features the river's history before European contact, the Lewis and Clark Expedition, the dam's purpose and functions, and an overview of remaining ecosystems -- very much transformed by human-drive water flows and that big body of cold water in the reservoir. You can see a cluster of wayside signs about Lewis and Clark at far left.
The Corps is a partner of the National Park Service here. The NPS managed the Lewis and Clark National Historical Trail that passes here, as well as the Missouri National Recreational River that includes one stretch upstream of the reservoir and a second stretch along a semi-natural stretch downstream.
I'm in Nebraska, looking across the river to South Dakota.
Explored # 180 on June 13, 2021. Thank you, everyone, for the favorites and kind comments! I appreciate them all.
♔Includes:
Headpiece - Armbands - Orbits
Left & Right Sections - 39 Colors
For Birds
♔https://marketplace.secondlife.com/es-ES/stores/9483
· ▸ Ridgley Sweater single purchase is available in:
ㅤㅤ• 10 color textures
· ▸ Ridgley Sweater includes:
ㅤㅤ• 12 Print styles
· ▸ Fatpack is available and comes with:
ㅤㅤ• 9 exclusive patterns
· ▸ Ridgley Sweater is fitted for:
ㅤㅤ• Signature Gianni
ㅤㅤ• Legacy Male
ㅤㅤ• Belleza Jake
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ㅤㅤｓｈｏｐ ｔｈｉｓ ａｔ ｅｑｕａｌ１０ 苛 尉 ズ ょ ド
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▸ Ｊｏｉｎ ｕｓ ｏｎ Ｆａｃｅｂｏｏｋ
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ㅤㅤhttps://www.facebook.com/equal10event
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ㅤㅤhttps://www.instagram.com/equal10eventsl/
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▸ Cam sim 1
maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/equal10%20cam%20shopping/1...
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▸ Cam sim 2
maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/equal10%20cam%20shopping2/...
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▸ Main sim
includes many color & hand-arm animations & gold-white metal options
All colors available @mainstore
****but 6 colors sale @fi*friday****
only 55Linden - [cream gray mint babyblue red yellow]
hope you like them♥
Includes 2 versions: solid and semi-sheer with BOM matching panties.
Fatpack includes 6 additional colours: light pink, pearl, blue, sage, rouge and periwinkle.
For LaraX, PetiteX, Legacy, Legacy Perky Petite, Legacy Pinup X Bombshell, Ebody Reborn, Momma.
@
Furniture: Oubliette- Witches Kitchen (includes: rugs, table, chairs, books, stove, cabinets, cauldrons, kettles, fire place, mortar & herbs, and wreaths) main store - maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Desolate/128/50/25
Eyes: {S0NG} Omena V2 Eyes - @Access - maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/ACCESS/97/134/22
Earrings: Puddles. Potion Earrings - main store - maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/OMY/126/132/2501
Tattoo: .::DEATH INK::.QUEEN Of The DARK Evox Neck Tatto - NEW release @ABSTRAKT EVENT 9/15-10/12 - maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Crimson%20Heart/72/122/501
Top: Diversion - Lana Top & Sleeves - main store - maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Diversion/117/198/28
Nails: ! KS - Spooky Szn Set - main store - maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Phoenix%20Determined/76/24...
Vanilla Bae birthday group gift, grab it at the mainstore ( see link below for LM )
Catalina Dress
• Strippable Dress with 6 steps Strip + fully nude
• Strip me menu access includes: Private, Public, Add Master
• PG Option (step 1 only, non strip)
• Change via HUD: Fabric, Ruffles, Ribbon
♥ - Vanilla Bae MP
♥ - Flickr Group
♥ - Flickr
☆*: .｡. Outfit includes the following .｡.:*☆
☆ BeSpoke → Sphynx Xen Head
☆ ///ANIMA\\\ → Skitters
☆ [Stelio] → Oblivion Eyes (Emerald)
☆pod. → Maitreya Outline
☆[M.O.R] → Basic Bento Tail (Thin)
☆{SS} → Polyopia Eye
☆SolidGear:Hairshop → Tayoka Dreads
☆[Echelon] → Dawnstrider Monk Set
Find the Dawnstrider Monk Set at the Echelon mainstore! → maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Havelock/44/88/3001
This high-resolution still image is part of a video taken by several cameras as NASA’s Perseverance rover touched down on Mars on Feb. 18, 2021. A camera aboard the descent stage captured this shot. A key objective for Perseverance’s mission on Mars is astrobiology, including the search for signs of ancient microbial life. The rover will characterize the planet’s geology and past climate, pave the way for human exploration of the Red Planet, and be the first mission to collect and cache Martian rock and regolith (broken rock and dust). Subsequent NASA missions, in cooperation with ESA (the European Space Agency), would send spacecraft to Mars to collect these cached samples from the surface and return them to Earth for in-depth analysis. The Mars 2020 mission is part of a larger program that includes missions to the Moon as a way to prepare for human exploration of the Red Planet. JPL, which is managed for NASA by Caltech in Pasadena, California, built and manages operations of the Perseverance and Curiosity rovers.
Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
#NASA #jpl #jetpropulsionlaboratory #marshallspaceflightcenter #msfc #mars #moontomars #planet #space #CountdownToMars
Death Valley National Park is an American national park that straddles the California–Nevada border, east of the Sierra Nevada. The park boundaries include Death Valley, the northern section of Panamint Valley, the southern section of Eureka Valley and most of Saline Valley.
The park occupies an interface zone between the arid Great Basin and Mojave deserts, protecting the northwest corner of the Mojave Desert and its diverse environment of salt-flats, sand dunes, badlands, valleys, canyons and mountains.
Death Valley is the largest national park in the contiguous United States, as well as the hottest, driest and lowest of all the national parks in the United States. It contains Badwater Basin, the second-lowest point in the Western Hemisphere and lowest in North America at 282 feet below sea level. More than 93% of the park is a designated wilderness area.
The park is home to many species of plants and animals which have adapted to the harsh desert environment including creosote bush, Joshua tree, bighorn sheep, coyote, and the endangered Death Valley pupfish, a survivor from much wetter times. UNESCO included Death Valley as the principal feature of its Mojave and Colorado Deserts Biosphere Reserve in 1984.
A series of Native American groups inhabited the area from as early as 7000 BC, most recently the Timbisha around 1000 AD who migrated between winter camps in the valleys and summer grounds in the mountains. A group of European-Americans, lost in the valley in 1849 while looking for a shortcut to the gold fields of California, gave this valley its grim name, even though only one of their group died there.
Several short-lived boom towns sprang up during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to mine gold and silver. The only long-term profitable ore to be mined was borax, which was transported out of the valley with twenty-mule teams. The valley later became the subject of books, radio programs, television series, and movies. Tourism expanded in the 1920s when resorts were built around Stovepipe Wells and Furnace Creek. Death Valley National Monument was declared in 1933 and the park was substantially expanded and became a national park in 1994.
The natural environment of the area has been shaped largely by its geology. The valley is actually a graben with the oldest rocks being extensively metamorphosed and at least 1.7 billion years old. Ancient, warm, shallow seas deposited marine sediments until rifting opened the Pacific Ocean. Additional sedimentation occurred until a subduction zone formed off the coast. The subduction uplifted the region out of the sea and created a line of volcanoes. Later the crust started to pull apart, creating the current Basin and Range landform. Valleys filled with sediment and, during the wet times of glacial periods, with lakes, such as Lake Manly.
