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Some humility
Wind blowing through spider web
Fifth of a second
1 - something soft (spider webs are icky and soft)
2 - something roundish (dew drops)
3 - orton effect (fun!)
I was so upset at the wind, even though I love the wind, and I hate the heat, and the dew was perfect. It kept blowing the web almost constantly, so I had to wait for it to stop, quickly (manually) focus with the macro lens, and then take the shot. Again...and again...and again.
The Orton effect is there, it's just subtle. I worked it in Photoshop mightily until it looked right to my eyes. Hope it looks right in yours.
An unidentified religious badge with a SMH monogram for Sincerity Modesty Humility. Does anyone recognise which authority issued this badge?
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Enamels: 1 (turquoise blue).
Finish: Chrome.
Material: Brass.
Fixer: Pin.
Size: 1 5/16” across x 7/8” down (about 34mm x 22mm).
Process: Die stamped.
Maker: Darby, Well St, B’ham 19.
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Thank you for reading.
Stuart.
Stained glass in St. Mary's parish church, Godmanchester, Cambridgeshire, depicting the personifications of justice, courage and humility. The church website says this was made by Morris, and is "in the style of Edward Burne-Jones". Noted! [edit] see dajavous's comment below for more information.
Sir Abdul Sattar Edhi is a personification of compassion, humility and tender care. Sir Edhi was born in 1928 in Bantva in the Gujarat, British India, and after moving to the newly independent Islamic nation of Pakistan, Sir Edhi established his first welfare centre and then the Edhi Trust with a mere Rs. 5000.
What started as a one-man show operating from a single room in Karachi is now the Edhi Foundation, the largest welfare organisation in Pakistan. The foundation has over 300 centres across the country, in big cities, small towns and remote rural areas, providing medical aid, family planning and emergency assistance.They own air ambulances, providing quick access to far-flung areas.
Today not just in Pakistan, but in the Muslim world, Abdul Sattar Edhi has earned a reputation as being one of the most selfless and honorable human beings today. Despite his fame and reputation he continues to lead a simple life, he wears traditional Pakistani Shalwar Kameez, of which he only owns one or two, and he owns one pair of slippers, which he has supposedly worn for the last twenty years. This is despite the fact the Edhi Foundation has a $10 million budget.
He is also the recipient of the Lenin Peace Prize as well as the Balzan Prize. According to the Guinness World Records, Edhi Foundation has the largest private ambulance service network in the world.
Truly an angel.
amidst living this world...is the humility we keep in our heart...in sharing blessings to the needy...
St Martin de Porres once said that he wishes to be as useful as a broom which was then put away when no longer needed. This can be seen as an expression of his humility. In this painting from San Esteban in Salamanca, St Martin is shown wearing the habit of a Dominican lay brother, i.e., a friar of the Order who will not be ordained. Behind him we see Dominican 'clerical brothers' in the more familiar white habits. Since Vatican II, all Dominican friars wear the same white habit.
Humility of Mary Partners celebrated the graduation of several frontline employees from its Pathways to a Brighter Future program. Through the work-based learning program, frontline employees pursued studies to become either a Health Care Associate II (HCA II) or a Unit Clerk II (UC II).
Those gathered to celebrate the Pathways program include, seated from left, frontline employees Anita Jenkins, Rose Cochran, Janet Garwood, Jessica Schoonover, Susana Alvarado, Arletha Gwen Moton, Aino Hernandez, Johanna Tibbs, Valarie Lofaro, standing from left, Ann Fitzgerald (regional director of organizational development and learning), Molly Seals (senior vice president of human resources and learning), Terri Briach (HCA clinical instructor), Susan Levar, Pat Rosier, Nadine Bender, Lisa Schill, Brian Miller, Georgette Peters (unit clerk education program manager and trainer), Linda Ballard, Karla Reed, Deb Longley, Terri Kish, Elaine Butchko and Tina Miller (Pathways project coordinator). Not pictured are program participants Najwa Al-Salbout, Lisa Martinez, Bernice Campbell, and Charlene Chislom.
O God, please teach all parents the loving ways of disciplining their children.
May all parents understand that children are always in the path of Spiritually growing -
Of learning how to be good and of Holy Virtues of Love.
May parents point to their children their mistakes
And what needs to be Spiritually changed in their attitudes.
May parents speak with ease and gentleness as Spiritual teachers.
May parents help children become more aware of good judgment –
Of what is ‘good’ and what is ‘bad’, of what is ‘right’ and what is ‘wrong’.
May parents encourage children to choose what is ‘good’ and what is ‘right’–
So that children may see the goodness in their Heart –
To be of Holy Virtues of Humility, Love, Justice and Forgiveness from God -
The same way as Mother Mary and Our Lord Jesus Christ.
To see the Light of Truth of what is most beneficial to the Soul, and that of others.
May all children humbly listen carefully to the advice of their parents.
For parents need to give some warnings to children who needs to be humbled.
That parents may also learn to be forbearing with patience and self-control.
For disciplinary actions of punishment shall be given by parents –
To children who disobey and show no respect for others.
That these actions are done for the many chances given by their parents.
That parents may learn to destroy what is bad, and help prevent children to partake in sin.
But even if parents may show their authority to defend the obedience for righteousness,
That they may also be patient and compassionate in their ways.
That any punishment may not be done out of pleasing one’s human weakness to be pleased –
But to defend the righteousness of God in Heaven,
With utmost Virtues of Care and Forbearance.
So that children may be aware for all the consequences of their sins -
That could hurt themselves and others.
So that children may learn the Holy Virtue of Empathy, to feel how others may feel.
So that children may yearn to be Spiritually mature with Humility and Kindness to others.
That children may humbly learn to say ‘sorry’,
As much as to forgive those who wronged them.
These that children may understand that parents could get angry and lose forbearance –
All because they Love and Care enough to help their children,
And to protect the Spirituality of their children to be humble and responsible Children of God.
And parents who were unjust in any manner also need to humbly apologize to their children.
These that children may understand –
That parents are God’s vessels of authority in fulfilling God’s commands of Righteousness.
That children may also learn to have utmost Reverence and respect to God.
For in any punishment, that children may have the fear in doing what is ‘bad’,
And learn to have the Inner Strength of self-control
From one’s weaknesses and against temptations -
But be pure in Spirit to do what is Good and to defend what is right.
That parents may still need to honor the good deeds of their children despite of any action.
For loving parents are truly an encouraging and inspiring people, rather than to be feared.
