rain...

I also visit here in 10,April,2011.

flic.kr/p/9xn4rP

The Sony TR-63. Sony's first consumer production Transistor radio sold in the US. The year was 1957--three years after the first production transistor radio (Regency TR-1) was introduced by the IDEA company located in Indiana. The Sony came in four colors, the black model is missing from this picture. Sony advertised the 63 as the world's smallest Transistor radio and The first shirt pocket radio---although it was bigger than most shirt pockets. These radios were made by the Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo company.

In 1946 (along with Masaru Ibuka who was operating an electronics store), Akio Morita co-founded the Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo company. Morita had visited the US and was enamored by the Transistor Radio.

In 1958, the company's name was changed to Sony.

Dalit sa Mahal na Birhen ng Biglang-Awa

KORO:

Sa ampon mo't biglang-awa

Ina naming makalinga

pakapurihin ka nawa

ng buong langit at lupa

Ave, Bituin sa dagat

Ina ng Diyos Anak

At laging Birheng wagas

Pinto ng langit ay ibukas

(Koro)

Dininig mo kay Gabriel

Ang bating Ave O Birhen

ng kapayapaan namin

At kay Eva'y palit mandin

(Koro)

Sa tulong mo Birheng wagas

nakakakita ang bulag

Nahahango ang bihag

Ikaw ang lunas sa hirap

(Koro)

Mag dasal kang ina namin

Kami'y laging idalangin

sa Anak mong ginigiliw

Nagpakahirap para sa amin

(Koro)

Birhen kang walang katulad

Na Lalong matamis sa lahat

sa kaluluwa ko'y mahabag

sa sala'y iyong iligtas

(Koro)

Baguhin ang aming buhay

at kami'y ipatnubay

Hanggang sa aming makamtan

si Jesus sa kalangitan

Gekocht in 1990 bij het CD Center in Scheveningen

voor hfl. 199,00. Dit apparaat is 7,5 cm hoog, 10,5 cm breed en 2 cm dik.

Eigenlijk is alleen de Walkman van Sony een echte Walkman.

'Walkman' is een term die in 1979 geïntroduceerd werd door Sony. De Walkman is bedacht door Masaru Ibuka, samen met Morita-san, oprichter van Sony. Het staat voor een op batterijen werkend apparaat dat compact cassettes afspeelt via een hoofdtelefoon en meegenomen kan worden tijdens het wandelen of fietsen.

De Duitser Andreas Pavel had twee jaar daarvoor, in 1977, een dergelijk apparaat al uitgevonden en zijn idee in verschillende landen gepatenteerd. Dat leidde tot een juridische strijd die na 20 jaar werd bijgelegd. Pavel ontving ettelijke miljoenen van Sony'.

Bron: Wikipedia.

Officials light memorial candles during an event held at the UN Office in Geneva (UNOG) to mark the International Day of Reflection on the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda (7 April). From left: Michel Gakuba, President of Ibuka Memory and Justice (Swiss Section); Navi Pillay, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights; Soline Nyirahabimana, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Rwanda to UNOG; Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, Director-General of UNOG; and Minelik Alemu Getahun, Permanent Representative of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia to UNOG.

08 April 2013

Geneva, Switzerland

Photo # 547380

First Lady Jeannette Kagame attends the official inauguration of the first phase of the 'Garden of Memory', at Kicukiro Memorial Site, Monday, April 8th 2019

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDisc

Unity Club Inaugurates Rusizi Impinganzima Hostel

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_CDP-101

The Sony CDP-101 was the world's first commercially released Compact Disc player. The system was launched in Japan on October 1, 1982 at a list price of 168,000 yen (approx $730).

The Japan-only launch was partially due to Philips, Sony's partner in the development of the CD format, being unable to meet the original agreed launch date. Rather than agree a full postponement, Sony agreed to delay the launch of the format outside of Japan by six months. The Philips CD100 launched in November 1982, although early Philips players contained some Sony components.

In line with the agreement, the system was launched worldwide in March 1983

www.sony.net/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/History/prospectus.html

The following is the Founding Prospectus of Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation that Mr. Ibuka drew up in 1946. (Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation) Established on May 7, 1946

During the war, I worked at Japan Precision Instrument Co. with a number of engineers testing and producing new military equipment. We worked so hard that we literally forgot to sleep or eat. After the war and dissolution of the company, about 20 of these dedicated and truly worthy engineers joined me to start Tokyo Tsushin Kenkyujo (Tokyo Telecommunications Laboratory), for he development and production of communications equipment.

The first and primary motive for setting up this company was to create a stable work environment where engineers who had a deep and profound appreciation for technology could realize their societal mission and work to their heart's content.

During the war, though we were subjected to some of the poorest conditions, we tried hard to fulfill our mission. I experienced how passion together with capabilities can be driven by a profound and fascinating mission. On the other hand, I also realized what could weaken these intense motivations.

Thus I began to conceive of ways for these motivated individuals to be united on a personal level, to embrace a firm cooperative spirit and unleash their technological capacities without any reserve. If this could be accomplished, the organization would bring untold pleasure and tremendous results, regardless of the meagerness of its facilities or the limited number of employees. The end of the war brought us closer to realize this dream.

Not just anyone, but those with similar resolve have naturally come together to embark on this new mission with the rebirth of Japan after the war. We felt no need to discuss how to prepare ourselves for such an embankment. Based on a common understanding we had developed over time, our ship sailed off naturally.

With scarce testing equipment and parts obtained from Japan Precision Instrument and capital the size of an allowance, we drew up a plan to somehow make our way through. We believed that our high aspirations and confidence coupled with our unity and technological know-how would break through any rough waves, despite the small size of our operations. Further, we began on a small scale because we were unable to foresee societal circumstances during a period when our country was facing a turning point. In addition, we realized that it would take some time for our work to be recognized and valued by the society.

However, as we actually began our operations, we realized how much Japan urgently and indispensably required a company like ours - with technological spirit and a set of management policies. We first became aware of this strong need through the activities of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, the Ministry of Transportation and other government agencies related to the field of communications. Unlike the other ministries, which seemed to wallow with their problems, the ministries related to communications defined a clear direction by taking the initiative and announcing numerous detailed plans, such as the release of all-wave receivers to the general public, the liberalization and initiation of private broadcast stations, the overseeing of trial television broadcasting and the rapid rebuilding of the communications

network devastated by the war. These ministries made it seem as tough public companies were being lead by them.

