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Airbus A320 de Avianca Ecuador. Aeropuerto Internacional Mariscal Sucre (SEQM/UIO), Tababela, Octubre 2017.
Avianca Ecuador Airbus A320. Mariscal Sucre International Airport (SEQM/UIO), Tababela, October 2017.
Boeing 757 de AeroGal. Aeropuerto Mariscal Sucre (SEQU/UIO), Quito, Noviembre 2008.
AeroGal Boeing 757. Mariscal Sucre International Airport (SEQU/UIO), Quito, November 2008.
Airbus A319 de AeroGal. Aeropuerto Internacional Mariscal Sucre (SEQU/UIO), Quito, Febrero 2013.
AeroGal Airbus A319. Mariscal Sucre International Airport (SEQU/UIO), Quito, February 2013.
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Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357,021 square kilometers (137,847 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants in January 2010, it has the largest population among member states of the European Union, and it is also home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, has been known and documented before AD 100. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire, which lasted until 1806. During the 16th century, northern Germany became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. As a modern nation-state, the country was first unified amidst the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. In 1949, after World War II, Germany was divided into two separate states—East Germany and West Germany—along the lines of Allied occupation. Germany was reunified in 1990. West Germany was a founding member of the European Community (EC) in 1957, which became the European Union in 1993. It is part of the Schengen zone and adopted the European currency, the euro, in 1999.
Germany is a federal parliamentary republic of sixteen states (Länder). The capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, G8, G20, OECD, and the WTO. It is a major power with the world's fourth largest economy by nominal GDP and the fifth largest in purchasing power parity. It is the second largest exporter and second largest importer of goods. In absolute terms, Germany allocates the second biggest annual budget of development aid in the world, while its military expenditure ranked sixth. The country has developed a high standard of living and established a comprehensive system of social security. It holds a key position in European affairs and maintains a multitude of close partnerships on a global level. Germany is recognised as a scientific and technological leader in several fields.
History
The English word "Germany" derives from the Latin word Germania. The name "Germania" came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it from a Gallic term for the peoples east of the Rhine that probably meant "neighbour"
The ethnogenesis of the Germanic tribes is assumed to have occurred during the Nordic Bronze Age, or at the latest, during the Pre-Roman Iron Age. From southern Scandinavia and northern Germany, the tribes began expanding south, east and west in the 1st century BC, coming into contact with the Celtic tribes of Gaul as well as Iranian, Baltic, and Slavic tribes in Eastern Europe. Little is known about early Germanic history, except through their recorded interactions with the Roman Empire, etymological research and archaeological finds.
Under Augustus, the Roman General Publius Quinctilius Varus began to invade Germania (a term used by the Romans to define a territory running roughly from the Rhine to the Ural Mountains), and it was in this period that the Germanic tribes became familiar with Roman tactics of warfare while maintaining their tribal identity. In AD 9, three Roman legions led by Varus were defeated by the Cheruscan leader Arminius in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. Modern Germany, as far as the Rhine and the Danube, thus remained outside the Roman Empire. By AD 100, the time of Tacitus' Germania, Germanic tribes settled along the Rhine and the Danube (the Limes Germanicus) , occupying most of the area of modern Germany; Austria, southern Bavaria and the western Rhineland, however, were Roman provinces. The 3rd century saw the emergence of a number of large West Germanic tribes: Alamanni, Franks, Chatti, Saxons, Frisians, Sicambri, and Thuringii. Around 260, the Germanic peoples broke through the Limes and the Danube frontier into Roman-controlled lands.
Holy Roman Empire (962–1806)
On 25 December 800, Charlemagne founded the Carolingian Empire, which was divided in 843. The medieval empire resulted from the eastern portion of this division and existed in varying forms from 962 until 1806. Its territory stretched from the Eider River in the north to the Mediterranean coast in the south. Often referred to as the Holy Roman Empire (or the Old Empire), it was officially called the Sacrum Romanum Imperium Nationis Germanicæ (Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation) starting in 1448, to adjust the title to its then reduced territory.
Under the reign of the Ottonian emperors (919–1024), the duchies of Lorraine, Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, Thuringia, and Bavaria were consolidated, and the German king was crowned Holy Roman Emperor of these regions in 962. Under the reign of the Salian emperors (1024–1125), the Holy Roman Empire absorbed northern Italy and Burgundy, although the emperors lost power through the Investiture Controversy. Under the Hohenstaufen emperors (1138–1254), the German princes increased their influence further south and east into territories inhabited by Slavs, preceding German settlement in these areas and further east (Ostsiedlung). Northern German towns grew prosperous as members of the Hanseatic League. Starting with the Great Famine in 1315, then the Black Death of 1348–50, the population of Germany plummeted.
The edict of the Golden Bull in 1356 provided the basic constitution of the empire that lasted until its dissolution. It codified the election of the emperor by seven prince-electors who ruled some of the most powerful principalities and archbishoprics. Beginning in the 15th century, the emperors were elected nearly exclusively from the Habsburg dynasty of Austria.
The monk Martin Luther publicised his 95 Theses in 1517, challenging practices of the Roman Catholic Church, initiating the Protestant Reformation. A separate Lutheran church became the official religion in many German states after 1530. Religious conflict led to the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), which devastated German lands. The population of the German states was reduced by about 30%. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) ended religious warfare among the German states, but the empire was de facto divided into numerous independent principalities. From 1740 onwards, the dualism between the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy and the Kingdom of Prussia dominated German history. In 1806, the Imperium was overrun and dissolved as a result of the Napoleonic Wars.
Restoration and revolution (1814–1871)
Following the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte, the Congress of Vienna convened in 1814 and founded the German Confederation (Deutscher Bund), a loose league of 39 sovereign states. Disagreement with restoration politics partly led to the rise of liberal movements, demanding unity and freedom. These, however, were followed by new measures of repression on the part of the Austrian statesman Metternich. The Zollverein, a tariff union, profoundly furthered economic unity in the German states. During this era many Germans had been stirred by the ideals of the French Revolution, and nationalism became a more significant force, especially among young intellectuals. For the first time, the colours of black, red and gold were chosen to represent the movement, which later became the national colours.
In light of a series of revolutionary movements in Europe, which successfully established a republic in France, intellectuals and commoners started the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states. The monarchs initially yielded to the revolutionaries' liberal demands. King Frederick William IV of Prussia was offered the title of Emperor, but with a loss of power; he rejected the crown and the proposed constitution, leading to a temporary setback for the movement. Conflict between King William I of Prussia and the increasingly liberal parliament erupted over military reforms in 1862, and the king appointed Otto von Bismarck the new Prime Minister of Prussia. Bismarck successfully waged war on Denmark in 1864. Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 enabled him to create the North German Federation (Norddeutscher Bund) and to exclude Austria, formerly the leading German state, from the affairs of the remaining German states.
German Empire (1871–1918)
The state known as Germany was unified as a modern nation-state in 1871, when the German Empire was forged, with the Kingdom of Prussia as its largest constituent. After the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, the German Empire was proclaimed in Versailles on 18 January 1871. The Hohenzollern dynasty of Prussia ruled the new empire, whose capital was Berlin. The empire was a unification of all the scattered parts of Germany except Austria (Kleindeutschland, or "Lesser Germany"). But internally the official political unification came rather sequentially: Germany had no national flag until 1892 and no national hymn until after WW I. Beginning in 1884, Germany began establishing several colonies outside of Europe.
In the Gründerzeit period following the unification of Germany, Emperor William I's foreign policy secured Germany's position as a great nation by forging alliances, isolating France by diplomatic means, and avoiding war. Under William II, however, Germany, like other European powers, took an imperialistic course leading to friction with neighbouring countries. Most alliances in which Germany had been previously involved were not renewed, and new alliances excluded the country. Specifically, France established new relationships by signing the Entente Cordiale with the United Kingdom and securing ties with the Russian Empire. Aside from its contacts with Austria-Hungary, Germany became increasingly isolated.
Germany's imperialism reached outside of its own country and joined many other powers in Europe in claiming their share of Africa. The Berlin Conference divided Africa between the European powers. Germany owned several pieces of land in Africa including German East Africa, South-West Africa, Togo, and Cameroon. The Scramble for Africa caused tension between the great powers that may have contributed to the conditions that led to World War I.
The assassination of Austria's crown prince on 28 June 1914 triggered World War I. Germany, as part of the unsuccessful Central Powers, suffered defeat against the Allied Powers in one of the bloodiest conflicts of all time. An estimated two million German soldiers died in World War I. The German Revolution broke out in November 1918, and Emperor William II and all German ruling princes abdicated. An armistice putting an end to the war was signed on 11 November and Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919. Its negotiation, contrary to traditional post-war diplomacy, excluded the defeated Central Powers. The treaty was perceived in Germany as a humiliating continuation of the war by other means and its harshness is often cited as having facilitated the later rise of Nazism in the country.
Weimar Republic (1919–1933)
At the beginning of the German Revolution, Germany was declared a republic and the monarchy collapsed. However, the struggle for power continued, with radical-left communists seizing power in Bavaria, but failing to take control of all of Germany. The revolution came to an end in August 1919, when the Weimar Republic was formally established. The Weimar Constitution came into effect with its signing by President Friedrich Ebert on 11 August 1919.
Suffering from the Great Depression, the harsh peace conditions dictated by the Treaty of Versailles, and a long succession of more or less unstable governments, the people of Germany increasingly lacked identification with their political system and the "Establishment Parties" in their parliamentary democracy. This was exacerbated by a widespread right-wing (monarchist, völkisch, and Nazi) Dolchstoßlegende, which promoted the view that Germany had lost World War I because of the efforts and influence of those who wanted to overthrow the government. The top brass of the Weimar government was accused of betraying the German Nation by signing the Versailles Treaty, while the radical left-wing communists, such as the Spartacist League, had wanted a revolution to abolish "capitalist rule" in favour of a Räterepublik, and were also targeted.
Nevertheless, discontentment with the new Weimar government helped fuel the growth of the German Communist Party. Many conservatives were drawn towards the reactionary/revolutionary right, particularly the National Socialist German Workers Party—the Nazi Party. By 1932, these two parties controlled the majority of parliament (296 total parliamentary seats by July 1932). After a series of unsuccessful cabinets, President Paul von Hindenburg made a crucial decision: on 30 January 1933, seeing little alternative and pushed by right-wing advisors, von Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany, honoring Hitler's request.
Third Reich (1933–1945)
On 27 February 1933, the Reichstag building went up in flames, and a consequent emergency decree abrogated basic citizen rights. An Enabling Act passed in parliament gave Hitler unrestricted legislative power. Only the Social Democratic Party voted against it, while Communist MPs had already been imprisoned. Using his powers to crush any actual or potential resistance, Hitler established a centralised totalitarian state within months. Industry was revitalised with a focus on military rearmament.[24] In 1935, Germany reacquired control of the Saar and in 1936 military control of the Rhineland, both of which had been lost by the Treaty of Versailles.
Leading to World War II and roughly in parallel with military rearmament, German foreign policy became more aggressive and expansionistic. In 1938 and 1939, Austria and Czechoslovakia were brought under control and the invasion of Poland prepared (Hitler-Stalin pact, Operation Himmler). On 1 September 1939, the German Wehrmacht launched a blitzkrieg on Poland, which was swiftly occupied by Germany and by the Soviet Red Army. The UK and France declared war on Germany marking the beginning of World War II in Europe. As the war progressed, Germany and its allies quickly gained control of much of continental Europe.
On 22 June 1941, Germany broke the Hitler-Stalin pact and invaded the Soviet Union. The same year, Japan attacked the American base at Pearl Harbor, and Germany declared war on the United States as a consequence of its alliance with Japan. Although the German army advanced into the Soviet Union quite rapidly, the Battle of Stalingrad marked a major turning point in the war. Subsequently, the German army started to retreat on the Eastern front. In September 1943, Germany's ally Italy surrendered, and German forces were forced to defend an additional front in Italy. D-Day marked another major turning point in the war, opening up a Western front; the Allied forces landed on the beaches of Normandy and made advances towards German territory. Germany's defeat soon followed. On 8 May 1945, the German armed forces surrendered after the Red Army occupied Berlin. Approximately seven million German soldiers and civilians—including ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe—died during World War II.
In what later became known as The Holocaust, the Third Reich regime enacted governmental policies directly subjugating many dissidents and minorities. About seventeen million people were murdered during the Holocaust, including six million Jews and sizable number of Gypsies, Poles and other Slavs, including Soviet POWs, the mentally ill, homosexuals, and members of the political opposition. World War II and the Nazi genocide were responsible for more than 40 million dead in Europe. The Nuremberg trials of Nazi war criminals were held after World War II.
Division and reunification (1945–1990)
The remaining national territory and Berlin were partitioned by the Allies into four military occupation zones.
The western sectors, controlled by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, were merged on 23 May 1949, to form the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland); on 7 October 1949, the Soviet Zone became the German Democratic Republic (Deutsche Demokratische Republik, or DDR). They were, mainly outside Germany, informally known as "West Germany" and "East Germany" (in West Germany, East Germany referred to the areas east of the GDR, while the GDR was often referred to as Middle Germany), and the two parts of Berlin as "West Berlin" and "East Berlin". East Germany selected East Berlin as its capital, while West Germany chose Bonn. However, West Germany declared the status of its capital Bonn as provisional, in order to emphasise its stance that the two-state solution was an artificial status quo that was to be overcome one day.
West Germany, established as a federal parliamentary republic with a "social market economy", was allied with the United States, the UK and France. The country came to enjoy prolonged economic growth beginning in the early 1950s (Wirtschaftswunder). West Germany joined NATO in 1955 and was a founding member of the European Economic Community in 1957. On 1 January 1957, Saarland gave in its adhesion to West Germany by virtue of article 23 Grundgesetz.
East Germany was an Eastern bloc state under political and military control by the USSR via the latter's occupation forces and the Warsaw Treaty. While claiming to be a democracy, political power was solely executed by leading members (Politburo) of the communist-controlled SED (Socialist Unity Party of Germany). Their power was ensured by the Stasi, a secret service of immense size, and a variety of SED suborganizations controlling every aspect of society. In return, the basic needs of the population were satisfied at low cost by the state. A Soviet-style command economy was set up; later, the GDR became a Comecon state. While East German propaganda was based on the benefits of the GDR's social programs and the alleged constant threat of a West German invasion, many of her citizens looked to the West for political freedoms and economic prosperity.[30] The Berlin Wall, built in 1961 to stop East Germans from escaping to West Germany, became a symbol of the Cold War.
Tensions between East and West Germany were somewhat reduced in the early 1970s by Chancellor Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik, which included the de facto acceptance of Germany's territorial losses in World War II.
In the summer of 1989, Hungary decided (May 2) to dismantle the Iron Curtain and open the borders (August 23), causing an exodus of thousands of East Germans (September 11) going to West Germany via Hungary. The effects of the Hungarian events had devastating effects on the GDR, with mass demonstrations. The East German authorities unexpectedly eased the border restrictions in November, allowing East German citizens to travel to the West. Originally intended as a pressure valve to retain East Germany as a state, the opening of the border actually led to an acceleration of the Wende reform process in East Germany, which finally concluded with the Two Plus Four Treaty a year later on 12 September 1990, under which the four occupying powers renounced their rights under the Instrument of Surrender, and Germany regained full sovereignty. This permitted German reunification on 3 October 1990, with the accession of the five re-established states in the former GDR (New states or "neue Länder").
Geography
The territory of Germany covers 357,021 km2 (137,847 sq mi), consisting of 349,223 km2 (134,836 sq mi) of land and 7,798 km2 (3,011 sq mi) of water. It is the seventh largest country by area in Europe and the 63rd largest in the world. Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps (highest point: the Zugspitze at 2,962 metres / 9,718 feet) in the south to the shores of the North Sea (Nordsee) in the north-west and the Baltic Sea (Ostsee) in the north-east. Between lie the forested uplands of central Germany and the low-lying lands of northern Germany (lowest point: Wilstermarsch at 3.54 metres / 11.6 feet below sea level), traversed by some of Europe's major rivers such as the Rhine, Danube and Elbe.
Germany shares borders with more European countries than any other country on the continent. Its neighbours are Denmark in the north, Poland and the Czech Republic in the east, Austria and Switzerland in the south, France and Luxembourg in the south-west and Belgium and the Netherlands in the north-west.
