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Officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea. To the north-northwest lies Guadeloupe, to the southeast Martinique. Its size is 754 square kilometres (291 sq mi) and the highest point in the country is Morne Diablotins, which has an elevation of 1,447 metres (4,750 ft). The Commonwealth of Dominica has an estimated population of 72,500. The capital is Roseau.
Dominica has been nicknamed the "Nature Isle of the Caribbean" for its seemingly unspoiled natural beauty. It is the youngest island in the Lesser Antilles, still being formed by geothermal-volcanic activity, as evidenced by the world's second-largest boiling lake. The island features lush mountainous rainforests, home of many rare plant, animal, and bird species. There are xeric areas in some of the western coastal regions, but heavy rainfall can be expected inland. The Sisserou Parrot (also known as the Imperial Amazon), the island's national bird, is featured on the national flag. Dominica's economy is heavily dependent on both tourism and agriculture.
Christopher Columbus named the island after the day of the week on which he spotted it, a Sunday (dominica in Latin), November 3, 1493. In the next hundred years after Columbus' landing, Dominica remained isolated, and even more Caribs settled there after being driven from surrounding islands as European powers entered the region. France formally ceded possession of Dominica to the United Kingdom in 1763. The United Kingdom then set up a government and made the island a colony in 1805.
The emancipation of African slaves occurred throughout the British Empire in 1834, and, in 1838, Dominica became the first British Caribbean colony to have a legislature controlled by an African majority. In 1896, the United Kingdom reassumed governmental control of Dominica, turning it into a Crown colony. Half a century later, from 1958 to 1962, Dominica became a province of the short-lived West Indies Federation. In 1978, Dominica became an independent nation.
History
In 1635 France claimed Dominica. Shortly thereafter, French missionaries became the first European inhabitants of the island. Carib incursions continued, though, and in 1660, the French and British agreed that both Dominica and St. Vincent should be abandoned. Dominica was officially neutral for the next century, but the attraction of its resources remained; rival expeditions of British and French foresters were harvesting timber by the start of the 18th century.
Largely because of Dominica's position between Martinique and Guadeloupe, France eventually became predominant, and a French settlement was established and grew. As part of the 1763 Treaty of Paris that ended the Seven Years' War, the island became a British possession. In 1778, during the American Revolutionary War, the French mounted a successful invasion with the active cooperation of the population. The 1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended the war, returned the island to Britain. French invasions in 1795 and 1805 ended in failure.
In 1763, the British established a legislative assembly, representing only the white population. In 1831, reflecting a liberalization of official British racial attitudes, the Brown Privilege Bill conferred political and social rights on free non-whites. Three African people were elected to the legislative assembly the following year. Following the abolition of slavery, in 1838 Dominica became the only British Caribbean colony to have a African-controlled legislature in the 19th century. Most African legislators were smallholders or merchants who held economic and social views diametrically opposed to the interests of the small, wealthy English planter class. Reacting to a perceived threat, the planters lobbied for more direct British rule.
In 1865, after much agitation and tension, the colonial office replaced the elective assembly with one that had one-half of members who were elected and one-half who were appointed. Planters allied with colonial administrators outmanoeuvred the elected legislators on numerous occasions. In 1871, Dominica became part of the Leeward Island Federation. The power of the African population progressively eroded. Crown Colony government was re-established in 1896. All political rights for the vast majority of the population were effectively curtailed. Development aid, offered as compensation for disenfranchisement, proved to have a negligible effect.
Following World War I, an upsurge of political consciousness throughout the Caribbean led to the formation of the Representative Government Association. Marshalling public frustration with the lack of a voice in the governing of Dominica, this group won one-third of the popularly elected seats of the legislative assembly in 1924 and one-half in 1936. Shortly thereafter, Dominica was transferred from the Leeward Island Administration and was governed as part of the Windwards until 1958, when it joined the short-lived West Indies Federation.
