Christian Family Movie "Red Re-Education at Home"

Introduction

Zheng Yi is a Christian. When he heard about the CCP government's brutal persecution of Eastern Lightning and the arrest of Christians during his work in the United States, he pondered, "The CCP is an atheist party, a satanic regime that resists God most. Under the frenzied persecution and suppression by the CCP, Eastern Lightning has still become increasingly prosperous. It most likely is the true way." So he examined Eastern Lightning on the website of The Church of Almighty God. He discovered that Almighty God's word is the truth and the voice of God. He determined that Almighty God is the return of the Lord Jesus. So he readily accepted the work of Almighty God in the last days. Four years later, Zheng Yi returned to China and passed on the work of Almighty God in the last days to his sister, Zheng Rui, a news reporter.

 

Zheng Yi's father, Zheng Weiguo, is the minister of the United Front Work Department in a city of China. When he learned that his children had believed in Almighty God, he strongly opposed it and repeatedly used the rumors and fallacies of the CCP government to stop them from believing in God. On many occasions, Zheng Yi and his sister debated with their father. This spiritual war of the family ultimately ended with the truth triumphing over fallacy and the fact over rumor! Fearful of the CCP's evil power and determined to keep his official position and livelihood, Zheng Weiguo stubbornly took side with the CCP and compelled his children to give up their belief in Almighty God but to no avail. He finally expelled them from their home …

 

Zheng Yi and his sister resolutely chose to leave their family and follow Christ to preach and witness God's appearance and work in the last days.

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Domitian. AD 81-96. Æ Dupondius (28mm, 12.70 g, 6h). Secular Games issue. Rome mint. Struck 14 September-31 December AD 88. IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM P M TR P VIII CENS PER P P, radiate head right / COS XIIII LVD SAEC FEC, Domitian standing left, sacrificing with patera over lighted and garlanded altar to left; to far left, Tiber reclining right, holding cornucopia; between, lyre and flute players standing right; in background, hexastyle temple with eagle in pediment. RIC II 621.

  

Honoring the original system for the celebration of the games, Domitian held the Ludi Saeculares in October AD 88, coming close to the traditional 110-year standard. The reverses of the gold and silver issues typically employ a herald of the games, while the bronze issues convey the various events which occurred before and during the celebration. The legend LVDi SAECulares FECit is used throughout, and conveys the emperor as bringing the celebration of the games to the city. cngcoins.com

 

The reverse type employed on some of these issues is alluded to by a passage in Suetonius in which heralds are described as going around the city, inviting people to a spectacle which “ ... [they] had never seen and would not see again.” He also states the fallacy of this event however, since the games had just been held 40 years earlier during the reign of Claudius in a break from past celebrations.

Pretty moody skies and clouds over the city late this afternoon. I was with my mom at the time doing some errands around town... Anyway, hope y'all are having a safe weekend so far! Pic taken from around San Jose, CA. (Saturday late afternoon, January 30, 2021; 4:27 p.m.)

 

*How can clouds mean so many different things? I think it’s because they constantly change, they can look stunning, benign or threatening & angry. While looking up at the sky, we can impose our own feelings on to them. In literature, this is called "pathetic fallacy", where the clouds come to underline our emotional states...

To put an end to the fallacy of the infinite, I'm going to open the door of the decision.

 

[ handmade collage ]

The most famous example of the gambler's fallacy occurred in a game of roulette at the Casino de Monte-Carlo in the summer of 1913, when the ball fell in black 26 times in a row. This was an extremely uncommon occurrence, although no more nor less common than any of the other 67,108,863 sequences of 26 red or black. Gamblers lost millions of francs betting against black, reasoning incorrectly that the streak was causing an "imbalance" in the randomness of the wheel, and that it had to be followed by a long streak of red.

Amsterdam - lunch time

First of all, it is important to know that the Kutubiah is not built by chance at this place: indeed, there are flows of the 7 metals that criss-cross the Earth like meridians. The Kutubiah is at the crossroads of two simple gold streams, one North-South passing through Santiago, Tomar and Marrakesh. An east-west flow passes through Damascus, Gardaïa and Marrakesh. The tower is therefore a scalar wave sensor. The rest is a parallel with experiments carried out in Ireland on identical towers and in India. The metal balls are like tachyon energy sensors or organ cannons.

Physics used to teach us that space is a kind of absolute container, separate from the flow of time. In this classical or Newtonian conception, objects traveled through or remained stationary in space, which itself was not subject to change or to internal variations. The three dimensions of space were the same, always and everywhere. Galileo's observation of the moons of Jupiter would eventually lead to the fundamental assertion, so damaging to the prevailing Christian or traditional cosmology of the time, that in fact the laws down here on earth and the laws up there in the heavens are the very same. Our "space" as we experience it on earth, according to its inviolable coordinates of width, height, and depth, or the famous x, y, and z of the Cartesian coordinate system exists uniformly throughout the universe and is governed by the same rules. With the dismissal of the ether (the fifth element the celestial spheres were thought to be made of) and the adoption of an atomist theory, the physical vision of the universe was one of billiard balls colliding in a uniform and static vacuum, with things like electromagnetism and thermal energy thrown into the mix.

 

www.ibnarabisociety.org/articles/timeofscience.html

 

In this conception, time was a measure and nothing more, and was itself assumed to be constant and unchanging. One used time in frequency and velocity values, but time itself had nothing essentially to do with the nature of space and certainly nothing to do with physical objects themselves. The great paradigm shift in physics came with Einstein's special theory of relativity, which was later to be expanded upon in his general theory of relativity. In addition to showing that there is no absolute frame of reference for physical measurements, the theory also demonstrated mathematically that what we ordinarily think of as space and time are actually intertwining realities – or two aspects of the same reality. How we move through space changes how we move through time, at least depending on the point of observation. If I travel from Earth for a period of time near the speed of light and then return, a much longer period of time will have elapsed from Earth's frame of reference than will have elapsed from my own frame of reference, in some sort of space vehicle for example. Time also changes depending on how close I am to a strong gravitational field. A clock in orbit high above the earth, for example, will run slightly slower than an identical clock on the surface of the earth.