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Oficial name:
Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Formation: 843
- Eastern Francia 843
- Holy Roman Empire 962
- German Confederation 8 June 1815
- German Empire 18 January 1871
- Federal Republic 23 May 1949
- Reunification 3 October 1990
Area:
357.021 km2
Inhabitants:
84.000.000
Language:
Alemannisch [gsw] Southwestern, southern Baden-Wuerttemberg. Alternate names: Alemannic. Dialects: Low Alemannisch, High Alemannisch. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Upper German, Alemannic
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Bavarian [bar] 246,050 in Germany (2000 WCD). North Bavarian is north of Regensburg, to Nuremburg and Western Bohemia, Czech Republic; Central Bavarian is in the Alps and Lower Austria and Salzburg; South Bavarian is in the Bavarian Alps, Tyrol, Styria, including the Heanzian dialect of Burgenland, Carinthia, northern Italy, and part of Gottschee in Slovenia. Alternate names: Bairisch, Bayerisch, Bavarian Austrian. Dialects: Central Bavarian, North Bavarian, South Bavarian. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Upper German, Bavarian-Austrian
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Danish [dan] 20,963 in Germany (2000). South Schleswig. Alternate names: Dänisch, Dansk. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, North, East Scandinavian, Danish-Swedish, Danish-Riksmal, Danish
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Frisian, Eastern [frs] 11,000 in Germany (1976 Stephens). Schleswig-Holstein, Ostfriesland, the area around the towns of Emden and Oldenburg in Lower Saxony, and Saterland, Jeverland, and Butjadingen in 1976. Reported to be used only in Saterland, Eastern Frisia in 1998. Also spoken in USA. Alternate names: Ostfriesisch, Saterlandic Frisian, Seeltersk Frisian. Dialects: Not intelligible with Western Frisian of the Netherlands or Northern Frisian (E. Matteson SIL 1978) or Saterfriesisch (Wolbert Smidt 2001). Lexical similarity 77% with Standard German, 74% with Western Frisian. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Saxon-Low Franconian
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Frisian, Northern [frr] 10,000 (1976 Stephens). Ethnic population: 60,000 (1976 Stephens). Schleswig-Holstein, on the coastal strip between the rivers Eider in the south and Wiedau in the north, and adjacent islands of Föhr, Amrum, Sylt, Norstrand, Pellworm, the ten islands of the Halligen group, and Helgoland. Alternate names: Nordfriesisch. Dialects: Mooringer (Mooringa, Mainland Frisian), Ferring (Fohr-Amrum), Sölreng (Sylt), Helgoland. The first 3 dialects listed are different enough that more than one set of literature would be needed. Ferring dialect is actively used. Not intelligible to Eastern Frisian of Germany or Western Frisian of the Netherlands except to a few educated bilingual speakers of West Frisian. Mooringer has 70% lexical similarity with Standard German, 55% with English, 66% with Eastern Frisian; Föhr has 69% with Standard German, 62% with English, 68% with Western Frisian, 73% with Eastern Frisian, 86% with Mooringer, 91% with Amrum; Sylt has 64% with Standard German, 61% with English, 79% with Mooringer, 85% with Föhr. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, Frisian
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German Sign Language [gsg] 50,000 (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Population includes 22,000 members of German Deaf Association. Western Germany. Alternate names: Deutsche Gebärdensprache, Dgs. Dialects: Many regional lexical variations. Some similarity to French and other European sign languages. Relation to sign languages of eastern Germany, Austria, and Switzerland is not known. More than one sign language used in eastern Germany. Classification: Deaf sign language
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German, Standard [deu] 75,300,000 in Germany (1990). Population total all countries: 95,392,978. Also spoken in Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, France, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Moldova, Namibia, Paraguay, Philippines, Poland, Puerto Rico, Romania, Russia (Europe), Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, USA, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Deutsch, Tedesco. Dialects: Major related language areas are Bavarian, Schwäbisch, Allemannisch, Mainfränkisch, Hessisch, Palatinian, Rheinfränkisch, Westfälisch, Saxonian, Thuringian, Brandenburgisch, and Low Saxon. Many varieties are not inherently intelligible with each other. Our present treatment in this edition is incomplete. Standard German is one High German variety, which developed from the chancery of Saxony, gaining acceptance as the written standard in the 16th and 17th centuries. High German refers to dialects and languages in the upper Rhine region. Lexical similarity 60% with English, 29% with French. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German
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Kölsch [ksh] 250,000 (1997 Holger Jakobs). Cologne (Köln) and surrounding areas. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, West Middle German, Ripuarian Franconian
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Limburgisch [lim] Depending on the city in Germany, 50% to 90% of the population speak it (2001 A. Schunck). German-administered Limburg: Cleves, Aachen, Viersen, Heinsberg. Alternate names: Limburgs Plat. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, West Middle German, Rhenisch Franconian
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Luxembourgeois [ltz] Few speakers in Germany. Bitburg area in western Germany. Alternate names: Luxemburgian, Letzburgisch, Lëtzebuergesch, Moselle Franconian. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, West Middle German, Moselle Franconian
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Mainfränkisch [vmf] Spoken mostly along the River Main, including the city of Mainz, thus not far west of Frankfurt. Alternate names: Franconian. Dialects: Approximately 40% inherently intelligible with Standard German. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, West Middle German, Moselle Franconian
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Pfaelzisch [pfl] Southwest Palatinate, Rheinpfalz. Alternate names: Pfälzische, Pfälzisch. Dialects: Various dialects. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, West Middle German, Rhenisch Fraconian
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Plautdietsch [pdt] 90,000 in Germany (1996 Reuben Epp). Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Saxon-Low Franconian, Low Saxon
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Polish [pol] 241,000 in Germany. Alternate names: Polski, Polnisch. Classification: Indo-European, Slavic, West, Lechitic
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Romani, Balkan [rmn] 3,500 in Germany. Population includes 2,000 Arlija and 1,500 Dzambazi. Dialects: Arlija (Erli), Dzambazi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Romani, Balkan
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Romani, Sinte [rmo] 80,000 in Germany (2000). Ethnic population: 200,000. Hamburg and colonies in the south. Alternate names: Rommanes, Ziguener, Sintí, Sinte. Dialects: Gadschkene, Estracharia, Krantiki, Kranaria, Eftawagaria, Praistiki. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Romani, Northern
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Romani, Vlax [rmy] 1,699 in Germany (2000 WCD). Population includes 2,500 Lovari, 2,500 to 4,000 Kalderash. Dialects: Lovari, Kalderash. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Romani, Vlax
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Saterfriesisch [stq] 5,000 (2001 Wolbert Smidt). Saterland, East Frisia. Alternate names: Saterfriesiesch, Saterländisch, Saterlandic Frisian. Dialects: Not intelligible with Eastern Frisian. Related to Western Frisian and Northern Frisian. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, Frisian
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Saxon, Low [nds] 1,000. 10,000,000 understand it in Germany, but few are native speakers (1996 Reinhard F. Hahn). Northern Germany. Lower Rhine Region below a line from Aachen to Witenberg. Alternate names: Neddersassisch, Niedersaechsisch, Nedersaksisch, Low German, Plattdütsch, Nedderdütsch. Dialects: Northern Low Saxon, Eastphalian (Ostfaelisch, Ostfälisch), Mecklenburg-Anterior Pomerania (Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch), Mark-Brandenburg (Maerkisch-Brandenburgisch, Märkisch-Brandenburgisch, East Prussian). The dialects listed are in Germany. The first three dialects listed are Western Low Saxon, the other two are Eastern Low Saxon. Not intelligible to speakers of Standard German. A direct descendant of Old Saxon, related to English. 20 to 30 dialects with differing inherent intelligibility, depending on geographic distance. They did not experience the second consonantal shift of the 8th and 9th centuries (J. Thiessen, U. of Winnipeg 1976). Its modern forms have been largely suppressed until recently and have received much German, Dutch, or Frisian influence, depending on the area. Low Saxon varieties listed as separate entries in the Netherlands, where they have official status. Pomerano is used in Latin America. Westphaelian and Plautdietsch also have separate entries. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Saxon-Low Franconian, Low Saxon
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Saxon, Upper [sxu] 2,000,000 (1998 Andreas Thomsen). Eastern Germany, southeast, Sachsen with Dresden, Leipzig, Chemnitz, Halle in Sachsen-Anhalt. Dialects: Erzgebirgisch. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German
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Silesian, Lower [sli] Gorlitz, eastern Germany. Alternate names: Lower Schlesisch. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German Nearly extinct.
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Sorbian, Lower [dsb] 14,000 (1991 Elle). Ethnic population: 60,000. Niederlausitz (Dolna Luzica) in eastern Germany, Cottbus (Chósebuz) the main town. The ethnic group has over 60 towns and villages. Alternate names: Niedersorbisch, Bas Sorabe, Wendish, Lusatian, Lower Lusatian, Dolnoserbski, Delnoserbski. Classification: Indo-European, Slavic, West, Sorbian
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Sorbian, Upper [hsb] 15,000 (1996). Ethnic population: 70,000 to 110,000 with Lower Sorbian (1999 Ken Sasahara). Upper Saxony, eastern Germany, principal towns Bautzen (Budysin, Catholic) and Kamenz (Protestant). Perhaps a few in Texas, USA. Alternate names: Obersorbisch, Haut Sorabe, Upper Lusatian, Wendish, Hornjoserbski, Hornoserbski. Dialects: Bautzen, Kamenz. Classification: Indo-European, Slavic, West, Sorbian
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Swabian [swg] Ethnic population: 820,168 (2000 WCD). Southwest, Wuerttemberg, the eastern part of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Schwaben, western Bavaria. Alternate names: Schwäbisch, Suabian, Schwaebisch. Dialects: A variety of Highest Alemannisch. More distinct than Bavarian from Standard German. 40% inherently intelligible with Standard German (estimate). Swabian of the Black Forest is different from Swabian in the Alb (H. Kloss 1978). Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Upper German, Alemannic
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Westphalien [wep] Northwestern, Westphalia. Alternate names: Westfaelisch, Westfälisch. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Saxon-Low Franconian, Low Saxon
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Yeniche [yec] Also spoken in Austria, France, Netherlands, Switzerland. Alternate names: Jenisch, Yenishe, German Travellers. Dialects: German with a heavy cryptolectal lexical influsion from Rotwelsch, Yiddish, Romani, and Hebrew. Classification: Mixed Language, German-Yiddish-Romani-Rotwelsch
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Yiddish, Western [yih] Ethnic population: 49,210 in Germany (2000 WCD). Southwestern dialect in southern Germany, Switzerland, and Alsace (France), Midwestern dialect in central Germany and parts of the former Czechoslovakia, Northwestern dialect is northern Germany and the Netherlands. Also spoken in Belgium, France, Hungary, Israel, Netherlands, Switzerland. Alternate names: Yiddish, Yidish, Judeo-German. Dialects: Southwestern Yiddish, Midwestern Yiddish, Northwestern Yiddish. Western Yiddish originated in Germany, Holland, Switzerland, Alsace (France), Czechoslovakia, western Hungary. "The variety of Western Yiddish in Hungary is probably the most readily intelligible to Yiddish speakers in Romania, the Baltic, and the Slavic countries in the East. The Western Yiddish variety in Holland less so; the Western Yiddish in Alsace (France) and Switzerland, least so" (M. Herzog 1997). Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Yiddish
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Extinct languages
Frankish [frk] Extinct. Alternate names: Fränkisch, Old Frankish. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German
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Polabian [pox] Extinct. North of the Wend language area. Classification: Indo-European, Slavic, West, Lechitic
Capital city:
Berlin
Meaning country name:
From Latin "Germania", of the 3rd century BC, of unknown origin. The Oxford English Dictionary records theories about the Celtic roots gair ("neighbour") (from Zeuß), and gairm ("battle-cry") (from Wachter and from Grimm). Partridge suggested *gar ("to shout"), and describes the gar ("spear") theory as "obsolete". Italian, Romanian, and other languages use the latinate Germania as the name for Germany.
Allemagne (French), Alemania (Spanish), Alemanha (Portuguese), Almân (Persian), Almanya (Turkish): either "land of all the men" i.e. "our many tribes" or from the Alamanni, a southern Germanic tribe (whose name may have the same sort of etymology) (Modern German -- Alle Männer).
Deutschland (German), Duitsland (Dutch): from the Old High German word "diutisc", meaning 'of the people' (itself from ancient Germanic "thiuda" or "theoda" 'people') and "land" 'land': "land of the people".
Niemcy (Polish), Německo (Czech), Nemecko (Slovak), Nemčija (Slovene), (немецкий (nemetski) - but Германия (Germania) for the country) (Russian), Németország (Hungarian): from a Slavic root meaning "mute", "dumb", i.e., metaphorically, "those who do not speak our language".
Purutia (Tahitian): Prussia.
Saksa (Estonian, Finnish): from the name of the Germanic tribe of Saxons (in turn, possibly from Old High German sahs, 'knife').
Tyskland (Danish, Norwegian, Swedish), Þýskaland (Icelandic), tedesco (Italian adjective form): also ancient Germanic "thiuda" or "theoda" 'people' (see above under "Deutschland"). In the Latin the Germans were also known as Teutones.
Vācija (Latvian), Vokietija (Lithuanian):
Description Flag:
The colours of black, red and gold have played an important role in the history of Germany and have had various meanings over time (see History section below). Today the colours are associated with the republican-democracy formed after World War II and represent German unity and freedom: not only the freedom of Germany, but also the personal freedom of the German people.
Coat of arms:
The coat of arms of Germany is a symbol of Germany; the coat of arms feature an eagle. The colors of the coat of arms are similar to those of the flag of Germany (black, red and gold). It is the one of the oldest extant state symbols of Europe and is one of the oldest insignia in the world. Moreover, its history as an emblem began even earlier. To the Germanic tribes, the eagle was the bird of the god Odin[citation needed]. The Romans reserved aquiline imagery for only the most revered beings; namely, the supreme god and the emperor; and it served as a metaphor of invincibility. Later, through its rei rock eagle (adler), referred to in German as the Reichsadler, on German soil probably date back to the time of Charlemagne (742-814). Around the year 1200 the black eagle icon on a gold field was generally recognised as the imperial coat of arms. In 1433 the double-headed eagle was adopted for the first time by the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund. Since then the double-headed eagle came to be used as the symbol of the Roman-German emperor, and hence as the coat of arms of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. From the middle of the 15th century onwards, the respective emperors put the emblem of their dynasty on the eagle's chest. After the end of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation in 1806, a German state and a unified state emblem ceased to exist. In 1815, a German Confederation (Bund) of 39 loosely-united German states was founded on the territory of the former German empire. Until 1848, the confederation did not have a coat of arms of its own. The Federal Diet (Bundestag) meeting at Frankfurt am Main used a seal which carried the emblem of the Austrian Empire, since Austria had taken over the union's leadership. It showed a black, double-headed eagle, which Austria had adopted just before the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.
During the 1848 revolution, a new Reich coat of arms was adopted by the German National Assembly that convened in St. Paul's Church in Frankfurt. The black double-headed eagle was retained, but without the four symbols of the emperor: the sword, the imperial orb, the sceptre and the crown. The eagle rested on a golden shield; above was a five-pointed golden star. On both sides the shield was flanked by two flags with the colours black-red-gold. The emblem, however, never gained general acceptance.
In 1867, the North German Confederation was established without Austria and the southern German states, and under the leadership of the Kingdom of Prussia (see coat of arms of Prussia). A new coat of arms was adopted, which consisted of a shield with the colours black-white-red, flanked by two wild men holding cudgels and standing on a pedestal.
The eagle was retained during the German Empire (1871-1918) and the Weimar Republic (1918-1933), albeit with variations in symbolic meaning and design.
When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, the Weimar eagle was retained until 1935, when it was replaced by the emblem of the Nazi Party. It showed a black eagle above a highly stylised oak wreath, with a swastika at its centre.
After the defeat of Germany in World War II, the German Reich continued to exist under Allied occupation until the Federal Republic of Germany was founded in 1949. In 1950, the Federal Republic incorporated the Weimar eagle, which thenceforward was called the "federal eagle", into its coat of arms. The design by Tobias Schwab dates from 1926. Since the accession of the German Democratic Republic in 1990, the Federal Eagle has been the state symbol of the reunified Germany.
Motto:
"Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit"
"Unity and justice and freedom"
National Anthem: Das Deutschlandlied
1
Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit,
Über alles in der Welt,
wenn es stets zu Schutz und Trutze
brüderlich zusammenhält.
von der Maas bis an die Memel,
von der Etsch bis an den Belt,
|: Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit,
Über alles in der Welt! :|
2
Deutsche Frauen, deutsche Treue,
deutscher Wein und deutscher Sang
sollen in der Welt behalten
ihren alten schönen Klang,
uns zu edler Tat begeistern
unser ganzes Leben lang.
|: Deutsche Frauen, deutsche Treue,
Deutscher Wein und deutscher Sang! :|
3
Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit
für das deutsche Vaterland!
Danach laßt uns alle streben
brüderlich mit Herz und Hand!
Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit
sind des Glückes Unterpfand;
|: Blüh im Glanze dieses Glückes,
blühe, deutsches Vaterland. :|
English
1
Germany, Germany above all,
above all in the world,
When it always, for protection and defence,
Brotherly stands together.
From the Meuse to the Neman,
From the Adige to the Belt,
|: Germany, Germany above all,
Above anything in the world. :|
2
German women, German loyalty,
German wine and German song
Shall retain in the world
Their old beautiful ring
And inspire us to noble deeds
During all of our life.
|: German women, German loyalty,
German wine and German song! :|
3
The National anthem Song
Unity and justice and freedom
For the German fatherland;
For these let us all strive,
Brotherly with heart and hand.
Unity and justice and freedom
Are the pledge of happiness.