These that both parents and children may be of Good Judgment for one another.
For God’s Anger is upon sin and evil works of The Evil One,
But merciful and just to us all sinners.
For God glorifies those who are just, and those who defend God’s Just Causes.
Amen.
As evil continues to expand in a world that rejects God and His Holy Laws, the False Prophet - 'pope' Francis I - continues to pose as a legitimately elected Pope of the Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church by advertising his acts of (false)humility.
But do not be deceived, for our precious Catholic Church is headed by the one and only true Holy Vicar of Jesus Christ, POPE BENEDICT XVI, even though the Argentinian self-proclaimed (impostor)Jesuit pope has managed to steal his throne.
You can read more at:
thewildvoice.org/is-pope-francis-false-prophet/
Image by The Wild Voice
Señor de la Pacencia / The Lord of Humility
Back View
18th Century
Soft wood and polychromy
Lower arm missing.
Attributed to the Panay School
Provenance: Collection of Dr. Porfirio J. and Mrs. Socorro Rodriguez Callo
Purchased from Likhâ Gallery in the late 1970s.
National Museum registration on back.
A small, table-top image of the Senor de la Pacencia made of soft wood with traces of original polychromy. The Christ figure is sitting on a piece of wood naturalistically painted to look like a stump complete with tree bole.
The body color has faded to a pleasing brown color. The savage wounds inflicted on Christ's back is very much evident in the deep grooves incised into the back of the Christ figure. The hair of the patient Christ is carved into thick individual strands typical of sculptures of the 18th century.
I didn't hesitate long, I was back on my feet in less than a minute climbing back up the stairs. Stairs with no rail to speak of, stairs of old wood, stairs with sizable gaps. Ha, ha, I thought to myself, the Mountain has smote me for my ignorance. I shall make a joke at the next stop and everyone shall laugh. I was not perturbed in the slightest, the loss of the stick did hurt me, but I thought to myself, if that's what it takes to appease the Mountain, fine by me.
I did not realize that the mountain was not looking for appeasement from me, but for punishment for me.
Pictured is small well/pool of collected water from a tiny mountain stream. It is blessed pure water, and also nice and cold to drink and wash in. It is also possibly an insult against the mountain to drink from it if you are unclean, but then again, since I thought the Mountain had already taken it's due, I drank from it.
Urban design is an approach to the design of buildings and the spaces between them that focuses on specific design processes and outcomes based on geographical location. In addition to designing and shaping the physical features of towns, cities, and regional spaces, urban design considers 'bigger picture' issues of economic, social and environmental value and social design. The scope of a project can range from a local street or public space to an entire city and surrounding areas. Urban designers connect the fields of architecture, landscape architecture and urban planning to better organize local and community environments' dependent upon geographical location.[1]
Some important focuses of urban design on this page include its historical impact, paradigm shifts, its interdisciplinary nature, and issues related to urban design.
Theory
A Christmas-lit Alexander Street in Helsinki, Finland
Urban design deals with the larger scale of groups of buildings, infrastructure, streets, and public spaces, entire neighbourhoods and districts, and entire cities, with the goal of making urban environments that are equitable, beautiful, performative, and sustainable.[2][3][4]
Urban design is an interdisciplinary field that utilizes the procedures and the elements of architecture and other related professions, including landscape design, urban planning, civil engineering, and municipal engineering,[5][6] while extenuating to the Spatial Sciences. It borrows substantive and procedural knowledge from public administration, sociology, law, urban geography, urban economics and other related disciplines from the social and behavioral sciences, as well as from the natural sciences.[7] In more recent times different sub-subfields of urban design have emerged such as strategic urban design, landscape urbanism, water-sensitive urban design, and sustainable urbanism. Urban design demands an understanding of a wide range of subjects from physical geography to social science, and an appreciation for disciplines, such as real estate development, urban economics, political economy, and social theory.
Model of Dubai Sports City in Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Urban design theory deals primarily with the design and management of public space (i.e. the 'public environment', 'public realm' or 'public domain'), and the way public places are used and experienced. Public space includes the totality of spaces used freely on a day-to-day basis by the general public, such as streets, plazas, parks, and public infrastructure. Some aspects of privately owned spaces, such as building facades or domestic gardens, also contribute to public space and are therefore also considered by urban design theory. Important writers on urban design theory include Christopher Alexander, Peter Calthorpe, Gordon Cullen, Andrés Duany, Jane Jacobs, Jan Gehl, Allan B. Jacobs, Kevin Lynch, Aldo Rossi, Colin Rowe, Robert Venturi, William H. Whyte, Camillo Sitte, Bill Hillier (space syntax), and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk.
History
Although contemporary professional use of the term 'urban design' dates from the mid-20th century, urban design as such has been practiced throughout history. Ancient examples of carefully planned and designed cities exist in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas, and are particularly well known within Classical Chinese, Roman, and Greek cultures. Specifically, Hippodamus of Miletus was a famous ancient Greek architect and urban planner, and all around academic that is often considered to be a "father of European urban planning", and the namesake of the "Hippodamian plan", also known as the grid plan of a city layout.[8]
European Medieval cities are often, and often erroneously, regarded as exemplars of undesigned or 'organic' city development. There are many examples of considered urban design in the Middle Ages.[9] In England, many of the towns listed in the 9th-century Burghal Hidage were designed on a grid, examples including Southampton, Wareham, Dorset and Wallingford, Oxfordshire, having been rapidly created to provide a defensive network against Danish invaders.[10] 12th century western Europe brought renewed focus on urbanisation as a means of stimulating economic growth and generating revenue.[11] The burgage system dating from that time and its associated burgage plots brought a form of self-organising design to medieval towns.[12]
Throughout history, the design of streets and deliberate configuration of public spaces with buildings have reflected contemporaneous social norms or philosophical and religious beliefs.[13] Yet the link between designed urban space and the human mind appears to be bidirectional. Indeed, the reverse impact of urban structure upon human behaviour and upon thought is evidenced by both observational study and historical records. There are clear indications of impact through Renaissance urban design on the thought of Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei.[14] Already René Descartes in his Discourse on the Method had attested to the impact Renaissance planned new towns had upon his own thought, and much evidence exists that the Renaissance streetscape was also the perceptual stimulus that had led to the development of coordinate geometry.[15]
Early modern era
Early modern
Boulevard Haussmann, Paris (Georges-Eugène Haussmann)
Boulevard Haussmann, Paris (Georges-Eugène Haussmann)
Vienna Ring Road, Vienna, (Georges-Eugène Haussmann)
Vienna Ring Road, Vienna, (Georges-Eugène Haussmann)
Circus, Bath completed in 1768
Circus, Bath completed in 1768
The beginnings of modern urban design in Europe are associated with the Renaissance but, especially, with the Age of Enlightenment.[16] Spanish colonial cities were often planned, as were some towns settled by other imperial cultures.[17] These sometimes embodied utopian ambitions as well as aims for functionality and good governance, as with James Oglethorpe's plan for Savannah, Georgia.[18] In the Baroque period the design approaches developed in French formal gardens such as Versailles were extended into urban development and redevelopment. In this period, when modern professional specializations did not exist, urban design was undertaken by people with skills in areas as diverse as sculpture, architecture, garden design, surveying, astronomy, and military engineering. In the 18th and 19th centuries, urban design was perhaps most closely linked with surveyors engineers and architects. The increase in urban populations brought with it problems of epidemic disease, the response to which was a focus on public health, the rise in the UK of municipal engineering and the inclusion in British legislation of provisions such as minimum widths of street in relation to heights of buildings in order to ensure adequate light and ventilation.[citation needed]
Much of Frederick Law Olmsted's work was concerned with urban design, and the newly formed profession of landscape architecture also began to play a significant role in the late 19th century.[19]
Modern urban design
Ebenezer Howard's influential 1902 diagram, illustrating urban growth through garden city "off-shoots"
In the 19th century, cities were industrializing and expanding at a tremendous rate. Private businesses largely dictated the pace and style of this development. The expansion created many hardships for the working poor and concern for public health increased. However, the laissez-faire style of government, in fashion for most of the Victorian era, was starting to give way to a New Liberalism. This gave more power to the public. The public wanted the government to provide citizens, especially factory workers, with healthier environments. Around 1900, modern urban design emerged from developing theories on how to mitigate the consequences of the industrial age.