 

Now, many books have been written in the last few decades claiming that the teachings of Eastern religions such as Buddhism and the finding of modern physics, specifically quantum mechanics and relativity theory, are really the same, and much is made of the spiritual significance of this new physics.2 Though it is a topic for another forum, I believe that the perceived intersection of physics and mysticism or religion results from a sublimation of certain hypothetical assumptions of physical data on the one hand, and a denaturing of the spiritual doctrines on the other. That is to say, certain interpretations of the physical data, such as the idea that the observer influences the state vector collapse, and the notion of multiple universes arising out of the actualization of the wave function of particles, are nothing more than philosophical struggles on the part of physicists and laymen to come to grips with the data. They are not demanded by the data themselves, which is why many physicists who agree on the same data have sometimes wildly different models for accounting for those data.3 On the religious side, one comes across pat explanations of spiritual doctrines taken out of their traditional context, and Buddhism is reduced to a group of clever insights about our mind and the nature of the world.

 

Thus I want to be careful of including the findings of physics in a paper on the experience of time and non-time at a conference on Ibn al-'Arabī. I may joyously proclaim that Ibn al-'Arabī told us in the thirteenth century what physicists claim to have discovered only a few decades ago, but what happens when the scientists change their minds? After all, despite what the popular literature and movies tell us, there are enormous lacunae in physics, and for all we know the spatio-temporal conception ushered in by Einstein may one day itself be overturned by something as radically different. To give you some examples, quantum mechanics works for very small things, and relativity works for very big things, but at a certain point in between, for medium sized things, the theories become incompatible. This was the problem with Newtonian or classical physics: for many purposes the theory worked just fine, but physicists were puzzled because it did not work for all observed phenomena. Thus Newtonian equations will correctly predict how a baseball will travel through space, but it took relativity to correctly account for the orbit of the planet Mercury. Our present idea of gravity and the mass of the universe should have the universe flying apart, but since it does not actually do so, physicists posit dark matter, which accounts for 98 percent of the mass of the universe. The problem is since we cannot see or measure this dark matter, we do not know what it is, or really if it is there.

 

So why start a discussion of time at an Ibn 'Arabī Society gathering with physics? Firstly, despite the fact that classical physics is part of history as far as scientists are concerned, its world view still dominates the consciousness of the age. It is what is most typically taught in high school textbooks, and its assumptions are built into popular language about the subject. The next time you hear someone say "fundamental building blocks of matter" know that such a notion is completely classical in its origin. All our notions of mass, force, and energy are usually classical conceptions, that is to say conceptions beginning from the bifurcation of the world into measurable and subjective knowledge by Descartes, then Galileo's uniformity of the universal laws, and finally Newton's brilliant synthesis. Moreover, these ideas, together with the advent of the heliocentric model, was a major force, perhaps the most important force, in sidelining Christianity in the Western world. First the Church abdicated its claim to having knowledge of the natural world, and while it spent the next few centuries in the domain of moral and spiritual questions, scientists gradually reduced the world to physical bits, reduced man to a hyper developed animal, reduced animals to complex arrangements of atoms, and reduced consciousness to complex patterns of synaptic activity in the brain. Meanwhile the philosophers and pseudo-philosophers of scientism were busy trying to convince themselves and everyone else that truth was provided only by quantitative measurement. The rest was quality, which fell on the side of subjective feeling, and as we all were supposed to know, feelings are really just complex instincts, which somehow result from the structure of the brain, resulting from the structure of DNA, resulting from the happenstance arrangement of atoms.

 

Relativity theory and quantum mechanics overturned classical mechanics, which had itself overturned Christian cosmology. The paradigm shift ushered in by such figures as Einstein, Max Planck, and Neils Bohr is important because it destroyed the destroyer. Heliocentrism was erased, because from the point of view of relativity it is nonsense to say that the earth "goes round" the sun, as it is to say that the sun goes round the earth, because there is no fixed frame of reference to say which is going around which. The sun's gravitational field is stronger than the earth's, but the earth does pull on the sun, and because there is no absolute frame of reference anymore, then certainly it is correct to say the sun goes around the earth. Geocentrism actually comes out slightly ahead, since it at least corresponds to our experience from our frame of reference. From the point of view of science, however, we have lost both geocentrism and heliocentrism.

 

As for universal laws, we find that things do not behave the same everywhere. For example a clock seems to run at a different speed high above the earth. Light does not always travel in a straight line, but seems to bend from different points of reference, because space itself seems to bend and take on all sorts of shapes depending on the objects in it.

 

Then we discover that atoms are not mere little balls. Rather, it seems the only way we can properly describe what seems to be happening on very small scales is through various kinds of mathematical form, very unlike a little ball. The only reason scientists talk about wave-particle duality is because the measurements they get look sometimes like a particle, sometimes like a wave, but they never have nor ever will see what causes those measurements. The relationships between the "atoms" is mathematically incredibly complex and is more like threads in a tapestry than balls flying through space, but of course they are neither. The problem is further complicated by Bell's theorem, which shows entities like electrons to be connected, as far as we can tell, instantaneously even at distances too great for a light-speed communication to take place. This is important because relativity theory states that nothing can travel faster than the speed of light.

 

Thus the momentousness of heliocentrism, atomist theory, uniformity of spatial laws and time was shown to be not so momentous after all, but this is lost on popular thinking. Einstein certainly earned his own fame but did not manage to steal all of Newton's thunder. The most usual understanding of the natural world is still a classical one.

 

But I already cautioned myself about too great an enthusiasm for what the new physics teaches. Indeed it may be that the current paradigm is overturned, but it seems well-nigh impossible that any such a revolution will bring us closer to the classical conception that destroyed traditional cosmology in the West. We have already pushed the limits of what we can actually observe with our own senses, which is to say anything else we observe will be the effects of experiments together with the mathematical models based on the data of those experiments. Physicists' eyes are not more powerful than our own; their insight comes through the mathematical form they derive from the data. Such mathematical models are the very stuff of physical theory.