After the federation dissolved, Dominica became an associated state of the United Kingdom in 1967 and formally took responsibility for its internal affairs. On November 3, 1978, the Commonwealth of Dominica was granted independence by the United Kingdom.
Independence did little to solve problems stemming from centuries of economic underdevelopment, and in mid-1979, political discontent led to the formation of an interim government. It was replaced after the 1980 elections by a government led by the Dominica Freedom Party under Prime Minister Eugenia Charles, the Caribbean's first female prime minister. Chronic economic problems were compounded by the severe impact of hurricanes in 1979 and in 1980.
In 1981 Dominica was threatened with a takeover by mercenaries.
Attempted coup
In 1981, a group of right-wing "mercenaries" led by Mike Perdue of Houston and Wolfgang Droege of Toronto, attempted to overthrow the government of Eugenia Charles. The North America mercenary group was to aid ex-Prime Minister Patrick John and his Dominica Defence Force in regaining control of the island in exchange for control over the island's future development. The entire plan failed and the ship hired to transport the men of Operation Red Dog never even made it off the dock as the FBI was tipped off. The self-titled mercenaries lacked any formal military experience and/or training and the majority of the crew had been misled into joining the armed coup by the con-man ringleader Mike Perdue. White supremacist Don Black was also jailed for his part in the attempt, which violated US neutrality laws. The book, "Bayou of Pigs" written by Stewart Bell details the story of this missguided attempt to turn Dominica into a criminal paradise.
Since the 1980s
By the end of the 1980s, the economy recovered, but weakened again in the 1990s because of a decrease in banana prices.
In the January 2000 elections, the Edison James United Workers Party (UWP) was defeated by the Dominican Labour Party (DLP), led by Roosevelt P. "Rosie" Douglas. Douglas died after only a few months in office and was replaced by Pierre Charles, who died in office in January 2004. Roosevelt Skerrit, also of the DLP, replaced Charles as Prime Minister. Under Prime Minister Skerrit's leadership, the DLP won elections in May 2005 that gave the party 12 seats in the 21-member Parliament to the UWP's 8 seats. An independent candidate affiliated with the DLP won a seat as well. Since that time, the independent candidate joined the government and one UWP member crossed the aisle, making the current total 14 seats for the DLP and 7 for the UWP.
Geography
Dominica is an island nation and borderless country in the Caribbean Sea, the northernmost of the Windward Islands. The size of the country is about 289.5 square miles (754 km²). The capital is Roseau.
Dominica is largely covered by rainforest and is home to the world's second-largest boiling lake. Dominica has many waterfalls, springs, and rivers. The Calibishie area in the country's northeast has sandy beaches. Some plants and animals thought to be extinct on surrounding islands can still be found in Dominica's forests. The volcanic nature of the island has attracted scuba divers. The island has several protected areas, including Cabrits National Park, as well as 365 rivers.
It is said that when his royal sponsors asked Christopher Columbus to describe this island in the "New World", he crumpled a piece of parchment roughly and threw it on the table. This, Columbus explained, is what Dominica looks like—completely covered with mountains with nary a flat spot.
Morne Trois Pitons National Park is a tropical forest blended with scenic volcanic features. It was recognised as a World Heritage Site on April 4, 1995, a distinction it shares with four other Caribbean islands.
The Commonwealth of Dominica is engaged in a long-running dispute with Venezuela over Venezuela's territorial claims to the sea surrounding Isla Aves (literally Bird Island, but in fact called Bird Rock by Dominica authorities), a tiny islet located 140 miles (224 km) west of the island of Dominica.
There are two primary population centres: Roseau and Portsmouth.
Dominica possesses the most pristine wilderness in the Caribbean.[citation needed] Originally, it was protected by sheer mountains which led the European powers to build ports and agricultural settlements on other islands. More recently, the citizens of this island have sought to preserve its spectacular natural beauty by discouraging the type of high-impact tourism which has damaged nature in most of the Caribbean.