Death Valley is the fifth-largest American national park and the largest in the contiguous United States. It is also larger than the states of Rhode Island and Delaware combined, and nearly as large as Puerto Rico. In 2013, Death Valley National Park was designated as a dark sky park by the International Dark-Sky Association.
☾ ♡ ☾ ♡ ☾ ♡ ☾ ♡ ☾ ♡ ☾ ♡ ☾
☚OUTFIT☛
BLACK ANGEL STORE-DIAHNA OUTFIT
☚Includes☛
30 COLORS DRESS
30 COLORS BELT
30 COLORS BOOTS
5 COLORS METALS
☚SIZES☛
LARA X / PETITE
MAITREYA / PETITE
LEGACY / PERKY / PINUP BOMBSHELL
REBORN / WAIFU
ERIKA
Free Demo available InWorld store
Please try the Demo before you buy
No Refunds For Products with Demo
☚PURCHASE IN-WORLD☛
maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Amadeus/74/199/23
☚PURCHASE ON MARKETPLACE☛
marketplace.secondlife.com/p/DIAHNA-OUTFIT-by-BA-StorePRO...
☚Helpful Links for Black Angel Store!☛
❥❥https://linktr.ee/BlackAngelStore
❥❥IN-WORLD: maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Amadeus/74/199/23
❥❥MP: marketplace.secondlife.com/en-US/stores/231206
❥❥FB: www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100094240335975
❥❥FLICKR: www.flickr.com/photos/194518744@N08/
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I have been here before, the station buildings are now a private residence. It is great that Golspie has the railway passing through on a regular basis. Golspie Railway Station is located on the Far North Line. From here you are about a ten minute walk to the main street, Golspie Beach and about three miles from Dunrobin Castle should you fancy a longer walk. Dunrobin Castle has its own unique Railway Station so it is possible to combine the two of them and include a visit to the Castle when it is open for the season.
· ▸ Thanks single purchase includes:
ㅤㅤ• Pumpkin Cake
ㅤㅤ• Carrot Cake
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ㅤㅤｓｈｏｐ ｔｈｉｓ ａｔ ｅｑｕａｌ１０ 苛 尉 ズ ょ ド
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▸ Ｊｏｉｎ ｕｓ ｏｎ Ｆａｃｅｂｏｏｋ
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ㅤㅤhttps://www.facebook.com/equal10event
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▸ Ｊｏｉｎ ｕｓ ｏｎ Ｉｎｓｔａｇｒａｍ
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ㅤㅤhttps://www.instagram.com/equal10event/
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▸ Cam sim 1
maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/equal10%20cam%20shopping/1...
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▸ Cam sim 2
maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/equal10%20cam%20shopping2/...
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▸ Main sim
A welcome break in the weather today, with a much fresher feel
In explore at #433 on the 14th August 2020
*Masa Srt:
Includes Headpiece And Shoulders In Left & Right Sections
With 26 Colours For Main And Accent Via HUD.
*Masa Eyemakeup:
12 Colors With Tattoo Universal And BOM Layers
marketplace.secondlife.com/es-ES/stores/9483
03/07/2022 Update: Now includes new tones, use the redelivery terminal
Hello cuties, i've been asked to create skins for Swallow ears and they are finally here, I have also included Lelutka EvoX ears in this pack.
This is a blushy version of the regular, they also includes a fade extension to fit your favorite skins, they are no mod, but you can add the tintable addoon to match the tone you are using.
It is available as a gift at Anthem, hope you like them ♥
Wearing: LeLutka Halle head, Peony skin Cream tone, Emily lipstick, Jade eyes, Natural eyelashes v2, roxanne hairbase Doux hair.
▷▶ My Blog
✨ Outfit Highlight ✨
{Le'La} Dark Fate
Available sizes:
Belleza Gen.X Classic & Curvy
eBody Reborn + Waifu
Kupra
Legacy
Maitreya (includes LaraX/Perky/Erika)
▷▶ Le´La Store
"Euonymus /juːˈɒnɪməs/ is a genus of flowering plants in the staff vine family, Celastraceae. Common names vary widely among different species and between different English-speaking countries, but include spindle (or spindle tree), burning-bush, strawberry-bush, wahoo, wintercreeper, or simply euonymus. It comprises about 140 species of deciduous and evergreen shrubs, small trees and lianas."
Celestial Night Crown
Includes:
Unrigged Unisex Crown
Rotating + Static Included
PBR + Blinn-Phong Materials Enabled
Texture HUD With Four Metals + Eight Gems
Available at Fantasy Faire on the Nox Aeterna Region!
Swan Lake Christmas Hill Nature Sanctuary in Saanich, Victoria B.C. is a wild oasis in the heart of the urban landscape and includes two distinct ecosystems: the beautiful marshland of Swan Lake and the rocky, oak-forested highlands of Christmas Hill. Both are home to an incredible array of native plants and wild animals.
In this shot at Swan Lake, all I can see is one duck! ☺
Introducing the Kimiko hair release from Ayashi, exclusively available at the Kinky event. This hairstyle offers two variations - long and short - depending on the selected pack, adorned with hair accessories in a Japanese style, exclusively included in the exclusive pack, along with charming earrings. Embrace the beauty of this release and elevate your look with a touch of Japanese-inspired elegance. Don't miss out on the Kimiko hair at the Kinky event!
!!!Please TRY DEMO FIRST and be careful before you purchase!!! Refunding or exchanging is NOT possible.
This hairstyle has 3 different packs:
STANDART:
-1 hairstyles(3 head size+boobs)
-fatpack colors HUD(include tint hair, materials, fullbright option)
PREMIUM:
-hairstyles(3 head size+boobs) - style hud with 4 hair variations + Bonus color packs (base color+2nd color for strands)
-fatpack colors HUD(include tint hair, materials, fullbright option)
EXCLUSIVE :
-PREMIUM PACK
-Exclusive hair(3 head size+boobs) with style HUD(4 hair variations)
-Hair accessories(For long and short braids) (rigged version)
-Earrings with HUD
💥GIVEAWAY ALERT! 💥
davshanbond ♡ rose ♡ 🎉🎉✨are the winners of this giveaway. ✨🎉🎉
ayashi-sl.blogspot.com/2023/06/ayashi-kimiko-hair-special...
This workers' banner includes as a central theme the 8 hours day. On April 21 in 1856 stonemasons walked off the job in Melbourne where they were building the new university. They demanded better working conditions in the form of a reduced maximum number of daily working hours. At the time people could work up to 14 hours in the day.
www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/eight-hour-day
This was an idea first proposed by the British social radical Robert Owen in 1817. It was a nice way of dividing the day into 8 hours of work, 8 hours of recreation and 8 hours of rest.