 

The significance of this is not that it elevates one theoretical model above another, but that it throws into sharp focus the fact that any model of what happens beyond the perceptible world is as good as any other from the point of view of science, so long as it correctly predicts the data. The problem with superstring theory, hidden variable theory, many-universe theory, is that they are all mathematical models based upon the exact same body of data, and they all predict the data equally well. These models are sometimes so wildly different that any pretense to some one great scientific conception of the universe must be seen as philosophical hubris. The precision of the data themselves and the success of the accompanying mathematics in predicting the behavior of the physical world on small and large scales – indeed the most successful scientific theory to date – paradoxically serves to undercut the assumption that the only real knowledge we can have of things is through scientific measurement. What we are measuring are things we can never perceive without a measurement. Classical mechanics usually dealt with ordinary scale objects. If the real knowledge we have of a baseball is the measurements we can make of it, we are still left with an object that at least corresponds to an object we actually experience, even if that experience is merely subjective or even meaningless from the point of view of science. An electron is an entity no one has, can, or ever will experience. Even if we never perceive a unicorn in fact, we could in principle.

 

The key reversal at play is the following: we measure quantum entities, but our knowledge of them is mediated completely by our ordinary experience of the world, by our pointer-readings, as Wittgenstein once remarked. I said that the new physics paradoxically undercuts classical bifurcation because it leaves us with the troubling proposition that our true scientific knowledge depends for its very survival upon the offices of our subjective, non-scientific experience. Actually, this was the case in classical mechanics as well, but the fact that quantum entities are wholly unlike ordinary entities makes the rigid bifurcation into a subjective world of quality and an objective world of quantity all the more absurd.4

 

The situation we are left with is this. The revolution of classical mechanics suffered a counter-revolution, the new physics, which neutralized the sting delivered by the heliocentric model, uniform space and time, and the classical atomist theory. Though this counter-revolution did not put traditional cosmology back in its place, it robbed the scientist of his ability to make absolute statements about what we can know. A man might be lulled into a kind of complacency about the baseball; perhaps the knowledge provided by scientific measurement is more true and reliable than his mere experience of the thing. This may not hold up to philosophical scrutiny, but overlap between the measured baseball and a baseball as one sees it gives the whole affair an air of respectability. But when the scientist tells us that true knowledge is measuring things that we cannot see, and that the scientist cannot see either, it begins to sound too strange to be believed. And of course, it is.

 

So unlike many of the popular ideas linking the new physics to traditional metaphysics, my assertion here is simply that science has exposed the fallacy of Cartesian bifurcation and the alleged supremacy of quantitative knowledge. Science has turned on itself, or more correctly, the data has betrayed philosophical scientism and exposed its limitations. We have quite literally come back to our senses.

 

If we actually pay attention to the difference between quantitative data and physical theory, we see that science has altogether lost the destructive power to make us denigrate our senses and the ideas we form from sensory experience. We know that what the scientist says about time is a model based on observations of the world, and that any number of such models possess equal validity, and all of them are subservient to the real experience of the human subject. Choosing one model above another is not a scientific decision, but a philosophical one.

 

Time, like space, is one of the most concrete aspects of our experience of the world. It is not an abstract entity such as an electron, but a reality so close and intimate that we stumble in defining it owing to its sheer obviousness. It is a mystery that baffles due to its clarity, not its obscurity. If a physicist says that time is not what we think but is actually this or that, we can agree in part and acknowledge that the reality may have aspects of which we are not aware. However, we always possess the powerful rejoinder that no matter what the data or theory, it has been formed on the basis of the physicist's ordinary human experience of time and observations taking place within that experience. Logically, it is impossible to negate the qualitative time of our own experience without undercutting the basis of the quantitative time derived through measurement, since no observation is possible without ordinary time and ordinary space. "Reification" is the problem we get when we put our theories of quantitative time above qualitative time in our hierarchy of knowledge. I may give a mathematical description of time utilizing perhaps a symbolic or allegorical use of geometric shapes, but then become trapped in my own provisional model. Even the word "linear" in linear time is a model. We make an analogy of some property of our experience of time to the properties of a physical line in space, i.e., being continuous and existing in two directions. But time is not a line, a line is a line. Having used the image of a line to enable us to talk about time in a scientifically useful way, we get trapped by an image which has taken on a life of its own, so to speak. Then anything other than linear time begins to seem absurd, a violation of time the way a loop is a violation of a line.

 

The Cartesian bifurcation which elevates quantitative measurement and theory while denigrating the real experience of qualities is ultimately absurd, because no model can repudiate the model-maker and continue to remain meaningful. It would mean that the model-maker's knowledge of what he is making a model of is dependent upon the knowledge provided by that very model itself. A bifurcationist physicist discerns a mathematical form in the data of the world, then says that this mathematical form is more true than the very perception he used to discern that mathematical form. If by this he meant that the world manifests laws present in the Intellect or Great Spirit, we could agree, since we perceive those laws by virtue of participating in that same intellect. But that is not an idea the philosophers of scientism would be willing to entertain.

 

Let me now leave off the space-time continuum of physics and come to the soul's qualitative and lived experience of these realities we call space and time. Space and time appear to us to be two modes of extension, or in simpler terms two ways in which things are spread out in relationship to each other. Spatially things are here and there, and temporally things are before and after. In another essay I discussed at length this notion of space and time as extension, and I do not wish to duplicate that discussion here.5 My purpose here is to establish a link between space and time that is not at all based on relativity theory, but arises from our living experience. Although in the classical conception which so often dominates our minds space and time are seen as two separate and unlike things, the truth is that time is impossible without space, and space is impossible without time. I do not make this assertion from the point of view of physical science, but from within the world of the metaphysics of Ibn al-'Arabī and similar metaphysical systems.

 

Let us first ask what the world would be like if there were only space, but no time. The first thing that we would notice is that change would become impossible. Think of a group of objects existing in space, and then think of them existing in a different arrangement. In order for them to go from the first arrangement to the second one, something has to happen. They have to at the very least traverse the distances necessary to arrive at the second arrangement, but how can they do that if there is only space and no time? Something has to ontologically link the two arrangements. Even if somehow they do not traverse the distance in between, the objects are still the same objects, and the only thing allowing us to call them the same objects in the two different arrangements is a reality that allows the objects to change but retain some kind of continuity. This connecting dimension is time.