Such activities had a direct influence on us. Due to our close ties with the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications from the wartime, we soon began receiving large orders for vacuum-tube voltmeters and the like. In little time, proposals for new product research and requests for trial tests grew significantly. In addition, the licensing of all-wave receivers to the public rapidly increased interest in post-war radio programs and in radios themselves. This, coupled with a huge number of 'sets' (such equipment as gramophones) which were destroyed during the war, the demand for radios from our company's radio service division grew by the day. We were also receiving many requests to manufacture quality parts from cooperative university scholars, research laboratories and conscientious enterprises with similar intentions as us.

As mentioned above, the increase in demand from various customers made us more determined. Namely, we realized the importance and need to increase capital and equipment. I feel joy beyond expression that our diligent effort has produced such a great response from all levels of society and that our company has become successful in such a short period of time since its founding. I am delighted not only because this promises our company's rapid growth in the future, but because it means that the ideals we set forth coincided with the role and function a company had to play during the period of Japan's reconstruction.

Purpose of Incorporation

a)To establish of an ideal factory that stresses a spirit of freedom and open-mindedness, and where engineers with sincere motivation can exercise their technological skills to the highest level

b)To reconstruct Japan and to elevate the nation's culture through dynamic technological and manufacturing activities;

c)To promptly apply highly advanced technologies which were developed in various sectors during the war to common households;

d)To rapidly commercialize superior technological findings in universities and research institutions that are worthy of application in common households;

e)To bring radio communications and similar devices into common households and to promote the use of home electric appliances;

f)To actively participate in the reconstruction of war-damaged communications network by providing needed technology;

g)To produce high-quality radios and to provide radio services that are appropriate for the coming new era;

h)To promote the education of science among the general public.

Management Policies

a)We shall eliminate any unfair profit-seeking practices, constantly emphasize activities of real substance and seek expansion not only for the sake of size;

b)We shall maintain our business operations small, advance technologically and grow in areas where large enterprises cannot enter due to their size;

c)We shall be as selective as possible in our products and will even welcome technological challenges. We shall focus on highly sophisticated technical products that have great usefulness in society, regardless of the quantity involved. Moreover, we shall avoid any formal demarcation between electronics and mechanics, and shall create our own unique products uniting the two fields, with a determination that other companies cannot overtake;

d)We shall fully utilize our firm's unique characteristics, which are well known and relied upon among acquaintances in both business and technical worlds, and we shall develop production and sales channels and acquire supplies through mutual cooperation;

e)We shall guide and foster sub-contracting factories in ways that will help them become independent, and we shall strive to expand and strengthen mutual cooperation with such factories;

f)We shall carefully select employees, and our firm shall be comprised of minimal number of employees. We shall avoid to have formal positions for the mere sake of having them, and shall place emphasis on a person's ability, performance and character, so that each individual can fully exercise his or her abilities and skills;

g)We shall distribute the company's surplus earnings to all employees in an appropriate manner, and we shall assist them in a practical manner to secure a stable life. In return, all employees shall exert their utmost effort into their job.

Managing Departments

1)Service Department

When we consider the spread of all-wave receivers in society and introduction of household appliances and televisions, service departments ought to place more importance on both the quality and frequency of their services. Currently, there are not any 'radio technological service providers' in Japan that truly fulfills what their names stand for. The ones that do exist have only provided low technological services to radio dealers. With the introduction of high quality receivers in the future, these inferior service companies will inevitably disappear. On the contrary, due to a large demand for high quality receivers and the rise of venture spirit, large servicing companies that form special alliances with major hardware manufacturers will probably appear.

With this in mind, our company plans to provide the best service by utilizing both its technological skills and measuring instruments. The use of compact service cars is an example of such a service. These cars will service various weights and sizes of electronic phonographs, high quality receivers and television sets. The car contains all the necessary equipment for measuring, fixing and servicing home electronic appliances and will respond speedily to a phone call. The car will improve our work efficiency, and the number of technicians and equipment that is needed can be minimized.

For rural areas, since the number of high quality products are still small, we plan to service our products on a specific date by making arrangements with a specified radio shop.

The fact that the Japanese government allowed all-wave receivers to be used for commercial purposes, has encouraged large and small radio companies, including ours to manufacture them. Due to a lack of materials and other related issues, it will take some time for these products to actually hit the market. To respond to the needs of the consumer in the interim, we have developed a device which will easily convert the customer's hand-held receiver into all-wave receiver. However, materials for the new converting device are also not readily available. Nonetheless, due to its technological superiority and function, we have accumulated orders from consumers as well as radio shops. By next June we plan to manufacture 500 of these products for 400,000 yen in total. In the meantime, we will determine our strategy after observing how all-wave receivers perform on the market.

Orders for repair work are increasing as there are many people who were affected by the war and because of a lack of trustworthy radio shops. Our response to the situation at hand is to make profit secondary to service. We will provide reports which explain the problems in layman's terms and provide the best customer service. We will remain responsible for fixing any problem we find -no matter how complicated they may be. This will be the motto of your service department.

Additionally, we are developing and planning extra high quality receivers, electronic parts and household appliances, though they may be small in number compared to what our competitors are making. Introducing technologies from overseas, creating a library which has information and books on radios, holding workshops to educate consumers on the basics of electronics will also be important issues the service department must address.

(Service to shareholders)

We will provide in-depth service to shareholders in the future. It shall be interesting to add a membership type of a characteristic to a normal relationship between a corporation and shareholders so that members can request service anytime they wish

Additionally, we are developing and planning extra high quality receivers, electronic parts and household appliances, though they may be small in number compared to what our competitors are making. Introducing technologies from overseas, creating a library which has information and books on radios, holding workshops to educate consumers on the basics of electronics will also be important issues the service department must address.

We will give away new equipment, such as a device which prints the contents of a newspaper that it receives over the radio, to develop a more intimate relationship with the shareholders. As household appliances flourish, this becomes an extremely valid method to communicate with our shareholders.