· ▸ Provoke Collection single purchase is available in:
ㅤㅤ• 19 Lingerie + Piercing color textures
ㅤㅤ• 19 Shrug color textures
ㅤㅤ• 19 Denim Skirt color textures
ㅤㅤ• Leg Band & Choker
· ▸ Provoke Lingerie + Piercing includes:
ㅤㅤ• Lingerie HUD
ㅤㅤ · 19 String color textures
ㅤㅤ · 19 Bra & Panties color textures
ㅤㅤ · 19 Bow color textures
ㅤㅤ · 10 Metal color textures
ㅤㅤ · Sheer transparency options · 0 - 50%
ㅤㅤ• Nipple Piercing HUD
ㅤㅤ · Bra On/Off option
ㅤㅤ · 19 Diamond color textures
ㅤㅤ · 10 Metal color textures
· ▸ Provoke Shrug includes:
ㅤㅤ• HUD
ㅤㅤ · 3 Shrug versions
ㅤㅤ · Strings and Bow On/Off option
ㅤㅤ · 19 Shrug color textures
ㅤㅤ · 19 String color textures
ㅤㅤ · 19 Bow color textures
· ▸ Provoke Denim Skirt includes:
ㅤㅤ• HUD
ㅤㅤ · 10 Metal color textures
· ▸ Provoke Leg Band & Choker includes:
ㅤㅤ• HUD
ㅤㅤ · 19 Vinyl color textures
ㅤㅤ · 10 Leather color textures
ㅤㅤ · 10 Metal color textures
· ▸ Fatpacks are available
· ▸ Megafatpack is available
· ▸ Provoke Collection is fitted for:
ㅤㅤ• Maitreya Lara
ㅤㅤ• Maitreya Petite
ㅤㅤ• Maitreya Maze
ㅤㅤ• Legacy
ㅤㅤ• Legacy Perky
ㅤㅤ• Legacy Nerido Pushup
ㅤㅤ• Legacy Maze
ㅤㅤ• Inithium Kupra
ㅤㅤ• Inithium Kupra Maze
ㅤㅤ• eBody Reborn
ㅤㅤ• eBody Reborn Waifu Boobs
ㅤㅤ• eBody Reborn Juicy Boobs
ㅤㅤ• eBody Reborn Juicy Rolls
ㅤㅤ• eBody Reborn Mounds
ㅤㅤ• eBody Reborn Maze
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ㅤㅤｓｈｏｐ ｔｈｉｓ ａｔ ｅｑｕａｌ１０ 苛 尉 ズ ょ ド
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▸ Ｊｏｉｎ ｕｓ ｏｎ Ｆａｃｅｂｏｏｋ
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▸ Ｊｏｉｎ ｕｓ ｏｎ Ｉｎｓｔａｇｒａｍ
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▸ Main Sim
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A short lunchtime pedal along the Downslink path took me under the Shoreham Flyover.
Crescent #23 for the Treasure Hunt
Includes:
Belleza Freya
Maitreya Lara
Sheer & Solid Options
16 Colour Panties & Top HUD
Show & Hide Options
6 Metal Options
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The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Italian pronunciation: [katteˈdraːle di ˈsanta maˈriːa del ˈfjoːre]; in English "Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers") is the main church of Florence, Italy. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi. The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.
The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile. These three buildings are part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site covering the historic centre of Florence and are a major attraction to tourists visiting Tuscany. The basilica is one of Italy's largest churches, and until development of new structural materials in the modern era, the dome was the largest in the world. It remains the largest brick dome ever constructed.
The cathedral is the mother church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence, whose archbishop is currently Giuseppe Betori.
Santa Maria del Fiore was built on the site of an earlier cathedral dedicated to Saint Reparata. The ancient structure, founded in the early 5th century and having undergone many repairs, was crumbling with age, according to the 14th-century Nuova Cronica of Giovanni Villani, and was no longer large enough to serve the growing population of the city. Other major Tuscan cities had undertaken ambitious reconstructions of their cathedrals during the Late Medieval period, such as Pisa and particularly Siena where the enormous proposed extensions were never completed.
Giotto's bell tower (campanile)
The new church was designed by Arnolfo di Cambio and approved by city council in 1294. Di Cambio was also architect of the church of Santa Croce and the Palazzo Vecchio. He designed three wide naves ending under the octagonal dome, with the middle nave covering the area of Santa Reparata. The first stone was laid on September 9, 1296, by Cardinal Valeriana, the first papal legate ever sent to Florence. The building of this vast project was to last 140 years; Arnolfo's plan for the eastern end, although maintained in concept, was greatly expanded in size.
After Arnolfo died in 1310, work on the cathedral slowed for thirty years. When the relics of Saint Zenobius were discovered in 1330 in Santa Reparata, the project gained a new impetus. In 1331, the Arte della Lana, the guild of wool merchants, took over patronage for the construction of the cathedral and in 1334 appointed Giotto to oversee the work. Assisted by Andrea Pisano, Giotto continued di Cambio's design. His major accomplishment was the building of the campanile. When Giotto died in 1337, Andrea Pisano continued the building until work was halted due to the Black Death in 1348.
In 1349, work resumed on the cathedral under a series of architects, starting with Francesco Talenti, who finished the campanile and enlarged the overall project to include the apse and the side chapels. In 1359, Talenti was succeeded by Giovanni di Lapo Ghini (1360–1369) who divided the center nave in four square bays. Other architects were Alberto Arnoldi, Giovanni d'Ambrogio, Neri di Fioravante and Andrea Orcagna. By 1375, the old church Santa Reparata was pulled down. The nave was finished by 1380, and by 1418, only the dome remained incomplete.
On 18 August 1418, the Arte della Lana announced an architectural design competition for erecting Neri's dome. The two main competitors were two master goldsmiths, Lorenzo Ghiberti and Filippo Brunelleschi, the latter of whom was supported by Cosimo de Medici. Ghiberti had been the winner of a competition for a pair of bronze doors for the Baptistery in 1401 and lifelong competition between the two remained sharp. Brunelleschi won and received the commission.
Ghiberti, appointed coadjutator, drew a salary equal to Brunelleschi's and, though neither was awarded the announced prize of 200 florins, was promised equal credit, although he spent most of his time on other projects. When Brunelleschi became ill, or feigned illness, the project was briefly in the hands of Ghiberti. But Ghiberti soon had to admit that the whole project was beyond him. In 1423, Brunelleschi was back in charge and took over sole responsibility.
Work started on the dome in 1420 and was completed in 1436. The cathedral was consecrated by Pope Eugene IV on March 25, 1436, (the first day of the year according to the Florentine calendar). It was the first 'octagonal' dome in history to be built without a temporary wooden supporting frame. It was one of the most impressive projects of the Renaissance. During the consecration in 1436, Guillaume Dufay's motet Nuper rosarum flores was performed. The structure of this motet was strongly influenced by the structure of the dome.
The decoration of the exterior of the cathedral, begun in the 14th century, was not completed until 1887, when the polychrome marble façade was completed with the design of Emilio De Fabris. The floor of the church was relaid in marble tiles in the 16th century.
The exterior walls are faced in alternate vertical and horizontal bands of polychrome marble from Carrara (white), Prato (green), Siena (red), Lavenza and a few other places. These marble bands had to repeat the already existing bands on the walls of the earlier adjacent baptistery the Battistero di San Giovanni and Giotto's Bell Tower. There are two side doors: the Doors of the Canonici (south side) and the Door of the Mandorla (north side) with sculptures by Nanni di Banco, Donatello, and Jacopo della Quercia. The six side windows, notable for their delicate tracery and ornaments, are separated by pilasters. Only the four windows closest to the transept admit light; the other two are merely ornamental. The clerestory windows are round, a common feature in Italian Gothic.