|: flourish in this fortune's blessing,
flourish, German fatherland. :|
Internet Page: www.deutschland.de
Germany in diferent languages
eng: Germany
ina | ita | lat | lld | roh-enb | roh-eno | roh-gri | ron: Germania
ast | glg | grn | tet: Alemaña
dan | nor | swe: Tyskland
eus | pap | spa: Alemania
nso | sot | tsn: Jeremane
afr | nld: Duitsland
fij | ibo: Jamani
gag | kaa: Germaniya / Германия
ind | msa: Jerman / جرمن
kin | run: Ubudagi
nbl | tso: Jarimani
oci | por: Alemanha
smo | tvl: Siamani
tur | zza: Almanya
arg: Alemaña; Alemania
aze: Almaniya / Алманија
bam: Alimanyi
bis: Jemeni
bos: Njemačka / Њемачка
bre: Alamagn
cat: Alemanya
ces: Německo
cor: Almayn
cos: Alemagna
crh: Almaniya / Алмания
crs: Lalmanny
csb: Miemieckô; Miemcë
cym: Yr Almaen
deu: Deutschland / Deutſchland
dsb: Nimska
epo: Germanujo; Germanio
est: Saksamaa
fao: Týskland
fin: Saksa
fra: Allemagne
frp: Alemagne
frr: Tjüschlönj
fry: Dútslân
fur: Gjermanie
gil: Tiaman
gla: A’ Ghearmailt
gle: An Ghearmáin / An Ġearmáin; An Almáin / An Almáin
glv: Yn Ghermaan
hat: Almay
hau: Jamus; Germany
haw: Kelemānia
hrv: Njemačka
hsb: Němska
hun: Németország
isl: Þýskaland
jav: Jerman; Ḍitslan
jnf: Allémangne
kal: Tyskit Nunaat; Tysklandi
kmr: Lemsistan / Ләмсьстан / لەمسستان; Almanistan / Алманьстан / ئالمانستان; Almanîstan / Алманистан / ئالماینستان; Almanî / Алмани / ئالمانی; Eleman / Әләман / ئەلەمان; Elman / Әлман / ئەلمان; Germanîstan / Гәрманистан / گەرمانیستان
kur: Elmanya / ئەلمانیا; Almanya / ئالمانیا
lav: Vācija
lim: Duutsjlandj
lin: Alémani
lit: Vokietija
liv: Saksāmō
ltz: Däitschland / Däitſchland
lug: Budaaki; Girimane
mlg: Alemaina; Alemana
mlt: Ġermanja
mol: Germania / Ӂермания
mri: Tiamani
nah: Alemantlan; Teutōtitlan
nds: Düütschland / Düütſchland
nrm: Allemangne
pau: Dois
pol: Niemcy
que: Alimanya
rmo: Gáčkano
rmy: Jermaniya / जेर्मानिया
roh-srs: Tiaratudestga; Germania
rup: Ghermãnia
sag: Zalamäa; Zamâni
scn: Girmania
slk: Nemecko
slo: Germania / Германиа; Germanzem / Германзем; Nemcia / Немциа; Nemczem / Немцзем
slv: Nemčija
sme: Duiska; Sáksi
smg: Vuokītėjė
som: Jarmal
sqi: Gjermania
srd: Germània
ssw: Jalimani
stq: Düütsklound
swa: Udachi; Ujerumani
szl: Ńymcy
tah: Purutia; Heremani
tgl: Alemanya; Germanya
ton: Siamane
tpi: Siaman; Jeman; Jerman; Siamani
tuk: Germaniýa / Германия
uzb: Olmoniya / Олмония; Germaniya / Германия
ven: Dzheremane
vie: Đức
vol: Deutän
vor: Śaksamaa
wln: Almagne
wol: Almaañ
xho: iJamani
yor: Jámánì
zul: iJalimani; iJalimane
chu: Нѣмьци (Němĭci); Германія (Germanīja)
abq | alt | bul | kjh | kom | krc | kum | rus | tyv | udm: Германия (Germanija)
che | chv: Германи (Germani)
mon | oss: Герман (German)
bak: Германия / Germaniya
bel: Германія / Hiermanija; Нямеччына / Niamieččyna
chm: Германий (Germanij)
kaz: Алмания / Almanïya / المانيا; Германия / Germanïya / گەرمانيا
kbd: Германие (Germanie)
kir: Алмания (Almanija); Германия (Germanija)
mkd: Германија (Germanija)
srp: Немачка / Nemačka
tat: Алмания / Almaniä; Алманстан / Almanstan; Германия / Germaniä
tgk: Олмон / آلمان / Olmon; Олмониё / آلمانیا / Olmonijo; Германия / گرمنیه / Germanija
ukr: Німеччина (Nimeččyna)
xal: Германь (German')
ara: ألمانيا (Almāniyā)
ckb: ئەڵەمانیا / Eḻemanya; ئەڵمانیا / Eḻmanya; ئەلمانیا / Elmanya
fas: آلمان (Ālmān)
prs: جرمنی (Jarmanī); آلمان (Ālmān)
pus: جرمني (Jarmənī); آلمان (Ālmān)
snd: جرمني (Jarmanī)
uig: گېرمانىيە / Gérmaniye / Германия
urd: جرمنی (Jarmanī)
div: ޖޭރްމަނީ (Jērmanī); ޖަރުމަނުވިލާތް (Jarumanuvilāt)
syr: ܓܪܡܢ (Garman)
heb: גרמניה (Germanyah); גרמאניה (Germânyah)
lad: אלימאניה / Alemania
yid: דײַטשלאַנד (Daytšland)
amh | tir: ጀርመን (Järmän)
ell: Γερμανία (Germanía)
hye: Գերմանիա (Germania)
kat: გერმანია (Germania)
mar | nep: जर्मनी (Dzarmanī)
hin: जर्मनी (Jarmanī)
ben: জার্মানি (Jārmāni); জার্মানী (Jārmānī)
guj: જમિની (Jaminī)
pan: ਜਰਮਨੀ (Jarmanī)
kan: ಜರ್ಮನಿ (Jarmani)
mal: ജര്മ്മനി (Jarmmani); ജര്മനി (Jarmani)
tam: ஜெர்மனி (Jermaṉi); ஜர்மனி (Jarmaṉi)
tel: జర్మనీ (Jarmanī)
zho: 德國/德国 (Déguó); 德意志 (Déyìzhì)
yue: 德國/德国 (Dākgwok)
jpn: ドイツ (Doitsu)
kor: 독일 (Dogil)
bod: འཇར་མན་ ('Jar.man.); དེ་གོ་ (De.go.)
dzo: ཇཱར་མ་ནི་ (Jār.ma.ni.)
mya: ဂ္ယာမနီ (Jamáni)
tha: เยอรมัน (Yə̄nmân); เยอรมนี (Yə̄nmanī)
lao: ເຢັຽລະມັນ (Yiẏalamân)
khm: អាល្លឺម៉ង់ (Āllʉ̄măṅ); អាឡីម៉ង់ (Āḷīmăṅ)
Airbus A320-214
Avianca Ecuador
-------------------------------------------------------
Mariscal Sucre Intl. Airport (SEQM/UIO)
Quito, Ecuador
February, 2021
Gary Paul Dawson REZ 3372 Janine, a Volvo B10M-62 built 1998 with a Plaxton Excalibur C49Ft body on Station Approach in Manchester with a First/Keolis TransPennine Limited rail replacement service. Monday 2nd February 2015
Note, REZ 3372 was originally operated by Selwyns Travel Limited with the registration R480 GLG, being re-registered SEL 392 in May 2004 and being further re-registered R480 GLG in June 2005. It was purchased by E. Stott and Sons Limited (a Milnsbridge based operator) in 2005 and was purchased by Gary Paul Dawson (who traded as GPD Travel) in January 2008, being re-registered REZ 3372 in March 2008
Ref no Canon EOS60D 3rd series - IMG_0965
officially the The People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh) is a country in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma (Myanmar) to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. Together with the Indian state of West Bengal, it makes up the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal. The name Bangladesh means "Country of Bengal" in the official Bengali language.
The borders of present-day Bangladesh were established with the partition of Bengal and India in 1947, when the region became the eastern wing of the newly formed Pakistan. However, it was separated from the western wing by 1,600 km (994 mi) of Indian territory. Political and linguistic discrimination as well as economic neglect led to popular agitations against West Pakistan, which led to the war for independence in 1971 and the establishment of Bangladesh. After independence the new state endured famines, natural disasters and widespread poverty, as well as political turmoil and military coups. The restoration of democracy in 1991 has been followed by relative calm and economic progress.
Bangladesh is the seventh most populous country and is among the most densely populated countries in the world with a high poverty rate. However, per-capita (inflation-adjusted) GDP has more than doubled since 1975, and the poverty rate has fallen by 20% since the early 1990s. The country is listed among the "Next Eleven" economies. Dhaka, the capital, and other urban centers have been the driving force behind this growth
Geographically, the country straddles the fertile Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta and is subject to annual monsoon floods and cyclones. Bangladesh has the longest unbroken sea beach in the world in the Cox's Bazaar. The government is a parliamentary democracy. Bangladesh is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the OIC, SAARC, BIMSTEC, and the D-8. As the World Bank notes in its July 2005 Country Brief, the country has made significant progress in human development in the areas of literacy, gender parity in schooling and reduction of population growth.
However, Bangladesh continues to face a number of major challenges, including widespread political and bureaucratic corruption, economic competition relative to the world, serious overpopulation, widespread poverty, and an increasing danger of hydrologic shocks brought on by ecological vulnerability to climate change.
History
Remnants of civilization in the greater Bengal region date back four thousand years, when the region was settled by Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, and Austro-Asiatic peoples. The exact origin of the word "Bangla" or "Bengal" is unknown, though it is believed to be derived from Bang, the Dravidian-speaking tribe that settled in the area around the year 1000 BC.
The kingdom of Gangaridai was formed from at least the seventh century BC, which later united with Bihar under the Magadha, Nanda, Mauryan and Sunga Empires. Bengal was later part of the Gupta Empire and Harsha Empire from the third to the sixth centuries CE. Following its collapse, a dynamic Bengali named Shashanka founded an impressive yet short-lived kingdom. Shashanka is considered the first independent king in the history of Bangladesh.
After a period of anarchy, the Buddhist Pala dynasty ruled the region for four hundred years, followed by a shorter reign of the Hindu Sena dynasty. Islam was introduced to Bengal in the twelfth century by Arab Muslim merchants and Sufi missionaries, and subsequent Muslim conquests helped spread Islam throughout the region.
Bakhtiar Khilji, a Turkic general, defeated Lakshman Sen of the Sena dynasty and conquered large parts of Bengal in the year 1204. The region was ruled by dynasties of Sultans and land lords Bhuiyan for the next few hundred years. By the 16th century, the Mughal Empire controlled Bengal, and Dhaka became an important provincial centre of Mughal administration.
European traders arrived late in the 15th century, and their influence grew until the British East India Company gained control of Bengal following the Battle of Plassey in 1757. The bloody rebellion of 1857, known as the Sepoy Mutiny, resulted in transfer of authority to the crown, with a British viceroy running the administration. During colonial rule, famine racked the Indian subcontinent many times, including the Great Bengal famine of 1943 that claimed 3 million lives.
20th century
Between 1905 and 1911, an abortive attempt was made to divide the province of Bengal into two zones, with Dhaka being the capital of the eastern zone. When India was partitioned in 1947, Bengal was partitioned along religious lines (for the majority Muslims), with the western part going to India and the eastern part joining Pakistan as a province called East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan), with its capital at Dhaka.
In 1950, land reform was accomplished in East Bengal with the abolishment of the feudal zamindari system. However, despite the economic and demographic weight of the east, Pakistan's government and military were largely dominated by the upper classes from the west. The Bengali Language Movement of 1952 was the first sign of friction between the two wings of Pakistan.
Dissatisfaction with the central government over economic and cultural issues continued to rise through the next decade, during which the Awami League emerged as the political voice of the Bengali-speaking population. It agitated for autonomy in the 1960s, and in 1966, its president Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was jailed; he was released in 1969, after an unprecedented popular uprising.
In 1970, a massive cyclone devastated the coast of East Pakistan, killing up to half a million people, and the central government responded poorly. The Bengali population's anger was compounded when Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, whose Awami League won a majority in Parliament in the 1970 elections, was blocked from taking office.
After staging compromise talks with Mujib, President Yahya Khan arrested him on the early hours of March 26, 1971, and launched Operation Searchlight, a sustained military assault on East Pakistan. Yahya's methods were extremely bloody, and the violence of the war resulted in many civilian deaths . Chief targets included intellectuals and Hindus, and about ten million refugees fled to neighbouring India. Estimates of those massacred throughout the war range from three hundred thousand to 3 million.
Before his arrest by the Pakistan Army, Sk. Mujibur Rahman formally declared the independence of Bangladesh and directed everyone to fight till the last soldier of the Pakistan army was evicted from East Pakistan. Awami League leaders set up a government-in-exile in Calcutta, India. The exile government formally took oath at Mujib Nagar in Kustia district of East Pakistan on April 14, 1971 with Tajuddin Ahmad as the first Prime Minister.
The Bangladesh Liberation War lasted for nine months. The Bangladesh Forces formed within 11 sectors led by General M.A.G. Osmani consisting of Bengali Regulars and Mukti Bahini conducted a massive guerilla war against the Pakistan Forces with all out support from the Indian Armed Forces. Jointly the Mitro Bahini achieved a decisive victory over Pakistan on December 16, 1971, with Indian Armed Forces taking over 90,000 prisoners of war.
After its independence, Bangladesh became a parliamentary democracy, with Mujib as the Prime Minister. In the 1973 parliamentary elections, the Awami League gained an absolute majority. A nationwide famine occurred during 1973 and 1974, and in early 1975, Mujib initiated a one-party socialist rule with his newly formed BAKSAL. On August 15, 1975, Mujib with most of his family members were assassinated by mid-level military officers. On November 19, 2009, the Supreme Court awarded death penalty to 12 convicts. Five condemned killers of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman were hanged early on January 28, 2010 at Dhaka Central Jail amid tight security. Apart from the five executed, six are on the run and one died.
A series of bloody coups and counter-coups in the following three months culminated in the ascent to power of General Ziaur Rahman, who reinstated multi-party politics & founded the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP). Zia's rule ended when he was assassinated in 1981 by elements of the military. Bangladesh's next major rulers General Hossain Mohammad Ershad, who gained power in a bloodless coup in 1982 and ruled until 1990, when he was forced to resign after a massive revolt of all major political parties and the public, joined with pressure from western donors (which was a major shift in international policy after the end of communism).
Since then, Bangladesh has reverted to a parliamentary democracy. Zia's widow, Khaleda Zia, led the Bangladesh Nationalist Party to parliamentary victory at the general election in 1991 and became the first female Prime Minister in Bangladesh's history. However, the Awami League, headed by Sheikh Hasina, one of Mujib's surviving daughters, clinched power at the next election in 1996 but lost to the Bangladesh Nationalist Party again in 2001.
On January 11, 2007, following widespread political unrest, a caretaker government was appointed to administer the next general election. The country had suffered from extensive corruption, disorder and political violence. The new caretaker government has made it a priority to root out corruption from all levels of government. To this end, many notable politicians and officials, along with large numbers of lesser officials and party members, have been arrested on corruption charges. The caretaker government held a fair and free election on December 29, 2008. Awami League's Sheikh Hasina won the elections with a landslide victory and took oath of Prime Minister on January 6, 2009.
Geography and climate
Bangladesh is in the low-lying Ganges–Brahmaputra River Delta or Ganges Delta. This delta is formed by the confluence of the Ganges (local name Padma or Pôdda), Brahmaputra (Jamuna or Jomuna), and Meghna rivers and their respective tributaries. The Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel of the Brahmaputra) and later joins the Meghna to eventually empty into the Bay of Bengal. The alluvial soil deposited by these rivers has created some of the most fertile plains in the world. Bangladesh has 58 trans-boundary rivers, making water issues politically complicated to resolve – in most cases as the lower riparian state to India.[48] Most parts of Bangladesh are less than 12 m (39.4 ft) above the sea level, and it is believed that about 50% of the land would be flooded if the sea level were to rise by 1 m (3.28 ft).
In south east Bangladesh experiments have been done since the sixties to 'build with nature'. By implementing cross dams, the natural accretion of silt has created new land. With Dutch funding, the Bangladeshi government began to help develop this new land in the late 1970s. The effort has since become a multiagency operation building roads, culverts, embankments, cyclone shelters, toilets and ponds, as well as distributing land to settlers. By fall 2010, the program will have allotted some 27,000 acres (10,927 ha) to 21,000 families.
The highest point in Bangladesh is in Mowdok range at 1,052 m (3,450 ft) in the Chittagong Hill Tracts to the southeast of the country.
Straddling the Tropic of Cancer, Bangladeshi climate is tropical with a mild winter from October to March, a hot, humid summer from March to June. A warm and humid monsoon season lasts from June to October and supplies most of the country's rainfall. Natural calamities, such as floods, tropical cyclones, tornadoes, and tidal bores occur almost every year, combined with the effects of deforestation, soil degradation and erosion. Cox's Bazar, south of the city of Chittagong, has a beach that stretches uninterrupted over 120 kilometres (75 mi).
In September 1998, Bangladesh saw the most severe flooding in modern world history. As the Brahmaputra, Ganges and Meghna spilt over and swallowed 300,000 houses, 9,700 kilometres (6,027 mi) of road and 2,700 kilometres (1,678 mi) of embankment 1,000 people were killed and 30 million more were made homeless with 135,000 cattle killed, 50 square kilometres (19.3 sq mi) of land destroyed and 11,000 kilometres (6,835 mi) of roads damaged or destroyed. Two-thirds of the country was underwater. There were several reasons for the severity of the flooding. Firstly, there were unusually high monsoon rains. Secondly, the Himalayas shed off an equally unusually high amount of melt water that year. Thirdly, trees that usually would have intercept rain water had been cut down for firewood or to make space for animals.
Bangladesh is now widely recognized to be one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change. Natural hazards that come from increased rainfall, rising sea levels, and tropical cyclones are expected to increase as climate change, each seriously affecting agriculture, water & food security, human health and shelter. It is believed that in the coming decades the rising sea level alone will create more than 20 million climate refugees.