Visitors can find large tropical forests, including one which is on the UNESCO list of World Heritage sites, hundreds of streams, coastlines and coral reefs.
The Sisserou parrot is Dominica's national bird and is indigenous to its mountain forests.
The Caribbean Sea offshore of the island of Dominica is home to many cetaceans. Most notably a group of sperm whales live in this area year round. Other cetaceans commonly seen in the area include spinner dolphins, pantropical spotted dolphins and bottlenose dolphins. Less commonly seen animals include killer whales, false killer whales, pygmy sperm whales, dwarf sperm whales, Risso's dolphins, common dolphins, Atlantic spotted dolphins, humpback whales and Bryde's whales. This makes Dominica a destination for tourists interested in whale-watching.
Dominica is especially vulnerable to hurricanes as the island is located in what is referred to as the hurricane region. In 1979, Dominica was hit directly by category 5 Hurricane David, causing widespread and extreme damage. On August 17, 2007, Hurricane Dean, a category 1 at the time, hit the island. A mother and her seven-year-old son died when a landslide caused by the heavy rains fell onto their house. In another incident two people were injured when a tree fell on their house. Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit estimated that 100 to 125 homes were damaged, and that the agriculture sector was extensively damaged, in particular the banana crop.
Other Info
Oficial name:
Commonwealth of Dominica
Independence:
November 3, 1978
Area:
751km2
Inhabitants:
72.500
Languages:
Dominican Creole French [acf] 42,600 in Dominica (1998). Alternate names: Lesser Antillean Creole French, Patwa, Patois, Kwèyòl. Classification: Creole, French based
More information.
English [eng] 10,000 in Dominica (2004). Dialects: Dominican English. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English
More information.
Kokoy Creole English [aig] 200 in Dominica (2004). Kokoy dialect is in 2 villages: Marigot and Wesley in northeast Dominica. Alternate names: Leeward Caribbean Creole English. Classification: Creole, English based, Atlantic, Eastern, Southern
More information.
Extinct languages
Carib, Island [crb] Extinct. Formerly also in Lesser Antilles, excluding Trinidad. Also spoken in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Dialects: Was not intelligible with Black Carib (D. Taylor 1959). Vincentian on Saint Vincent may have been closer to Black Carib than to Island Carib. Not inherently intelligible with Garífuna (D. Taylor IJAL 1959:67). Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran, Caribbean
Capital city:
Roseau
Meaning of country name: From the Latin "Dies Dominica" meaning "Sunday": the day of the week on which Christopher Columbus first landed on the island.
Description Flag:
The flag of Dominica was adopted on November 3, 1978, with some small changes being made in 1981, 1988, and 1990. The flag features a green background. A red circle at the centre features a Sisserou Parrot (Amazona imperialis) surrounded by ten green stars, which represent the island's ten parishes. Four strips of three coloured bands (yellow, black and white) radiate horizontally and vertically from the circle.
Before 1981, the colours of the bands were ordered differently and the green stars had no borders. Before 1988, the parrot faced in the opposite direction. In 1990, the colour of the stars, originally lime green, was darkened to match the green of the background, the yellow border around the stars was changed to black, the coloration of the parrot was brought more into alignment with reality, and some proportions were changed. There seems to be, generally, a lack of standardisation on many minor points of the flag in Dominica.
The flag's elements have symbolic meanings. The parrot is Dominica's national bird, meant to inspire citizens to soar to achieve their highest goals. In addition to representing the island's parishes, the stars also symbolise hope and equality. The combined lines form a cross, reflecting Dominica's Christian faith, and the three lines individually represent the Trinity. The flag's colours were also chosen for their associations: green - the island's verdant landscape; red - social justice; yellow - sunshine, agriculture; black - earth, African ancestry; white - clear waters, purity.
Coat of arms:
The coat of arms of Dominica was adapted on July 21, 1961. It consists of a shield with two guardian Sisserou Parrots bracing the shield atop of which is a raging lion. The quadrants of the shield depict a canoe, a banana tree, a palm and a mountain frog. Below the crest is the national motto: Après Bondie C'est La Ter (After God the Earth).