2)Measuring Instrument Department

Compared to the number of radio manufacturers, there are only a few companies that make measuring instruments needed to produce and repair radios. The number is even smaller for radio dealers that are capable of repairing products with these instruments. Although radio receivers which are commonly used by the public can be fixed by non-scientific methods, it will not be possible to do so in the future as equipment becomes more complex, and as people begin to use high quality receivers and all-wave receivers. In the past, the reason why measuring instruments were not frequently used was because they were difficult to use and required many other additional equipment. Either way, the limited number of measuring instrument manufacturers clearly illustrates the ample room that is left for growth in this field, both technologically and from a business point of view. It is a favorable direction for any business that employs sophisticated technology. Profitability is high due to few input materials and high selling price. Moreover, there is very little competition.

Nihon Measurement Company, that we used to belong to, is one of the rare measuring instrument manufacturers. This company started with a very small capital investment and poor facilities. The reason why the company succeeded in such a short period of time is due to the great management style that was employed in its measuring instrument department.

For Totsuko, the vacuum tube volt meter (VTVM) for measuring ultra-short waves is the resulting product of 10 years of endeavor.

The great support we have received from the public is something we can definitely be proud of. Further, the fact that our instrument is one of the best in the world was proven when the Occupation Forces took the product back to the U.S. The production of the VTVM is being planned for this new company (Totsuko) since we have received 150 orders from the Ministry of Communications (about 300,000 yen). We plan to complete the production by the end of March. We are progressing very well.

Since the Ministry has plans to place orders during its fiscal year 1946 for a greater quantity than from the general public, and televisions will probably be a big hit when they are launched in the future, our company can be financially sound even with a single product - VTVM.

In addition, we plan to develop special high quality measuring instruments. We will also place great emphasis on a 'total service measuring equipment.' This measuring equipment will allow even technically untrained radio shop persons to perform analysis on high quality radios. In other words, it will be a simple fault-finding device. The spread of such equipment will make the public realize what true service really means. And we plan to make our equipment useable to small and large manufacturers.

The Service Department I have mentioned at the beginning of this section deals with the general public. The latter part refers to providing service to experts. However, the spirit and the depth of services are the same in both.

3)Communication Equipment Department

The above two departments are in charge of maintaining and managing the company's operations. In contrast, this department helps the company to grow in the future by performing research and development of special communications equipment. The Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, the Ministry of Finance and other government agencies are aggressively planning to improve the efficiency of the communications network, which they believe is a very important issue. To respond to their needs, our company has developed the following new products.

a)Time Split Multiplex Method

Making use of the existing wire and radio, and with a simple piece of equipment, 3-4 layers of communications become possible. Research began in 1943, at Tohoku Teidai's (university)communications research center during the war. This equipment works uniquely since it employs the most advanced wave-detector technology. The aforementioned government agencies are deeply interested, and if the prototype ordered by the Railway Ministry proves to be successful, the order for the planned 12 layered ultra short wave radio phone device will be ours at an estimated price of 5,600,000 yen.

b)Simple Multiplex Telephone

This is a simple device that uses existing telephone wires to double the amount of communications. A simple multiplex telephone can be made from equipment that we developed with many years of research for a different purpose. The prototype is currently being made, vigorously, which is just another one of our talents. If it is actualized, I am sure there will be great demand for it.

c)Recordable Letter Communication Device

This device was also developed to ease the burden of memorizing communication signals for pilots during the war. However, the war ended before the product could be utilized. The sender uses a typewriter to send a message, instead of a signal emitter, and the receiver can read the output on a tape when the transmission finishes. Recordable Letter Communication Device is simple to use like a portable typewriter. The receiving unit is the size of a small safe which can be used with both radio and wire. In the future, this device can be used by telephone companies to send telegraphs over phone lines, and if someone is not home, the person who called can leave a typed message. Another application for this device is in control centers at railway stations so that commands can be printed out. The device is very convenient and can be used in many fields, but to make the actual product can be very difficult. The production of such a device requires high precision instruments. It is very difficult to make this device into a product immediately. Nonetheless, we are moving forward with the design so that we can make a prototype that is faultless.

d)Program Selection and Reception Method

This is also a device that can be made from a product which has already been developed by our company. First, the studio (sender) begins the program with a sound that is different from the actual program (for example, 'Do' for news and 'Re' for music).

Second, the listener needs the Program Selection and Recognition Receptor to detect different sounds. With this device, a listener can simply press the sound that corresponds to the program he or she wants to listen to, so that the radio automatically switches on when it recognizes the note. And when the program ends, there will be a special sound to denote the end and the radio will automatically switch off. This device can also be used to set the time on clocks and watches to time signals.

e)Other Special Parts

Of the tuning fork oscillator, filtering switch and tuning fork oscillation clock that we researched and developed for use in the war, many have potential applications in the field of communication technology. Thus, if there is demand, we plan to produce them accordingly.

www.sony.net/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/History/prospectus.html

The following is the Founding Prospectus of Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation that Mr. Ibuka drew up in 1946. (Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation) Established on May 7, 1946

During the war, I worked at Japan Precision Instrument Co. with a number of engineers testing and producing new military equipment. We worked so hard that we literally forgot to sleep or eat. After the war and dissolution of the company, about 20 of these dedicated and truly worthy engineers joined me to start Tokyo Tsushin Kenkyujo (Tokyo Telecommunications Laboratory), for he development and production of communications equipment.

The first and primary motive for setting up this company was to create a stable work environment where engineers who had a deep and profound appreciation for technology could realize their societal mission and work to their heart's content.

During the war, though we were subjected to some of the poorest conditions, we tried hard to fulfill our mission. I experienced how passion together with capabilities can be driven by a profound and fascinating mission. On the other hand, I also realized what could weaken these intense motivations.

Thus I began to conceive of ways for these motivated individuals to be united on a personal level, to embrace a firm cooperative spirit and unleash their technological capacities without any reserve. If this could be accomplished, the organization would bring untold pleasure and tremendous results, regardless of the meagerness of its facilities or the limited number of employees. The end of the war brought us closer to realize this dream.

Not just anyone, but those with similar resolve have naturally come together to embark on this new mission with the rebirth of Japan after the war. We felt no need to discuss how to prepare ourselves for such an embankment. Based on a common understanding we had developed over time, our ship sailed off naturally.

With scarce testing equipment and parts obtained from Japan Precision Instrument and capital the size of an allowance, we drew up a plan to somehow make our way through. We believed that our high aspirations and confidence coupled with our unity and technological know-how would break through any rough waves, despite the small size of our operations. Further, we began on a small scale because we were unable to foresee societal circumstances during a period when our country was facing a turning point. In addition, we realized that it would take some time for our work to be recognized and valued by the society.