Other infos
Oficial Name:
গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ
Gana Prajatantri Bangladesh
গণ প্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ (Gôṇ Prôjātôntrī Bāṁlādeš)
Independence:
Declared March 26, 1971
- Victory Day December 16 1971
Area:
147.450km2
Inhabitants:
150.790.000
Language:
Arakanese [mhv] 200,000 in Bangladesh (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Population includes 150,000 Marmar, 35,000 Rakhain (SIL 2002). Southeast, Chittagong Hills area. Marma is in the hills and Rakhine along the coast. Alternate names: Marama, "Maghi", "Mogh", "Magh", Mash, Marma. Dialects: Marma (Morma), Rakhine (Rakhain, Yakhain). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Southern
Assamese [asm] Alternate names: Asambe, Asami. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, Bengali-Assamese
Bengali [ben] 100,000,000 in Bangladesh (1994 UBS). 211,000,000 including second-language speakers (1999 WA). Population total all countries: 171,070,202. Western. Also spoken in India, Malawi, Nepal, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, USA. Alternate names: Banga-Bhasa, Bangala, Bangla. Dialects: Languages or dialects in the Bengali group according to Grierson: Central (Standard) Bengali, Western Bengali (Kharia Thar, Mal Paharia, Saraki), Southwestern Bengali, Northern Bengali (Koch, Siripuria), Rajbanshi, Bahe, Eastern Bengali (East Central, including Sylhetti), Haijong, Southeastern Bengali (Chakma), Ganda, Vanga, Chittagonian (possible dialect of Southeastern Bengali). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, Bengali-Assamese
Bishnupriya [bpy] 40,000 in Bangladesh (2003). Alternate names: Bishnupuriya, Bisna Puriya, Bishnupria Manipuri. Dialects: Rajar Gang, Madoi Gang. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, Bengali-Assamese
Burmese [mya] 300,000 in Bangladesh (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Area bordering Myanmar. Alternate names: Bama, Bamachaka, Myen. Dialects: Bomang. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Southern
Chak [ckh] 5,500 in Bangladesh (2002). Most in Arakan Blue Mountains, Baishari, Banderbon, South, Nrrkhinsorithan, Bishar Chokpra. Alternate names: Sak. Classification: Unclassified
Chakma [ccp] 312,207 in Bangladesh (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 612,207. Southeast, Chittagong Hills area, and Chittagong City. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Takam. Dialects: 6 dialects. Chakma of India understood with difficulty. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, Bengali-Assamese
Chin, Asho [csh] 1,422 in Bangladesh (1981 census). Chittagong Hills. Alternate names: Sho, Shoa, Khyang, Khyeng, Qin. Dialects: Chittagong, Lemyo, Minbu, Saingbaun, Sandoway, Thayetmyo. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern, Sho
Chin, Bawm [bgr] 5,773 in Bangladesh (1981 census). Chittagong Hills. Alternate names: Bawn, Bawng, Bom, Bawm. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central
Chin, Falam [flm] Alternate names: Hallam Chin, Halam, Fallam, Falam. Dialects: Chorei, Zanniat. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern
Chin, Haka [cnh] 1,264 in Bangladesh (2000 WCD). Alternate names: Haka, Baungshe, Lai. Dialects: Klangklang (Thlantlang), Zokhua, Shonshe. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central
Chin, Khumi [cnk] 1,188 in Bangladesh (1981 census). Alternate names: Khumi, Khami, Kami, Kumi, Khweymi, Khuni. Dialects: Khimi, Yindi (Yindu), Khami, Ngala. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern, Khumi
Chittagonian [cit] 14,000,000 in Bangladesh (1998 H. Ebersole). Chittagong Region. Also spoken in Myanmar. Alternate names: Chittagonian Bengali. Dialects: Rohinga (Akyab). Not inherently intelligible with Bengali, although considered to be a nonstandard Bengali dialect. A continuum of dialects from north to south, with a larger religious distinction between Muslim and others. An ethnic Bengali Muslim who speaks the Muslim variety of Chittagonian Bengali and was born in Arakan state, Myanmar, is called a 'Rohinga'. The dialect is intelligible to those born in southeastern Bangladesh. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, Bengali-Assamese
Darlong [dln] 9,000 in Bangladesh. Population total all countries: 15,000. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Dalong. Dialects: Also reported to be related to Tipura. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central
Garo [grt] 102,000 in Bangladesh (1993). Northeastern, Mymensingh plains, Tangail Shripur, Jamelpur, Netrakara, Sylhet, Dhaka. Alternate names: Garrow, Mande. Dialects: Abeng, Achik. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo, Konyak-Bodo-Garo, Bodo-Garo, Garo
Hajong [haj] Alternate names: Haijong. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, Bengali-Assamese
Ho [hoc] Alternate names: Lanka Kol. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Mundari
Indian Sign Language [ins] Classification: Deaf sign language
Khasi [kha] Very few speakers of standard Khasi. Moulvibazar District, near Fenchuganj, Madhabkunda, Barlekha, Goalbari, Fultala, Alinagar, Islampur, Khajori, Rashidpur, Satgoan, Kamalganj, and Alinagar; Sylhet District, near Jaflong, Tamabil, Jaintiapur and north of Raipur; Hobiganj District. Alternate names: Kahasi, Khasiyas, Khuchia, Kyi, Cossyah, Khassee, Khasie. Dialects: Khasi (Cherrapunji), Lyngngam (Lngngam). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khasian
Koch [kdq] Alternate names: Koc, Kocch, Koce, Kochboli, Konch. Dialects: Banai, Harigaya, Satpariya, Tintekiya, Wanang. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo, Konyak-Bodo-Garo, Bodo-Garo, Koch
Kok Borok [trp] 100,000 in Bangladesh (2001). Alternate names: Tripuri, Tripura, Tipura, Mrung, Usipi. Dialects: Jamatia, Noatia, Riang (Tipra), Halam, Debbarma. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo, Konyak-Bodo-Garo, Bodo-Garo, Bodo
Kurux [kru] Alternate names: Kurukh, Uraon, Oraoan. Classification: Dravidian, Northern
Megam [mef] 6,872 (2000 WCD). Northeastern Bangladesh. Alternate names: Migam. Dialects: Called a dialect of Garo, but may be a separate language. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo, Konyak-Bodo-Garo, Bodo-Garo, Garo
Meitei [mni] 15,000 in Bangladesh (2003). Sylhet. Alternate names: Meithei, Meithe, Mitei, Mithe, Meiteiron, Manipuri, Kathe, Kathi, Ponna. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Meitei
Mizo [lus] 1,041 in Bangladesh (1981 census). Mizo Hills, Chittagong, Sylhet. Alternate names: Lusai, Lushai, Lushei, Sailau, Hualngo, Whelngo, Lei. Dialects: Ralte, Dulien, Ngente, Mizo, Le. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central
Mru [mro] 80,000 in Bangladesh (2002 SIL). Population total all countries: 81,231. Southeastern, Chittagong Hills; 200 villages. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Murung, Mrung, Maru, Niopreng. Dialects: Lexical similarity 13% with Mro Chin. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Mru
Mundari [muw] Alternate names: Munda, Mandari, Munari, Horo, Mondari, Colh. Dialects: Hasada', Latar, Naguri, Kera'. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Mundari
Pankhu [pkh] 2,278 in Bangladesh (1981 census). Population total all countries: 2,512. Bandarban, Rangamati, Kagrachori, and some in Malumghat and Chittagong. Also spoken in India, Myanmar. Alternate names: Pankho, Panko, Pangkhu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central
Pnar [pbv] 4,000 in Bangladesh (2002). Along the India border in the northeast; Sylhet Division, Sylhet District, near Jaflong, Tamabil, Jaintiapur, and north of Raipur; Moulavi Bazar District, near Fenchuganj, Madhabkunda, Barlekha, Goalbari, Fultala, Alinagar, Islampur, Khajori, Rashidpur, Satgoan, Kamalganj. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khasian
Rajbanshi [rjb] 12,916 in Bangladesh (2000). Northwest regions of Bangladesh. Alternate names: Rajbangsi, Rajbansi, Tajpuri. Dialects: Bahe. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, Bengali-Assamese
Riang [ria] 1,011 in Bangladesh (2000). Chittagong Hills. Alternate names: Reang, Kau Bru. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo, Konyak-Bodo-Garo, Bodo-Garo, Bodo
Sadri, Oraon [sdr] 165,683 (2000 WCD). Throughout Rajshahi Division; in Chittagong Division, Moulvibazar and Hobigani districts; and Khulna Division, Jhenaidah District (Jhenaidah Thana, Moheshpur Thana), Kushtia District (Mirpur Thana), Magura District (Magura Thana). Dialects: Borail Sadri, Nurpur Sadri, Uchai Sadri, Mokkan Tila Sadri. The dialects listed may need separate literature. Inherent intelligibility of 7 Sadri varieties on Borail ranges from 70% to 93%; of 8 varieties on Nurpur from 78% to 94%. Lexical similarity of 14 Sadri varieties with Borail Sadri ranges from 88% to 97%. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, Bihari
Santali [sat] 157,000 in Bangladesh (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Ethnic population: 42,698. Alternate names: Hor, Satar, Santhali, Sandal, Sangtal, Santal, Har, Sonthal. Dialects: Karmali (Khole), Kamari-Santali, Lohari-Santali, Paharia, Mahali (Mahle) Manjhi. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Santali
Shendu [shl] 1,000 in Bangladesh (1980 UBS). Chittagong Hills. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Khyen, Khyeng, Khieng, Shandu, Sandu. Dialects: Close to Asho, Khyang, Thayetmo, Minbu, Chinbon, Lemyo, Mara Chin (Lakher). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern, Sho
Sylheti [syl] 7,000,000 in Bangladesh. Population total all countries: 10,300,000. Ethnic population: 8,000,000 or more. District of Sylhet, Sunamgani, Habigani, Moulvibazar. Sylhet is about 100 miles north of Dacca. Also spoken in Australia, Canada, India, Italy, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, United Kingdom, USA. Alternate names: Sylhetti, Sylhetti Bangla, Sileti, Siloti, Syloti, Syloty. Dialects: Close to Bengali, Assamese. Lexical similarity 70% with Bengali. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, Bengali-Assamese
Tangchangya [tnv] 17,695 (1981 census). Chittagong Hills. Alternate names: Tanchangya. Dialects: Close to Chakma. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, Bengali-Assamese
Tippera [tpe] 100,000 (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Chittagong Hills. Alternate names: Tippera-Bengali, Tipperah, Tipra, Tipura, Triperah, Tippurah, Tripura. Dialects: 36 dialects. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Unclassified
Usui [usi] 4,010 (1981 census). Chittagong Hills. Alternate names: Unshoi, Unsuiy, Ushoi. Dialects: Close to Tippera. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Unclassified
War [aml] 16,000 in Bangladesh (2003 SIL). Population total all countries: 28,000. Along the India border in the northeast; Sylhet Division, Sylhet District, near Jaflong, Tamabil, Jaintiapur, and north of Raipur; Moulavi Bazar District, near Fenchuganj, Madhabkunda, Barlekha, Goalbari, Fultala, Alinagar, Islampur, Khajori, Rashidpur, Satgoan, Kamalganj, Alinagar. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Amwi, Waar. Dialects: War-Jaintia, War-Khasi. Probably distinct from War, a dialect of Khasi in India. 75% intelligibility of Khasi by War-Jaintia. Jirang is similar, and may be a dialect. Lexical similarity 70% to 75% between War-Jaintia and War-Khasi; War-Jaintia dialect 41% to 45% with Pnar (from scant data), 35% with standard Khasi. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khasian
Capital City:
Dhaka
Meaning of the country name:
From Bengali/Sanskrit, Bangla referring to the Bengali-speaking people, and Desh meaning "country", hence "Country of the Bengalis". The country previously formed part of colonial British India. Bengali culture spans a wider area than that of the state of Bangladesh: the culture extends into present-day India (in Assam (Boro Peoples), Sikkim, Tripura, West Bengal, and Jharkand.
East Pakistan (former name): the name used when Pakistan comprised both modern-day Pakistan, or "West Pakistan", and modern-day Bangladesh — "East Pakistan". See Pakistan below (note that the name "Pakistan" comes from an acronym of the country's various regions/homelands; Bangladesh or its regions do not feature as part of the acronym.)
Note; the river Ganga leaves the plains from Hindustan of the Indo-Gangetic Plain of South Asia into Bangladesh forming the Ganges Delta (Bengal Delta) the biggest in the world, also known as the Mouths of the Ganges opening up into the Bay of Bengal near the Sunderbans (National Parks of India), a natural habitat shared by Indo-Banga inhabitants for Indian Wildlife; Home of the Royal Bengal Tiger both the National animal of Bharat and Bangladesh (Independent Bengal).
Description Flag:
The national flag of Bangladesh was adopted officially on January 17, 1972. It is based on a similar flag used during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. This flag depicted a map of Bangladesh over a red sun. The map was later deleted from the flag, most likely to simplify the design. The current flag resembles the flag of Japan, except that it has a green field instead of a white one. A red disc is on top of the green field, offset slightly toward the hoist so that it appears centered when the flag is flying. The red disc represents the sun rising over Bengal, and also the blood of those who died for the independence of Bangladesh. The green field stands for the lushness of the land of Bangladesh
Coat of arms:
Was adopted shortly after independence in 1971.
Located on the emblem is a water lily, that is bordered on two sides by rice sheaves. Above the water lilly are four stars and a three-leaf clover of tea leaves. The water lilly is the country's national flower, and is representative of the many rivers that run through Bangladesh. Rice represents its presence as the staple food of Bangladesh, and for the agriculture of that nation. The four stars represent the four founding principles that were originally enshrined in the first constitution of Bangladesh in 1972: nationalism, secularism, socialism, and democracy.
National Anthem: :আমার সোনার বাংলা), Amar Shonar Bangla (My Golden Bengal)
Bengali
আমার সোনার বাংলা
আমার সোনার বাংলা,
আমি তোমায় ভালবাসি।
চিরদিন তোমার আকাশ,
তোমার বাতাস
আমার প্রাণে বাজায় বাঁশি।
ও মা,
ফাগুনে তোর আমের বনে
ঘ্রানে পাগল করে--
মরি হায়, হায় রে
ও মা,
অঘ্রানে তোর ভরা খেতে,
আমি কি দেখেছি মধুর হাসি।।
কি শোভা কি ছায়া গো,
কি স্নেহ কি মায়া গো--
কি আঁচল বিছায়েছ
বটের মূলে,
নদীর কূলে কূলে।
মা, তোর মুখের বাণী
আমার কানে লাগে
সুধার মতো--
মরি হায়, হায় রে
মা, তোর বদনখানি মলিন হলে
আমি নয়ন জলে ভাসি।।
Transliteration
Amar Shonar Bangla
Amar shonar Bangla,
Ami tomake bhalobashi.
Chirodin tomar akash,
Tomar batash,
Amar prane bajae bãshi.
O ma,
Phagune tor amer bone
Ghrane pagol kôre,
Mori hae, hae re,
O ma,
Ôghrane tor bhôra khete
Ami ki dekhechhi modhur hashi.
Ki shobha, ki chhaea go,
Ki sneho, ki maea go,
Ki ãchol bichhaeechho
Bôţer mule,
Nodir kule kule!
Ma, tor mukher bani
Amar kane lage,
Shudhar môto,
Mori hae, hae re,
Ma, tor bôdonkhani molin hole,
Ami nôeon jôle bhashi.
English
My beloved Bengal
My Bengal of Gold,
I love you.
Forever your skies,
Your air set my heart in tune
As if it were a flute.
In spring, O mother mine,
The fragrance from your mango groves
Makes me wild with joy,
Ah, what a thrill!
In autumn, O mother mine,
In the full blossomed paddy fields
I have seen spread all over sweet smiles.
Ah, what a beauty, what shades,
What an affection, and what a tenderness!
What a quilt have you spread
At the feet of banyan trees
And along the banks of rivers!
O mother mine, words from your lips
Are like nectar to my ears.
Ah, what a thrill!
If sadness, O mother mine,
Casts a gloom on your face,
My eyes are filled with tears!
Internet Page:
Bangladesh in diferent languages
eng | arg | ast | bre | cat | cor | cym | dan | est | eus | fin | fra | ina | ita | jav | jnf | nld | nor | rup | sme | spa | srd | swa | swe | vor | wln: Bangladesh
dsb | hrv | hsb | slv | szl: Bangladeš
afr | fao | lim: Bangladesj
crh | gag | tuk: Bangladeş / Бангладеш
deu | ltz | nds: Bangladesch / Bangladeſch
ces | slk: Bangladéš
csb | pol: Bangladesz
fry | hun: Banglades
ind | msa: Bangladesh / بڠڬلاديش
kaa | uzb: Bangladesh / Бангладеш
kin | run: Bangladeshe
aze: Banqladeş / Бангладеш
bam: Bangiladɛsi
bos: Bangladeš / Бангладеш
epo: Bangladeŝo
frp: Banglladèch•e
fur: Bangladesj
gla: Bangladais; Bangla Dais; Bangla-deis; Bangladeis
gle: An Bhanglaidéis / An Ḃanglaidéis; An Bhangladéis / An Ḃangladéis
glg: Bangladés; Bangladesh
glv: Yn Vangladesh
hat: Bangladèch
ibo: Baṅladesh
isl: Bangladess
kmr: Bangladêş / Бангладеш / بانگلادێش
kur: Bengladeş / بەنگلادەش; Bengladêş / بەنگلادێش
lat: Bangladesa; Bangladesia
lav: Bangladeša
lin: Bángaladɛ́si
lit: Bangladešas
lld: Bangladesc
mlg: Bangladesha
mlt: Bangladexx
mol: Bangladeş / Бангладеш
nrm: Baunglladèche
oci: Bangladèsh
por: Bangladesh; Bangladeche
que: Banklades
rmy: Bangladeš / बान्ग्लादेश
roh: Bangladesch
ron: Bangladeş
scn: Bangladesci
slo: Bangladesx / Бангладеш
smg: Banglodešas
smo: Panikalatesi
som: Bangaala-Dheesh
sqi: Bangladeshi
tet: Bangladexe
ton: Pengikolotesi
tur: Bangladeş
vie: Băng-la-đét
vol: Bängalän
wol: Banglaades
zza: Bengladeş
alt | bul | che | chm | chv | kbd | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | mkd | mon | oss | rus | tyv | udm: Бангладеш (Bangladeš)
bak | tat: Бангладеш / Bangladeş
abq: Бангладеш (Bangładeš)
bel: Бангладэш / Banhładeš
kaz: Бангладеш / Bangladeş / بانگلادەش
srp: Бангладеш / Bangladeš
tgk: Бангладеш / بنگلدش / Bangladeş
ukr: Банґладеш (Bangladeš)
ara: بنغلادش (Banġlādiš); بنغلاديش (Banġlādīš); بنجلادش (Banglādiš); بنجلاديش (Banglādīš)
fas: بنگلادش (Banglādeš)
prs: بنگلدیش (Bangladēš)
pus: بنګلدېش (Bangladeš); بنګلادېش (Banglādeš)
snd: بنگلادیش (Banglādeša)
uig: بانگلادېش / Ban’gladésh / Бангладеш
urd: بنگلادیش (Banglādeš); بنگلہدیش (Banglâdeš)
div: ބަނގްލަދޭށް (Baṅgladēŝ); ބަންގާޅު (Bangāḷu)
heb: בנגלדש (Bangladeš); באנגלאדש (Bânglâdeš)
lad: באנגלאדיש / Bangladesh
yid: באַנגלאַדעש (Bangladeš)
amh: ባንግላደሽ (Bangladäš)
ell: Μπανγκλαντές (Mpangklantés); Μπαγκλαντές (Mpagklantés); Μπαγγλαντές (Mpagglantés); Μπάγκλα-Ντες (Mpágkla-Ntes)
hye: Բանգլադեշ (Bangladeš)
kat: ბანგლადეში (Bangladeši)
hin | nep: बांग्लादेश (Bāṁglādeš)
mar: बांगलादेश (Bāṁglādeŝ)
ben: বাংলাদেশ (Bāṁlādeš)
guj: બાંગ્લાદેશ (Bāṁglādeš)
ori: ବାଂଲାଦେଶ (Bāṁlādeš)
pan: ਬੰਗਲਾਦੇਸ਼ (Baṁglādeš)
sin: බංගලි දේශය (Baṁgali Dēšaya)
kan: ಬಾಂಗ್ಲಾದೇಶ (Bāṁglādēša); ಬಾಂಗ್ಲದೇಶ (Bāṁgladēša)
mal: ബംഗ്ലാദേശ് (Baṁglādēš)
tam: பங்களாதேஷ் (Paṅkaḷātēš); வங்காளதேசம் (Vaṅkāḷatēčam); வங்க தேசம் (Vaṅka Tēčam)
tel: బంగ్లాదేశ్ (Baṁglādēš)
zho: 孟加拉 (Mèngjiālā)
jpn: バングラデシュ (Banguradeshu)
kor: 방글라데시 (Banggeulladesi)
dzo: བངྒ་ལ་དེཤ་ (Baṅg.la.deṣ.)
mya: ဘင္ဂလားဒေ့ရ္ဟ္ (Bʰĩgálàdéš)
tha: บังคลาเทศ (Bâṅkʰlātʰēt)
lao: ບັງກະລາແດັດ (Bâṅkalādæt); ບັງກາລະເທດ (Bâṅkālatʰēt)
khm: បង់ក្លាដេស (Băṅklādes)
Is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the Öresund Bridge in the south.