The first modern urban planning theorist was Sir Ebenezer Howard. His ideas, although utopian, were adopted around the world because they were highly practical. He initiated the garden city movement.[20] in 1898. His garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by parks. Howard wanted the cities to be proportional with separate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture. Inspired by the Utopian novel Looking Backward and Henry George's work Progress and Poverty, Howard published his book Garden Cities of To-morrow in 1898. His work is an important reference in the history of urban planning.[21] He envisioned the self-sufficient garden city to house 32,000 people on a site of 6,000 acres (2,428 ha). He planned on a concentric pattern with open spaces, public parks, and six radial boulevards, 120 ft (37 m) wide, extending from the center. When it reached full population, Howard wanted another garden city to be developed nearby. He envisaged a cluster of several garden cities as satellites of a central city of 50,000 people, linked by road and rail.[22] His model for a garden city was first created at Letchworth[23] and Welwyn Garden City in Hertfordshire. Howard's movement was extended by Sir Frederic Osborn to regional planning.[23]
20th century
In the early 1900s, urban planning became professionalized. With input from utopian visionaries, civil engineers, and local councilors, new approaches to city design were developed for consideration by decision-makers such as elected officials. In 1899, the Town and Country Planning Association was founded. In 1909, the first academic course on urban planning was offered by the University of Liverpool.[24] Urban planning was first officially embodied in the Housing, Town Planning, &c. Act 1909 Howard's 'garden city' compelled local authorities to introduce a system where all housing construction conformed to specific building standards.[25] In the United Kingdom following this act, surveyor, civil engineers, architects, and lawyers began working together within local authorities. In 1910, Thomas Adams became the first Town Planning Inspector at the Local Government Board and began meeting with practitioners.[citation needed] In 1914, The Town Planning Institute was established. The first urban planning course in America was not established until 1924 at Harvard University.[citation needed] Professionals developed schemes for the development of land, transforming town planning into a new area of expertise.
In the 20th century, urban planning was changed by the automobile industry. Car-oriented design impacted the rise of 'urban design'. City layouts now revolved around roadways and traffic patterns.[citation needed]
In June 1928, the International Congresses of Modern Architecture (CIAM) was founded at the Chateau de la Sarraz in Switzerland, by a group of 28 European architects organized by Le Corbusier, Hélène de Mandrot, and Sigfried Giedion. The CIAM was one of many 20th century manifestos meant to advance the cause of "architecture as a social art".[citation needed]
Modernism
Brasília (Oscar Niemeyer, Lúcio Costa)
Brasília (Oscar Niemeyer, Lúcio Costa)
Palace of Assembly (Chandigarh) (1952–1961) (Le Corbusier)
Palace of Assembly (Chandigarh) (1952–1961) (Le Corbusier)
Headquarters of the United Nations
Headquarters of the United Nations
FDR Drive designed by Robert Moses
FDR Drive designed by Robert Moses
Postwar
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Team X was a group of architects and other invited participants who assembled starting in July 1953 at the 9th Congress of the International Congresses of Modern Architecture (CIAM) and created a schism within CIAM by challenging its doctrinaire approach to urbanism.
In 1956, the term "Urban design" was first used at a series of conferences hosted by Harvard University. The event provided a platform for Harvard's Urban Design program. The program also utilized the writings of famous urban planning thinkers: Gordon Cullen, Jane Jacobs, Kevin Lynch, and Christopher Alexander.
In 1961, Gordon Cullen published The Concise Townscape. He examined the traditional artistic approach to city design of theorists including Camillo Sitte, Barry Parker, and Raymond Unwin. Cullen also created the concept of 'serial vision'. It defined the urban landscape as a series of related spaces.
Jane Jacobs, urban design activist and author of The Death and Life of Great American Cities.
Also in 1961, Jane Jacobs published The Death and Life of Great American Cities. She critiqued the modernism of CIAM (International Congresses of Modern Architecture). Jacobs also claimed crime rates in publicly owned spaces were rising because of the Modernist approach of 'city in the park'. She argued instead for an 'eyes on the street' approach to town planning through the resurrection of main public space precedents (e.g. streets, squares).
In the same year, Kevin Lynch published The Image of the City. He was seminal to urban design, particularly with regards to the concept of legibility. He reduced urban design theory to five basic elements: paths, districts, edges, nodes, landmarks. He also made the use of mental maps to understand the city popular, rather than the two-dimensional physical master plans of the previous 50 years.
Other notable works:
Rossi, Aldo; et al. (1982). The Architecture of the City. Translated by Diane Ghirardo and Joan Ockman (American ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262181013.