However, as we actually began our operations, we realized how much Japan urgently and indispensably required a company like ours - with technological spirit and a set of management policies. We first became aware of this strong need through the activities of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, the Ministry of Transportation and other government agencies related to the field of communications. Unlike the other ministries, which seemed to wallow with their problems, the ministries related to communications defined a clear direction by taking the initiative and announcing numerous detailed plans, such as the release of all-wave receivers to the general public, the liberalization and initiation of private broadcast stations, the overseeing of trial television broadcasting and the rapid rebuilding of the communications

network devastated by the war. These ministries made it seem as tough public companies were being lead by them.

Such activities had a direct influence on us. Due to our close ties with the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications from the wartime, we soon began receiving large orders for vacuum-tube voltmeters and the like. In little time, proposals for new product research and requests for trial tests grew significantly. In addition, the licensing of all-wave receivers to the public rapidly increased interest in post-war radio programs and in radios themselves. This, coupled with a huge number of 'sets' (such equipment as gramophones) which were destroyed during the war, the demand for radios from our company's radio service division grew by the day. We were also receiving many requests to manufacture quality parts from cooperative university scholars, research laboratories and conscientious enterprises with similar intentions as us.

As mentioned above, the increase in demand from various customers made us more determined. Namely, we realized the importance and need to increase capital and equipment. I feel joy beyond expression that our diligent effort has produced such a great response from all levels of society and that our company has become successful in such a short period of time since its founding. I am delighted not only because this promises our company's rapid growth in the future, but because it means that the ideals we set forth coincided with the role and function a company had to play during the period of Japan's reconstruction.

Purpose of Incorporation

a)To establish of an ideal factory that stresses a spirit of freedom and open-mindedness, and where engineers with sincere motivation can exercise their technological skills to the highest level

b)To reconstruct Japan and to elevate the nation's culture through dynamic technological and manufacturing activities;

c)To promptly apply highly advanced technologies which were developed in various sectors during the war to common households;

d)To rapidly commercialize superior technological findings in universities and research institutions that are worthy of application in common households;

e)To bring radio communications and similar devices into common households and to promote the use of home electric appliances;

f)To actively participate in the reconstruction of war-damaged communications network by providing needed technology;

g)To produce high-quality radios and to provide radio services that are appropriate for the coming new era;

h)To promote the education of science among the general public.

Management Policies

a)We shall eliminate any unfair profit-seeking practices, constantly emphasize activities of real substance and seek expansion not only for the sake of size;

b)We shall maintain our business operations small, advance technologically and grow in areas where large enterprises cannot enter due to their size;

c)We shall be as selective as possible in our products and will even welcome technological challenges. We shall focus on highly sophisticated technical products that have great usefulness in society, regardless of the quantity involved. Moreover, we shall avoid any formal demarcation between electronics and mechanics, and shall create our own unique products uniting the two fields, with a determination that other companies cannot overtake;

d)We shall fully utilize our firm's unique characteristics, which are well known and relied upon among acquaintances in both business and technical worlds, and we shall develop production and sales channels and acquire supplies through mutual cooperation;

e)We shall guide and foster sub-contracting factories in ways that will help them become independent, and we shall strive to expand and strengthen mutual cooperation with such factories;

f)We shall carefully select employees, and our firm shall be comprised of minimal number of employees. We shall avoid to have formal positions for the mere sake of having them, and shall place emphasis on a person's ability, performance and character, so that each individual can fully exercise his or her abilities and skills;

g)We shall distribute the company's surplus earnings to all employees in an appropriate manner, and we shall assist them in a practical manner to secure a stable life. In return, all employees shall exert their utmost effort into their job.

Managing Departments

1)Service Department

When we consider the spread of all-wave receivers in society and introduction of household appliances and televisions, service departments ought to place more importance on both the quality and frequency of their services. Currently, there are not any 'radio technological service providers' in Japan that truly fulfills what their names stand for. The ones that do exist have only provided low technological services to radio dealers. With the introduction of high quality receivers in the future, these inferior service companies will inevitably disappear. On the contrary, due to a large demand for high quality receivers and the rise of venture spirit, large servicing companies that form special alliances with major hardware manufacturers will probably appear.

With this in mind, our company plans to provide the best service by utilizing both its technological skills and measuring instruments. The use of compact service cars is an example of such a service. These cars will service various weights and sizes of electronic phonographs, high quality receivers and television sets. The car contains all the necessary equipment for measuring, fixing and servicing home electronic appliances and will respond speedily to a phone call. The car will improve our work efficiency, and the number of technicians and equipment that is needed can be minimized.

For rural areas, since the number of high quality products are still small, we plan to service our products on a specific date by making arrangements with a specified radio shop.

The fact that the Japanese government allowed all-wave receivers to be used for commercial purposes, has encouraged large and small radio companies, including ours to manufacture them. Due to a lack of materials and other related issues, it will take some time for these products to actually hit the market. To respond to the needs of the consumer in the interim, we have developed a device which will easily convert the customer's hand-held receiver into all-wave receiver. However, materials for the new converting device are also not readily available. Nonetheless, due to its technological superiority and function, we have accumulated orders from consumers as well as radio shops. By next June we plan to manufacture 500 of these products for 400,000 yen in total. In the meantime, we will determine our strategy after observing how all-wave receivers perform on the market.

Orders for repair work are increasing as there are many people who were affected by the war and because of a lack of trustworthy radio shops. Our response to the situation at hand is to make profit secondary to service. We will provide reports which explain the problems in layman's terms and provide the best customer service. We will remain responsible for fixing any problem we find -no matter how complicated they may be. This will be the motto of your service department.

Additionally, we are developing and planning extra high quality receivers, electronic parts and household appliances, though they may be small in number compared to what our competitors are making. Introducing technologies from overseas, creating a library which has information and books on radios, holding workshops to educate consumers on the basics of electronics will also be important issues the service department must address.

(Service to shareholders)

We will provide in-depth service to shareholders in the future. It shall be interesting to add a membership type of a characteristic to a normal relationship between a corporation and shareholders so that members can request service anytime they wish

Additionally, we are developing and planning extra high quality receivers, electronic parts and household appliances, though they may be small in number compared to what our competitors are making. Introducing technologies from overseas, creating a library which has information and books on radios, holding workshops to educate consumers on the basics of electronics will also be important issues the service department must address.