 

Let us then ask what the world would be like if there were time but no space. Since there would be no spatial extension to observe, we would somehow have to measure time with our subjective experience in the absence of height, width, and depth. How would we know that there even was a course of time? Feelings have no dimension perhaps, but what about the rest of the soul? The images in our imagination, never mind the objects of the objective world, all have spatial extension, so we would have to disallow them in a world without space. That is to say, time implies a kind of inward space in the soul – a different kind of space to be sure – that makes it meaningful to speak of before and after, a referent that is constant in the face of change.

 

Let us as an exercise try to erase the words "space" and "time" from our minds and come back at the question. We notice that in life there are things that change and things that stay the same, and often the very same things seem to change and stay the same but in different respects. The baseball is the same baseball, both in the hand of the pitcher and in the glove of the catcher, but it is not wholly the same because some things about it are different, such as its location and its relationship to the things around it. We can talk about things that are constant and changing, or static and dynamic. (In Arabic the relevant terms are qārr and ghayr al-qārr.)

 

But I do not wish to encumber myself from the beginning with technical language. For now I simply have the "constant" and the "changing". I, too, am constant and changing. I am the same person but I am always becoming this or that, experiencing all sorts of colors and sounds and shapes in addition to my emotions, and yet the constant identity abides. In the statement, "I was sad, then I found my true love, and then I was happy," the then does not split the I into parts. It does not erase the identity.

 

Such paradoxes of the many in the one, and the one in the many, really form the basis of Ibn al-'Arabī's metaphysics, and make a good point of departure for an analysis of time and non-time. At the highest level, the mystery of the many and the one is the identity between the Ultimate Reality and the many things we usually think of as being real in and of themselves. The ontological status of things in relation to the ultimate reality is a question for metaphysics, but the mystery of the many and one also plays out in cosmology, meaning the study of the world in which the puzzles of constancy and change arise.

 

At the highest level of Akbarian thought, the manyness of the divine qualities is resolved in the unity of the supreme Self. This is not a unity of "before" and "after", where I might say that all qualities are happening right now; nor is it a unity of "here" and "there", where I might say that all qualities are in one place. Rather it is a unity of being, of identity. The Creator is not another being than the Just or the All-Merciful. They are unified in what they truly are, and mysteriously the world's illusory reality disappears in the face of this essential unity.

 

Now, Akbarians do not throw away manyness, but put it in its place, and from our point of view in the world the many divine qualities and their relationships to one another are of the greatest significance. The manyness of the qualities is unreal only for the supreme Self, but for us this manyness is as real as we are, so to speak. In fact, we depend on this manyness for whatever illusory reality we possess, because it is by virtue of the divine names and qualities and their relationships that the world comes to be. How, then, does this one in the many, many in the one, play out in the world?

 

There is no shortage of ideas that Ibn al-'Arabī and his school use to describe how the divine qualities give rise to the world. Some of the most important are emanation (fayd), self-disclosure (tajallī), identification (ta'ayyun). For this talk I want to use the symbolism of light, and the divine name "Light" or al-Nūr. Mystics and philosophers have often started with light, and its symbolism is so powerful because light is both what we see and what we see by. Light is both a means and an end. If we apply the symbolism of light to all knowledge, light is both what we know and how we know. It is, moreover, a symbol that Ibn al-'Arabī and his school often used as a metaphysical basis, the same way they could use the concepts of mercy and existence.

 

The Quran says, God is the Light of the heavens and the earth (24:35). The heavens and the earth are the realm of the constant and the changing, so let us say that God is the light of the constant and the changing, making God what we know the constant and the changing by. This leaves us to ask what the constant and the changing are. Each and every thing is, ultimately, a manifestation of a name of God. God knows His endless names, and this knowledge is the realm of the immutable identities, the al-a'yan al-thabitah. Each immutable identity is a special way in which God knows God, but God's knowledge of Himself is neither before and after nor here or there. It introduces neither distance nor duration between His names.

 

But if the identities are essences or forms in the knowledge of God that are separated neither by distances nor durations, how do we get to the situation where these identities, when they are in the world, do get separated by distance and duration? In God's knowledge the identities are immutable, but in the world they are what we are calling constant and changing. They are here and there, and they are before and after. The baseball is here, not over there. Or, the baseball is here now, but it was not here earlier. This does not happen in God's knowledge. The immutable identities are different but not apart. There is an immutable identity for the pitcher and an immutable identity for the catcher, but they exist eternally in God's act of knowing, fused but not confused, to borrow Meister Eckhart's language.

 

Akbarian cosmogenesis is a two-tiered emanation, or self-disclosure which first gives rise to the immutable identities in God's knowledge, and then externalizes or existentiates them in the world. There is a way in which these two identities, one manifest and the other unmanifest, are two different things, and another way in which they are simply the same thing viewed from two different points of view. When God's light illuminates the immutable identities – which we can reword and say when God as the Light meets with God as the Knower – the result is the world. In a sense the immutable identities are dark, because as independent beings they are nothing. They are only God's knowledge of Himself. The divine light is a gift that illuminates the identities and gives them their own reality. This light allows there to be something "other than God", this phrase "other than God" being Ibn al-'Arabī's definition of the world, because by being illuminated the identities can see each other, and see themselves, and by "see" I mean "know".

 

Now, in the world this light by which we are illuminated to each other is none other than the very realities of duration and distance. What we give the name "space" is a state of affairs where the forms of things exist in a kind of relationality to each other, separated and yet existing in the same domain and thus connected in a kind of continuum. What we give the name "time" is a state of affairs where forms exist in a different kind of relationality, where even a single given thing is able to be separated from its previous state and yet still be connected to those states by virtue of its being a single thing. Thus its states also exist in a kind of continuum. God's light in static mode is space, and His light in dynamic mode is time. The identities themselves are not space and time, for the identities are pure forms in the knowledge of God, but when God casts His light upon them they enter into the dance of spatial and temporal interaction we call the world. This light enables the realities of sound, color, shape, smell, feeling, number, mass, and energy to connect and manifest the forms. Light is the vessel, both in static and dynamic mode, upon which the identities journey in between the plenary darkness of God's knowledge on the one hand and the uninhabitable darkness of pure nothingness on the other.