Learning from Las Vegas by Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown (1972)
Collage City by Colin Rowe (1978)
The Next American Metropolis by Peter Calthorpe (1993)
The Social Logic of Space by Bill Hillier and Julienne Hanson (1984)
The popularity of these works resulted in terms that become everyday language in the field of urban planning. Aldo Rossi introduced 'historicism' and 'collective memory' to urban design. Rossi also proposed a 'collage metaphor' to understand the collection of new and old forms within the same urban space. Peter Calthorpe developed a manifesto for sustainable urban living via medium-density living. He also designed a manual for building new settlements in his concept of Transit Oriented Development (TOD). Bill Hillier and Julienne Hanson introduced Space Syntax to predict how movement patterns in cities would contribute to urban vitality, anti-social behaviour, and economic success. 'Sustainability', 'livability', and 'high quality of urban components' also became commonplace in the field.
Current trends
New Urbanism
Market Street, Celebration, Florida
Market Street, Celebration, Florida
New urbanist Sankt Eriksområdet quarter in Stockholm, Sweden, built in the 1990s
New urbanist Sankt Eriksområdet quarter in Stockholm, Sweden, built in the 1990s
Poundbury, Dorset
Poundbury, Dorset
Jakriborg, in Sweden, started in the late 1990s as a new urbanist eco-friendly new town near Malmö
Today, urban design seeks to create sustainable urban environments with long-lasting structures, buildings, and overall livability. Walkable urbanism is another approach to practice that is defined within the Charter of New Urbanism. It aims to reduce environmental impacts by altering the built environment to create smart cities that support sustainable transport. Compact urban neighborhoods encourage residents to drive less. These neighborhoods have significantly lower environmental impacts when compared to sprawling suburbs.[26] To prevent urban sprawl, Circular flow land use management was introduced in Europe to promote sustainable land use patterns.
As a result of the recent New Classical architecture movement, sustainable construction aims to develop smart growth, walkability, architectural tradition, and classical design.[27][28] It contrasts with modernist and globally uniform architecture. In the 1980s, urban design began to oppose the increasing solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.[29] Managed Urbanisation with the view to making the urbanising process completely culturally and economically, and environmentally sustainable, and as a possible solution to the urban sprawl, Frank Reale has submitted an interesting concept of Expanding Nodular Development (E.N.D.) that integrates many urban designs and ecological principles, to design and build smaller rural hubs with high-grade connecting freeways, rather than adding more expensive infrastructure to existing big cities and the resulting congestion.
Paradigm shifts
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Throughout the young existence of the urban design discipline, many paradigm shifts have occurred that have affected the trajectory of the field regarding theory and practice. These paradigm shifts cover multiple subject areas outside of the traditional design disciplines.
Team 10 - The first major paradigm shift was the formation of Team 10 out of CIAM, or the Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne. They believed that Urban Design should introduce ideas of 'Human Association', which pivots the design focus from the individual patron to concentrating on the collective urban population.
The Brundtland Report and Silent Spring - Another paradigm shift was the publication of the Brundtland Report and the book Silent Spring by Rachel Carson. These writings introduced the idea that human settlements could have detrimental impacts on ecological processes, as well as human health, which spurred a new era of environmental awareness in the field.
The Planner's Triangle - The Planner's Triangle, created by Scott Cambell, emphasized three main conflicts in the planning process. This diagram exposed the complex relationships between Economic Development, Environmental Protection, and Equity and Social Justice. For the first time, the concept of Equity and Social Justice was considered as equally important as Economic Development and Environmental Protection within the design process.
Death of Modernism (Demolition of Pruitt Igoe) - Pruitt Igoe was a spatial symbol and representation of Modernist theory regarding social housing. In its failure and demolition, these theories were put into question and many within the design field considered the era of Modernism to be dead.
Neoliberalism & the election of Reagan - The election of President Reagan and the rise of Neoliberalism affected the Urban Design discipline because it shifted the planning process to emphasize capitalistic gains and spatial privatization. Inspired by the trickle-down approach of Reaganomics, it was believed that the benefits of a capitalist emphasis within design would positively impact everyone. Conversely, this led to exclusionary design practices and to what many consider as "the death of public space".
Right to the City - The spatial and political battle over our citizens' rights to the city has been an ongoing one. David Harvey, along with Dan Mitchell and Edward Soja, discussed rights to the city as a matter of shifting the historical thinking of how spatial matter was determined in a critical form. This change of thinking occurred in three forms: ontologically, sociologically, and the combination of this socio-spatial dialect. Together the aim shifted to be able to measure what matters in a socio-spatial context.
Black Lives Matter (Ferguson) - The Black Lives Matter movement challenged design thinking because it emphasized the injustices and inequities suffered by people of color in urban space, as well as emphasized their right to public space without discrimination and brutality. It claims that minority groups lack certain spatial privileges and that this deficiency can result in matters of life and death. In order to reach an equitable state of urbanism, there needs to be equal identification of socio-economic lives within our urbanscapes.
New approaches
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There have been many different theories and approaches applied to the practice of urban design.
New Urbanism is an approach that began in the 1980s as a place-making initiative to combat suburban sprawl. Its goal is to increase density by creating compact and complete towns and neighborhoods. The 10 principles of new urbanism are walkability, connectivity, mixed-use and diversity, mixed housing, quality architecture and urban design, traditional neighborhood structure, increased density, smart transportation, sustainability, and quality of life. New urbanism and the developments that it has created are sources of debates within the discipline, primarily with the landscape urbanist approach but also due to its reproduction of idyllic architectural tropes that do not respond to the context. Andres Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, Peter Calthorpe, and Jeff Speck are all strongly associated with New Urbanism and its evolution over the years.[citation needed]
Landscape urbanism is a theory that first surfaced in the 1990s, arguing that the city is constructed of interconnected and ecologically rich horizontal field conditions, rather than the arrangement of objects and buildings. Charles Waldheim, Mohsen Mostafavi, James Corner, and Richard Weller are closely associated with this theory. Landscape urbanism theorises sites, territories, ecosystems, networks, and infrastructures through landscape practice according to Corner,[30] while applying a dynamic concept to cities as ecosystems that grow, shrink or change phases of development according to Waldheim.[31]
Everyday urbanism is a concept introduced by Margaret Crawford and influenced by Henry Lefebvre that describes the everyday lived experience shared by urban residents including commuting, working, relaxing, moving through city streets and sidewalks, shopping, buying, eating food, and running errands. Everyday urbanism is not concerned with aesthetic value. Instead, it introduces the idea of eliminating the distance between experts and ordinary users and forces designers and planners to contemplate a 'shift of power' and address social life from a direct and ordinary perspective.