We will give away new equipment, such as a device which prints the contents of a newspaper that it receives over the radio, to develop a more intimate relationship with the shareholders. As household appliances flourish, this becomes an extremely valid method to communicate with our shareholders.

2)Measuring Instrument Department

Compared to the number of radio manufacturers, there are only a few companies that make measuring instruments needed to produce and repair radios. The number is even smaller for radio dealers that are capable of repairing products with these instruments. Although radio receivers which are commonly used by the public can be fixed by non-scientific methods, it will not be possible to do so in the future as equipment becomes more complex, and as people begin to use high quality receivers and all-wave receivers. In the past, the reason why measuring instruments were not frequently used was because they were difficult to use and required many other additional equipment. Either way, the limited number of measuring instrument manufacturers clearly illustrates the ample room that is left for growth in this field, both technologically and from a business point of view. It is a favorable direction for any business that employs sophisticated technology. Profitability is high due to few input materials and high selling price. Moreover, there is very little competition.

Nihon Measurement Company, that we used to belong to, is one of the rare measuring instrument manufacturers. This company started with a very small capital investment and poor facilities. The reason why the company succeeded in such a short period of time is due to the great management style that was employed in its measuring instrument department.

For Totsuko, the vacuum tube volt meter (VTVM) for measuring ultra-short waves is the resulting product of 10 years of endeavor.

The great support we have received from the public is something we can definitely be proud of. Further, the fact that our instrument is one of the best in the world was proven when the Occupation Forces took the product back to the U.S. The production of the VTVM is being planned for this new company (Totsuko) since we have received 150 orders from the Ministry of Communications (about 300,000 yen). We plan to complete the production by the end of March. We are progressing very well.

Since the Ministry has plans to place orders during its fiscal year 1946 for a greater quantity than from the general public, and televisions will probably be a big hit when they are launched in the future, our company can be financially sound even with a single product - VTVM.

In addition, we plan to develop special high quality measuring instruments. We will also place great emphasis on a 'total service measuring equipment.' This measuring equipment will allow even technically untrained radio shop persons to perform analysis on high quality radios. In other words, it will be a simple fault-finding device. The spread of such equipment will make the public realize what true service really means. And we plan to make our equipment useable to small and large manufacturers.

The Service Department I have mentioned at the beginning of this section deals with the general public. The latter part refers to providing service to experts. However, the spirit and the depth of services are the same in both.

3)Communication Equipment Department

The above two departments are in charge of maintaining and managing the company's operations. In contrast, this department helps the company to grow in the future by performing research and development of special communications equipment. The Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, the Ministry of Finance and other government agencies are aggressively planning to improve the efficiency of the communications network, which they believe is a very important issue. To respond to their needs, our company has developed the following new products.

a)Time Split Multiplex Method

Making use of the existing wire and radio, and with a simple piece of equipment, 3-4 layers of communications become possible. Research began in 1943, at Tohoku Teidai's (university)communications research center during the war. This equipment works uniquely since it employs the most advanced wave-detector technology. The aforementioned government agencies are deeply interested, and if the prototype ordered by the Railway Ministry proves to be successful, the order for the planned 12 layered ultra short wave radio phone device will be ours at an estimated price of 5,600,000 yen.

b)Simple Multiplex Telephone

This is a simple device that uses existing telephone wires to double the amount of communications. A simple multiplex telephone can be made from equipment that we developed with many years of research for a different purpose. The prototype is currently being made, vigorously, which is just another one of our talents. If it is actualized, I am sure there will be great demand for it.

c)Recordable Letter Communication Device

This device was also developed to ease the burden of memorizing communication signals for pilots during the war. However, the war ended before the product could be utilized. The sender uses a typewriter to send a message, instead of a signal emitter, and the receiver can read the output on a tape when the transmission finishes. Recordable Letter Communication Device is simple to use like a portable typewriter. The receiving unit is the size of a small safe which can be used with both radio and wire. In the future, this device can be used by telephone companies to send telegraphs over phone lines, and if someone is not home, the person who called can leave a typed message. Another application for this device is in control centers at railway stations so that commands can be printed out. The device is very convenient and can be used in many fields, but to make the actual product can be very difficult. The production of such a device requires high precision instruments. It is very difficult to make this device into a product immediately. Nonetheless, we are moving forward with the design so that we can make a prototype that is faultless.

d)Program Selection and Reception Method

This is also a device that can be made from a product which has already been developed by our company. First, the studio (sender) begins the program with a sound that is different from the actual program (for example, 'Do' for news and 'Re' for music).

Second, the listener needs the Program Selection and Recognition Receptor to detect different sounds. With this device, a listener can simply press the sound that corresponds to the program he or she wants to listen to, so that the radio automatically switches on when it recognizes the note. And when the program ends, there will be a special sound to denote the end and the radio will automatically switch off. This device can also be used to set the time on clocks and watches to time signals.

e)Other Special Parts

Of the tuning fork oscillator, filtering switch and tuning fork oscillation clock that we researched and developed for use in the war, many have potential applications in the field of communication technology. Thus, if there is demand, we plan to produce them accordingly.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR-55

The TR-55, released in 1955, was Sony's first transistor radio, and the first to be made in Japan. The use of transistors rather than vacuum tubes allowed the device to be much smaller than earlier radios, and allowed them to be the first truly portable radio from Japan.

The TR-55 used 5 transistors designed in house by Sony, the technology having been licensed from Bell Labs. This made Sony the first company to produce commercial transistor radios from the ground up: Regency had an earlier transistor radio but bought the transistors from Texas Instruments. Printed circuit boards were used, which was unusual for the time.

www.sony.net/Fun/design/history/product/1950/tr-55.html

The first Japanese transistor radio. At 560 g, the radio incorporates five transistors and is powered by four AA batteries. The use of punched aluminum for the speaker grill also marked a first. The way the grill fits into the case was partly inspired by an etched decorative plate in the dashboards of Lincoln automobiles of the day. Although the dial scale and Sony logo are modeled after previous products, the designers sought a completely new style in other respects, which led to a radio of unprecedented size (89 x 140 x 38.5 mm) and shape.