At 450,295 km², Sweden is the third largest country in the European Union in terms of area, with a total population of about 9.2 million. Sweden has a low population density of 21 inhabitants per square kilometre (54 /sq mi) but a considerably higher density in the southern half of the country. About 85% of the population live in urban areas, and it is expected that these numbers will gradually rise as a part of the ongoing urbanization. Sweden's capital is Stockholm, which is also the largest city in the country (population of 1.3 million in the urban area and with 2 million in the metropolitan area).
Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages. In the 17th century the country expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire. Most of the conquered territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost during the 18th and 19th centuries. The eastern half of Sweden, present-day Finland, was lost to Russia in 1809. The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Sweden by military means forced Norway into a personal union which lasted until 1905. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, adopting a non-aligned foreign policy in peacetime and neutrality in wartime.
Today, Sweden is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government and a highly developed economy. It ranks first in the world in The Economist's Democracy Index and seventh in the United Nations' Human Development Index. Sweden has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 1995 and is a member of the OECD.
History
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sweden
Geography
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Sweden
Other info
Oficial name:
Konungariket Sverige
+ fin: Ruotsin kuningaskunta
rmy: Ťagaripen Svedo / थागारिपेन स्वेदो
sma: Sveerjen gånkarijhke
sme: Ruoŧa gonagasriika
smj: Svieriga gånågisrijkka
yid: קיניגרײַך שװעדן (Kinigrayḫ Švedn)
Unification:
Between 900 and 1200
Area:
449.964 km2
Inhabitants:
9.900.000
Languages:
Dalecarlian [dlc] 1,500 (1996 Oesten Dahl). Upper Dalecarlia (Oevre Dalarna), especially Aelvdalen (Elfdal). Alternate names: Dalska, Dalmaal. Dialects: Quite deviant from other varieties. Various dialects, some of which are reported to be unintelligible to each other's speakers. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, North, East Scandinavian, Danish-Swedish, Swedish
More information.
Finnish [fin] 200,000 in Sweden (1997 Birger Winsa). 'Swedish-Finns' were 446,134 in 1999, which counts those born in Finland and first generation born in Sweden, but not others, even if the first language is Finnish. Alternate names: Suomi, Suomea. Classification: Uralic, Finnic
More information.
Finnish, Tornedalen [fit] 79,579 in Sweden (2000 WCD). Population includes 40,000 to 70,000 in the main region (1997), and including 20,000 who speak it in the home (1996). Population total all countries: 109,579. Northeast Sweden, County of Norrbotten, municipalities of Gällivare, Kiruna, Pajala, Övertorneä, and Haparanda. Also spoken in Finland. Alternate names: Tornedalen, Meänkieli, Torne Valley Finnish, Tornedalsfinska, North Finnish. Dialects: Torne Valley Finnish, Vittangi Finnish, Gällivare Finnish. Standard Finnish is not entirely intelligible to speakers of Tornedalen, especially abstract and complex discourse. Classification: Uralic, Finnic
More information.
Jamtska [jmk] 30,000 (2000 J. Persson). Jämtland and scattered elsewhere in Sweden. Alternate names: Jamska. Dialects: Perhaps 95% lexical similarity to other Norwegian or Swedish dialects, other loans from German, Danish, and French. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, North, West Scandinavian
More information.
Romani, Kalo Finnish [rmf] 1,592 in Sweden (2000 WCD). Alternate names: Fíntika Rómma. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Romani, Northern
More information.
Romani, Tavringer [rmu] 25,000 in Sweden (1998 Hallman). Population total all countries: 31,000. Scattered all over Sweden. Also spoken in Norway. Alternate names: Rommani, Svensk Rommani, Traveller Swedish, "Tattare". Dialects: An independent language based on Swedish with heavy lexical borrowing from Northern Romani. Not intelligible with Angloromani. Classification: Mixed Language, Swedish-Romani
More information.
Romani, Vlax [rmy] 1,500 in Sweden. 500 Kalderash, 1,000 Lovari. Alternate names: Zigenare. Dialects: Kalderash, Lovari. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Romani, Vlax
More information.
Saami, Lule [smj] 1,500 in Sweden (1995 M. Krauss). Population total all countries: 2,000. Ethnic population: 6,000 in Sweden. Lapland along the Lule River in Gällivare and Jokkmokk. Also spoken in Norway. Alternate names: Lule, Saami, "Lapp". Dialects: Lule Saami is quite distinct from other Saami. Classification: Uralic, Sami, Western, Northern
More information.
Saami, North [sme] 4,000 in Sweden (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 5,000 in Sweden (1994 SIL). Karesuando and Jukkasjärvi. Alternate names: Norwegian Saami, "Lapp", Saame, Same, Samic, Northern Lappish, Northern Saami. Dialects: Ruija, Torne, Sea Lappish. Classification: Uralic, Sami, Western, Northern
More information.
Saami, Pite [sje] 20 in Sweden (2000 T. Salminen). Ethnic population: 2,000 in Sweden (1995 M. Krauss). Lapland along Pite River in Arjeplog and Arvidsjaur. Also spoken in Norway. Alternate names: Saami, "Lapp", Pite. Classification: Uralic, Sami, Western, Northern Nearly extinct.
More information.
Saami, South [sma] 300 in Sweden(1995 M. Krauss). Population total all countries: 600. Ethnic population: 600 in Sweden. Vilhelmina in Lapland, in Jämtland, Härjedalen, and Idre in Dalarna. Also spoken in Norway. Alternate names: "Lapp", Southern Lapp. Classification: Uralic, Sami, Western, Southern
More information.
Saami, Ume [sju] 20 (2000 T. Salminen). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1995 M. Krauss). Lycksele, Mala, Tärna, and Sorsele, along the Ume River. Probably no speakers in Norway. Alternate names: "Lapp", Saami, Ume. Classification: Uralic, Sami, Southern Nearly extinct.
More information.
Scanian [scy] 80,000 in Sweden (2002). Blekinge, Halland, Skåne in Sweden. The main regional city is Malmö. Also spoken in Denmark. Alternate names: Skånska, Skånsk, Southern Swedish, Eastern Danish. Dialects: Halländska, Skånska, Blekingska, Bornholmsk. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, North, East Scandinavian, Danish-Swedish, Swedish
More information.
Swedish [swe] 7,825,000 in Sweden (1986). Population includes 5,000 speakers of Gutniska (1998 Sven Håkansson). Population total all countries: 8,789,835. The Göta dialect group is southern, including parts of Småland, south Swedish provinces, Värmland, Västergvtland; the Svea dialect group is northern, including Hälsingland, parts of Östergötland and Uppland, and the Swedish-speaking parts of Finland. Southern Swedish is in Skåne, Blekinge, southern Småland, southern Halland. Northern Swedish is from northern Hälsingland and Jämtland and northwards. Eastern Swedish is in Finland, Estonia, and Gammalsvenskby, Ukraine. Gutnic is in southeastern Isle of Gotland and Fårö. Nearly extinct in Estonia. Also spoken in Canada, Estonia, Finland, Norway, United Arab Emirates, USA. Alternate names: Svenska, Ruotsi. Dialects: Northern Swedish (Norrland), Eastern Swedish (Finland Swedish, Estonian Swedish), Svea, Gutniska (Gutamal, Gotlandic, Gutnic). 'Proper' Swedish is considered to be spoken in Svealand. Dialect investigation is needed of diverse varieties Gutniska, Överkalixmål, Nörpes, Pitemål, provinces around the Bothnic Sea (Västerbotten and Norbotten in Sweden, and Oesterbotten in Finland), and the island of Gotland. Gutniska is descended from Forngutniska (Old Gotlandic), which is ranked as a separate language. A mixed variety, with Turkish influence, Rinkebysvenska, is used among immigrants. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, North, East Scandinavian, Danish-Swedish, Swedish
More information.
Swedish Sign Language [swl] 8,000 deaf primary users, and the first language of many hearing children of deaf parents (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Dialects: No origins from other sign languages, but it has influenced Portuguese and Finnish sign languages. Intelligible with Norwegian and Danish sign languages with only moderate difficulty. Not intelligible with Finnish Sign Language. Classification: Deaf sign language
Capital city:
Stockholm
Meaning country name:
An old English plural form of Swede. The exact development of the ethnonym remains uncertain, but it certainly derives from the Old English Sweoðeod, in Old Norse: Sviþjoð. The etymology of the first element, Svi, links to the PIE *suos (one's own, of one's own kin). The last element, þjoð, means "people", cognate with deut in Deutsch and teut in Teutons.
Sverige (native name): derives from the phrase Svia Rike, meaning "the realm of the Swedes" (possibly through Danish, even though a similar linguistic evolution happened within Swedish: mik->mig).
An tSualainn (Irish name): means (literally) Swedeland and is formed from an ethnonym Sua, evidently derived from Svia (see above) and -lann, a common suffix denoting abstract nouns in Irish. The inclusion of an, the singular definite article, as well as the elipsis t is necessary for grammatical purposes.
Ruotsi (Finnish), Rootsi (Estonian), Rūotšmō (Livonian), Ruoŧŧa (Sami): probably from a Varangian people called the Rus', originating from Roslagen in Svealand. Scholars debate the meaning of rus, but it probably originates from the element roþs- ("relating to rowing") which has the same origin as row.
Description Flag:
The flag of Sweden (Swedish: Sveriges flagga) is blue with a yellow Scandinavian cross that extends to the edges of the flag. The design and colors of the Swedish flag are believed to have been inspired by the present Coat of arms of Sweden of 1442, which is blue divided quarterly by a cross pattée of gold, and modeled on the Danish flag. Blue and yellow have been used as Swedish colors at least since king Magnus Birgersson's royal coat of arms of 1275.
According to the mythology, the Swedish 12th century king Eric the Holy saw a yellow cross in the sky as he landed in Finland during the First Swedish Crusade in 1157. Seeing this as a sign from God he adopted the yellow cross against a blue background as his banner.
It has also been suggested that the Swedish flag might have been a resistance flag against the Danish flag, which is red with a white cross, and which has been known since 1219. According to this theory, the Swedish flag was created during the reign of King Charles Knutsson, who also introduced the Coat of arms of Sweden in 1442. The national coat of arms is a combination of King Albert of Mecklenburg's coat of arms of 1364 and King Magnus Birgersson's coat of arms of 1275, and is blue divided quarterly by a golden cross pattée.
Other historians claim that the Swedish flag was blue with a white cross before 1420, and became blue with a golden cross only during the early reign of King Gustaf Vasa, who successfully liberated Sweden from the temporary tyranny of the Danish King Christian II in 1521
Coat of arms:
The greater national coat of arms (stora riksvapnet) and the lesser national coat of arms (lilla riksvapnet) are the official coats of arms of Sweden.
The shield has four elements: The first and fourth fields, top left and bottom right, show the three Royal Crowns of Sweden. They have been a national symbol since the time of King Albert of Mecklenburg. The second and third field, top right and bottom left, are the traditional Lions of the Folkunga Dynasty.
The escutcheon is supported by two lions with forked tails (queue fourchée), facing away from the shield and crowned with Royal Crowns. The lion has for centuries been an important element in Swedish heraldry and especially for the State Coat of Arms.
Motto:
"För Sverige - I tiden"
National Anthem: Du gamla, du fria
Original verses by Richard Dybeck:
1
Du gamla, Du fria, Du fjällhöga nord
Du tysta, Du glädjerika sköna!
Jag hälsar Dig, vänaste land uppå jord,
/: Din sol, Din himmel, Dina ängder gröna.:/
2
Du tronar på minnen från fornstora dar,
då ärat Ditt namn flög över jorden.
Jag vet att Du är och Du bliver vad du var.
/: Ja, jag vill leva jag vill dö i Norden.:/
Louise Ahlén's addition from 1910 (usually not seen as part of the national anthem, and not sung)
3
Jag städs vill dig tjäna mitt älskade land,
din trohet till döden vill jag svära.
Din rätt, skall jag värna, med håg och med hand,
/:din fana, högt den bragderika bära.:/
4
Med Gud skall jag kämpa, för hem och för härd,
för Sverige, den kära fosterjorden.
Jag byter Dig ej, mot allt i en värld
/: Nej, jag vill leva jag vill dö i Norden.:/
Literal translation
Original verses by Richard Dybeck:
1
Thou ancient, thou free, thou mountainous North
Thou quiet, thou joyful beauty!
I greet Thee, most beautiful land upon earth,
/:Thy sun, Thy sky, Thine meadows green.:/
2
Thou throne upon memories of great olden days,
When honoured thy name flew over the world,
I know that thou art and wilt be as thou wert,
/: Yes, I want to live I want to die in the Nordic :/
Louise Ahlén's addition from 1910 (usually not seen as part of the national anthem, and not sung)
3
I forever will serve my beloved country,
your faith until death will I swear,
Your right will I protect with mind and with hand,
/:your banner, great the feats it carries.:/
4
With God shall I struggle (fight), for home and for hearth,
for Sweden, the dear motherland.
I trade You not, for anything in the world
/: No, I want to live I want to die in the Nordic.:/
Royal Anthem: Kungssången
1. Ur svenska hjärtans djup en gång
en samfälld och en enkel sång,
som går till kungen fram!
Var honom trofast och hans ätt,
gör kronan på hans hjässa lätt,
och all din tro till honom sätt,
du folk av frejdad stam!
2. O konung, folkets majestät
är även ditt: beskärma det
och värna det från fall!
Stå oss all världens härar mot,
vi blinka ej för deras hot:
vi lägga dem inför din fot -
en kunglig fotapall.
3. Men stundar ock vårt fall en dag,
från dina skuldror purpurn tag,
lyft av dig kronans tvång
och drag de kära färger på,
det gamla gula och det blå,
och med ett svärd i handen gå
till kamp och undergång!
4. Och grip vår sista fana du
och dristeliga för ännu
i döden dina män!
Ditt trogna folk med hjältemod
skall sömma av sitt bästa blod
en kunglig purpur varm och god,
och svepa dig i den.
5. Du himlens Herre, med oss var,
som förr du med oss varit har,
och liva på vår strand
det gamla lynnets art igen
hos sveakungen och hans män.
Och låt din ande vila än
utöver nordanland!
Translation (Highly unofficial)
1. From the depth of Swedish hearts,
a joint and simple song,
which to the King reaches forth!
Be faithful to him and his line,
the crown upon his head, make light,
and all your faith in him invest,
you folk of high renown.
2. Oh King, the majesty of this people
Is also yours - embrace it
And protect it from decline.
Stands all the armies of the world against us,
We fear not their threat
We place them before your foot
As a royal footstool
3. If one day our fall is near
From your shoulders let the mantle fall
Remove the burden of the crown
And put on the beloved colours
The old yellow and the blue,
life the sword by the hilt and go
Towards war and doom
4. Raise our last banner in your hand
And lead your men yet
To the end and into death
Your faithful people of heroes stock,
Of their best blood, they shall sew
A royal robe, warm and pure
And shroud you in it
5. You Lord of heaven, stay with us
Just like you did in the olden days
And live on our shores
the old life and spirit
Of the Svea king and his men
And let your spirit rest
Above the Northern Land
Internet Page: www.sweden.gov.se
Sweden in diferent languages
eng | cym | fry: Sweden
cos | ita | lld | roh-enb | roh-eno | roh-gri: Svezia
ast | glg | spa: Suecia
dan | nor | swe: Sverige
eus | ron | sqi: Suedia
fra | frp | jnf: Suède
arg | roh-srs: Suezia
cat | oci: Suècia
ces | slk: Švédsko
deu | ltz: Schweden / Schweden
hrv | slv: Švedska
kaa | uzb: Shvetsiya / Швеция
kin | run: Ubusuwedi
afr: Swede
aze: İsveç / Исвеч
bam: Suwɛdi
bos: Švedska / Шведска
bre: Sveden
cor: Swedherwyk; Sweden
crh: İsveçiya / Исвечия
csb: Szwedzkô
dsb: Šwedska; Šwedojska
epo: Svedujo; Svedio
est: Rootsi
fao: Svøríki
fin: Ruotsi
fur: Svezie
gag: Şveţiya / Швеция
gla: An t-Suain
gle: An tSualainn / An tSualainn
glv: Yn Toolynn
hat: Syèd
hau: Sweeden; Sweden
hsb: Šwedska
hun: Svédország
ibo: Swiden
ina: Svedia; Sveda
ind: Swedia / سويديا
isl: Svíþjóð
jav: Swedia
kal: Svenskit Nunaat; Sverige
kmr: Sûêd / Суед / سووئێد; Siwêç / Сьwеч / سوێچ; Şvêsî / Швеси / شڤێسی
kur: Swêd; Siwêd / سوێد; Svêçistan / سڤێچستان
lat: Suecia; Suetia
lav: Zviedrija
lim: Zwaede; Zwede
lin: Swési
lit: Švedija
liv: Rūotšmō
mfe: Laswed
mlg: Soeda
mlt: Svezja
mol: Suedia / Суедия
mri: Huitene
msa: Sweden / سويدن
nds: Sweden / Sweden
nld: Zweden
non: Svíþjóð; Svíaríki
nrm: Suêde
pol: Szwecja
por: Suécia
que: Suysya
rmy: Svedo / स्वेदो
rup: Suidia
sag: Süîdi
scn: Svezzia
sco: Swaden
slo: Sxvedia / Шведиа
sma: Sveerje
sme: Ruoŧŧa
smg: Švedėjė
smj: Svierik
smo: Suetena
som: Iswidhan
srd: Isvétzia
swa: Uswidi
szl: Šwecyjo
tet: Suésia
tgl: Suwesya
ton: Sueteni
tpi: Swidan
tuk: Şwesiýa / Швеция
tur: İsveç
vie: Thụy Điển
vol: Svedän
vor: Roodsi
wln: Suwede
wol: Suweed
zul: iSwidi
zza: İsweç
chu: Свеньско (Svenĭsko)
abq | alt | bul | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | rus | tyv | udm: Швеция (Švecija)
che | chv | oss: Швеци (Šveci)
mon | xal: Швед (Šved)
bak: Швеция / Şveciya
bel: Швецыя / Šviecyja; Швэцыя / Švecyja
chm: Швеций (Švecij)
kaz: Швеция / Şvecïya / شۆەتسيا
kbd: Швецие (Švecie)
mkd: Шведска (Švedska)
srp: Шведска / Švedska
tat: Исвәҗ / İsväc; Швеция / Şvetsiä
tgk: Шветсия / شوتسیه / Şvetsija
ukr: Швеція (Švecija)
ara: السويد (as-Suwīd); أسوج (Asūǧ)
ckb: سوید / S(i)wîd; سوێد / S(i)wêd
fas: سوئد / Sued; سود / Soved
prs: سویدن (Svīden)
pus: سويډن (Swīḋən); سويدن (Swīdən)
uig: شىۋېتسىيە / Shiwétsiye / Швеция
urd: سویڈن (Savīḋan); سویڈین (Savīḋen)
div: ސްވިޑްން (Sviḋn)
syr: ܣܘܝܕ (Swīd)
heb: שודיה / שוודיה (Švedyah); שבדיה (Šṿedyah)
lad: סואיסיה / Suesia
yid: שװעדן (Švedn)
amh: ስዊድን (Swidən)
ell: Σουηδία (Soyīdía)
hye: Շվեդիա (Švedia)
kat: შვედეთი (Švedeṭi); შვეცია (Švec̣ia)
hin: स्वीडन (Svīḍan); स्वीडेन (Svīḍen)
ben: সুইডেন (Suiḍen)
pan: ਸਵੀਡਨ (Svīḍan)
kan: ಸ್ವೀಡನ್ (Svīḍan)
mal: സ്വീഡന് (Svīḍan)
tam: சுவீடன் (Čuvīṭaṉ); ஸ்வீடன் (Svīṭaṉ)
tel: స్వీడన్ (Svīḍan)
zho: 瑞典 (Ruìdiǎn)
yue: 瑞典 (Seuihdín)
jpn: スウェーデン (Suwēden)
kor: 스웨덴 (Seuweden)
bod: སི་ཝེ་དེན་ (Si.we.den.); རུའེ་དེན་ (Ru'e.den.); རོས་ཏེན་ (Ros.ten.); སུའེ་རྡན་ (Su'e.rdan.)
dzo: སུའི་ཌན་ (Su'i.ḍan.)
mya: ဆ္ဝီဒင္ (Sʰwidĩ)
tha: สวีเดน (Sawīdēn)
lao: ຊຸຍແອດ (Suy'ǣt)
khm: ស៊ុយអែត (Suy'æt)
Mercedes Benz OC500LE-1830H Hispano Habit (6005 GLG) de Teisa de Girona
Matriculat el 27/02/2009
VIN: WEB63442011000075
El veiem el 10 Agost 2023 a la Pça Joan Brossa de Giorona asignat a la línia 3
In Germany we have the concept of a frog forecasting the weather by climbing a ladder. Well, actually that froggy here and I decided to move a resolution for summer – immediately!!!