Tactical urbanism (also known as DIY Urbanism, Planning-by-Doing, Urban Acupuncture, or Urban Prototyping) is a city, organizational, or citizen-led approach to neighborhood-building that uses short-term, low-cost, and scalable interventions and policies to catalyze long term change.
Top-up urbanism is the theory and implementation of two techniques in urban design: top-down and bottom-up. Top-down urbanism is when the design is implemented from the top of the hierarchy - normally the government or planning department. Bottom-up or grassroots urbanism begins with the people or the bottom of the hierarchy. Top-up means that both methods are used together to make a more participatory design, so it is sure to be comprehensive and well regarded in order to be as successful as possible.
Infrastructural urbanism is the study of how the major investments that go into making infrastructural systems can be leveraged to be more sustainable for communities. Instead of the systems being solely about efficiency in both cost and production, infrastructural urbanism strives to utilize these investments to be more equitable for social and environmental issues as well. Linda Samuels is a designer investigating how to accomplish this change in infrastructure in what she calls "next-generation infrastructure" which is "multifunctional; public; visible; socially productive; locally specific, flexible, and adaptable; sensitive to the eco-economy; composed of design prototypes or demonstration projects; symbiotic; technologically smart; and developed collaboratively across disciplines and agencies".
Sustainable urbanism
BedZED, Hackfield, London
BedZED, Hackfield, London
BedZED, Hackfield, London
BedZED, Hackfield, London
Arcosanti, Arizona
Arcosanti, Arizona
Sustainable urbanism is the study from the 1990s of how a community can be beneficial for the ecosystem, the people, and the economy for which it is associated. It is based on Scott Campbell's planner's triangle which tries to find the balance between economy, equity, and the environment. Its main concept is to try and make cities as self-sufficient as possible while not damaging the ecosystem around them, today with an increased focus on climate stability.[4] A key designer working with sustainable urbanism is Douglas Farr.
Feminist urbanism is the study and critique of how the built environment affects genders differently because of patriarchal social and political structures in society. Typically, the people at the table making design decisions are men, so their conception about public space and the built environment relates to their life perspectives and experiences, which do not reflect the same experiences of women or children. Dolores Hayden is a scholar who has researched this topic from 1980 to the present day. Hayden's writing says, “when women, men, and children of all classes and races can identify the public domain as the place where they feel most comfortable as citizens, Americans will finally have homelike urban space.”
Recently, "New Contextualism" has emerged as a philosophy in architecture and urban design, primarily coined and propagated by Bangladeshi architect and academic Mohammad Habib Reza.[32] This approach advocates for creating built environments that are profoundly informed by both historical precedents and future predictions, while embracing a holistic understanding of context.[33] Unlike universalist or purely modernist perspectives, New Contextualism emphasizes the deep integration of a design within its specific setting, considering not only the immediate site but also broader universal values, regional characteristics, and the socio-cultural fabric of a place.[34][35] It stresses the importance of equity, social justice, and the revitalization of vernacular building traditions to achieve sustainable and inclusive designs. The philosophy encourages the use of data analytics and scenario planning to anticipate future needs and challenges, aiming for timeless yet adaptable architectural solutions.[36][37]
Educational urbanism is an emerging discipline, at the crossroads of urban planning, educational planning, and pedagogy. An approach that tackles the notion that economic activities, the need for new skills at the workplace, and the spatial configuration of the workplace rely on the spatial reorientation in the design of educational spaces and the urban dimension of educational planning.
Black urbanism is an approach in which black communities are active creators, innovators, and authors of the process of designing and creating the neighborhoods and spaces of the metropolitan areas they have done so much to help revive over the past half-century. The goal is not to build black cities for black people but to explore and develop the creative energy that exists in so-called black areas: that has the potential to contribute to the sustainable development of the whole city.
Debates in urbanism
Underlying the practice of urban design are the many theories about how to best design the city. Each theory makes a unique claim about how to effectively design thriving, sustainable urban environments. Debates over the efficacy of these approaches fill the urban design discourse. Landscape urbanism and New Urbanism are commonly debated as distinct approaches to addressing suburban sprawl. While landscape urbanism proposes landscape as the basic building block of the city and embraces horizontality, flexibility, and adaptability, New Urbanism offers the neighborhood as the basic building block of the city and argues for increased density, mixed uses, and walkability. Opponents of landscape urbanism point out that most of its projects are urban parks, and as such, its application is limited. Opponents of New Urbanism claim that its preoccupation with traditional neighborhood structures is nostalgic, unimaginative, and culturally problematic. Everyday urbanism argues for grassroots neighborhood improvements rather than master-planned, top-down interventions. Each theory elevates the roles of certain professions in the urban design process, further fueling the debate. In practice, urban designers often apply principles from many urban design theories. Emerging from the conversation is a universal acknowledgement of the importance of increased interdisciplinary collaboration in designing the modern city.[38]
Urban design as an integrative profession
L'Enfant's plan for Washington DC
Gehl Architects' project for Brighton New Road employing shared space
Urban designers work with architects, landscape architects, transportation engineers, urban planners, and industrial designers to reshape the city. Cooperation with public agencies, authorities and the interests of nearby property owners is necessary to manage public spaces. Users often compete over the spaces and negotiate across a variety of spheres. Input is frequently needed from a wide range of stakeholders. This can lead to different levels of participation as defined in Arnstein's Ladder of Citizen Participation.[39]
While there are some professionals who identify themselves specifically as urban designers, a majority have backgrounds in urban planning, architecture, or landscape architecture. Many collegiate programs incorporate urban design theory and design subjects into their curricula. There is an increasing number of university programs offering degrees in urban design at the post-graduate level.
Urban design considers:
Pedestrian zones
Incorporation of nature within a city
Aesthetics
Urban structure – arrangement and relation of business and people
Urban typology, density, and sustainability - spatial types and morphologies related to the intensity of use, consumption of resources, production, and maintenance of viable communities
Accessibility – safe and easy transportation
Legibility and wayfinding – accessible information about travel and destinations
Animation – Designing places to stimulate public activity
Function and fit – places support their varied intended uses
Complimentary mixed uses – Locating activities to allow constructive interaction between them
Character and meaning – Recognizing differences between places
Order and incident – Balancing consistency and variety in the urban environment
Continuity and change – Locating people in time and place, respecting heritage and contemporary culture
Civil society – people are free to interact as civic equals, important for building social capital
Participation/engagement – including people in the decision-making process can be done at many different scales.