I-BUKA Lake LA-4--200 - Not the sharpest of shots taken in a hangar at Como in Italy 30-03-1975

I also visit here in 10,April,2011.

flic.kr/p/9xn4rP

The Japanese electrical products company Sony was founded on May 7 1946. The group consists of Sony Corporation (holding and electronics), Sony Computer Entertainment (games), Sony Pictures Entertainment (motion pictures), Sony Music Entertainment (music), Sony/ATV Music Publishing (music publishing), Sony Financial Holdings (financial services) and others.Its founders Akio Morita and Masaru Ibuka derived the name from sonus, the Latin word for sound, and also from the English slang word "sonny", since they considered themselves to be "sonny boys", a loan word into Japanese which in the early 1950s connoted smart and presentable young men. The initial name for the group was Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo, who were responsible for Japan's first tape recorder, the Type-G.

This file from the New Zealand Patent Office concerns a Phonograph designed by Sony from May 1972. The Patent Office had to approve designs for sale in New Zealand. In 1995 the New Zealand Patent Office came under the control of the Ministry of Commerce and in late 1997 changed its name to the Intellectual Property Office of New Zealand. Its functions remained essentially the same.

ABPJ W4989 7554 Box 19 13008 (R1705996) collections.archives.govt.nz/web/arena/search#/?q=1705996

This item can be seen in our Wellington Reading Room. For updates on our On This Day series and news from Archives New Zealand, follow us on Twitter www.twitter.com/ArchivesNZ

Material from Archives New Zealand

The first product from Masaru Ibuka and Akio Morita (Sony founders).

In the crippled post-war Japanese economy Ibuka and Morita made their living repairing radios and manufacturing small numbers of voltmeters whilst looking to develop a future in designing and manufacturing new electronics.

Perhaps surprisingly, their first electronic innovation was an automatic rice cooker. Its success was limited but it was the first in a long line of innovations.

The TR-52 was nicknamed the "UN Building Radio" because its white lattice front resembled the UN building. However, this plastic lattice proved weak and prone to warping so the TR-52 never shipped to safeguard Sony's brand and reputation.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR-55

The TR-55, released in 1955, was Sony's first transistor radio, and the first to be made in Japan. The use of transistors rather than vacuum tubes allowed the device to be much smaller than earlier radios, and allowed them to be the first truly portable radio from Japan.

The TR-55 used 5 transistors designed in house by Sony, the technology having been licensed from Bell Labs. This made Sony the first company to produce commercial transistor radios from the ground up: Regency had an earlier transistor radio but bought the transistors from Texas Instruments. Printed circuit boards were used, which was unusual for the time.

www.sony.net/Fun/design/history/product/1950/tr-55.html

The first Japanese transistor radio. At 560 g, the radio incorporates five transistors and is powered by four AA batteries. The use of punched aluminum for the speaker grill also marked a first. The way the grill fits into the case was partly inspired by an etched decorative plate in the dashboards of Lincoln automobiles of the day. Although the dial scale and Sony logo are modeled after previous products, the designers sought a completely new style in other respects, which led to a radio of unprecedented size (89 x 140 x 38.5 mm) and shape.

www.sony.net/Fun/design/history/product/2000/idt-lf1.html

The "Airboard" wireless network TV, the world's first application of wireless streaming technology for MPEG2 video. The portable monitor detaches from a base station and can be carried anywhere around the house. For enhanced usability, the touch-panel screen supports direct input at the touch of a finger or the included stylus. Not only is TV viewing easily within reach, so is browsing and emailing. Images from a digital camera that are stored on a Memory Stick can also be viewed on the "Airboard" and sent via email.

The official Kwibuka21 Commemoration Week (7-13 April) closed with a ceremony at the Rebero Genocide Memorial. Over 14,000 victims of the Genocide against the Tutsi are buried there, including 12 politicians who were killed for standing against the genocidal government in 1994. The mourning period, known as Icyunamo, continues until 4 July 2014 – Liberation Day.

The politicians buried at Rebero are:

– Landouard Ndasingwa (Liberal Party)

– Charles Kayiranga (Liberal Party)

– Jean de la Croix Rutaremara (Liberal Party)

– Augustin Rwayitare (Liberal Party)

– Aloys Niyoyita (Liberal Party)

– Venantie Kabageni (Liberal Party)

– Andre Kameya (Liberal Party)

– Frederic Nzamurambaho (PSD President and Agriculture Minister)

– Felicien Ngango (PSD)

– Jean Pierre Mushimiyimana (PSD)

– Faustin Rucogoza (MDR)

The former President of the Constitutional Court Joseph Kavaruganda is also buried at the memorial. Former Prime Minister, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, is buried at the National Heroes Cemetery and was also honoured.

Special guests included the President of the Rwandan Senate, Bernard Makuza, the Prime Minister of Rwanda, Anastase Murekezi, the Minister of Sports and Culture, Julienne Uwacu, the President of Ibuka, Jean Pierre Dusingizemungu, the Executive Secretary of CNLG, Jean Damascene Bizimana, and the Executive Secretary of the National Forum of Political Organisations. The Dean of the Diplomatic Corps, Leoni Margarita Cuelenaere, also attended.

The first product from Masaru Ibuka and Akio Morita (Sony founders).

In the crippled post-war Japanese economy Ibuka and Morita made their living repairing radios and manufacturing small numbers of voltmeters whilst looking to develop a future in designing and manufacturing new electronics.

Perhaps surprisingly, their first electronic innovation was an automatic rice cooker. Its success was limited but it was the first in a long line of innovations.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkman

The metal-cased blue-and-silver Walkman TPS-L2, the world's first low-cost portable stereo, went on sale in Japan on July 1, 1979. In June 1980, it was introduced in the U.S.[11] Also launched in the UK in 1980, it came with stereo playback and two mini headphone jacks, permitting two people to listen at the same time (though it came with only one pair of MDR-3L2 headphones). Where the Pressman had the recording button, the TPS-L2 had a "hotline" button which activated a small built-in microphone, partially overriding the sound from the cassette, and allowing one user to talk to the other over the music. Originally marketed as the "Soundabout" in the U.S., the "Stowaway" in the U.K., and the "Freestyle" in Sweden,[12] Sony soon had the new name "Walkman" embossed into the metal tape cover of the device.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR-55

The TR-55, released in 1955, was Sony's first transistor radio, and the first to be made in Japan. The use of transistors rather than vacuum tubes allowed the device to be much smaller than earlier radios, and allowed them to be the first truly portable radio from Japan.