Motto: "Après Bondie, C'est La Ter"
National Anthem: Isle of beauty, isle of splendour
Isle of beauty, isle of splendour,
Isle to all so sweet and fair,
All must surely gaze in wonder
At thy gifts so rich and rare.
Rivers, valleys, hills and mountains,
All these gifts we do extol.
Healthy land, so like all fountains,
Giving cheer that warms the soul.
Dominica, God hath blest thee
With a clime benign and bright,
Pastures green and flowers of beauty
Filling all with pure delight,
And a people strong and healthy,
Full of godly, rev'rent fear.
May we ever seek to praise Thee
For these gifts so rich and rare.
Come ye forward, sons and daughters
Of this gem beyond compare.
Strive for honour, sons and daughters,
Do the right, be firm, be fair.
Toil with hearts and hands and voices.
We must prosper! Sound the call,
In which ev'ryone rejoices,
"All for Each and Each for All."
Internet Page: www.discoverdominica.com
Dominica in diferent languages
eng | afr | arg | ast | bre | cat | cym | dan | est | fin | glg | glv | ina | ita | jnf | lat | lin | lld | nld | nor | oci | por | roh | ron | rup | sco | sme | spa | srd | swe | vie | vor: Dominica
ces | cor | dsb | eus | fao | fry | hrv | hsb | hun | jav | lav | lit | mlg | mlt | pol | slk | slv | swa | tur | wol | zza: Dominika
aze | bos | crh | kaa | slo | tuk | uzb: Dominika / Доминика
deu | ltz | nds: Dominika / Dominika; Dominica / Dominica
fra | nrm: Dominique
bam: Dɔminiki
epo: Dominiko
frp: Domenica
fur: Dominiche
gla: Doiminicia
gle: Doiminice / Doiminice
hat: Dominik
ibo: Dọminika
ind: Dominika / دومينيكا
isl: Dóminíka
kmr: Domînîka / Доминика / دۆمینیکا; Domînîk / Доминик / دۆمینیک
kur: Domînîka / دۆمینیکا
mol: Dominica / Доминика
msa: Dominica / دومينيكا
que: Duminika
rmy: Dominika / दोमिनिका
scn: Domìnica
smg: Duomėnė̄ka
sqi: Domenika
tet: Domínika
ton: Tominika
vol: Dominikeän
wln: Dominike
abq | alt | bul | che | chm | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | mkd | mon | rus | tyv | udm: Доминика (Dominika)
bak | srp | tat: Доминика / Dominika
bel: Дамініка / Daminika
chv: Доминикӑ (Dominikă)
kaz: Доминика / Domïnïka / دومينيكا
kbd: Доминикэ (Dominikă)
oss: Доминикӕ (Dominikä)
tgk: Доминика / دامینیکه / Dominika
ukr: Домініка (Dominika)
ara: الدومينيك (ad-Dūmīnīk); دومينيكا (Dūmīnīkā)
fas: دومینیکا (Domīnīkā); دمینیکا (Domīnīkā); دومینیک (Domīnīk); دمینیک (Domīnīk)
prs: دومینیکا (Dōmīnīkā)
pus: دومينيکا (Domīnīkā)
uig: دومىنىكا / Dominika / Доминика
urd: ڈومینیکا (Ḋômīnīkā)
div: ޑޮމިނިކާ (Ḋominikā)
heb: דומיניקה (Dômînîqah)
lad: דומיניקה / Dominika
yid: דאָמיניקאַ (Dominika)
amh: ዶሚኒካ (Dominika)
ell: Ντομίνικα (Ntomínika); Δομίνικα (Domínika); Δομινίκη (Dominíkī)
hye: Դոմինիկա (Dominika)
kat: დომინიკა (Dominika)
hin: डोमिनिका (Ḍominikā)
ben: ডোমিনিকা (Ḍominikā); দোমিনিকা (Dominikā); ডমিনিকা (Ḍôminikā)
pan: ਡੋਮੀਨੀਕਾ (Ḍomīnīkā)
kan: ಡೊಮಿನಿಕ (Ḍominika)
mal: ഡൊമിനിക്ക (Ḍominikka)
tam: டொமினிக்கா (Ṭomiṉikkā); டொமினிகா (Ṭomiṉikā)
tel: డొమినికా (Ḍominikā)
zho: 多米尼克 (Duōmǐníkè)
jpn: ドミニカ (Dominika)
kor: 도미니카 (Dominika)
mya: ဒုိမီနီကာ (Dominika)
tha: โดมินิกา (Dōminikā)
khm: ដូមីនិក (Dūmīnik); ដូមីនីកា (Dūmīnīkā)
Officially the Kingdom of Tonga (Tongan: Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga), an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, comprises 169 islands, 36 of them inhabited. The Kingdom stretches over a distance of about 800 kilometres (500 miles) in a north-south line. The islands that constitute the archipelago lie south of Samoa, about one-third of the way from New Zealand to Hawaiʻi.