During its long history, this cathedral has been the seat of the Council of Florence (1439), heard the preachings of Girolamo Savonarola and witnessed the murder of Giuliano di Piero de' Medici on Sunday, 26 April 1478 (with Lorenzo Il Magnifico barely escaping death), in the Pazzi conspiracy.
For further information please visit en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_del_Duomo,_Florence
Florence (/ˈflɒrəns/ FLOR-əns; Italian: Firenze [fiˈrɛntse] ( listen)) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the Metropolitan City of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with approximately 382,000 inhabitants, expanding to over 1,520,000 in the metropolitan area.
Florence was a centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of the time, is considered the birthplace of the Renaissance, and has been called "the Athens of the Middle Ages". A turbulent political history includes periods of rule by the powerful Medici family, and numerous religious and republican revolutions. From 1865 to 1871 the city was the capital of the recently established Kingdom of Italy.
The Historic Centre of Florence attracts 13 millions of tourists each year, and Euromonitor International ranked the city as the world's 89th most visited in 2012, with 1.8 million visitors. It was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1982. The city is noted for its culture, Renaissance art and architecture and monuments. The city also contains numerous museums and art galleries, such as the Uffizi Gallery and the Palazzo Pitti, and still exerts an influence in the fields of art, culture and politics. Due to Florence's artistic and architectural heritage, it has been ranked by Forbes as one of the most beautiful cities in the world.
Florence is an important city in Italian fashion, being ranked in the top 51 fashion capitals of the world; furthermore, it is a major national economic centre, as well as a tourist and industrial hub. In 2008, the city had the 17th highest average income in Italy.
For further information please visit en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence
Everyone have addiction to something!
Mine is to cupcakes and yours? :-P
This set include:
* 1 X Felt Cupcake pincushion.
* 5 X Sweet Cupcakes Sewing Pins Topper - set A (Polymer Clay).
Information from: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod
Cape Cod
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the area of Massachusetts. For other uses, see Cape Cod (disambiguation).
For other uses, see Cod (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 41°41′20″N 70°17′49″W / 41.68889°N 70.29694°W / 41.68889; -70.29694
Map of Massachusetts, with Cape Cod (Barnstable County) indicated in red
Dunes on Sandy Neck are part of the Cape's barrier beach which helps to prevent erosion
Cape Cod, often referred to locally as simply the Cape, is an island and a cape in the easternmost portion of the state of Massachusetts, in the Northeastern United States. It is coextensive with Barnstable County. Several small islands right off Cape Cod, including Monomoy Island, Monomoscoy Island, Popponesset Island, and Seconsett Island, are also in Barnstable County, being part of municipalities with land on the Cape. The Cape's small-town character and large beachfront attract heavy tourism during the summer months.
Cape Cod was formed as the terminal moraine of a glacier, resulting in a peninsula in the Atlantic Ocean. In 1914, the Cape Cod Canal was cut through the base or isthmus of the peninsula, forming an island. The Cape Cod Commission refers to the resultant landmass as an island; as does the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in regards to disaster preparedness.[1] It is still identified as a peninsula by geographers, who do not change landform designations based on man-made canal construction.[citation needed]
Unofficially, it is one of the biggest barrier islands in the world, shielding much of the Massachusetts coastline from North Atlantic storm waves. This protection helps to erode the Cape shoreline at the expense of cliffs, while protecting towns from Fairhaven to Marshfield.
Road vehicles from the mainland cross over the Cape Cod Canal via the Sagamore Bridge and the Bourne Bridge. The two bridges are parallel, with the Bourne Bridge located slightly farther southwest. In addition, the Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge carries railway freight as well as tourist passenger services.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Geography and political divisions
o 1.1 "Upper" and "Lower"
* 2 Geology
* 3 Climate
* 4 Native population
* 5 History
* 6 Lighthouses of Cape Cod
* 7 Transportation
o 7.1 Bus
o 7.2 Rail
o 7.3 Taxi
* 8 Tourism
* 9 Sport fishing
* 10 Sports
* 11 Education
* 12 Islands off Cape Cod
* 13 See also
* 14 References
o 14.1 Notes
o 14.2 Sources
o 14.3 Further reading
* 15 External links
[edit] Geography and political divisions
Towns of Barnstable County
historical map of 1890
The highest elevation on Cape Cod is 306 feet (93 m), at the top of Pine Hill, in the Bourne portion of the Massachusetts Military Reservation. The lowest point is sea level.
The body of water located between Cape Cod and the mainland, bordered to the north by Massachusetts Bay, is Cape Cod Bay; west of Cape Cod is Buzzards Bay. The Cape Cod Canal, completed in 1916, connects Buzzards Bay to Cape Cod Bay; it shortened the trade route between New York and Boston by 62 miles.[2] To the south of Cape Cod lie Nantucket Sound; Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, both large islands, and the mostly privately owned Elizabeth Islands.
Cape Cod incorporates all of Barnstable County, which comprises 15 towns: Bourne, Sandwich, Falmouth, and Mashpee, Barnstable, Yarmouth, Dennis, Harwich, Brewster, Chatham, Orleans, Eastham, Wellfleet, Truro, and Provincetown. Two of the county's fifteen towns (Bourne and Sandwich) include land on the mainland side of the Cape Cod Canal. The towns of Plymouth and Wareham, in adjacent Plymouth County, are sometimes considered to be part of Cape Cod but are not located on the island.
In the 17th century the designation Cape Cod applied only to the tip of the peninsula, essentially present-day Provincetown. Over the ensuing decades, the name came to mean all the land east of the Manomet and Scussett rivers - essentially the line of the 20th century Cape Cod Canal. Now, the complete towns of Bourne and Sandwich are widely considered to incorporate the full perimeter of Cape Cod, even though small parts of these towns are located on the west side of the canal. The canal divides the largest part of the peninsula from the mainland and the resultant landmass is sometimes referred to as an island.[3][4] Additionally some "Cape Codders" – residents of "The Cape" – refer to all land on the mainland side of the canal as "off-Cape."