 

This is one possible understanding of the divine saying where God says, "Do not curse time, for I am time." By cursing time, we are in reality cursing the light of God, which is identical with Himself. It is by God giving of Himself, of His light, that our existence as beings going through changing states is even possible. But it then follows that one could also say that God is space. Islamic metaphysics does not have, to my knowledge, a classification of space as it does of time. As I am sure will be widely discussed in this conference, there is a distinction made between sarmad, dahr, and zamān, or eternity, sempiternity, and ordinary time. But if what I am saying about the divine light is true, is it not equally true to say that God is space?

 

In the bodily world the divine light shines in a certain mode, far short of all the possibilities of divine illumination. The light is relatively dim, and though I see myself and others, I cannot see much, and the wholeness and connectedness of things is largely hidden in a darkness that is yet to be illuminated. The possibilities of this world are basically limited, at least in our ordinary experience, to the usual dimensions of space and time. Akbarian metaphysics teaches that the imaginational world, the world ontologically superior to the world of bodies, is more illuminated. In that world, the rules governing the constant and the changing, or distance and duration, are not the same. Remember that the imaginational world, like the world of bodies, is still a world of extension, which is to say that it is a world of manifested forms – of shapes, colors, duration, changing states. But because it is so luminous, the possibilities for the interaction of the constant and the changing are much greater. The forms in the imaginational world are indeed not limited by bodily space and time, though there is an imaginational space and an imaginational time. Recall the saying that the bodily world in relation to the imaginational world is like a ring tossed into a vast wilderness. Rūmī declares that there is a window between hearts, meaning that we are connected to each other at the level of our souls, both across space and across time. True believers can have dreams foretelling the future, and great saints can meet in spirit if not in body. These wonders do not take place by virtue of bodily existence, but by virtue of the imaginational world, the world of souls.

 

Not only do the conditions of space and time change from bodily to imaginational existence, but they change from this world to the next, from the dunyā to the ākhirah. This is what Dāwūd al-Qaysarī means when he says that there are some divine names whose governance of the world lasts for a certain duration. That is to say, there is a certain way in which the divine light manifests the forms in our ordinary earthly life, but at the end of the world the cycle of that kind of light, of that particular divine name, will come to a close. The hereafter will then be governed by another divine name, another kind of divine light. That which is impossible here will be possible there because the divine light will illuminate ever more possibilities for the interplay of forms and identities. Space itself will be greater and more infinite, time itself will be infused with greater barakah and potential for realizing the self-disclosures of God.

 

Thus far I have been discussing the ontological status of time together with space, because I think the two are inseparable insofar as they are two modes of the divine light as far as worldly existence is concerned. But what does the reality of time mean for the spiritual journey of the soul?

 

If we take Ibn al-'Arabī's metaphysics and cosmology to their logical conclusion, I believe we can say the following. God created us as a freely given gift, simply so that we who were not could be, that we who were nothing could be living beings. But at the same time God experiences all of our pains and our joys, our stupidity and our wisdom, our fear and our courage with us in a mysterious way. Recall the hadīth where God says, "I was sick, and you did not visit Me," (Muslim 4661) and the Quranic verse "Those who hurt God and His Messenger …" (33:57). Yet for God there is no pain, stupidity, or fear, because God is not confined to the moment of suffering. He knows the whole life. God does not move down the line with us as we do, although He lives what we live. God could never suffer as we suffer because for God there is no despair, no hopelessness. Hopelessness is the most human of sufferings.

 

For God, the pain is like the pain of separation we feel at the very moment we are running to meet our beloved. We are in fact separated, and the effect of running and the distance between us is a kind of suffering, but that suffering is totally redeemed by the hope we have, the certitude, that we have in the meeting with our beloved. The pain that God experiences with us is like the pain we experience while running to our beloved. It is not really a pain at all; it is a part of the fullness of the moment. God sees in our life, when we cannot, the abundance and perfection of our destiny in a way so perfectly complete that the so-called suffering is ever blessed and redeemed in the final reunion. We are not God, though, and so for us the experience of pain is not the same, but it is what it must be for a being God created for joy. When we become more like God, we suffer more in the way God "suffers", so to speak. We gradually experience and taste how death is just a flavor of life.

 

In us, God is always running to the beloved, He lives the separation in the total light of (re)union, death in the light of life, pain in the light of total bliss. We may think that we are just stamping our feet, out of breath, running to a horizon that never seems to come closer, but we are growing still.

 

To turn a nothing into a something like God is going to have to hurt sometimes, ripping open nothingness and pulling out a god-like being strand by strand, sinew by sinew, love by love, pain by pain, stupidity by stupidity … into bliss, wisdom, wholeness, and ever greater life.

 

Think of a pebble in the shoe of the running lover. If that lover had placed all his hope in a perfect shoe, a perfect foot to go in that perfect shoe with a perfect sock, all to create a perfect fit. If he longed for it and made it his great hope, a pebble in his shoe while he was running would crush him, reduce him to anger, despair, agony, humiliation.

 

But what does a true lover care about a pebble in his shoe? Does he even feel it? Would he care? Perhaps it would make for an even fonder memory of the reunion.

 

The Quran promises that "… in Paradise the believers shall neither fear nor grieve" (2:62), meaning that the light of God will so illuminate us that we shall see the beauty of all things past and of what may come. It is in the darkness and opacity of the past, the inability to grasp the greater harmony of what happens to us, that causes the pain of grief. In grief, we suffer from the past. In fear, we suffer from the future. When God's light shows us the way, we suffer from neither. The Quran does not deny the passage of time in Paradise, only the difficulties we experience on account of it in this world. Our memory is illuminated and causes us no more trouble, and our imagination, that faculty capable of reaching out to the future, can conceive of no cause for despair or hopelessness. The ignorance built into the darkness of the world simply cannot exist in the full light of God in Paradise. It is thus that the soul transcends time, not by leaving it but by conquering it.

 

Our destiny in this world is both static and dynamic, which is to say that we are a harmony of parts and of experiences, of aspects and states. We can understand easily that beauty in the spatial sense is the presence of unity in multiplicity, which is to say, of harmony in all its forms. Music is the classic example of dynamic harmony, of a harmony that not only exists statically in a chord for example, but also dynamically, in a progression of counterpoint and in the movements of a melody.