So, here's our strategy as follows: All we need is a ladder; froggy will climb it right away and then it will be summer in no time!!! Gorgeous, isn't it? Now folks … anybody around giving a ladder?
BELIEVE ME: IT WILL BE SUMMER!!!
(sooner or later … *glg*)
Airbus A319 de AeroGal. Aeropuerto Internacional Mariscal Sucre (SEQM/UIO), Tababela, Agosto 2016.
AeroGal Airbus A319. Mariscal Sucre International Airport (SEQM/UIO), Tababela, August 2016.
Airbus A320 de Avianca Ecuador. Aeropuerto Internacional Mariscal Sucre (SEQM/UIO), Tababela, Julio 2018.
Avianca Ecuador Airbus A320. Mariscal Sucre International Airport (SEQM/UIO), Tababela, July 2018.
The United States of America (commonly referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with about 309 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest both by land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the largest national economy in the world, with an estimated 2008 gross domestic product (GDP) of US $14.4 trillion (a quarter of nominal global GDP and a fifth of global GDP at purchasing power parity).
Indigenous peoples of Asian origin have inhabited what is now the mainland United States for many thousands of years. This Native American population was greatly reduced by disease and warfare after European contact. The United States was founded by thirteen British colonies located along the Atlantic seaboard. On July 4, 1776, they issued the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed their right to self-determination and their establishment of a cooperative union. The rebellious states defeated the British Empire in the American Revolution, the first successful colonial war of independence. The Philadelphia Convention adopted the current United States Constitution on September 17, 1787; its ratification the following year made the states part of a single republic with a strong central government. The Bill of Rights, comprising ten constitutional amendments guaranteeing many fundamental civil rights and freedoms, was ratified in 1791.
In the 19th century, the United States acquired land from France, Spain, the United Kingdom, Mexico, and Russia, and annexed the Republic of Texas and the Republic of Hawaii. Disputes between the agrarian South and industrial North over states' rights and the expansion of the institution of slavery provoked the American Civil War of the 1860s. The North's victory prevented a permanent split of the country and led to the end of legal slavery in the United States. By the 1870s, the national economy was the world's largest. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the country's status as a military power. It emerged from World War II as the first country with nuclear weapons and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union left the United States as the sole superpower. The country accounts for two-fifths of global military spending and is a leading economic, political, and cultural force in the world.
History
Please go to :
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States
Geography
The United States is a country in the Western Hemisphere. It consists of forty-eight contiguous states in North America, Alaska, a peninsula which forms the northwestern most part of North America, and Hawaii, an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean. There are several United States territories in the Pacific and Caribbean. The term "United States", when used in the geographical sense, means the continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands of the United States. The country shares land borders with Canada and Mexico and water borders with Russia, Cuba, and The Bahamas.
Area
By total area (water as well as land), the United States is either slightly larger or smaller than the People's Republic of China, making it the world's third or fourth largest country. China and the United States are smaller than Russia and Canada in total area, but are larger than Brazil. By land area only (exclusive of waters), the United States is the world's third largest country, after Russia and China, with Canada fourth . Whether the US or China is the third largest country depends on two factors: The validity of China's claim on Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract. Both these territories are also claimed by India, so are not counted; and How US calculates its own surface area. Since the initial publishing of the World Factbook, the CIA has updated the total area of United States a number of times. From 1989 through 1996, the total area of the US was listed as 9,372,610 km2 (3,618,780 sq mi) (land + inland water only). The listed total area changed to 9,629,091 km2 (3,717,813 sq mi) in 1997 (Great Lakes area and coastal waters added), to 9,631,418 km2 (3,718,711 sq mi) in 2004, to 9,631,420 km2 (3,718,710 sq mi) in 2006, and to 9,826,630 km2 (3,794,080 sq mi) in 2007 (territorial waters added). Currently, the CIA World Factbook gives 9,826,675 km2 (3,794,100 sq mi), the United Nations Statistics Division gives 9,629,091 km2 (3,717,813 sq mi), and the Encyclopedia Britannica gives 9,522,055 km2 (3,676,486 sq mi).
The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean.
Forty-eight of the states are in the single region between Canada and Mexico; this group is referred to, with varying precision and formality, as the continental or contiguous United States, and as the Lower 48. Alaska, which is not included in the term contiguous United States, is at the northwestern end of North America, separated from the Lower 48 by Canada. The State of Hawaii is an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean. The capital city, Washington, District of Columbia, is a federal district located on land donated by the state of Maryland. (Virginia had also donated land, but it was returned in 1847.) The United States also has overseas territories with varying levels of independence and organization.
Other Info
Oficial Name:
United Sates Of América
Independence:
Declared July 4, 1776
- Recognized September 3, 1783
Area:
9.372.614km2
Inhabitants:
297.043.000
Languages and Dialects spoken in Usa:
Achumawi ,Afro-Seminole Creole ,Ahtena ,Alabama ,Aleut ,Amerax ,American Sign Language ,Angloromani ,Apache-Jicarilla ,Apache-Kiowa Apache-Lipan Apache-Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache-Western ,Arapaho ,Arikara ,Assiniboine ,Atsugewi ,Blackfoot ,Caddo ,Cahuilla ,Cayuga ,Cherokee ,Chetco ,Cheyenne ,Chickasaw ,Chinook ,Chinook-Wawa ,Chippewa ,Choctaw ,Clallam ,Cocopa ,Coeur d'Alene ,Columbia-Wenatchi ,Comanche ,Coos ,Cree-Plains ,Crow ,Dakota ,Degexit'an ,English ,Eyak ,French-Cajun ,German-Hutterite ,German-Pennsylvania ,Gros-Ventre ,Gwich'in ,Haida-Northern ,Halkomelem ,Han ,Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai ,Hawai'i Creole English ,Hawai'i Pidgin Sign Language ,Hawaiian ,Hidatsa ,Ho-Chunk ,Holikachuk ,Hopi ,Hupa ,Inupiatun, North Alaskan ,Inupiatun-Northwest-Alaska ,Jemez ,Kalapuya ,Kalispel-Pend D'oreille ,Kansa ,Karok ,Kashaya ,Kawaiisu ,Keres-Eastern ,Keres-Western ,Kickapoo ,Kiowa ,Klamath-Modoc ,Koasati ,Koyukon ,Kumiai ,Kuskokwim-Upper ,Kutenai ,Lakota ,Louisiana Creole French ,Luiseño ,Lushootseed ,Maidu-Northeast ,Maidu-Northwest .Malecite-Passamaquoddy ,Mandan ,Maricopa ,Menominee ,Mesquakie ,Michif ,Micmac ,Mikasuki ,Miwok-Central-Sierra ,Miwok-Lake ,Miwok-Northern-Sierra ,Miwok-Plains Miwok-Southern-Sierra ,Mohave ,Mohawk ,Mono ,Muskogee ,Navajo ,Nez-Perce ,Nisenan ,Okanagan ,Omaha-Ponca ,Oneida ,Onondaga ,Osage ,Ottawa ,Paiute-Northern ,Panamint ,Pawnee ,Plains-Indian Sign Language ,Plautdietsch ,Pomo-Central ,Pomo-Southeastern ,Pomo- Southern ,Potawatomi ,Quapaw ,Quechan ,Quileute ,Russian ,Salish-Southern-Puget-Sound ,Salish-Straits ,Sea Island Creole English ,Seneca ,Serrano ,Shawnee ,Shoshoni ,Skagit ,Snohomish ,Spanish ,Spokane ,Tanacross ,Tanaina ,Tanana-Lower ,Tanana,-Upper ,Tenino ,Tewa ,Tiwa-Northern ,Tiwa-Southern ,Tlingit ,Tohono-O'odham ,Tolowa ,Tsimshian ,Tübatulabal ,Tuscarora ,Tututni ,Umatilla ,Ute-Southern ,Walla-Walla ,Wasco-Wishram ,Washo ,Wichita ,Wintu ,Yakima ,Yaqui ,Yinglish ,Yokuts ,Yuchi ,Yupik-Central ,Yupik-Central -Siberian ,Yupik-Pacific Gulf ,Yurok ,Zuni
Capital city:
Washington D.C
Meaning country name:
The term "United States" comes from the end of the Declaration of Independence: "We, therefore, the representatives of the united States of America, in general congress, assembled...". The preamble to the U.S. Constitution reiterated the phrase: "We the People of the United States...". The authors of these two documents probably used the phrase "united states" in place of a list of colonies/states because they remained uncertain (at the time of drafting) which colonies/states would sign off on the sentiments therein. - The geographic term "America" specifies the states' home on the American continent, believed to derive from the Latinized version of the explorer Amerigo Vespucci's name, Americus
Description Flag:
The flag of the United States of America consists of 13 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars. The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 U.S. states and the 13 stripes represent the original Thirteen Colonies that rebelled against the British crown and became the first states in the Union. Nicknames for the flag include "the Stars and Stripes" and "Old Glory".
Because of its symbolism, the starred blue canton is called the "union". This part of the national flag can stand alone as a maritime flag called the Union Jack which served as the U.S. jack on warships from 1777 until 2002. It continues to be used as a jack by various federally-owned vessels, including those of the Coast Guard, Military Sealift Command, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Though its design is similar to the flag of the British East India Company, no substantive connection has been established
The United States flag is one of the nation's widely recognized and used symbols. Within the U.S. it is frequently displayed, not only on public buildings, but on private residences, as well as iconically in forms such as decals for car windows, and clothing ornaments such as badges and lapel pins. Throughout the world it is used in public discourse to refer to the U.S., both as a nation state, government, and set of policies, but also as an ideology and set of ideals.
Many understand the flag to represent the freedoms and rights guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution and its Bill of Rights and perhaps most of all to be a symbol of individual and personal liberty as set forth in the Declaration of Independence. Through the Pledge of Allegiance and other political uses the flag has also come to be associated with U.S. nationalism, patriotism, and even militarism. The flag is a complex and contentious symbol, around which emotions run high.
In terms of the symbolism of the design itself, a book about the flag published by the Congress in 1977 states: "The star is a symbol of the heavens and the divine goal to which man has aspired from time immemorial; the stripe is symbolic of the rays of light emanating from the sun." George Washington is credited for saying: "We take the stars from Heaven, the red from our mother country, separating it by white stripes, thus showing that we have separated from her, and the white stripes shall go down to posterity representing Liberty."
Many people also take the red and white to stand for the blood of those who gave their lives for freedom, and the presumed purity of the freedom ideal, respectively.
Coat of arms:
The Great Seal of the United States is used to authenticate certain documents issued by the United States government. The phrase is used both for the physical seal itself (which is in the keeping of the U.S. Secretary of State), and more generally for the design impressed upon it. The Great Seal was publicly first used in 1782.
The design on the obverse of the great seal is the national coat of arms of the United States and is officially used on documents such as passports as well as for military insignia, embassy placards, and various flags. As a coat of arms, the design has official colors; the physical Great Seal itself, as affixed to paper, is monochrome.
Since 1935, both sides of the Great Seal appear on the reverse of the One-Dollar Bill of the United States
Upon close inspection one may notice strong symbolic themes used in the seal. For example, the shield is reminiscent of the national flag, and the Bald Eagle is a well-known national symbol of the United States.
Among unanswered questions is what the historical significance of the large Star of David pattern formed by the glory of stars above the eagle's head on the obverse side is. Beginning in 1841, the individual stars themselves were drawn with only five points, rather than six.
That of the reverse is murkier. Some conspiracy theorists believe the eye atop the pyramid to have its origins in Masonic iconography. However, the icon is not solely a Masonic symbol, nor was it designed by a Mason. Benjamin Franklin was the only Mason among the Great Seal committee, but his ideas were not adopted by the committee.
Motto: "In God We Trust"
National Anthem: "The Star-Spangled Banner"
O say, can you see, by the dawn’s early light,
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming,
Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous fight
O’er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming?