For most of the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, Cape Cod was considered to consist of three sections:
* The Upper Cape is the part of Cape Cod closest to the mainland, comprising the towns of Bourne, Sandwich, Falmouth, and Mashpee. Falmouth is the home of the famous Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and several other research organizations, and is also the most-used ferry connection to Martha's Vineyard. Falmouth is composed of several separate villages, including East Falmouth, Falmouth Village, Hatchville, North Falmouth, Teaticket, Waquoit, West Falmouth, and Woods Hole, as well as several smaller hamlets that are incorporated into their larger neighbors (e.g., Davisville, Falmouth Heights, Quissett, Sippewissett, and others).[5]
* The Mid-Cape includes the towns of Barnstable, Yarmouth and Dennis. The Mid-Cape area features many beautiful beaches, including warm-water beaches along Nantucket Sound, e.g., Kalmus Beach in Hyannis, which gets its name from one of the inventors of Technicolor, Herbert Kalmus. This popular windsurfing destination was bequeathed to the town of Barnstable by Dr. Kalmus on condition that it not be developed, possibly one of the first instances of open-space preservation in the US. The Mid-Cape is also the commercial and industrial center of the region. There are seven villages in Barnstable, including Barnstable Village, Centerville, Cotuit, Hyannis, Marstons Mills, Osterville, and West Barnstable, as well as several smaller hamlets that are incorporated into their larger neighbors (e.g., Craigville, Cummaquid, Hyannisport, Santuit, Wianno, and others).[6] There are three villages in Yarmouth: South Yarmouth, West Yarmouth and Yarmouthport. There are five villages in Dennis including, Dennis Village(North Dennis), East Dennis, West Dennis, South Dennis and Dennisport.[7]
* The Lower Cape traditionally included all of the rest of the Cape,or the towns of Harwich, Brewster, Chatham, Orleans, Eastham, Wellfleet, Truro, and Provincetown. This area includes the Cape Cod National Seashore, a national park comprising much of the outer Cape, including the entire east-facing coast, and is home to some of the most popular beaches in America, such as Coast Guard Beach and Nauset Light Beach in Eastham. Stephen Leatherman, aka "Dr. Beach", named Coast Guard Beach the 5th best beach in America for 2007.[8]
[edit] "Upper" and "Lower"
The terms "Upper" and "Lower" as applied to the Cape have nothing to do with north and south. Instead, they derive from maritime convention at the time when the principal means of transportation involved watercraft, and the prevailing westerly winds meant that a boat with sails traveling northeast in Cape Cod Bay would have the wind at its back and thus be going downwind, while a craft sailing southwest would be going against the wind, or upwind.[9] Similarly, on nearby Martha's Vineyard, "Up Island" still is the western section and "Down Island" is to the east, and in Maine, "Down East" is similarly defined by the winds and currents.
Over time, the reasons for the traditional nomenclature became unfamiliar and their meaning obscure. Late in the 1900s, new arrivals began calling towns from Eastham to Provincetown the "Outer Cape", yet another geographic descriptor which is still in use, as is the "Inner Cape."
[edit] Geology
Cape Cod and Cape Cod Bay from space.[10]
East of America, there stands in the open Atlantic the last fragment of an ancient and vanished land. Worn by the breakers and the rains, and disintegrated by the wind, it still stands bold.
“
”
Henry Beston, The Outermost House
Cape Cod forms a continuous archipelagic region with a thin line of islands stretching toward New York, historically known by naturalists as the Outer Lands. This continuity is due to the fact that the islands and Cape are all terminal glacial moraines laid down some 16,000 to 20,000 years ago.
Most of Cape Cod's geological history involves the advance and retreat of the Laurentide ice sheet in the late Pleistocene geological era and the subsequent changes in sea level. Using radiocarbon dating techniques, researchers have determined that around 23,000 years ago, the ice sheet reached its maximum southward advance over North America, and then started to retreat. Many "kettle ponds" — clear, cold lakes — were formed and remain on Cape Cod as a result of the receding glacier. By about 18,000 years ago, the ice sheet had retreated past Cape Cod. By roughly 15,000 years ago, it had retreated past southern New England. When so much of Earth's water was locked up in massive ice sheets, the sea level was lower. Truro's bayside beaches used to be a petrified forest, before it became a beach.
As the ice began to melt, the sea began to rise. Initially, sea level rose quickly, about 15 meters (50 ft) per 1,000 years, but then the rate declined. On Cape Cod, sea level rose roughly 3 meters (11 ft) per millennium between 6,000 and 2,000 years ago. After that, it continued to rise at about 1 meter (3 ft) per millennium. By 6,000 years ago, the sea level was high enough to start eroding the glacial deposits that the vanished continental ice sheet had left on Cape Cod. The water transported the eroded deposits north and south along the outer Cape's shoreline. Those reworked sediments that moved north went to the tip of Cape Cod.
Provincetown Spit, at the northern end of the Cape, consists largely of marine deposits, transported from farther up the shore. Sediments that moved south created the islands and shoals of Monomoy. So while other parts of the Cape have dwindled from the action of the waves, these parts of the Cape have grown.
Cape Cod National Seashore
This process continues today. Due to their position jutting out into the Atlantic Ocean, the Cape and islands are subject to massive coastal erosion. Geologists say that, due to erosion, the Cape will be completely submerged by the sea in thousands of years.[11] This erosion causes the washout of beaches and the destruction of the barrier islands; for example, the ocean broke through the barrier island at Chatham during Hurricane Bob in 1991, allowing waves and storm surges to hit the coast with no obstruction. Consequently, the sediment and sand from the beaches is being washed away and deposited elsewhere. While this destroys land in some places, it creates land elsewhere, most noticeably in marshes where sediment is deposited by waters running through them.
[edit] Climate
Although Cape Cod's weather[12] is typically more moderate than inland locations, there have been occasions where Cape Cod has dealt with the brunt of extreme weather situations (such as the Blizzard of 1954 and Hurricane of 1938). Because of the influence of the Atlantic Ocean, temperatures are typically a few degrees cooler in the summer and a few degrees warmer in the winter. A common misconception is that the climate is influenced largely by the warm Gulf Stream current, however that current turns eastward off the coast of Virginia and the waters off the Cape are more influenced by the cold Canadian Labrador Current. As a result, the ocean temperature rarely gets above 65 °F (18 °C), except along the shallow west coast of the Upper Cape.
The Cape's climate is also notorious for a delayed spring season, being surrounded by an ocean which is still cold from the winter; however, it is also known for an exceptionally mild fall season (Indian summer), thanks to the ocean remaining warm from the summer. The highest temperature ever recorded on Cape Cod was 104 °F (40 °C) in Provincetown[13], and the lowest temperature ever was −12 °F (−24.4 °C) in Barnstable.[14]
The water surrounding Cape Cod moderates winter temperatures enough to extend the USDA hardiness zone 7a to its northernmost limit in eastern North America.[15] Even though zone 7a (annual low = 0–5 degrees Fahrenheit) signifies no sub-zero temperatures annually, there have been several instances of temperatures reaching a few degrees below zero across the Cape (although it is rare, usually 1–5 times a year, typically depending on locale, sometimes not at all). Consequently, many plant species typically found in more southerly latitudes grow there, including Camellias, Ilex opaca, Magnolia grandiflora and Albizia julibrissin.
Precipitation on Cape Cod and the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket is the lowest in the New England region, averaging slightly less than 40 inches (1,000 mm) a year (most parts of New England average 42–46 inches). This is due to storm systems which move across western areas, building up in mountainous regions, and dissipating before reaching the coast where the land has leveled out. The region does not experience a greater number of sunny days however, as the number of cloudy days is the same as inland locales, in addition to increased fog. Snowfall is annual, but a lot less common than the rest of Massachusetts. On average, 30 inches of snow, which is a foot less than Boston, falls in an average winter. Snow is usually light, and comes in squalls on cold days. Storms that bring blizzard conditions and snow emergencies to the mainland, bring devastating ice storms or just heavy rains more frequently than large snow storms.