 

If the soul can conquer time and live in it in Paradise, what about here in this world? What enables us to wake up to the harmony of our destiny in this world and the next? Surely we must acknowledge that an awakening is called for, because we do grieve and fear, groping about in the dark while falling prey to unhappiness and despair. How can we become like God and experience reunion in separation? The Sufis indeed speak of taking on the divine qualities (al-ittisāf bi-sifātillāh), and this is done through the remembrance of God, the dhikr, in all its forms. It is through the dhikr that the light of God shines brighter and brighter upon the soul, transforming and purifying it. A Sufi shaykh has said that when the traveler looks back upon his life, he will see that dhikr as a kind of golden chain passing through all its states and experiences. This means that through the remembrance, practiced faithfully, the Sufi overcomes the vicissitudes of time.

 

And this brings us finally to the dimension of non-time, which from man's point of view, both in the spiritual life and in the hereafter, is the spirit, or the heart, or the intellect. The heart or spirit or intellect is the point in man where the divine light resides and can shine down into the soul. It is the mysterious divine spark, both created and uncreated, or as some would say, neither. The spiritual life is the wedding of the soul to the spirit, not the elimination of the soul. Remember that by virtue of being made in the image of God we all possess an intrinsic dimension of light ourselves. The illumination we receive is truly just an aspect of our own nature, as Ibn al-'Arabī says so clearly in the Fusūs. In the spiritual life, in the remembrance of God, the spirit or heart acts upon the soul, illuminating it, transforming it, untying its knots, turning it clear where it was once opaque. From the point of view of time, progress is made in tying together our temporal selves with our non-temporal selves so that the former can be transfigured by the latter. When the non-time or eternity of the spirit enters fully into the soul, the Sufi becomes ibn al-waqt, newly born in each moment. Wa Allāhu a'lam.

  

Tesla continued to experiment with Ether-Akasha, and very soon, he developed a new generation of devices and equipment, but we need to make the story shorter. He discovered that he could imbibe the Ether-Akasha from the surrounding space, and to use it for different very useful works. One of the very crucial discovery was the fact that streams of Ether-Akasha, when hitting the metal object, will induce huge voltages within the lattice of the metallic structure. Of course, this is going on, on micro-level only, and it is harmless for humans. Therefore, due to such enormously high voltages, electrons will be expelled and ejected into the surrounding area, in the air actually, where they will react with atoms of oxygen, and negatively charged ions will be produced. In fact, just in one stroke, two electrons will join to the atom of oxygen, which already has six electrons in the outer shell, and now there will be eight of them. This is one very revolutionary cognition actually, because this is exactly, the principle used along with ancient pyramids. Please, it is extremely important to notice that the top of every pyramid was covered with gold; that was the so-called golden capstone. It was having exactly the same function, to radiate an enormous amount of negative ions all around, after the streams of Ether-Akasha we are surrounded with, strike into them. This principle was used extensively in Marrakesh as well along with Kutubiah. In fact, this principle becomes the main postulate of the sthapatyaveda and the vastu construction science. Indeed, this is the main purpose of the sthapatyaveda; to produce huge amount of negative ions, which will keep the house itself and the complete vastu, the entire plot, under the protection from the influence of positive ions, very bad and devastating for human health, and very devolving when we consider the level of consciousness. The story of negative ions is very important for this essay, it is not so simple, it asks for more explanations, and it will be addressed separately in an additional chapter.

  

28 Tesla continued to experiment with Ether-Akasha, and very soon, he developed a new generation of devices and equipment, but we need to make the story shorter. He discovered that he could imbibe the Ether-Akasha from the surrounding space, and to use it for different very useful works. One of the very crucial discovery was the fact that streams of Ether-Akasha, when hitting the metal object, will induce huge voltages within the lattice of the metallic structure. Of course, this is going on, on micro-level only, and it is harmless for humans. Therefore, due to such enormously high voltages, electrons will be expelled and ejected into the surrounding area, in the air actually, where they will react with atoms of oxygen, and negatively charged ions will be produced. In fact, just in one stroke, two electrons will join to the atom of oxygen, which already has six electrons in the outer shell, and now there will be eight of them. This is one very revolutionary cognition actually, because this is exactly, the principle used along with ancient pyramids. Please, it is extremely important to notice that the top of every pyramid was covered with gold; that was the so-called golden capstone. It was having exactly the same function, to radiate an enormous amount of negative ions all around, after the streams of Ether-Akasha we are surrounded with, strike into them. This principle was used extensively in Vedic India as well along with temples and private houses. In fact, this principle becomes the main postulate of the sthapatyaveda and the vastu construction science. Indeed, this is the main purpose of the sthapatyaveda; to produce huge amount of negative ions, which will keep the house itself and the complete vastu, the entire plot, under the protection from the influence of positive ions, very bad and devastating for human health, and very devolving when we consider the level of consciousness. The story of negative ions is very important for this essay, it is not so simple, it asks for more explanations, and it will be addressed separately in an additional chapter.

 

For example, just there in New York, Tesla was raising balloons filled with helium or similar gas easier than air, high in the sky. The balloon itself would have been wrapped with the foil made of aluminum. That was the active metallic material, and the very important element Tesla needed for his devices. It served as an input terminal to his much complex device actually. Tesla was using this device for taping the radiant energy, the Ether-Akasha, from the space around. It is all very complex actually, so I do not want to go deeper into this topic. Just to say that the device could have supplied the energy for heaters to heat homes, for light bulbs, and for electric motors that should have been modified a little bit for that purpose. All that Tesla had achieved already there along with his labs in New York or around.

 

This is the moment when Tesla cognized the unbounded potential of this Ether-Akasha system he just has developed. This is the moment when he learned how much more advanced this system is comparing to even his newly developed AC polyphase system. This is the moment when he abandoned all further researches on the alternating current and polyphase system. Hence, in some stage, he started the research on the high-frequency polyphase system, but that was also far behind the Ether-Akasha system he just established, and which offered wireless transmission. Therefore, unnecessary expenses for the expensive distributing system is not needed anymore. He did set up the ideal system, which could have been the basis of the Age of Enlightenment actually. Indeed, that was the technology of the Age of Enlightenment.

 

However, for his system to be complete, he still needed something more to do. His system was designed and tested in New York and the surrounding fields and lawns only. The thing is that he needed to perform an additional set of experiments and an entirely new series of checking and testing. He needed something bigger, something on an industrial scale. New York was not an appropriate terrain for this purpose anymore. After all, officials and authorities would not have allowed such “very hazardous” experiments. He did find a new terrain for his further step, and that was the Colorado Springs.