Relationships with other related disciplines
The original urban design was thought to be separated from architecture and urban planning. Urban Design has developed to a certain extent, and comes from the foundation of engineering. In Anglo-Saxon countries, it is often considered as a branch under the architecture, urban planning, and landscape architecture and limited as the construction of the urban physical environment. However Urban Design is more integrated into the social science-based, cultural, economic, political, and other aspects. Not only focus on space and architectural group, but also look at the whole city from a broader and more holistic perspective to shape a better living environment. Compared to architecture, the spatial and temporal scale of Urban Design processing is much larger. It deals with neighborhoods, communities, and even the entire city.
Urban design education
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The University of Liverpool's Department of Civic Design is the first urban design school in the world founded in 1909.[40] Following the 1956 Urban Design conference, Harvard University established the first graduate program with urban design in its title, The Master of Architecture in Urban Design, although as a subject taught in universities its history in Europe is far older. Urban design programs explore the built environment from diverse disciplinary backgrounds and points of view. The pedagogically innovative combination of interdisciplinary studios, lecture courses, seminars, and independent study creates an intimate and engaging educational atmosphere in which students thrive and learn. Soon after in 1961, Washington University in St. Louis founded their Master of Urban Design program. Today, twenty urban design programs exist in the United States:
Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI
Clemson University - Charleston, SC
Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation - New York, NY
City College of New York - New York, NY
Estopinal College of Architecture and Planning at Ball State University - Muncie, IN
Georgia Institute of Technology College of Design - Atlanta, GA
Harvard Graduate School of Design - Cambridge, MA
Iowa State University - Ames, IA
New York Institute of Technology - New York, NY
Notre Dame School of Architecture - Notre Dame, IN
Pratt Institute - Brooklyn, NY
Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts at Washington University in St. Louis - St. Louis, MO
Savannah College of Art and Design - Savannah, GA
Stuart Weitzman School of Design at University of Pennsylvania - Philadelphia, PA
Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning at University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, MI
University of California, Berkeley - Berkeley, CA
University of Colorado Denver - Denver, CO
University of Maryland - College Park, MD
University of Miami - Miami, FL
Stuart Weitzman School of Design at University of Pennsylvania - Philadelphia, PA
University of Texas at Austin School of Architecture - Austin, TX
University of North Carolina at Charlotte - Charlotte, NC
In the United Kingdom, Master's programmes in Urban Design at University of Manchester or University of Sheffield and Cardiff University or London South Bank University and City Design at the Royal College of Art or Queen's University Belfast are offered.
Issues
Protest banner during the Climate Change Camp 2007 at Heathrow Airport in London.
The field of urban design holds enormous potential for helping us address today's biggest challenges: an expanding population, mass urbanization, rising inequality, and climate change. In its practice as well as its theories, urban design attempts to tackle these pressing issues. As climate change progresses, urban design can mitigate the results of flooding, temperature changes, and increasingly detrimental storm impacts through a mindset of sustainability and resilience. In doing so, the urban design discipline attempts to create environments that are constructed with longevity in mind, such as zero-carbon cities. Cities today must be designed to minimize resource consumption, waste generation, and pollution while also withstanding the unprecedented impacts of climate change.[4][41][42][43] To be truly resilient, our cities need to be able to not just bounce back from a catastrophic climate event but to bounce forward to an improved state.
Another issue in this field is that it is often assumed that there are no mothers of planning and urban design. However, this is not the case, many women have made proactive contributions to the field, including the work of Mary Kingsbury Simkhovitch, Florence Kelley, and Lillian Wald, to name a few of whom were prominent leaders in the City Social movement. The City Social was a movement that steamed between the commonly known City Practical and City Beautiful movements. It was a movement mainly concerning lay with the economic and social equalities regarding urban issues.[44]
Justice is and will always be a key issue in urban design. As previously mentioned, past urban strategies have caused injustices within communities incapable of being remedied via simple means. As urban designers tackle the issue of justice, they often are required to look at the injustices of the past and must be careful not to overlook the nuances of race, place, and socioeconomic status in their design efforts. This includes ensuring reasonable access to basic services, transportation, and fighting against gentrification and the commodification of space for economic gain. Organizations such as the Divided Cities Initiatives at Washington University in St. Louis and the Just City Lab at Harvard work on promoting justice in urban design.
Until the 1970s, the design of towns and cities took little account of the needs of people with disabilities. At that time, disabled people began to form movements demanding recognition of their potential contribution if social obstacles were removed. Disabled people challenged the 'medical model' of disability which saw physical and mental problems as an individual 'tragedy' and people with disabilities as 'brave' for enduring them. They proposed instead a 'social model' which said that barriers to disabled people result from the design of the built environment and attitudes of able-bodied people. 'Access Groups' were established composed of people with disabilities who audited their local areas, checked planning applications, and made representations for improvements. The new profession of 'access officer' was established around that time to produce guidelines based on the recommendations of access groups and to oversee adaptations to existing buildings as well as to check on the accessibility of new proposals. Many local authorities now employ access officers who are regulated by the Access Association. A new chapter of the Building Regulations (Part M) was introduced in 1992. Although it was beneficial to have legislation on this issue the requirements were fairly minimal but continue to be improved with ongoing amendments. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 continues to raise awareness and enforce action on disability issues in the urban environment.
The issue of walkability has gained prominence in recent years, not only with the concerns of the aforementioned climate change, but also the health outcomes of residents. Car-centric urban design has an invariably negative effect on such outcomes. With proximity to internal combustion engines, residents tend to suffer from dangerous levels of air pollution which lead to cardiovascular complications ranging from the acute, in hypertension and alterations in heart rate, and the chronic, the outright development of atherosclerosis. More people die from air pollution each year than from car accidents. This issue has been used to fuel movements for alternative forms of long to mid range transportation such as trains and bicycles, with walking as the primary means of short-range travel. This would bring benefits from two simultaneous avenues. The physical activity from walking, and the lack of particulate matter (carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, etc.) has shown to alleviate and lower the risk of many maladies such as diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Physical activity levels from walking are closely related to the abundance of open public spaces, commercial shops, greenery, among others. These attributes also have been stated to contribute to stronger social and emotional health as the open public spaces facilitate more social interaction within communities. This issue is most prevalent in the United States, where the rise of neoliberalism directly and intentionally caused the car-centric infrastructure.