[hide]Climate data for Cape Cod
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 2.06
(35.7) 2.5
(36.5) 6.22
(43.2) 11.72
(53.1) 16.94
(62.5) 23.5
(74.3) 26.39
(79.5) 26.67
(80.0) 25.06
(77.1) 18.39
(65.1) 12.56
(54.6) 5.44
(41.8) 26.67
(80.0)
Average low °C (°F) -5.33
(22.4) -5
(23.0) -1.33
(29.6) 2.72
(36.9) 8.72
(47.7) 14.61
(58.3) 19.22
(66.6) 20.28
(68.5) 15.56
(60.0) 9.94
(49.9) 3.94
(39.1) -2.22
(28.0) -5.33
(22.4)
Precipitation mm (inches) 98
(3.86) 75.4
(2.97) 95
(3.74) 92.5
(3.64) 83.6
(3.29) 76.7
(3.02) 62.2
(2.45) 65
(2.56) 74.7
(2.94) 84.8
(3.34) 90.7
(3.57) 92.7
(3.65) 990.9
(39.01)
Source: World Meteorological Organisation (United Nations) [16]
[edit] Native population
Cape Cod has been the home of the Wampanoag tribe of Native American people for many centuries. They survived off the sea and were accomplished farmers. They understood the principles of sustainable forest management, and were known to light controlled fires to keep the underbrush in check. They helped the Pilgrims, who arrived in the fall of 1620, survive at their new Plymouth Colony. At the time, the dominant group was the Kakopee, known for their abilities at fishing. They were the first Native Americans to use large casting nets. Early colonial settlers recorded that the Kakopee numbered nearly 7,000.
Shortly after the Pilgrims arrived, the chief of the Kakopee, Mogauhok, attempted to make a treaty limiting colonial settlements. The effort failed after he succumbed to smallpox in 1625. Infectious diseases such as smallpox, measles and influenza caused the deaths of many other Kakopee and Wampanoag. They had no natural immunity to Eurasian diseases by then endemic among the English and other Europeans. Today, the only reminder of the Kakopee is a small public recreation area in Barnstable named for them. A historic marker notes the burial site of Mogauhok near Truro, although the location is conjecture.
While contractors were digging test wells in the eastern Massachusetts Military Reservation area, they discovered an archeological find.[citation needed] Excavation revealed the remains of a Kakopee village in Forestdale, a location in Sandwich. Researchers found a totem with a painted image of Mogauhok, portrayed in his chief's cape and brooch. The totem was discovered on property on Grand Oak Road. It is the first evidence other than colonial accounts of his role as an important Kakopee leader.
The Indians lost their lands through continued purchase and expropriation by the English colonists. The documentary Natives of the Narrowland (1993), narrated by actress Julie Harris, shows the history of the Wampanoag people through Cape Cod archaeological sites.
In 1974, the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribal Council was formed to articulate the concerns of those with Native American ancestry. They petitioned the federal government in 1975 and again in 1990 for official recognition of the Mashpee Wampanoag as a tribe. In May 2007, the Wampanoag tribe was finally federally recognized as a tribe.[17]
[edit] History
Cranberry picking in 1906
Cape Cod was a landmark for early explorers. It may have been the "Promontory of Vinland" mentioned by the Norse voyagers (985-1025). Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 approached it from the south. He named Martha's Vineyard Claudia, after the mother of the King of France.[18] The next year the explorer Esteban Gómez called it Cape St. James.
In 1602 Bartholomew Gosnold named it Cape Cod, the surviving term and the ninth oldest English place-name in the U.S.[19] Samuel de Champlain charted its sand-silted harbors in 1606 and Henry Hudson landed there in 1609. Captain John Smith noted it on his map of 1614 and at last the Pilgrims entered the "Cape Harbor" and – contrary to the popular myth of Plymouth Rock – made their first landing near present-day Provincetown on November 11, 1620. Nearby, in what is now Eastham, they had their first encounter with Native Americans.
Cape Cod was among the first places settled by the English in North America. Aside from Barnstable (1639), Sandwich (1637) and Yarmouth (1639), the Cape's fifteen towns developed slowly. The final town to be established on the Cape was Bourne in 1884.[20] Provincetown was a group of huts until the 18th century. A channel from Massachusetts Bay to Buzzards Bay is shown on Southack's map of 1717. The present Cape Cod Canal was slowly developed from 1870 to 1914. The Federal government purchased it in 1928.
Thanks to early colonial settlement and intensive land use, by the time Henry Thoreau saw Cape Cod during his four visits over 1849 to 1857[21], its vegetation was depauperate and trees were scarce. As the settlers heated by fires, and it took 10 to 20 cords (40 to 80 m³) of wood to heat a home, they cleared most of Cape Cod of timber early on. They planted familiar crops, but these were unsuited to Cape Cod's thin, glacially derived soils. For instance, much of Eastham was planted to wheat. The settlers practiced burning of woodlands to release nutrients into the soil. Improper and intensive farming led to erosion and the loss of topsoil. Farmers grazed their cattle on the grassy dunes of coastal Massachusetts, only to watch "in horror as the denuded sands `walked' over richer lands, burying cultivated fields and fences." Dunes on the outer Cape became more common and many harbors filled in with eroded soils.[22]
By 1800, most of Cape Cod's firewood had to be transported by boat from Maine. The paucity of vegetation was worsened by the raising of merino sheep that reached its peak in New England around 1840. The early industrial revolution, which occurred through much of Massachusetts and Rhode Island, mostly bypassed Cape Cod due to a lack of significant water power in the area. As a result, and also because of its geographic position, the Cape developed as a large fishing and whaling center. After 1860 and the opening of the American West, farmers abandoned agriculture on the Cape. By 1950 forests had recovered to an extent not seen since the 18th century.
Cape Cod became a summer haven for city dwellers beginning at the end of the 19th century. Improved rail transportation made the towns of the Upper Cape, such as Bourne and Falmouth, accessible to Bostonians. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Northeastern mercantile elite built many large, shingled "cottages" along Buzzards Bay. The relaxed summer environment offered by Cape Cod was highlighted by writers including Joseph C. Lincoln, who published novels and countless short stories about Cape Cod folks in popular magazines such as the Saturday Evening Post and the Delineator.
Guglielmo Marconi made the first transatlantic wireless transmission originating in the United States from Cape Cod, at Wellfleet. The beach from which he transmitted has since been called Marconi Beach. In 1914 he opened the maritime wireless station WCC in Chatham. It supported the communications of Amelia Earhart, Howard Hughes, Admiral Byrd, and the Hindenburg. Marconi chose Chatham due to its vantage point on the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded on three sides by water. Walter Cronkite narrated a 17-minute documentary in 2005 about the history of the Chatham Station.
Much of the East-facing Atlantic seacoast of Cape Cod consists of wide, sandy beaches. In 1961, a significant portion of this coastline, already slated for housing subdivisions, was made a part of the Cape Cod National Seashore by President John F. Kennedy. It was protected from private development and preserved for public use. Large portions are open to the public, including the Marconi Site in Wellfleet. This is a park encompassing the site of the first two-way transoceanic radio transmission from the United States. (Theodore Roosevelt used Marconi's equipment for this transmission).
The Kennedy Compound in Hyannisport was President Kennedy's summer White House during his presidency. The Kennedy family continues to maintain residences on the compound. Other notable residents of Cape Cod have included actress Julie Harris, US Supreme Court justice Louis Brandeis, figure skater Todd Eldredge, and novelists Norman Mailer and Kurt Vonnegut. Influential natives included the patriot James Otis, historian and writer Mercy Otis Warren, jurist Lemuel Shaw, and naval officer John Percival.