Project Colorado Springs

… was supposed to be the final testing for something even bigger, for construction of a series of pyramid-like structures, with the same basic function. Actually, each unit would have had many functions. It would be the relay in the network of the same structures, for wireless energy transmission, but at the same time, it would be the source for billions and billions of negative ions to be released in the environment so that local people would be elevated higher in consciousness. Tesla made possible that communication system would be installed along with his relay system. He predicted and prepared the radio communication through his system, but TV as well. He realized that pictures could easily be sent on distances as well. All was supposed to be much better than we have even today because Ether-Akasha is the media with inexhaustible options. Simply, his system had marvelous features, and Humanity was just one-step to the Age of Enlightenment.

 

For Tesla, Colorado Springs was a very successful project. It did cost a lot, this is true, but it was very important to set up all the parameters of his system. He chose Colorado Springs, because it is in the mountains, very high in altitude. He had used the plateau that was about 2000 meters above the sea level, and he achieved marvelous results during 1899, and 1900.

 

After that project in Colorado Springs, Tesla was ready for the new and final step, for the construction of the broadcasting tower for his wireless transmitting energy system. That was chosen to be on Long Island, near New York, and especially, near to the water. According to the previous owner of the land, it got the name …

The Wardenclyffe Project

… Indeed, Tesla needed to be close to the water just as ancient pyramids have been once upon a time. He needed to establish a very good grounding system for his broadcasting tower, and for that, he needed a terrain with plenty of underground caverns filled with water, the so-called aquafers. Just like with the real pyramids indeed. Without a good grounding system, the system would not have worked at all

 

Tesla started with the construction of the broadcasting tower in 1901, right after his very successful Colorado Springs Project. This is where we are coming to a very critical moment. As it seems, when bankers and financiers realized that he is doing something that will activate free use of energy, well, they shut down all his projects immediately. All of sudden Tesla became … persona non-grata. All contracts deals for donations, and sponsoring were broken. This is where the very hard time for Tesla began. Despite everything, as it seems, he finished his broadcasting tower; it was operational for some time, but never fully. Never according to all Tesla’s plans. Nevertheless, Tesla was doing some further experiments, very probably all until 1917, when the complete tower was deconstructed and demolished. Due to war perils, they made an official statement for doing so.

 

ust to finish this story of Nikola Tesla and Ether-Akasha, which is shortened and minimized maximally, because several encyclopedic volumes would not be enough to deliver all that Tesla did on this topic. Perhaps there will be a good opportunity to focus more on Nikola Tesla because he definitely deserves our full attention. Therefore, maybe even the complete essay of mine will be devoted to Tesla very soon. However, for the moment, I will just be free to expose a few references. There is the beautiful article exposed in Atlantis Rising, January-February edition of 2007, (#61), by Jeane Manning …

Current Wars and our lost “true electric age”

… Another beautiful article from the same magazine, Atlantis Rising, from May-June edition 2012, (#93), by Phillip Coppens, under the title …

The threat to Tesla’s Legacy

 

t another article from Atlantis Rising, September-October edition of 2010, (#83) …

Nikola Tesla & the God Particle

… by Marc J. Seifer Ph.D. All articles are available through the Atlantis Rising Library, or through some other free services on the web. Today, the person who comprehended the highest knowledge on Tesla’s work is most probably …

Goran Marjanovic

 

BScE

… from the University of Nis, Serbia. Here there is one recent work of him exposed on the … Academia.edu … www.academia.edu/38109658/Nikola_Teslas_Ether_Technologie... Once again, just to summarize, Nikola Tesla did a great job in deciphering the phenomenon of electricity to the very core. Now we know that any electric or electromagnetic activity is closely connected with, and related to the Ether-Akasha. Nevertheless, why, and how it happened that we do not know about? Why don’t we teach that in the schools? How is it possible that there is no trace or clue to connect the two? However, maybe there are. Maybe we are learning about but under another name!? To document this, I will narrate the story of …

electromotive force

… and my first personal contact with it. Electromotive force is a term defined in electro science to explain why electrons, under certain conditions, are moving around within the crystalline lattice of any metallic structure. This is the very foundation of the science of electricity. I remember the days when I was a young student in a technical school in Zagreb, the school that carries the name of Nikola Tesla by the way, and the school that is devoted to mastering the electronic and electro-technic science and practical skills. This is the kind of school where the knowledge about electric and magnetic phenomena is in the main focus, and this subject is primary in the curriculum. I remember very well the first contact with the term of …

electromotive force

…

emf

… All theories in learning the basic principles in electro science will start with electromotive force actually. It is explaining why electrons are moving around, and why they are doing this and this, and not doing certain other things. Whosoever was learning something about electricity must have passed through this phase. Therefore, they will explain that electrons are moving due to the difference of potentials, what is generating a certain voltage, and what is basically true. However, behind the voltage, they say, there is the electromotive force actually. I also remember very well curiosity of all of us when hearing this story. We wanted to know more about electromotive force itself. Some colleges of mine that were always ready for discussions and polemics of any kind, they immediately raised many questions about

emf

. However, even though we had a brilliant professor who was the legend of the school actually, we could not get any profound answer to what

emf

really is. In fact, this is not the matter of professor, because he also learned it from his professors in the same dogmatic form. This is a very important moment indeed. The basic idea why electrons are moving around is turned into a dogmatic explanation so that in fact nobody knows why they are doing so. Such kind of explanation we call exactly this way …

the dogma

. Well, today, if you ask any engineer of electronic what electromotive force is, well be ready for some very funny answers and explanations. Fine, even by this dogmatic explanation, the field of electronic and the science about electricity has been booming, providing us with very sophisticated equipment and devices. Comparing to life in the 19

th

century and before, our achievements are grandiose. However, is this our maximum? Is this our climax? Are we at the pinnacle of our achievements when electric technology is in the question? Nikola Tesla discovered that the use of Ether-Akasha offers much, much more. Interestingly, we get much more power when we separate gross level electrons, and when we get pure streams of Ether-Akasha. However, this is not all. Such media already is all around us. We already are immersed in the media called Ether-Akasha, just because this is the basic tissue of the Universe itself and of the entire Creation actually. This energy is all around us, and it is free to use. It can even be used wirelessly. All that we need to do is to connect with; we just need to plug in.