And the rockets’ red glare, the bombs bursting in air
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there;
O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave
Internet Page: www.usa.gov
U.S.A in diferent languages
eng: United States of America
bis | sot: Amerika
cos | ita: Stati Uniti d’America
glg | spa: Estados Unidos de América
afr: Verenigde State van Amerika
arg: Estatos Unitos d’America
ast: Estaos Xuníos d’América; Estaos Uníos d’América
aze: Amerika Birləşmiş Ştatları / Америка Бирләшмиш Штатлары
bos: Sjedinjene Američke Države / Сједињене Америчке Државе
bre: Stadoù-Unanet Amerika
cat: Estats Units d’Amèrica
ces: Spojené státy americké
cor: Statys Unys Amerika
crh: Amerika Qoşma Ştatları / Америка Къошма Штатлары
csb: Zjednóné Stanë Americzi
cym: Unol Daleithiau America
dan: Amerikas Forenede Stater
deu: Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika / Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika
dsb: Zjadnośone staty Ameriki
epo: Usono; Unuiĝintaj Ŝtatoj de Ameriko
est: Ameerika Ühendriigid
eus: Ameriketako Estatu Batuak
ext: Estaus Uñíus d’América
fao: Sambandsríkið Amerika
fin: Amerikan yhdysvallat
fra: États-Unis d’Amérique
frp: Ètats-Unis d’Amèrica
fry: Feriene Steaten fan Amearika
fur: Stâts Unîts di Americhe
gla: Na Stàitean Aonaichte Ameireagaidh
gle: Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá / Stáit Aontaiṫe Ṁeiriceá ; Stáit Aontaithe Ameiriceá / Stáit Aontaiṫe Ameiriceá
glv: Ny Steatyn Unnaneyssit dy America
grn: Tetã peteĩ reko Amérikagua
hat: Etazini
haw: ʻAmelika Huipūʻia
hrv: Sjedinjene Američke Države
hsb: Zjednoćene staty Ameriki
hun: Amerikai Egyesült Államok
ina: Statos Unite de America
ind: Amerika Serikat / اميريكا سريكت
isl: Bandaríki Ameríku
jav: Amérika Sarékat
jnf: Êtats Unnis d’Améthique
kaa: Amerika Qurama Shtatları / Америка Қурама Штатлары
kab: Yiwunak Yedduklen n Temrikt / ⵢⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵢⴻⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ
kal: Naalagaaffeqatigiit
kin: Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika
kmr: Welatêd Emêrîkê Yekbûyî / Wәлатед Әмерике Йәкбуйи / وەلاتێد ئەمێریکێ یەکبوویی ; Welatêd Emêrîkê Yekgirtû / Wәлатед Әмерикае Йәкгьрту / وەلاتێد ئەمێریکێ یەکگرتوو
kur: Dewletên Yekbûyîyên Emerîkayê / دەولەتێن یەکبوویییێن ئەمەریکایێ ; Dewletên Yekbûyîyên Amerîkayê / دەولەتێن یەکبوویییێن ئامەریکایێ
lat: Civitates Foederatae Americae; Civitates Americae Unitae
lav: Amerikas Savienotās Valstis
lim: Vereinegde State van Amerika
lin: Lisangá lya Ameríka; Etazini
lit: Jungtinės Amerikos Valstijos
lld-bad: Stać Unis d’America
lld-grd: Stac Unii d’America
ltz: Vereenegt Staate vun Amerika / Vereenegt Staate vun Amerika
mfe: Leta Zini; Lamerik
mlg: Etazonia
mlt: Stati Uniti ta’ l-Amerka
mol: Statele Unite ale Americii / Стателе Уните але Америчий
mri: Te Hononga o Amerika
msa: Amerika Syarikat / اميريكا شريكت
nah: Tlacetilīlli Tlahtohcāyōtl Ixachitlān
nav: Wááshindoon bikéyah ałhidadiidzooígíí
nds: Verenigte Staten vun Amerika / Verenigte Staten vun Amerika
nld: Verenigde Staten van Amerika
nno: Amerikas sambandsstatane
nob: Amerikas forente stater
nrm: États-unins-d’Amérique
oci: Estats Units d’America
pap: Merka
pol: Stany Zjednoczone Ameryki
por: Estados Unidos da América
que: Hukllachasqa Amirika Suyukuna
rmy: P̌andle Staturya la Amerikyake / फान्द्ले स्तातुर्या ला आमेरिक्याके
roh-enb: Stadis units da l’America
roh-eno: Stedis unieus da l’America
roh-gri: Stadis Unids da l’America
roh-srs: Stadis uni d’America; Stats Uni d’America
ron: Statele Unite ale Americii
run: Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika
rup: Statile Unite ali Americhia
sag: âEtâa-Koï tî Amerîka
scn: Stati Uniti dâ Mèrica
sco: Unitit States o Americae
slk: Spojené štáty americké
slo: Sodinju Sxtatis om Amerik / Содинйу Штатис ом Америк
slv: Združene države Amerike
sme: Amerihká ovttastuvvan stáhtat
smg: Jongtėnės Amerėkās Valstėjės
smo: Iunaite Sitete o Amerika
som: Qaramada Midoobey ee Maraykanka; Qaramada Midoobey ee Mareykanka
sqi: Shtetet e Bashkuara të Amerikës
srd: Istados Unidos de América
swa: Maungano ya Madola ya Amerika; Marekani
swe: Amerikas förenta stater
szl: Stany Zjydnočůne Ameryki
tah: Fenua Marite
tet: Estadu Naklibur Sira Amérika Nian
tgl: Mga Nagkakaisang Estado ng Amerika; Estados Unidos ng Amerika
ton: Puleʻanga fakatahataha ʻo Amelika
tpi: Yunaitet Stets bilong Amerika; Stet Bung bilong Amerika
tuk: Amerikanyň Birleşen Ştatlary / Американың Бирлешен Штатлары
tur: Amerika Birleşik Devletleri
uzb: Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari / Америка Қўшма Штатлари
vie: Hợp chúng quốc Hoa Kỳ
vol: Tats-Pebalöl Lamerikäna
vor: Ameeriga Ütisriigiq; Meeriga Ütisriigiq
wln: Estats Unis d’ Amerike
wol: Réew yu Bennoo yu Aamerik
xho: iYunayithedi Steyitsi
yor: Ìpínlè̩ Ìsò̩kan Ilè̩ Amé̩ríkà
zha: Meijgoz
zul: iStetisi; iMelika
zza: Dewletê Yewbiyayê Amerika
krc | kum: Американы Бирлешген Штатлары (Amerikany Birlešgen Štatlary)
abk: Еиду Америкатәи Аштатҟәа (Eidu Amerikatʷi Aštatq̇ʷa)
abq: Америка Соединённа Штатква (Amerika Sojedinjonna Štatkʷa)
alt: Американыҥ Бириккен Штаттары (Amerikanyṅ Birikken Štattary)
ava: Америкаялъул Цолъарал Штатал (Amerikajałul Cołaral Štatal)
bak: Америка Ҡушма Штаттары / Amerika Ķuşma Ştattarı
bel: Злучаныя Штаты Амерыкі / Złučanyja Štaty Amieryki; Злучаныя Штаты Амэрыкі / Złučanyja Štaty Ameryki
bul: Съединени американски щати (Sǎedineni amerikanski štati)
che: Американ Цхьанакхетта Штаташ (Amerikan Cḥanaqetta Štataš)
chv: Америкӑри Пӗрлешӳллӗ Штатсем (Amerikări Pĕrlešüllĕ Štatsem)
kaz: Америка Құрама Штаттары / Amerïka Qurama Ştattarı / امەريكا قۇراما شتاتتارى
kbd: Америкэм и Соединённэ Штатхэр (Amerikăm i Soedinjonnă Štatĥăr)
kir: Америка Кошмо Штаттары (Amerika Košmo Štattary)
kjh: Американың Піріккен Штаттары (Amerikanyṅ Pîrîkken Štattary)
kom: Соединённӧй Штатъяс Америкалӧн (Soedinjonnöj Štat"jas Amerikalön)
mdf: Американь Аймакнень Соткссна (Amerikan' Ajmaknen' Sotkssna)
mkd: Соединети Американски Држави (Soedineti Amerikanski Državi)
mon: Америкийн Нэгдсэн Улс (Amerikijn Nägdsän Uls)
oss: Америкӕйы Иугонд Штаттӕ (Amerikäjy Iugond Štattä)
rus: Соединённые Штаты Америки (Sojedinjonnyje Štaty Ameriki)
sah: Америка Холбоһуктаах Штаттара (Amerika Ĥolbohuktaaĥ Štattara)
srp: Сједињене Америчке Државе / Sjedinjene Američke Države
tab: Америкайин СатӀидухьнайи Штатар (Amerikajin Saṭiduĥnaji Štatar)
tat: Америка Кушма Штатлары / Amerika Quşma Ştatları
tgk: Иёлоти Муттаҳидаи Амрико / ایالات متحدۀ امریکا / Ijoloti Muttahidai Amriko; Штатҳои Муттаҳидаи Америка / شتتهای متحدۀ امریکه / Ştathoi Muttahidai Amerika
tyv: Американың Каттышкан Штаттары (Amerikanyṅ Kattyškan Štattary)
ukr: Сполучені Штати Америки (Spolučeni Štaty Ameryky)
ara: الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية (al-Wilāyātu l-Muttaḥidâti l-Amrīkīyâ); الولايات المتحدة الأميركية (al-Wilāyātu l-Muttaḥidâti l-Amīrikīyâ)
fas: ایالات متحدۀ امریکا / Eyâlâte Mottahedeye Amrikâ; ایالات متحدۀ آمریکا / Eyâlâte Mottahedeye Âmrikâ; اتازونی / Etâzuni
prs: ایالات متحدۀ امریکا (Eyālāt-e Mottaḥedâ-ye Amrīkā)
pus: د امريکا متحده ايالات (də Amrīkā Mutaḥidâ Iyālāt)
snd: يونائيٽيڊ سٽيٽس آف آميريڪا (Yūnāʾīṫeḍ Sṫeṫs āf Āmerīkā)
uig: ئامېرىكا قوشما شتاتلىرى / Amerika Qoshma Shtatliri / Америка Қошма Штатлири
urd: ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکہ (Riyāsathāʾe Muttaḥidâ Amrīkâ)
div: ޔުނައިޓެޑް ސްޓޭޓްސް އޮފް އެމެރިކާ (Yuna'iṫeḋ Sṫēṫs of Emerikā)
syr: ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܟܐ (Atrūtā Maḥīdā d-Amrīkā)
heb: ארצות הברית של אמריקה (Artsôt ha-Bərît šel Amerîqah)
lad: איסטאדוס אונידוס די אמיריקה / Estados Unidos de Amerika
yid: פֿאַראײניקטע שטאַטן פֿון אַמעריקע (Farʾeynikte Štatn fun Amerike)
amh: የተባበሩት የአሜሪካ ግዛቶች (yä-Täbabbärut yä-Ămerika Gəzatoč); የተባበሩት የአሜሪካ መንግሥታት (yä-Täbabbärut yä-Ămerika Mängśtat); ዩናይትድ ስቴትስ (Yunaytəd Stets)
ell-dhi: Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες της Αμερικής (Īnōménes Politeíes tīs Amerikī́s)
ell-kat: Ἡνωμέναι Πολιτεῖαι τῆς Ἀμερικῆς (Hīnōménai Politeĩai tī̃s Amerikī̃s)
hye: Ամերիկայի Միացյալ Նահանգներ (Amerikayi Miac̣yal Nahangner)
kat: ამერიკის შეერთებული შტატები (Amerikis Šeerṭebuli Štatebi)
hin: संयुक्त राष्ट्र अमरीका (Saṁyukta Rāṣṭra Amrīkā); संयुक्त राज्य अमरीका (Saṁyukta Rājya Amrīkā)
mar: अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने (Amerikečī Saṁyukta Saṁstʰāne)
nep: संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका (Saṁyukta Rādzya Amerikā)
asm: মাৰ্কিন যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ (Mārkin Ẏuktôrāṣṭrô)
ben: মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র (Mārkin Ẏuktôrāṣṭrô)
guj: સંયુક્ત રાજ્ય અમેરિકા (Saṁyukta Rājya Amerikā)
pan: ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ (Saṁyukat Rāj Amrīkā)
sin: අමෙරිකාවේ එක්සත් රාජ්යයන් (Amerikāvē Eksat Rājyayan)
kan: ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ (Amērika Saṁyukta Saṁstʰāna)
mal: അമേരിക്കന് ഐക്യനാടുകള് (Amērikkan Aikyanāṭukaḷ); യുണൈറ്റഡ് സ്റ്റേറ്റ്സ് ഓഫ് അമേരിക്ക (Yuṇaiṟṟaḍ Sṟṟēṟṟs ōpʰ Amērikka)
tam: ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள் (Aikkiya Amerikka Nāṭukaḷ); ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க குடியரசு (Aikkiya Amerikka Kuṭiyaraču)
tel: అమెరికా సంయుక్త రాష్ట్రాలు (Amerikā Saṁyukta Rāṣṭrālu)
zho: 美利堅合衆国/美利坚合衆国 (Měilìjiān Hézhōngguó); 美国 (Měiguó)
yue: 美国 (Méihjàu)
jpn: アメリカ合衆国 (Amerika Gasshūkoku); 米国 (Beikoku)
kor: 아메리카 합중국 (Amerika Hapjungguk); 미국 (Miguk)
bod: མེ་གོ་ (Me.go.)
dzo: ཡུ་ནའིཊེཊ་སི་ཊེསི་ (Yu.na'iṭeṭ Si.ṭesi.)
mya: အမေရိကန္ပ္ရည္ထောင္စုနုိင္ငံ (Ámeẏíkã Pẏitʰoũsú Naĩṅã)
tha: สหรัฐอเมริกา (Saharât Amērikā)
lao: ສະຫະລັດອະເມລິກາ (Sahalât Amēlikā); ສະຫະລັດອາເມຣິກາ (Sahalât Āmēlikā)
khm: សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក (Saharod[tʰ] Āmerik)
chr: ᎠᎺᎢ / Amei; ᎠᎹ ᏰᎵ / Ama Yeli
iku: ᐊᒥᐊᓕᑲ / Amialika
Boeing 727-200 de AeroGal. Aeropuerto Internacional José Joaquín de Olmedo (SEGU/GYE), Guayaquil. Abril 2009.
AeroGal Boeing 727-200. José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport (SEGU/GYE), Guayaquil. April 2009.
Époqu'auto 2024
Oldtimer / Youngtimer Parking
Eurexpo Lyon
Chassieu (69), France.
Video: youtu.be/01DTc9bndtU
I meet some good Turkish friends in Erasmus Scholl Program. Wonderful times last year.
Is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north.
Separating Anatolia and Thrace are the Sea of Marmara and the Turkish Straits (the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles), which are commonly reckoned to delineate the boundary between Europe and Asia, thereby making Turkey a country of significant geostrategic importance. Ethnic Turks form the majority of the population, followed by the Kurds. The predominant religion in Turkey is Islam and its official language is Turkish.
Turkey is the successor state to the Ottoman Empire.It is a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic, with an ancient and historical cultural heritage. Its political system was established in 1923 under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, following the fall of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I. Since then, Turkey has become increasingly integrated with the West through membership in organizations such as the Council of Europe, NATO, OECD, WEOG, OSCE and the G-20 major economies.
Turkey began full membership negotiations with the European Union in 2005, having been an associate member of the European Economic Community since 1963 and having reached a customs union agreement in 1995. Turkey has also fostered close cultural, political, economic and industrial relations with the Eastern world, particularly with the Middle East and the Turkic states of Central Asia, through membership in organizations such as the Organisation of the Islamic Conference and Economic Cooperation Organization. Turkey is classified as a developed country by the CIA and as a regional power by political scientists and economists worldwide.
History
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Turkey
Geography
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey
Other info
Oficial name:
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti
Succession to the Ottoman Empire
- War of Independence May 19, 1919
- Formation of Parliament April 23, 1920
- Declaration of Republic October 29, 1923
Area:
772.452 km2
Inhabitants:
74 709 412
Languages:
Türkçe
(IN ASIA)
Abaza [abq] 10,000 in Turkey (1995). Alternate names: Abazin, Tapanta, Abazintsy, Ahuwa. Dialects: Tapanta, Ashkaraua (Ashkar), Bezshagh. Classification: North Caucasian, West Caucasian, Abkhaz-Abazin
More information.
Abkhaz [abk] 4,000 in Turkey (1980). Ethnic population: 39,000 in Turkey (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Coruh in northeast Turkey, and some in northwest. Mainly villages in Bolu and Sakarya provinces. Alternate names: Abxazo. Dialects: Bzyb, Abzhui, Samurzakan. Classification: North Caucasian, West Caucasian, Abkhaz-Abazin
More information.
Adyghe [ady] 277,900 in Turkey (2000). 6,409 monolinguals (1965 census). Ethnic population: 130,000 in Turkey (1965 census). Villages in Kayseri, Tokat, Karaman Maras, and many other provinces in central and western Anatolia. Alternate names: Adygey, Circassian, Cherkes. Classification: North Caucasian, West Caucasian, Circassian
More information.
Arabic, North Mesopotamian Spoken [ayp] 400,000 in Turkey (1992). Mardin and Siirt provinces. Alternate names: Syro-Mesopotamian Vernacular Arabic. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic
More information.
Azerbaijani, South [azb] 530,000 in Turkey. Kars Province. Alternate names: Azeri. Dialects: Kars. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Azerbaijani
More information.
Crimean Turkish [crh] It is not known how many still speak it in Turkey, though there are definitely some Crimean Tatar villages, such as Karakuyu in Polatli District of Ankara Province. Alternate names: Crimean Tatar. Dialects: Northern Crimean (Crimean Nogai, Steppe Crimean), Central Crimean, Southern Crimean. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Southern
More information.
Dimli [diq] 1,000,000 in Turkey (1999 WA). Between 1.5 and 2.5 million speakers (including all dialects) (1998 Paul). East central, mainly in Elazig, Bingol, and Diyarbakir provinces, upper courses of the Euphrates, Kizilirmaq, and Murat rivers. Also spoken in Germany. Alternate names: Dimili, Zazaki, Southern Zaza, Zaza. Dialects: Sivereki, Kori, Hazzu (Hazo), Motki (Moti), Dumbuli (Dumbeli). Several dialects. Related to Gurani group. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Zaza-Gorani
More information.
Georgian [kat] 40,000 in Turkey (1980). 4,042 monolinguals (1965 census). Ethnic population: 91,000. Villages in Artvin, Ordu, Sakarya, and other provinces of north and northwest Anatolia. Alternate names: Kartuli, Gruzin. Dialects: Imerxev. Classification: Kartvelian, Georgian
More information.
Hértevin [hrt] 1,000 (1999 H. Mutzafi). Originally Siirt Province. They have left their villages, most emigrating to the West, but some may still be in Turkey. Dialects: Hértevin Proper (Arton), Umraya, Jinet. Considerable differences from other Northeastern Aramaic varieties, and not intelligible with any or most of them. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern
More information.
Kabardian [kbd] 550,000 in Turkey (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Most around Kayseri. 1,000 villages of Kabardian and Adyghe in Turkey. Classification: North Caucasian, West Caucasian, Circassian
More information.
Kazakh [kaz] 600 in Turkey (1982). Salihli town in Manisa Province, and an unknown number in Istanbul city; 308 in Kayseri Province; refugees from Afghanistan, now Turkish citizens. Alternate names: Kazakhi, Qazaqi, Kazax, Kosach, Kaisak. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian
More information.
Kirghiz [kir] 1,137 in Turkey (1982). Van and Kars provinces. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian
More information.
Kirmanjki [kiu] 140,000 in Turkey. Population includes 100,000 in 182 villages in Tunceli Province, 40,000 in 13 or more villages in Erzincan Province (1972). Tunceli Province, Tunceli Merkez, Hozat, Nazmiye, Pülümür, and Ovacik subprovinces; Erzincan Province, Erzincan and Cayirli subprovinces; 8 or more villages in Elazig Province, Elazig Merkez and Karakoqan subprovinces; 3 villages in Bingöl Province, Kigi and Karkiova subprovinces; 46 villages in Mush Province, Varto Subprovince; 15 or more villages in Sivas Province, Zara, Imranli, Kangal, and Divrigi subprovinces; 11 or more villages in Erzerum Province, Hinis and Tekman subprovinces; and in many major cities of Turkey. Also spoken in Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom. Alternate names: Zaza, Northern Zaza, Zazaki, Alevica, Dimilki, Dersimki, So-Bê, Zonê Ma. Dialects: Tunceli, Varto. Closest to Dimli. Lexical similarity 70% with Dimli. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Zaza-Gorani
More information.
Kumyk [kum] A few villages. Alternate names: Kumuk, Kumuklar, Kumyki. Dialects: Khasav-Yurt, Buinak, Khaidak. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Western, Ponto-Caspian
More information.
Kurdish, Northern [kmr] 3,950,000 in Turkey (1980). Population total all countries: 9,113,505. Ethnic population: 6,500,000 in Turkey (1993 Johnstone). The majority are in provinces of Hakkari, Siirt, Mardin, Agri, Diyarbakir, Bitlis, Bingol, Van, Adiyaman, and Mus. Also in Urfa, Kars, Tunceli, Malatya, Erzurum, Marash, Sivas, and other provinces. Communities in central Turkey (Cankiri, Cihanbeyli, near Konya). Many live in large cities in western Turkey (including Istanbul, Adana, Ankara, Izmir). Also spoken in Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Netherlands, Norway, Russia (Europe), Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Turkmenistan, United Kingdom, USA. Alternate names: Kurmanji, Kurmancî, Kirmancî, Kermancî, Kurdi, Kurdî. Dialects: Boti (Botani), Marashi, Ashiti, Bayezidi, Hekari, Shemdinani. Differences in speaking among dialects, but all use the same written form. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Kurdish
More information.
Laz [lzz] 30,000 in Turkey (1980). Population total all countries: 33,000. Ethnic population: 92,000 in Turkey (1980). Rize in northeast, towns of Kemer, Atin, Artasen, Vitse, Arkab, Hopa, Sarp; and villages in Artvin, Sakarya, Kocaeli, and Bolu provinces. Also spoken in Belgium, France, Georgia, Germany, USA. Alternate names: Lazuri, Laze, Chan, Chanzan, Zan, Chanuri. Dialects: Officially considered to be a single language with Mingrelian, called 'Zan', although linguists recognize that they are not inherently intelligible with each other. Classification: Kartvelian, Zan
More information.