[edit] Lighthouses of Cape Cod
Race Point Lighthouse in Provincetown (1876)
Lighthouses, from ancient times, have fascinated members of the human race. There is something about a lighted beacon that suggests hope and trust and appeals to the better instincts of mankind.
“
”
Edward Rowe Snow
Due to its dangerous constantly moving shoals, Cape Cod's shores have featured beacons which warn ships of the danger since very early in its history. There are numerous working lighthouses on Cape Cod and the Islands, including Highland Light, Nauset Light, Chatham Light, Race Point Light, and Nobska Light, mostly operated by the U.S. Coast Guard. The exception is Nauset Light, which was decommissioned in 1996 and is now maintained by the Nauset Light Preservation Society under the auspices of Cape Cod National Seashore. These lighthouses are frequently photographed symbols of Cape Cod.
Others include:
Upper Cape: Wings Neck
Mid Cape: Sandy Neck, South Hyannis, Lewis Bay, Bishop and Clerks, Bass River
Lower Cape: Wood End, Long Point, Monomoy, Stage Harbor, Pamet, Mayo Beach, Billingsgate, Three Sisters, Nauset, Highland
[edit] Transportation
Cape Cod is connected to the mainland by a pair of canal-spanning highway bridges from Bourne and Sagamore that were constructed in the 1930s, and a vertical-lift railroad bridge. The limited number of access points to the peninsula can result in large traffic backups during the tourist season.
The entire Cape is roughly bisected lengthwise by U.S. Route 6, locally known as the Mid-Cape Highway and officially as the Grand Army of the Republic Highway.
Commercial air service to Cape Cod operates out of Barnstable Municipal Airport and Provincetown Municipal Airport. Several bus lines service the Cape. There are ferry connections from Boston to Provincetown, as well as from Hyannis and Woods Hole to the islands.
Cape Cod has a public transportation network comprising buses operated by three different companies, a rail line, taxis and paratransit services.
The Bourne Bridge over the Cape Cod Canal, with the Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge in the background
[edit] Bus
Cape Cod Regional Transit Authority operates a year-round public bus system comprising three long distance routes and a local bus in Hyannis and Barnstable Village. From mid June until October, additional local routes are added in Falmouth and Provincetown. CCRTA also operates Barnstable County's ADA required paratransit (dial-a-ride) service, under the name "B-Bus."
Long distance bus service is available through Plymouth and Brockton Street Railway, with regular service to Boston and Logan Airport, as well as less frequent service to Provincetown. Peter Pan Bus Lines also runs long distance service to Providence T.F. Green Airport and New York City.
[edit] Rail
Regular passenger rail service through Cape Cod ended in 1959, quite possibly on June 30 of that year. In 1978, the tracks east of South Dennis were abandoned and replaced with the very popular bicycle path, known as the Cape Cod Rail Trail. Another bike path, the Shining Sea Bikeway, was built over tracks between Woods Hole and Falmouth in 1975; construction to extend this path to North Falmouth over 6.3 miles (10.1 km) of inactive rail bed began in April 2008[23] and ended in early 2009. Active freight service remains in the Upper Cape area in Sandwich and in Bourne, largely due to a trash transfer station located at Massachusetts Military Reservation along the Bourne-Falmouth rail line. In 1986, Amtrak ran a seasonal service in the summer from New York City to Hyannis called the Cape Codder. From 1988, Amtrak and the Massachusetts Department of Transportation increased service to a daily frequency.[24] Since its demise in 1996, there have been periodic discussions about reinstating passenger rail service from Boston to reduce car traffic to and from the Cape, with officials in Bourne seeking to re-extend MBTA Commuter Rail service from Middleboro to Buzzards Bay[25], despite a reluctant Beacon Hill legislature.
Cape Cod Central Railroad operates passenger train service on Cape Cod. The service is primarily tourist oriented and includes a dinner train. The scenic route between Downtown Hyannis and the Cape Cod Canal is about 2½ hours round trip. Massachusetts Coastal Railroad is also planning to return passenger railroad services eventually to the Bourne-Falmouth rail line in the future. An August 5, 2009 article on the New England Cable News channel, entitled South Coast rail project a priority for Mass. lawmakers, mentions a $1.4-billion railroad reconstruction plan by Governor Deval Patrick, and could mean rebuilding of old rail lines on the Cape. On November 21, 2009, the town of Falmouth saw its first passenger train in 12 years, a set of dinner train cars from Cape Cod Central. And a trip from the Mass Bay Railroad Enthusiasts on May 15, 2010 revealed a second trip along the Falmouth line.
[edit] Taxi
Taxicabs are plentiful, with several different companies operating out of different parts of the Cape. Except at the airport and some bus terminals with taxi stands, cabs must be booked ahead of time, with most operators preferring two to three hours notice. Cabs cannot be "hailed" anywhere in Barnstable County, this was outlawed in the early nineties after several robbery attempts on drivers.
Most companies utilize a New York City-style taximeter and charge based on distance plus an initial fee of $2 to $3. In Provincetown, cabs charge a flat fare per person anywhere in the town.
[edit] Tourism
Hyannis Harbor on Nantucket Sound
Although Cape Cod has a year-round population of about 230,000, it experiences a tourist season each summer, the beginning and end of which can be roughly approximated as Memorial Day and Labor Day, respectively. Many businesses are specifically targeted to summer visitors, and close during the eight to nine months of the "off season" (although the "on season" has been expanding somewhat in recent years due to Indian Summer, reduced lodging rates, and the number of people visiting the Cape after Labor Day who either have no school-age children, and the elderly, reducing the true "off season" to six or seven months). In the late 20th century, tourists and owners of second homes began visiting the Cape more and more in the spring and fall, softening the definition of the high season and expanding it somewhat (see above). Some particularly well-known Cape products and industries include cranberries, shellfish (particularly oysters and clams) and lobstering.
Provincetown, at the tip of Cape Cod, also berths several whale watching fleets who patrol the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary. Most fleets guarantee a whale sighting (mostly humpback whale, fin whale, minke whale, sei whale, and critically endangered, the North Atlantic Right Whale), and one is the only federally certified operation qualified to rescue whales. Provincetown has also long been known as an art colony, attracting writers and artists. The town is home to the Cape's most attended art museum, the Provincetown Art Association and Museum. Many hotels and resorts are friendly to or cater to gay and lesbian tourists and it is known as a gay mecca in the summer.[26]
Cape Cod is a popular destination for beachgoers from all over. With 559.6 miles (900.6 km) of coastline, beaches, both public and private, are easily accessible. The Cape has upwards of sixty public beaches, many of which offer parking for non-residents for a daily fee (in summer). The Cape Cod National Seashore has 40 miles (64 km) of sandy beach and many walking paths.
Cape Cod is also popular for its outdoor activities like beach walking, biking, boating, fishing, go-karts, golfing, kayaking, miniature golf, and unique shopping. There are 27 public, daily-fee golf courses and 15 private courses on Cape Cod.[27] Bed and breakfasts or vacation houses are often used for lodging.
Each summer the Naukabout Music Festival is held at the Barnstable County Fair Grounds located in East Falmouth,(typically) during the first weekend of August. This Music festival features local, regional and national talent along with food, arts and family friendly activities.