The 20th-century urbanists you mentioned—Le Corbusier, Speer, and to some extent Cerdà—suffered from what we might call the "God’s-eye view." They designed cities from above, looking at master plans as if they were abstract paintings.
Simplification vs. Simplicity: You rightly point out that they mistook simplification for simplicity. They believed that by separating the city into neat, functional zones (living, working, playing, circulating), they were solving the chaos of the metropolis.
The Loss of the Street: In doing so, they killed the traditional street—the very place where "negotiation" and unexpected connections occur.
The Genius of the "Flaw"
Your comparison between Munich and Le Havre is a perfect illustration of the difference between organic healing and surgical replacement.
Munich's Scars: By choosing to rebuild along its historical, convoluted street patterns, Munich retained its human scale. The winding streets naturally slow down movement, creating intimate, enclosed perspectives (a concept championed by the Austrian architect Camillo Sitte, who recognized that irregular, enclosed squares feel psychologically safer and more inviting than vast, open expanses).
A Defense of the "Hygiénistes": If we must offer a gentle correction or nuance to the critique of Perret and the modernist urbanists, it is important to remember why they craved the blank page. The pre-1914 cities, while romantically chaotic, were often breeding grounds for tuberculosis and cholera. The modernists’ obsession with light, air, and orthogonal grids was heavily driven by urgent public health crises and massive post-war housing shortages. They provided sanitation and shelter at scale, even if they failed to provide "breath."
The City as a Living Organism
Your assertion that a city is "not an object to be designed from above" but a "reality to be accompanied" aligns perfectly with the shift from traditional urban planning to what we now call placemaking and tactical urbanism.
A successful city allows for friction. It is the child drawing hopscotch on a concrete slab, the vendor setting up a cart in an awkward corner, or the citizens turning an abandoned railway into a park. True urbanism doesn't dictate exactly how a space must be used; it provides a robust, flexible framework that invites citizens to fill in the blanks.
The Olympic Village and the Future
The Paris Olympic Village is a fascinating test case for this exact theory. Planners have explicitly tried to design it with "reversibility" in mind—building it first for athletes, but planning its conversion into a permanent neighborhood. However, as you beautifully put it, it will only become a village if use disobeys the plan. It will require the unpredictable alchemy of local businesses, rebellious pedestrians, and the patina of time.
The shift from control to connection is the defining architectural challenge of our century. Humility in urbanism means accepting that the architect is not the author of the city, but merely a co-writer alongside millions of everyday citizens.
Given that the current academic and professional structures still heavily reward spectacular, top-down "masterpieces," how do you believe we can practically teach this necessary humility to the next generation of architects and urban planners?
Urbanism is the scientific study of how inhabitants of urban areas, such as towns and cities, interact with the built environment. It is a direct component of disciplines such as urban planning, a profession focusing on the design and management of urban areas, and urban sociology, an academic field which studies urban life.[1][2]
Many architects, planners, geographers, and sociologists investigate the way people live in densely populated urban areas. There is a wide variety of different theories and approaches to the study of urbanism.[3] However, in some contexts internationally, urbanism is synonymous with urban planning, and urbanist refers to an urban planner.
The term urbanism was first coined in the late nineteenth century by the Spanish civil engineer Ildefons Cerdà, whose intent was to create an autonomous activity focused on the spatial organization of the city.[4] Urbanism's emergence in the early 20th century was associated with the rise of centralized manufacturing, mixed-use neighborhoods, social organizations and networks, and what has been described as "the convergence between political, social, and economic citizenship".[5]
Urbanism can be understood as placemaking and the creation of place identity at a citywide level, however as early as 1938 Louis Wirth wrote that it is necessary to stop 'identify[ing] urbanism with the physical entity of the city', go 'beyond an arbitrary boundary line' and consider how 'technological developments in transportation and communication have enormously extended the urban mode of living beyond the confines of the city itself.' [6]
Concepts
Urbanism theory writers of the late 20th century
Network-based theories
Gabriel Dupuy applied network theory to the field of urbanism and suggests that the single dominant characteristic of modern urbanism is its networked character, as opposed to segregated conceptions of space (i.e. zones, boundaries and edges).[7]
Stephen Graham and Simon Marvin[who?] argue that we are witnessing a post-urban environment where decentralized, loosely connected neighborhoods and zones of activity assume the former organizing role played by urban spaces. Their theory of splintering urbanism involves the "fragmentation of the social and material fabric of cities" into "cellular clusters of globally connected high-service enclaves and network ghettos" driven by electronic networks that segregate as much as they connect. Dominique Lorrain argues that the process of splintering urbanism began towards the end of the 20th century with the emergence of the gigacity, a new form of a networked city characterised by three-dimensional size, network density and the blurring of city boundaries.[8]
Manuel Castells suggested that within a network society, "premium" infrastructure networks (high-speed telecommunications, "smart" highways, global airline networks) selectively connect together the most favored users and places and bypass the less favored.[8] Graham and Marvin argue that attention to infrastructure networks is reactive to crises or collapse, rather than sustained and systematic, because of a failure to understand the links between urban life and urban infrastructure networks.
Other modern theorists
Douglas Kelbaugh identifies three paradigms within urbanism: New Urbanism, Everyday Urbanism, and Post-Urbanism.[9]
Paul L. Knox refers to one of many trends in contemporary urbanism as the "aestheticization of everyday life".[10]
Alex Krieger states that urban design is less a technical discipline than a mind-set based on a commitment to cities.[11]
Mohammad Habib Reza — architect and urban theorist who introduced New Contextualism, an urban and architectural philosophy that grounds design in layered contexts such as cultural, ecological, historical, and social, while promoting equity, belonging, and sustainability.[12]
Other contemporary urbanists such as Edward Soja and Liz Ogbu focus on urbanism as a field for applying principles of community building and spatial justice.[13][14]
See also
New urbanism
Ecological urbanism extends on concepts of Landscape urbanism
Feminist urbanism
Green urbanism
Landscape urbanism, an urbanism where cities are seen though the lens of landscape architecture and ecology
Latino urbanism
Principles of Intelligent Urbanism
Sustainable urbanism
Tactical urbanism
Unitary urbanism, a critique of urbanism as a technology of power by the situationists
Urban economics, the application of economic models and tools to analyse the urban issues such as crime, house and public transit
Urban geography
Urbanate, a living environment envisioned by the Technocracy movement
Urban vitality
World Urbanism Day
Endnotes
Wirth, Louis (1938). "Urbanism as a Way of Life" (PDF). American Journal of Sociology.