Tonga also became known as the Friendly Islands because of the friendly reception accorded to Captain James Cook on his first visit in 1773. He happened to arrive at the time of the ʻinasi festival, the yearly donation of the first fruits to the Tuʻi Tonga, the islands' paramount chief, and received an invitation to the festivities. According to the writer William Mariner, in reality the chiefs had wanted to kill Cook during the gathering, but could not agree on a plan.
Apart from being the only sovereign monarchy among the island nations of the Pacific Ocean, Tonga can also lay claim to being the only island nation in the region to have avoided formal colonisation. Tonga plans to become a fully functioning constitutional monarchy after legislative reform and a more fully representative election take place in 2010.
Etymology
In many Polynesian languages the word tonga means "south". The name of Tonga derives from the word Tongahahake, which translates to "Southeast", originally meaning "the wind that blows from the Southeast". The proper pronunciation of the name 'Tonga' is /toŋa/, and not /tɒŋɡə/, a pronunciation used for an Indian carriage spelled in the same way and so causing confusion.
History
An Austronesian-speaking group linked to the archeological construct known as the Lapita cultural complex reached and colonised Tonga around 1500–1000 BCE. (Scholars continue to debate the dates of the initial settlement of Tonga.) Reaching the Tongan islands (without modern navigational tools and techniques) was a remarkable feat accomplished by the Lapita peoples. Not much is known about Tonga before European contact because of the lack of a writing system during prehistoric times. But oral history has persisted, and Europeans have recorded it (and given it Eurocentric interpretations). (The Tongan people first encountered Europeans in 1616 when the Dutch vessel Eendracht made a short visit to the islands to trade.)
By the 12th century Tongans, and the Tongan paramount chief, the Tuʻi, had a reputation across the central Pacific, from Niue to Tikopia, leading some historians to speak of a 'Tongan Empire'. In the 15th century and again in the 17th, civil war erupted. Into this situation the first European explorers arrived, beginning in 1616 with the Dutch explorers Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire (who called on the northern island of Niuatoputapu), and in 1643 with Abel Tasman(who visited Tongatapu and Haʻapai). Later noteworthy European visitors included James Cook (British Navy) in 1773, 1774, and 1777, Alessandro Malaspina (Spanish Navy) in 1793, the first London missionaries in 1797, and the Wesleyan Methodist Walter Lawry Buller in 1822.
In 1845 the ambitious young warrior, strategist, and orator Tāufaʻāhau united Tonga into a kingdom. He held the chiefly title of Tuʻi Kanokupolu, but was baptised with the name King George. In 1875, with the help of missionary Shirley Waldemar Baker, he declared Tonga a constitutional monarchy, formally adopted the western royal style, emancipated the "serfs", enshrined a code of law, land tenure, and freedom of the press, and limited the power of the chiefs.