The TR-55 used 5 transistors designed in house by Sony, the technology having been licensed from Bell Labs. This made Sony the first company to produce commercial transistor radios from the ground up: Regency had an earlier transistor radio but bought the transistors from Texas Instruments. Printed circuit boards were used, which was unusual for the time.

www.sony.net/Fun/design/history/product/1950/tr-55.html

The first Japanese transistor radio. At 560 g, the radio incorporates five transistors and is powered by four AA batteries. The use of punched aluminum for the speaker grill also marked a first. The way the grill fits into the case was partly inspired by an etched decorative plate in the dashboards of Lincoln automobiles of the day. Although the dial scale and Sony logo are modeled after previous products, the designers sought a completely new style in other respects, which led to a radio of unprecedented size (89 x 140 x 38.5 mm) and shape.

A rare chance to visit the Sony Archive (museum) in Shinagawa, Tokyo. 250 iconic Sony products from 1946 (when the company was founded) to 1993 (as products have to be 10 years old to be exhibited). Founder Masaru Ibuka said the purpose of setting up the company was to "establish an ideal factory that stresses a spirit of freedom and open mindedness that will, through technology, contribute to Japanese culture."

I really was so excited to be able to see this.

If you are in Japan you can make an appointment to visit. www.sony.net/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/History/Museum/

www.sony.net/Fun/design/history/product/1960/tc-100.html

Sony found its beginning in the wake of World War II. In 1946, Masaru Ibuka started an electronics shop in a bomb-damaged department store building in Tokyo. The company had $530 in capital and a total of eight employees. The next year, he was joined by his colleague, Akio Morita, and they founded a company called Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo (Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation). The company built Japan's first tape recorder, called the Type-G. In 1958 the company name was changed to Sony (see also Origin of name, below).

In the early 1950s, Ibuka traveled in the United States and heard about Bell Labs' invention of the transistor. He convinced Bell to license the transistor technology to his Japanese company, for use in communications. Ibuka's company made the first commercially successful transistor radios. According to Schiffer, Sony's TR-63 radio "cracked open the U.S. market and launched the new industry of consumer microelectronics." By the mid 1950s, American teens had begun buying portable transistor radios in huge numbers, helping to propel the fledgling industry from an estimated 100,000 units in 1955 to 5 million units by the end of 1968. In the mid 1970's Sony introduces the CRF-320A multiband radio with digital tuning. Zenith Radio Corporation had long been a leader in the high priced multiband radio market with the Trans-Oceanic line, but Sony provided digital tuning (LED display) versus Zenith's analog slide rule tuning in the model R7000 for about the same price. By the 1980's Sony would become the leader of multiband radios with the ICF-2001 and ICF-2010 digital multiband radios using LCD display. Zenith would end the Trans-Oceanic line.

Sony co-founder Akio Morita founded Sony Corporation of America in 1960. In the process, he was struck by the mobility of employees between American companies, which was unheard of in Japan at that time. When he returned to Japan, he encouraged experienced, middle-aged employees of other companies to reevaluate their careers and consider joining Sony. The company filled many positions in this manner, and inspired other Japanese companies to do the same. Moreover, Sony played a major role in the development of Japan as a powerful exporter during the 1960s, 70s, and 80s. It also helped to significantly improve American perceptions of "made in Japan" products. Known for its production quality, Sony was able to charge above-market prices for its consumer electronics and resisted lowering prices.

In 1971, Masaru Ibuka handed the position of president over to his co-founder Akio Morita. Sony began a life insurance company in 1979, one of its many peripheral businesses. Amid a global recession in the early 1980s, electronics sales dropped and the company was forced to cut prices. Sony's profits fell sharply. "It's over for Sony," one analyst concluded. "The company's best days are behind it." Around that time, Norio Ohga took up the role of president. He encouraged the development of the Compact Disc in the 1970s and 80s, and of the PlayStation in the early 1990s. Ohga went on to purchase CBS Records in 1988 and Columbia Pictures in 1989, greatly expanding Sony's media presence. Ohga would succeed Morita as chief executive officer in 1989.

Wikipedia Quote

On 8 April 2019, Her Excellency First Lady Mrs Jeannette Kagame joined Rwandans and Friends of Rwanda, for the official inauguration of the first phase of the 'Garden of Memory', at the Nyanza - Kicukiro Genocide Memorial Site, in Kicukiro District.

The Garden of Memory was conceived by IBUKA and Bruce Clarke, to symbolize life, rebirth after a genocide, and the protection offered by nature during the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.

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The official Kwibuka21 Commemoration Week (7-13 April) closed with a ceremony at the Rebero Genocide Memorial. Over 14,000 victims of the Genocide against the Tutsi are buried there, including 12 politicians who were killed for standing against the genocidal government in 1994. The mourning period, known as Icyunamo, continues until 4 July 2014 – Liberation Day.

The politicians buried at Rebero are:

– Landouard Ndasingwa (Liberal Party)

– Charles Kayiranga (Liberal Party)

– Jean de la Croix Rutaremara (Liberal Party)

– Augustin Rwayitare (Liberal Party)

– Aloys Niyoyita (Liberal Party)

– Venantie Kabageni (Liberal Party)

– Andre Kameya (Liberal Party)

– Frederic Nzamurambaho (PSD President and Agriculture Minister)

– Felicien Ngango (PSD)

– Jean Pierre Mushimiyimana (PSD)

– Faustin Rucogoza (MDR)

The former President of the Constitutional Court Joseph Kavaruganda is also buried at the memorial. Former Prime Minister, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, is buried at the National Heroes Cemetery and was also honoured.

Special guests included the President of the Rwandan Senate, Bernard Makuza, the Prime Minister of Rwanda, Anastase Murekezi, the Minister of Sports and Culture, Julienne Uwacu, the President of Ibuka, Jean Pierre Dusingizemungu, the Executive Secretary of CNLG, Jean Damascene Bizimana, and the Executive Secretary of the National Forum of Political Organisations. The Dean of the Diplomatic Corps, Leoni Margarita Cuelenaere, also attended.

The H-type improved on the weak points of the G-type (i.e. price and weight). The "H" stood for "Home". It was the first design for Sony by famed industrial designer Sori Yangi. It weighed 13kg and came in a wooden trunk case.