"Urbanism". obo. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
Barnett, Jonathan (April 2011). "A Short Guide to 60 of the Newest Urbanisms". Planning. 77 (4): 19–21. ISSN 0001-2610. OCLC 1762461.
Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 734. ISBN 978-0415862875.
Blokland-Potters, Talja, and Savage, Mike (2008). Networked Urbanism: Social Capital in the City. Ashgate Publishing.
Wirth, Louis (1938). "Urbanism as a Way of Life" (PDF). American Journal of Sociology. 44 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1086/217913. ISSN 0002-9602. S2CID 145174761.
Dupuy, Gabriel (2008). Urban networks : network urbanism. J. van Schaick, I. T. Klaasen, Technische Universiteit Delft. Faculteit der Bouwkunde. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Techne Press. ISBN 978-90-8594-019-7. OCLC 179789433.
Graham, Steve; Marvin, Simon (2001). Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities and the Urban Condition (1st ed.). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203452202. ISBN 978-0-203-45220-2.
Kelbaugh, Douglas (2009), Three Urbanisms and the Public Realm[ISBN missing]
Knox, Paul L. (2010-07-12). Cities and Design (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 10. doi:10.4324/9780203848555. ISBN 978-1-136-94917-3.
Krieger, Alex; Saunders, William S. (2009-01-01). Urban Design. U of Minnesota Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-4529-1412-1.
Reza, Mohammad Habib; Nitu, Upama Das. "New Contextualism: Architecture and Urbanism for People, Place, and Justice". Contextbd.com. Retrieved 2025-08-01.
Soja, Edward (2003). "Writing the city spatially". City. 7 (3): 269–280. doi:10.1080/1360481032000157478. S2CID 144964310.
Cary, John (2018). "Design Journeys: Liz Ogbu". American Institute of Graphic Arts. Archived from the original on 2021-11-09. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
External links
International Forum on Urbanism Archived 2012-04-23 at the Wayback Machine
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Categories: Urban planning2010s fads and trends2020s fads and trends
Now we all need patience, forbearance, forgiveness, humility, charity, love unfeigned, devotion to the truth, abhorrence of sin and wickedness, rebellion and disobedience to the requirements of the gospel. These are the qualifications requisite to Latter-day Saints and to becoming Latter-day Saints and members in good standing in the Church of Jesus Christ and heirs of God and joint heirs with Jesus Christ. No member in good standing in the Church will be drunken or riotous or profane or will take advantage of his brother or his neighbor, or will violate the principles of virtue and honor and righteousness. No member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in good standing will ever be chargeable with such offenses as these, because members will avoid these evils, and they will live above them. Then we have a mission in the world: each man, each woman, each child who has grown to understanding or to the years of accountability, ought to be an example to the world. They ought not only to be qualified to preach the truth, to bear testimony of the truth, but ought to live so that the very life they live, the very words they speak, their every action in life will be a sermon to the unwary and to the ignorant, teaching them goodness, purity, uprightness, faith in God and love for the human family.
Source: Explaining Mormonism
"It is with great humility that I file my petitions today to be the next Chief Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court,” Brown said. “Ohio families deserve a voice at the helm of the Ohio Supreme Court, and I will be that voice. As Ohio’s next Chief Justice, I will bring to the court a viewpoint that challenges the thinking of the other justices. I will add the balance needed so that the court can truly reflect the hardworking Ohioans it serves. I will also bring to the court a lifetime of experience as a judge, an administrator, a small business owner, and an understanding of how the courts impact the everyday lives of ordinary Ohioans."
...a long lesson in humility. (JM Barrie)
something i just laid-out, for an inspiring quotation i read somewhere.
Humility after shooting training in the professional biathlon shooting hall. I won't be swearing any more if our biathletes don't hit all the targets at the next World Cup: Now I know how damn long 50m distances can be
Their “seven virtues,” or “core values,” are kindness, gratitude, patience, compassion, honesty, humility, forgiveness.
“Reverence, humility, contentment, gratitude and hearing the good Dhamma, this is the best good luck” ~ Lord Buddha
O God, thank You for blessing us with our mother...when we were a child that suckled on our mother's breasts...that we may be nurtured with breastmilk...but more importantly we have been dependent for our mother's warmth and affection...and Spiritually we still depend on women, especially all of our mothers...that we may be Spiritually nourished with Holy Virtues of Humility, Love, Peace and Justice...for the Spiritual Health of Humanity...
The Way of Philosophy according to Christ
"A holy combination: love and humility"
San Massimo the Confessor
The Devil has nothing in hatred as much as the love between brothers and sisters in Christ, harmony, peace, unity and harmony.
He is always vigilant, plotting the most incredible actions, in order to break the spiritual bonds, sow hatred and antipathy, confusion and disorder, vain suspicions and anguished prejudices.
Christ immolated himself "so that the scattered children of God may be brought together as one" in peace and love, while the murderer never rests in his attempt to afflict them and scatter the children of God, who are gathered in Christ .
The following episode is very typical, and shows that it is satanic action that fosters anger, impatience and the breakdown of the bonds of love and peace with our brother:
“A certain brother, moved outraged against another, began to pray, begging [that the Lord help him] to bear his brother, going unharmed through temptation; and immediately he saw smoke coming out of his mouth. At which, his anger ceased. "
* * *
Now, how is it possible to avoid all the pitfalls of the torment-loving enemy? What is the safe antidote?
The Holy Fathers teach us that only with love and humility can we be protected and liberated.
The holy combination of love and humility elevates us spiritually above the pitfalls of evil spirits, and above all above meanness and misunderstandings, which, for the most part, arise from our self-love.
In the same way, this holy combination in the Grace of God, which gives us a peaceful, humble, merciful heart, ready to forgive and tolerant.
"A holy combination is love and humility," says St. John Climacus; "One in fact exalts, and the other, giving strength to those who are exalted, does not allow them to fall."
To be precise, we need to find patience and courage in the hour
of temptation; it is necessary to be long-suffering in prayer before the pains and have a heart ready to forgive those who have grieved us. We try not to be overcome by hatred, but rather to overcome it with love.
A pain is nothing but a cloud that will soon melt ... let's not get away from brotherly love ... Let us be long-suffering and pray ... We blame ourselves ... We humbly accept the apologies of our brother ... We remember his kindness and virtues and not let's move it away from our heart ...
* * *
St. Maximus the Confessor splendidly guides us on the "way of philosophy according to Christ