Osetin [oss] The Digor dialect is reported to be in Bitlis and another small town in the west. Iron dialect in cities or towns of Sarikamis and Erzerum. Also in Mugla, Kars, Antalya. May also be in Syria. Alternate names: Ossete. Dialects: Digor, Tagaur, Kurtat, Allagir, Tual, Iron. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Northeastern
More information.
Turkish [tur] 46,278,000 in Turkey (1987). Population total all countries: 50,625,794. Spoken throughout Turkey as first or second language. Also spoken in Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Denmark, El Salvador, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Honduras, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, Netherlands, Romania, Russia (Asia), Serbia and Montenegro, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, USA, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Türkçe, Türkisch, Anatolian. Dialects: Danubian, Eskisehir, Razgrad, Dinler, Rumelian, Karamanli, Edirne, Gaziantep, Urfa. Danubian is western; other dialects are eastern. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Turkish
More information.
Turkish Sign Language [tsm] Classification: Deaf sign language
More information.
Turkmen [tuk] 925 in Turkey (1982). Tokat Province. Alternate names: Trukhmen. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Turkmenian
More information.
Turoyo [tru] 3,000 in Turkey (1994 Hezy Mutzafi). Population total all countries: 84,000. Ethnic population: 50,000 to 70,000 (1994). Southeastern Turkey, Mardin Province (originally). Also spoken in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Iraq, Lebanon, Netherlands, Sweden, Syria, USA. Alternate names: Suryoyo, Syryoyo, Turani, Süryani. Dialects: Midyat, Midin, Kfarze, `Iwardo, Anhil, Raite. Related to Northeastern Aramaic varieties. Turoyo subdialects exhibit a cleavage between Town Turoyo (Midyat Turoyo), Village Turoyo, and Mixed (Village-Town) Turoyo. The latter is spoken mainly by the younger generation outside Tur `Abdin, Turkey, the language’s original location, and is gaining ground throughout the Jacobite diaspora in other countries. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northwestern
More information.
Uyghur [uig] 500 in Turkey (1981). Kayseri city, and an unknown number in Istanbul. Possibly in Iran. Alternate names: Uighur, Uygur, Uigur. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Eastern
More information.
Uzbek, Southern [uzs] 1,981 in Turkey (1982). Hatay, Gaziantep, and Urfa provinces. Also possibly in Germany. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Eastern
More information.
Extinct languages
Syriac [syc] Extinct. Turkey, Iraq, and Syria. Also spoken in Iraq. Alternate names: Classical Syriac, Ancient Syriac, Suryaya, Suryoyo, Lishana Atiga. Dialects: Western Syriac, Eastern Syriac. The Syrian churches: Eastern (Nestorian), Syrian Orthodox (Jacobite), Syrian Catholic (Melkite, Maronite) developed a vast literature based on the Edessa (currently Sanliurfa, southeastern Turkey) variety of the Syrian dialect. The Assyrian group (see Assyrian Neo-Aramaic in Iraq and elsewhere) separated denominationally from the Chaldean (see Chaldean Neo-Aramaic in Iraq) and Jacobite (see Turoyo in Turkey and Syria) in the Middle Ages. Neo-Eastern Aramaic languages spoken by Christians are often dubbed 'Neo-Syriac', although not directly descended from Syriac. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern
(IN EUROPE)
Albanian, Tosk [als] 15,000 in Turkey (1980). 1,075 monolinguals (1965 census). Ethnic population: 65,000 in Turkey. Scattered in western Turkey. Classification: Indo-European, Albanian, Tosk
More information.
Armenian [hye] 40,000 in Turkey (1980). 1,022 monolinguals (1965 census). Ethnic population: 70,000 in Turkey (1980). Many in Istanbul, and a few scattered across eastern Turkey. The Hemshin (Hamshen) are Armenian Muslims, living near the Laz. Alternate names: Haieren, Somkhuri, Ermenice, Armjanski. Dialects: Eastern Armenian. Classification: Indo-European, Armenian
More information.
Balkan Gagauz Turkish [bgx] 327,000 in Turkey (1993 Johnstone). Population includes 7,000 Surguch (1965) and 320,000 Yuruk. Population total all countries: 331,000. Yuruk dialect on the west coast in Macedonia. Also spoken in Greece, Macedonia. Alternate names: Balkan Turkic. Dialects: Gajol, Gerlovo Turks, Karamanli, Kyzylbash, Surguch, Tozluk Turks, Yuruk (Yoruk, Konyar). Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Turkish
More information.
Bulgarian [bul] 300,000 in Turkey (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Population includes refugees from Bulgaria. Scattered in Edirne and other western provinces. Alternate names: Pomak. Dialects: Pomak. Classification: Indo-European, Slavic, South, Eastern
More information.
Domari [rmt] 28,461 in Turkey (2000 WCD). Mainly in western Turkey, some in eastern Turkey. Alternate names: Middle Eastern Romani, Tsigene, Gypsy. Dialects: Karachi, Beludji, Marashi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Dom
More information.
Greek [ell] 4,000 in Turkey (1993). Istanbul city. Classification: Indo-European, Greek, Attic
More information.
Ladino [lad] 8,000 in Turkey (1976). Ethnic population: 15,000. Mainly in Istanbul; some in Izmirin. Alternate names: Dzhudezmo, Judeo Spanish, Sefardi, Judezmo, Hakitia, Haketia, Spanyol. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian
More information.
Pontic [pnt] 4,535 in Turkey (1965 Mackridge). Northest Turkey, easternmost part of Pontic-speaking region. Classification: Indo-European, Greek, Attic
More information.
Romani, Balkan [rmn] 25,000 Arlija in Turkey. Dialects: Arlija (Erli). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Romani, Balkan
More information.
Serbian [srp] 20,000 in Turkey (1980). 2,345 monolinguals (1965 census). Ethnic population: 61,000. Scattered in western Turkey. Alternate names: Bosnian. Classification: Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western
More information.
Tatar [tat] Istanbul and perhaps other places. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Western, Uralian
More information.
Extinct languages
Ubykh [uby] Extinct. Haci Osman village, near the Sea of Marmara, near Istanbul. Alternate names: Ubyx, Pekhi, Oubykh. Classification: North Caucasian, West Caucasian, Ubyx
Capital city:
Ankara
Meaning country name:
The Turkish name Türkiye subdivides into two words: Türk, which refers to "strong" in Turkish and usually signifies the habitants of Turkey or a member of Turkish nation; and the Arabic suffix iye which means "owner" or "related to". The root appears commonly among early Altaic tribal ethnonyms, and also appears in the name of the modern inhabitants of Turkmenistan.
Rum (Р'ом, ڕۆم Kurdish variant): after the Sultanate of Rüm. When the Persians met the Byzantines, these called themselves Rhomaioi ("Romans"), which gave the name Rüm to the region where the Turks would settle.
Description Flag:
The flag of Turkey consists of a white crescent moon and a star on a red background. The flag is called Ay Yıldız (literally, moon star) or al sancak (red banner) in Turkish. The flag has a complex origin since it is an ancient design, and is practically identical to the last flag of the Ottoman Empire which was adopted in 1844, as part of the Tanzimat reforms. The geometric proportions of the flag were legally standardized with the Turkish Flag Law in 1936.
Coat of arms:
The Republic of Turkey is one of the states that do not have an official coat of arms. There exists a logo used by many government institutions. The logo is a red oval containing a vertically-oriented crescent and star from the Turkish flag surrounded by the official name of the country in Turkish.
In 1925, the Ministry of Education (Maarif Vekili, now Eğitim Bakanlığı) initiated a competition to select a national coat of arms. The winner was the design by painter Namık İsmail Bey. However, the choice was not approved as an official coat of arms. This coat of arms contain a vertical crescent and star and a wolf.
Motto:
" Yurtta Sulh, Cihanda Sulh "
National Anthem: İstiklâl Marşı
Turkish lyrics
Korkma, sönmez bu şafaklarda yüzen al sancak;
Sönmeden yurdumun üstünde tüten en son ocak.
O benim milletimin yıldızıdır, parlayacak;
O benimdir, o benim milletimindir ancak.
Çatma, kurban olayım çehreni ey nazlı hilâl!
Kahraman ırkıma bir gül! Ne bu şiddet bu celâl?
Sana olmaz dökülen kanlarımız sonra helâl,
Hakkıdır, Hakk'a tapan, milletimin istiklâl!
Ben ezelden beridir hür yaşadım, hür yaşarım.
Hangi çılgın bana zincir vuracakmış? Şaşarım!
Kükremiş sel gibiyim, bendimi çiğner aşarım;
Yırtarım dağları, enginlere sığmam, taşarım.
Garbın âfakını sarmışsa çelik zırhlı duvar,
Benim iman dolu göğsüm gibi serhaddim var.
Ulusun, korkma! Nasıl böyle bir imanı boğar.
"Medeniyet!" dediğin tek dişi kalmış canavar?
Arkadaş! Yurduma alçakları uğratma sakın!
Siper et gövdeni, dursun bu hayasızca akın.
Doğacaktır sana vaadettiği günler Hakk'ın;
Kimbilir, belki yarın, belki yarından da yakın.
Bastığın yerleri "toprak" diyerek geçme, tanı!
Düşün, altında binlerce kefensiz yatanı!
Sen şehit oğlusun, incitme, yazıktır atanı;
Verme, dünyaları alsan da bu cennet vatanı.
Kim bu cennet vatanın uğruna olmaz ki feda?
Şüheda fışkıracak toprağı sıksan, şüheda!
Canı, cananı, bütün varımı alsın da Hüda,
Etmesin tek vatanımdan beni dünyada cüda.
Ruhumun senden, ilahi, şudur ancak emeli;
Değmesin mabedimin göğsüne na-mahrem eli!
Bu ezanlar ki şahadetleri dinin temeli,
Ebedi yurdumun üstünde benim inlemeli.
O zaman vecd ile bin secde eder varsa taşım;
Her cerihamdan, ilahi, boşanıp kanlı yaşım,
Fışkırır ruh-i mücerret gibi yerden na'aşım;
O zaman yükselerek arşa değer belki başım!
Dalgalan sen de şafaklar gibi ey şanlı hilâl;
Olsun artık dökülen kanlarımın hepsi helâl!
Ebediyyen sana yok, ırkıma yok izmihlâl.
Hakkıdır, hür yaşamış bayrağımın hürriyet;
Hakkıdır, Hakk'a tapan milletimin istiklâl!
English translation
Fear not! For the crimson flag that proudly ripples in this glorious twilight, shall never fade,
Before the last fiery hearth that is ablaze within my nation is extinguished.
For That is the star of my nation, and it will forever shine;
It is mine; and solely belongs to my valiant nation.
Frown not, I beseech you, oh thou coy crescent,
But smile upon my heroic race! Why the anger, why the rage? ¹
Our blood which we shed for you will not be blessed otherwise;
For freedom is the absolute right of my God-worshiping nation.
I have been free since the beginning and forever will be so.
What madman shall put me in chains! I defy the very idea!
I'm like the roaring flood; powerful and independent,
I'll tear apart mountains, exceed the heavens ² and still gush out!
The lands of the West may be armored with walls of steel,
But I have borders guarded by the mighty chest of a believer.
Recognize your innate strength, my friend! And think: how can this fiery faith ever be killed,
By that battered, single-fanged monster you call "civilization"? ³
My friend! Leave not my homeland to the hands of villainous men!
Render your chest as armor and your body as trench! Stop this disgraceful rush!
For soon shall come the joyous days of divine promise...
Who knows? Perhaps tomorrow? Perhaps even sooner!
View not the soil you tread on as mere earth, recognize it!
And think about the shroudless thousands who lie so nobly beneath you.
You're the noble son of a martyr, take shame, hurt not your ancestor!
Unhand not, even when you're promised worlds, this paradise of a homeland.
What man would not die for this heavenly piece of land?
Martyrs would gush out were one to just squeeze the soil! Martyrs!
May God take all my loved ones and possessions from me if He will,
But may He not deprive me of my one true homeland for the world.
Oh glorious God, the sole wish of my pain-stricken heart is that,
No heathen's hand should ever touch the bosom of my sacred Temples.
These adhans, whose shahadahs are the foundations of my religion,
And may their noble sound last loud and wide over my eternal homeland.
For only then, shall my fatigued tombstone, if there is one, prostrate ⁴ a thousand times in ecstasy,
And tears of fiery blood shall flow out of my every wound,
And my lifeless body shall gush out from the earth like an eternal spirit,
Perhaps only then, shall I peacefully ascend and at long last reach the heavens.
So flap and wave like the bright dawning sky, oh thou glorious crescent,
So that our every last drop of blood may finally be worthy!
Neither you nor my race shall ever be extinguished!
For freedom is the absolute right of my ever-free flag;
For freedom is the absolute right of my God-worshiping nation!
Internet Page: www.cankaya.gov.tr
Turkey in diferent languages
eng: Turkey
cos | ina | ita | lld | rup | scn: Turchia
bre | eus | pap | srd | tet: Turkia
arg | ast | glg | spa: Turquía
kin | que | run | tgl: Turkiya
cat | oci | por: Turquia
ces | slk: Turecko
cor | jav: Turki
fra | frp: Turquie
fry | nld: Turkije
ind | msa: Turki / توركي
isl | non: Tyrkland
lit | mlt: Turkija
mfe | wol: Tirki
roh-enb | roh-eno: Türchia
afr: Turkye
aze: Türkiyə / Түркијә
bam: Tiriki
bos: Turska / Турска
crh: Türkiye / Тюркие
csb: Turcëjô; Tureckô; Tëreckô
cym: Twrci
dan: Tyrkiet
deu: Türkei / Türkei
dsb: Turkojska
epo: Turkujo; Turkio
est: Türgi
fao: Turkaland
fin: Turkki
fur: Turchie
gag: Türkiyä / Тӱркийӓ
gla: An Tuirc
gle: An Tuirc / An Tuirc
glv: Yn Turkee
hat: Tiki
hau: Turkiya; Turkey; Santambul
hrv: Turska
hsb: Turkowska
hun: Törökország
ibo: Taki
jnf: Turtchie
kaa: Tuʻrkiya / Түркия
kal: Tyrk Nunaat; Tyrkia
kmr: Tûrkî / Т’урки / توورکی; Tirkî / Т’ьрки / ترکی; Rom / Р’ом / ڕۆم
kur: Tirkiye / ترکیه
lat: Turcia
lav: Turcija
lim: Törkieë; Törkije
lin: Turkí
ltz: Tierkei / Tierkei
lug: Buturuki
mlg: Torkia
mol: Turcia / Турчия
mri: Tāke
nds: Törkie / Törkie
nor: Tyrkia
nrm: Turqùie
pol: Turcja
rmy: Turkiya / तुर्किया
roh-gri: Tirchia
roh-srs: Terchia
ron: Turcia
slo: Turcia / Турциа; Turczem / Турцзем
slv: Turčija
sme: Durka
smg: Torkėjė
smo: Teki
som: Turki; Turkiya
sqi: Turqia
swa: Uturuki
swe: Turkiet
szl: Turcyjo
ton: Toake
tuk: Türkiýe / Түркие
tur: Türkiye
uzb: Turkiya / Туркия
vie: Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ
vol: Türkän
vor: Türgü
wln: Turkeye
zul: iTheki
zza: Tırkiya
alt | bul | kjh | kom | rus | tyv | udm: Турция (Turcija)
ava | kum: Туркия (Turkija)
che | chv: Турци (Turci)
mon | oss: Турк (Turk)
abk: Ҭырқәҭәыла (Ṭərḳʷṭʷəla)
abq: Трыкв (Trəkʷ); ТрыквчӀвыла (Trəkʷč̣ʷəła); Турция (Turcija)
ady: Тыркуй (Tərkʷj)
bak: Төркиә / Törkiä
bel: Турцыя / Turcyja; Турэччына / Tureččyna
chm: Турций (Turcij)
kaz: Түркия / Türkïya / تۇركيا
kbd: Тырку (Tərkʷ); Турцие (Turcie)
kir: Түркия (Türkija)
krc: Тюрк (Türk); Турция (Turcija)
mkd: Турција (Turcija)
sah: Түркийэ (Türkijä)
srp: Турска / Turska
tat: Төркия / Törkiä
tgk: Туркия / ترکیه / Turkija
ukr: Туреччина (Tureččyna)
xal: Түрк (Türk)
ara: تركيا (Turkīyā)
ckb: تورکیا / Turkiya; Turkya
fas: ترکیه / Torkiye
prs: ترکیه (Torkīyâ)
pus: ترکيه (Turkiyâ)
snd: ترڪي (Turkī)
uig: تۈركىيە / Türkiye / Түркийә
urd: ترکی (Turkī); ترکیہ (Turkīyâ)
div: ޓަރްކީ (Ṫarkī)
syr: ܬܘܪܟܝܐ (Tūrkiyā)
heb: תורכיה (Tûrkiyah); טורקיה (Ṭûrqiyah); טורכיה (Ṭûrkiyah)
lad: טורקיה / Turkia
yid: טערקײַ (Terkay)
amh: ቱርክ (Turk)
ell: Τουρκία (Toyrkía)
hye: Թուրքիա (Ṭourḳia)
kat: თურქეთი (Ṭurḳeṭi)
hin: तुर्की (Turkī); टर्की (Ṭarkī)
nep: टर्की (Ṭarkī)
ben: তুরস্ক (Turôskô)
guj: તુર્કસ્તાન (Turkastān)
pan: ਤੁਰਕੀ (Turkī)
kan: ತುರ್ಕಿ (Turki); ಟರ್ಕಿ (Ṭarki)
mal: തുര്ക്കി (Turkki)
tam: துருக்கி (Turukki)
tel: టర్కీ (Ṭarkī)
zho: 土耳其 (Tǔ'ěrqí)
yue: 土耳其 (Tóuyíhkèih)
jpn: トルコ (Toruko)
kor: 터키 (Teoki)
bod: ཐུར་ཀེས་ (Tʰur.kes.); ཏུར་ཀི་ (Tur.ki.); ཐུར་ཅི་ (Tʰur.či.)
mya: တူရကီ (Tuẏáki)
tha: ตุรกี (Tunkī)
lao: ຕວຽກກີ (Twaẏkkī)
khm: ទួរគី (Tuarkī); តួរគី (Tuarkī); ទុរ៍គី (Tu[r]kī)
ex 1765 GLG ex T-0361-AW, Autocars Plenacosta, Santa Coloma de Farners (Girona), Spain
Renault FR1 Noge Touring, 1998