Tonga became a British-protected state under a Treaty of Friendship on 18 May 1900, when European settlers and rival Tongan chiefs tried to oust the second king. Within the British Empire, which posted no higher permanent representative on Tonga than a British Consul (1901–1970), Tonga formed part of the British Western Pacific Territories (under a colonial High Commissioner, residing on Fiji) from 1901 until 1952. Although under the protection of Britain, Tonga remained the only Pacific nation never to have given up its monarchical government - as did Tahiti and Hawaiʻi. The Tongan monarchy, unlike that of the UK, follows a straight line of rulers.
The Treaty of Friendship and Tonga's protectorate status ended in 1970 under arrangements established by Queen Salote Tupou III prior to her death in 1965. Tonga joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970 (atypically as an autochthonous monarchy, that is one with its own hereditary monarch rather than Elizabeth II), and the United Nations in September 1999. While exposed to colonial pressures, Tonga has never lost indigenous governance, a fact that makes Tonga unique in the Pacific and gives Tongans much pride, as well as confidence in their monarchical system. As part of cost cutting measures across the British Foreign Service, the British Government closed the British High Commission in Nukuʻalofa in March 2006, transferring representation of British interests in Tonga to the UK High Commissioner in Fiji. The last resident British High Commissioner was Paul Nessling.
Geography
Located in Oceania, Tonga is an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, directly south of Western Samoa and about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand. Its 176 islands, 36 of them inhabited, are divided into three main groups--Vava'u, Ha'apai, and Tongatapu--and cover an 800-kilometre (500 mi.)-long north-south line. The largest island, Tongatapu, on which the capital city of Nukuʻalofa is located, covers 257 square kilometres (99 sq. mi.). Geologically the Tongan islands are of two types: most have a limestone base formed from uplifted coral formations; others consist of limestone overlaying a volcanic base.
Other Info
Oficial name:
Pule'anga Fakatu'i 'o Tonga
Independence:
4 June 1970
Area:
748 km2
Inhabitants:
103.000
Languages:
Lea fakatonga
English [eng] Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English
More information.
Niuafo'ou [num] 690 (1981 SIL). Niuafo'ou and 'Eua islands. Dialects: Probably a dialect of East Uvean (Wallisian). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Central Pacific, East Fijian-Polynesian, Polynesian, Nuclear, Samoic-Outlier, East Uvean-Niuafo'ou
More information.
Tongan [ton] 96,334 in Tonga (1998). Population total all countries: 105,319. Also spoken in American Samoa, Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand, Niue, USA, Vanuatu. Alternate names: Tonga. Dialects: Close to Niue. There are slight dialect differences from north to south. Lexical similarity 86% with Wallisian, 66% with Samoan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Central Pacific, East Fijian-Polynesian, Polynesian, Tongic
More information.
Extinct languages
Niuatoputapu [nkp] Extinct. Ethnic population: 1,630 (1981). Niuatoputapu Island. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Central Pacific, East Fijian-Polynesian, Polynesian, Nuclear, Samoic-Outlier
Capital city:
Nuku'Alofa
Meaning country name:
From the Tongan "South" or "southern", describing the islands' location relative to Samoa.
Friendly Islands (former name): named by Captain James Cook in 1773 after the friendliness and hospitality of the people he met on the islands.
Description Flag:
The flag of Tonga was adopted on November 4, 1875.
The flag looks similar to the flag of the Red Cross. The flag was originally identical to that flag, but to avoid confusion, it was changed so that the red cross appeared as a canton of a red ensign, making it similar to the 17th century red ensign. The flag has been in use since 1864 but was officially adopted in 1875. The constitution of Tonga states that the flag shall never be altered.