The official Kwibuka21 Commemoration Week (7-13 April) closed with a ceremony at the Rebero Genocide Memorial. Over 14,000 victims of the Genocide against the Tutsi are buried there, including 12 politicians who were killed for standing against the genocidal government in 1994. The mourning period, known as Icyunamo, continues until 4 July 2014 – Liberation Day.

The politicians buried at Rebero are:

– Landouard Ndasingwa (Liberal Party)

– Charles Kayiranga (Liberal Party)

– Jean de la Croix Rutaremara (Liberal Party)

– Augustin Rwayitare (Liberal Party)

– Aloys Niyoyita (Liberal Party)

– Venantie Kabageni (Liberal Party)

– Andre Kameya (Liberal Party)

– Frederic Nzamurambaho (PSD President and Agriculture Minister)

– Felicien Ngango (PSD)

– Jean Pierre Mushimiyimana (PSD)

– Faustin Rucogoza (MDR)

The former President of the Constitutional Court Joseph Kavaruganda is also buried at the memorial. Former Prime Minister, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, is buried at the National Heroes Cemetery and was also honoured.

Special guests included the President of the Rwandan Senate, Bernard Makuza, the Prime Minister of Rwanda, Anastase Murekezi, the Minister of Sports and Culture, Julienne Uwacu, the President of Ibuka, Jean Pierre Dusingizemungu, the Executive Secretary of CNLG, Jean Damascene Bizimana, and the Executive Secretary of the National Forum of Political Organisations. The Dean of the Diplomatic Corps, Leoni Margarita Cuelenaere, also attended.

The official Kwibuka21 Commemoration Week (7-13 April) closed with a ceremony at the Rebero Genocide Memorial. Over 14,000 victims of the Genocide against the Tutsi are buried there, including 12 politicians who were killed for standing against the genocidal government in 1994. The mourning period, known as Icyunamo, continues until 4 July 2014 – Liberation Day.

The politicians buried at Rebero are:

– Landouard Ndasingwa (Liberal Party)

– Charles Kayiranga (Liberal Party)

– Jean de la Croix Rutaremara (Liberal Party)

– Augustin Rwayitare (Liberal Party)

– Aloys Niyoyita (Liberal Party)

– Venantie Kabageni (Liberal Party)

– Andre Kameya (Liberal Party)

– Frederic Nzamurambaho (PSD President and Agriculture Minister)

– Felicien Ngango (PSD)

– Jean Pierre Mushimiyimana (PSD)

– Faustin Rucogoza (MDR)

The former President of the Constitutional Court Joseph Kavaruganda is also buried at the memorial. Former Prime Minister, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, is buried at the National Heroes Cemetery and was also honoured.

Special guests included the President of the Rwandan Senate, Bernard Makuza, the Prime Minister of Rwanda, Anastase Murekezi, the Minister of Sports and Culture, Julienne Uwacu, the President of Ibuka, Jean Pierre Dusingizemungu, the Executive Secretary of CNLG, Jean Damascene Bizimana, and the Executive Secretary of the National Forum of Political Organisations. The Dean of the Diplomatic Corps, Leoni Margarita Cuelenaere, also attended.

The official Kwibuka21 Commemoration Week (7-13 April) closed with a ceremony at the Rebero Genocide Memorial. Over 14,000 victims of the Genocide against the Tutsi are buried there, including 12 politicians who were killed for standing against the genocidal government in 1994. The mourning period, known as Icyunamo, continues until 4 July 2014 – Liberation Day.

The politicians buried at Rebero are:

– Landouard Ndasingwa (Liberal Party)

– Charles Kayiranga (Liberal Party)

– Jean de la Croix Rutaremara (Liberal Party)

– Augustin Rwayitare (Liberal Party)

– Aloys Niyoyita (Liberal Party)

– Venantie Kabageni (Liberal Party)

– Andre Kameya (Liberal Party)

– Frederic Nzamurambaho (PSD President and Agriculture Minister)

– Felicien Ngango (PSD)

– Jean Pierre Mushimiyimana (PSD)

– Faustin Rucogoza (MDR)

The former President of the Constitutional Court Joseph Kavaruganda is also buried at the memorial. Former Prime Minister, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, is buried at the National Heroes Cemetery and was also honoured.

Special guests included the President of the Rwandan Senate, Bernard Makuza, the Prime Minister of Rwanda, Anastase Murekezi, the Minister of Sports and Culture, Julienne Uwacu, the President of Ibuka, Jean Pierre Dusingizemungu, the Executive Secretary of CNLG, Jean Damascene Bizimana, and the Executive Secretary of the National Forum of Political Organisations. The Dean of the Diplomatic Corps, Leoni Margarita Cuelenaere, also attended.

The official Kwibuka21 Commemoration Week (7-13 April) closed with a ceremony at the Rebero Genocide Memorial. Over 14,000 victims of the Genocide against the Tutsi are buried there, including 12 politicians who were killed for standing against the genocidal government in 1994. The mourning period, known as Icyunamo, continues until 4 July 2014 – Liberation Day.

The politicians buried at Rebero are:

– Landouard Ndasingwa (Liberal Party)

– Charles Kayiranga (Liberal Party)

– Jean de la Croix Rutaremara (Liberal Party)

– Augustin Rwayitare (Liberal Party)

– Aloys Niyoyita (Liberal Party)

– Venantie Kabageni (Liberal Party)

– Andre Kameya (Liberal Party)

– Frederic Nzamurambaho (PSD President and Agriculture Minister)

– Felicien Ngango (PSD)

– Jean Pierre Mushimiyimana (PSD)

– Faustin Rucogoza (MDR)

The former President of the Constitutional Court Joseph Kavaruganda is also buried at the memorial. Former Prime Minister, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, is buried at the National Heroes Cemetery and was also honoured.

Special guests included the President of the Rwandan Senate, Bernard Makuza, the Prime Minister of Rwanda, Anastase Murekezi, the Minister of Sports and Culture, Julienne Uwacu, the President of Ibuka, Jean Pierre Dusingizemungu, the Executive Secretary of CNLG, Jean Damascene Bizimana, and the Executive Secretary of the National Forum of Political Organisations. The Dean of the Diplomatic Corps, Leoni Margarita Cuelenaere, also attended.