[edit] Sport fishing
Cape Cod is known around the world as a spring-to-fall destination for sport anglers. Among the species most widely pursued are striped bass, bluefish, bluefin tuna, false albacore (little tunny), bonito, tautog, flounder and fluke. The Cape Cod Bay side of the Cape, from Sandwich to Provincetown, has several harbors, saltwater creeks, and shoals that hold bait fish and attract the larger game fish, such as striped bass, bluefish and bluefin tuna.
The outer edge of the Cape, from Provincetown to Falmouth, faces the open Atlantic from Provincetown to Chatham, and then the more protected water of Nantucket and Vineyard Sounds, from Chatham to Falmouth. The bays, harbors and shoals along this coastline also provide a robust habitat for game species, and during the late summer months warm-water species such as mahi-mahi and marlin will also appear on the southern edge of Cape Cod's waters. Nearly every harbor on Cape Cod hosts sport fishing charter boats, which run from May through October.[28]
[edit] Sports
The Cape has nine amateur baseball franchises playing within Barnstable County in the Cape Cod Baseball League. The Wareham Gatemen also play in the Cape Cod Baseball League in nearby Wareham, Massachusetts in Plymouth County. The league originated 1923, although intertown competition traces to 1866. Teams in the league are the Bourne Braves, Brewster Whitecaps, Chatham Anglers (formerly the Chatham Athletics), Cotuit Kettleers, Falmouth Commodores, Harwich Mariners, Hyannis Harbor Hawks (formerly the Hyannis Mets), Orleans Firebirds (formerly the Orleans Cardinals), Wareham Gatemen and the Yarmouth-Dennis Red Sox. Pro ball scouts frequent the games in the summer, looking for stars of the future.
Cape Cod is also a national hot bed for baseball and hockey. Along with the Cape Cod Baseball League and the new Junior Hockey League team, the Cape Cod Cubs, many high school players are being seriously recruited as well. Barnstable and Harwich have each sent multiple players to Division 1 colleges for baseball, Harwich has also won three State titles in the past 12 years (1996, 2006, 2007). Bourne and Sandwich, known rivals in hockey have won state championships recently. Bourne in 2004, and Sandwich in 2007. Nauset, Barnstable, and Martha's Vineyard are also state hockey powerhouses. Barnstable and Falmouth also hold the title of having one of the longest Thanksgiving football rivalries in the country. The teams have played each other every year on the Thanksgiving since 1895. The Bourne and Barnstable girl's volleyball teams are two of the best teams in the state and Barnstable in the country. With Bourne winning the State title in 2003 and 2007. In the past 15 years, Barnstable has won 12 Division 1 State titles and has won the state title the past two years.
The Cape also is home to the Cape Cod Frenzy, a team in the American Basketball Association.
Soccer on Cape Cod is represented by the Cape Cod Crusaders, playing in the USL Premier Development League (PDL) soccer based in Hyannis. In addition, a summer Cape Cod Adult Soccer League (CCASL) is active in several towns on the Cape.
Cape Cod is also the home of the Cape Cod Cubs, a new junior league hockey team that is based out of Hyannis at the new communtiy center being built of Bearses Way.
The end of each summer is marked with the running of the world famous Falmouth Road Race which is held on the 3rd Saturday in August. It draws about 10,000 runners to the Cape and showcases the finest runners in the world (mainly for the large purse that the race is able to offer). The race is 7.2 miles (11.6 km) long, which is a non-standard distance. The reason for the unusual distance is that the man who thought the race up (Tommy Leonard) was a bartender who wanted a race along the coast from one bar (The Cap'n Kidd in Woods Hole) to another (The Brothers Four in Falmouth Heights). While the bar in Falmouth Heights is no longer there, the race still starts at the front door of the Cap'n Kidd in Woods Hole and now finishes at the beach in Falmouth Heights. Prior to the Falmouth race is an annual 5-mile (8.0 km) race through Brewster called the Brew Run, held early in August.
[edit] Education
Each town usually consists of a few elementary schools, one or two middle schools and one large public high school that services the entire town. Exceptions to this include Dennis-Yarmouth Regional High School located in Yarmouth which services both the town of Yarmouth as well as Dennis and Nauset Regional High School located in Eastham which services the town of Brewster, Orleans, Eastham, Wellfleet, Truro, and Provincetown (optional). Bourne High School is the public school for students residing in the town of Bourne, which is gathered from villages in Bourne, including Sagamore, Sagamore Beach, and Buzzards Bay. Barnstable High School is the largest high school and is known for its girls' volleyball team which have been state champions a total of 12 times. Barnstable High School also boasts one of the country's best high school drama clubs which were awarded with a contract by Warner Brothers to created a documentary in webisode format based on their production of Wizard of Oz. Sturgis Charter Public School is a public school in Hyannis which was featured in Newsweek's Magazine's "Best High Schools" ranking. It ranked 28th in the country and 1st in the state of Massachusetts in the 2009 edition and ranked 43rd and 55th in the 2008 and 2007 edition, respectively. Sturgis offers the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme in their junior and senior year and is open to students as far as Plymouth. The Cape also contains two vocational high schools. One is the Cape Cod Regional Technical High School in Harwich and the other is Upper Cape Cod Regional Technical High School located in Bourne. Lastly, Mashpee High School is home to the Mashpee Chapter of (SMPTE,) the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. This chapter is the first and only high school chapter in the world to be a part of this organization and has received much recognition within the Los Angeles broadcasting industry as a result. The officers of this group who have made history are listed below:
* President: Ryan D. Stanley '11
* Vice-President Kenneth J. Peters '13
* Treasurer Eric N. Bergquist '11
* Secretary Andrew L. Medlar '11
In addition to public schools, Cape Cod has a wide range of private schools. The town of Barnstable has Trinity Christian Academy, Cape Cod Academy, St. Francis Xavier Preparatory School, and Pope John Paul II High School. Bourne offers the Waldorf School of Cape Cod, Orleans offers the Lighthouse Charter School for elementary and middle school students, and Falmouth offers Falmouth Academy. Riverview School is located in East Sandwich and is a special co-ed boarding school which services students as old as 22 who have learning disabilities. Another specialized school is the Penikese Island School located on Penikese Island, part of the Elizabeth Islands off southwestern Cape Cod, which services struggling and troubled teenage boys.
Cape Cod also contains two institutions of higher education. One is the Cape Cod Community College located in West Barnstable, Barnstable. The other is Massachusetts Maritime Academy in Buzzards Bay, Bourne. Massachusetts Maritime Academy is the oldest continuously operating maritime college in the United States.
[edit] Islands off Cape Cod
Like Cape Cod itself, the islands south of the Cape have evolved from whaling and trading areas to resort destinations, attracting wealthy families, celebrities, and other tourists. The islands include Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, as well as Forbes family-owned Naushon Island, which was purchased by John Murray Forbes with profits from opium dealing in the China trade during the Opium War. Naushon is one of the Elizabeth Islands, many of which are privately owned. One of the publicly accessible Elizabeths is the southernmost island in the chain, Cuttyhunk, with a year-round population of 52 people. Several prominent families have established compounds or estates on the larger islands, making these islands some of the wealthiest resorts in the Northeast, yet they retain much of the early merchant trading and whaling culture.
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