Coat of arms:
The Coat of arms of Tonga (ko e Sila ʻo Tonga) was designed in 1875 with the creation of the constitution. The three swords represent the three dynasties or lines of the kings of Tonga, namely the Tuʻi Tonga, Tuʻi Haʻatakalaua and the current Tuʻi Kanokupolu). Tonga was finally united under one king, King Siaosi Tupou I, who then orchestrated the formation of the first formal government and also the coat of arms. The dove with the olive branch symbolises the wish for God's peace to reign in Tonga forever (the dove and olive branch are taken directly from the story of Noah and the Great Flood in the Holy Bible). The three stars symbolise the main island groups of Tonga, which are Tongatapu, Vavaʻu and Haʻapai. The Crown symbolises the ruling monarchy, the King of Tonga. The text on the scroll at the bottom reads Ko e ʻOtua mo Tonga ko hoku Tofiʻa in the Tongan language: God and Tonga are my inheritance.
There is no official specification of how exactly the seal should look like. Even the shield on the front gate of the late king's palace is different from the old black/white copy used by the (ex-) government printer on all official stationery, is different from the copy on the prime minister's office webpage, etc. Some have pointed crowns, some rounded; some have normal flags, others have flags looking more like banners; some use the modern orthography, some the old (Ko e Otua mo Toga ko hoku Tofia); some have black swords, others white; and so forth.
Motto:
"Ko e 'Otua mo Tonga ko hoku tofi'a"
National Anthem: Ko e fasi 'o e tu'i 'o e 'Otu Tonga
Tongan lyrics (modern spelling)
'E 'otua māfimafi
ko homau 'eiki koe
ko koe ko e falala'anga
mo e 'ofa ki Tonga.
'Afio hifo 'emau lotu
'aia 'oku mau faí ni
mo ke tali homau loto
ʻo maluʻi ʻa Tupou.
English lyrics (literal translation)
Oh, almighty God!
You are our Lord,
It is You, the pillar
And the love of Tonga.
Look down on our prayer
That is what we do now
And may You answer our wish
To protect Tupou.
Internet Page: www.govt.to
Tonga in diferent languages
eng | afr | arg | ast | bre | cat | ces | cor | cym | dan | dsb | est | eus | fao | fin | fra | frp | fry | fur | gla | glg | hat | hrv | hsb | hun | ina | isl | ita | jav | jnf | kin | lat | lav | lim | lin | lit | lld | mlg | mlt | nld | nor | pol | por | que | roh | ron | run | rup | scn | slk | slv | sme | smo | spa | sqi | srd | swa | swe | tet | ton | tpi | tur | vor | wln | wol | zza: Tonga
bos | crh | kaa | mol | slo | tuk | uzb: Tonga / Тонга
deu | ltz | nds: Tonga / Tonga
ind | msa: Tonga / توڠڬا
aze: Tonqa / Тонга
bam: Tɔnga
epo: Tongo
fij: Toga
gle: Tonga / Tonga
glv: Yn Tongey
kmr: Tonga / Тонга / تۆنگا
kur: Tonga / تۆنگا
nrm: Tounga
oci: Tònga
rmy: Tonga / तोन्गा
smg: Tuonga
som: Toonga
tah: Toʻa
vie: Tông-ga
vol: Tonguäns
abq | alt | bul | che | chm | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | mkd | mon | rus | tyv | udm: Тонга (Tonga)
bak | srp | tat: Тонга / Tonga
bel: Тонга / Tonha
chv: Тонгӑ (Tongă)
kaz: Тонга / Tonga / تونگا
kbd: Тонгэ (Tongă)
oss: Тонгӕ (Tongä)
tgk: Тонга / تانگه / Tonga
ukr: Тонґа (Tonga)
ara: تونغا (Tūnġā); تونجا (Tūngā)
fas: تونگا / Tongâ
prs: تونگا (Tōngā)
pus: تونګا (Tongā)
uig: تونگا / Ton’ga / Тонга
urd: ٹونگا (Ṫôngā); تونگا (Tôngā)
div: ޓޮނގާ (Ṫoṅgā)
heb: טונגה (Ṭôngah)
lad: טונגה / Tonga
yid: טאָנגאַ (Tonga)
amh: ቶንጋ (Tonga)
ell: Τόνγκα (Tóngka); Τόγκα (Tógka)
hye: Տոնգա (Tonga); Թոնգա (Ṭonga)
kat: ტონგა (Tonga)
hin: टोंगा (Ṭoṁgā)
ben: টোঙ্গা (Ṭoṅgā); টঙ্গা (Ṭôṅgā)
pan: ਟੋਨਗਾ (Ṭongā)
kan: ಟೋಂಗ (Ṭōṁga)
mal: ടോംഗ (Ṭōṁga); ടോന്ഗ (Ṭōnga)
tam: டொங்கா (Ṭoṅkā); தொங்கா (Toṅkā); டோங்கா (Ṭōṅkā)
tel: టోంగా (Ṭōṁgā)
zho: 湯加/汤加 (Tāngjiā)
jpn: トンガ (Tonga)
kor: 통가 (Tongga)
mya: တာန္ဂာ (Tãga)
tha: ตองกา (Tɔ̄ṅkā); ท็องกา (Tʰɔṅkā)
khm: តុងហ្គា (Tuṅhkā)
***Jumeirah Beach***
Liebe Freunde,
am 4. Tag unseres Urlaubes ging es mit einem Leihwagen ab nach Dubai.
Nachdem wir uns längere Zeit am Burj Khalifa aufhielten fuhren wir weiter auf dem Jumeirah Beach )berühmte Palme).
Endlich angekommen nach einer turbulenten Autofahrt durften wir uns diesen Atemberaubenden Ausblick genießen.<3
Die Skyline von Dubai spielt alle Farben und besticht durch eine Hammer Bauweise, ich werde diesen Anblick nie wieder vergessen <3
Dieses Bild besteht aus insgesamt 10 Belichtungen!!
EXIFS:
Canon 5D III
Canon 24-70
f 8
ISO 100
15 sek
Ich hoffe Euch gefällt dieses Bild und ich wünsche Euch einen wunderschönen Feiertag <3
Natürlich würde ich mich freuen wenn Ihr das Bild mit einem Däumchen belohnt oder es Teilt!!
Glg Euer Marc
J964 GLG - J Stirland - ERF E12TX-300 4x2 tractor unit. Lincolnshire Steam Rally on 17th August 2008
(so beklagt sich Rita auch nicht mehr übers Wetter ;))
So, es ist soweit, damit verabschiede ich mich erstmal, GLG allerseits, bleibt weiterhin brav, Ihr wißt, wo ich zu finden bin :) (Strandkörbe, ich komme! :))
Fa' che si possa rischiarare tutto...
E con questa mi congedo per il momento, salutoni a tutti, continuate a fare i bravi, sapete pur dove trovarmi :) (cesti da spiaggia, arrivo!)
GLG: (sinónimos) carranciña, pirrí
PT: Andorinha-do-mar-anã
EN: little tern
A Mariña, #Galiza
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Os nomes galegos das aves: Unirte ó grupo (Facebook)
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- #nature #naturephotography #birdwatching
[SGO] | [achave.gal]
- #aves #galiza #galiciabirding #galiciannature #galizaimaxes #galicia #galicianatural #imaxes_en_galego #paxareando #birding #birdphotography #birds #amariñaluguesa #amariñalucense #amariña #Galiza #galizaimaxes #galiciabirding #galiciannature #galice #birdwatching #birdphotography #birds #amariña
Shame about the heavy rain but good to catch this heading to Porto as NJE091D after earlier arriving from Leeds Bradford as NJE058G (which was presumably an empty leg to pick up the Porto pax)
Einen lieben Gruß an alle Flickr Freunde.
Mir geht es im Moment ziemlich schlecht, dennoch behalte ich einiges im Blick. Und immer, wenn es die Luft zulässt, entstehen auch einige Bilder.
Ich wünsche euch von ganzem Herzen einen schönen April und nehme mir ab und an die AUSZEIT, die ich brauche.
GlG Luise