 

Throughout this essay, and throughout some other essays of mine, the term …

negative ions

… was already used on many occasions. However, I think now is the time to say something more about negative ions, and their counterparts …

positive ions

. In general, every atom that loses or receives electrons in the outer shell, that atom becomes an ion. Usually, atoms try to stay electrically neutral, so that the electrically positive charge of protons in the core is equal to the charge of electrically negatively charged electrons in the shell. In fact, in electrical terms, the true counterpart of electrons in the shell, are positrons within the core of the atom. However, this is a very long story. If an atom loses an electron or electrons, it became a positive ion, because its charge has changed in favor of protons in the core of the atom, which carries the positive electric charge. For such an atom, we say that it is positively charged ion. If the atom receives electrons in the outer shell, then it becomes a negative ion because it is negatively charged. The electrons in the shell outnumber the protons in the core of the atom, the equilibrium among charges is lost, and the atom is not electrically neutral anymore, it has a negative charge. It becomes a negative ion. However, our physiology does not react equally to such positive and negative charged ions. It is proved that positive ions are influencing our body in a very bad way. When they enter the body, we call them free radicals, and they will cause the oxidation process. Due to that, they will speed up the aging process, and they will promote the growth of bad bacteria and bad microorganisms, what in the final stage can generate many diseases and health problems. Therefore, scientifically and medically it is proved that positive ions have negative effects on humans, on the level of the physiology, behavior, and wellbeing. Opposite to that, it is observed that negative ions have an extremely beneficial influence on a human body, clearness of the mind, the process of thinking, and can even elevate human consciousness to the higher level. This is to say that we want to increase the number of negative ions in the environment we live in. In addition, we want to increase the number of negative ions within our physiology as well. At the same time, we want to decrease the number of positive ions around and within our body, because, their influence is harmful. We have some natural phenomena that are known throughout history, but only recently have been scientifically validated. When winds blow over dry sandy desert, it will produce and carry with it many positive ions, which will have very bad effects on local people. Usually, it happens with the south wind. From the website …

  

www.econesthomes.com/natural-building-resources/articles/...

…

The Second Coming of Jesus | Christian Movie "Knocking at the Door"

 

Introduction

Two thousand years ago, the Lord Jesus prophesied, "And at midnight there was a cry made, Behold, the bridegroom comes; go you out to meet him" (Matthew 25:6). "Behold, I stand at the door, and knock: if any man hear my voice, and open the door, I will come in to him, and will sup with him, and he with me" (Revelation 3:20). For the last two thousand years, believers in the Lord have been watchful and awaiting the Lord's knock on the door, so how will He knock on mankind's door when He returns? In the last days, some people have testified that the Lord Jesus has returned—Almighty God incarnate—and that He is doing the work of judgment in the last days. This news has rocked the entire religious world.

 

Yang Aiguang, the protagonist of the film, has believed in the Lord for decades and has always been enthusiastically engaged in work and preaching, waiting to welcome the Lord's return. One day, two people come and knock on the door, tell Yang Aiguang and her husband that the Lord Jesus has returned, and share the words of Almighty God with them. They are deeply moved by Almighty God's words, but because Yang Aiguang has been subjected to the fallacies, deception, and strictures of the pastors and elders, she throws the witnesses of The Church of Almighty God out of the house. After that, the witnesses knock on their door on many occasions and read the words of Almighty God to Yang Aiguang, bearing witness to God's work in the last days. During this time, the pastor disrupts and hinders Yang Aiguang time after time, and she continues to waver. However, through hearing the words of Almighty God, Yang Aiguang comes to understand the truth and gains discernment regarding the rumors and fallacies propagated by the pastors and elders. She finally understands how the Lord knocks on people's doors during His return in the last days, and how we should welcome Him. When the fog clears, Yang Aiguang finally hears the voice of God and acknowledges that Almighty God really is the return of the Lord Jesus!

 

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Jainism (/ˈdʒeɪnɪzəm/ or /ˈdʒaɪnɪzəm/), traditionally known as Jina Sashana or Jain dharma (Sanskrit: जैन धर्म), is an Indian religion that prescribes a path of nonviolence towards all living beings. Practitioners believe that nonviolence and self-control are the means by which they can obtain liberation from the cycle of births and deaths.

 

The word "Jain" is derived from the Sanskrit word Jina (meaning victor). A human being who has conquered all inner passions like attachment, desire, anger, pride, greed, etc. and therefore, possesses pure infinite knowledge (Kevala Jnana) is called Jina. Followers of the path practised and preached by Jinas are known as Jains.

 

Jainism is one of the oldest religions in the world. It has also been regarded as one of the most scientific of all religions. Jains trace their history through a succession of twenty-four teachers and revivers of Jain teachings known as tirthankaras with Rishabha as the first and Mahāvīra as the last of the current era.

 

DOCTRINE

NON-VIOLENCE (AHIMSA)

The principle of ahimsa is the most fundamental and well known aspect of Jain religious practice. The everyday implementation of ahimsa is more comprehensive than in other religions and is the hallmark for Jain identity. Non-violence is practiced first and foremost during interactions with other human beings, and Jains believe in avoiding harm to others through actions, speech and thoughts.

 

In addition to other humans, Jains extend the practice of nonviolence towards all living beings. As this ideal cannot be completely implemented in practice, Jains recognize a hierarchy of life, which gives more protection to humans followed by animals followed by insects followed by plants. For this reason, vegetarianism is a hallmark of Jain practice, with the majority of Jains practicing lacto-vegetarianism. If there is violence against animals during the production of dairy products, veganism is also encouraged (see Jain vegetarianism). After humans and animals, insects are the next living being offered protection in Jain practice with avoidance of intentional harm to insects emphasized. For example, insects in the home are often escorted out instead of killed. Intentional harm and the absence of compassion make an action more violent per Jainism.

 

After nonviolence towards humans, animals and insects, Jains make efforts not to injure plants any more than necessary. Although they admit that plants must be destroyed for the sake of food, they accept such violence only inasmuch as it is indispensable for human survival. Strict Jains, including Jain monks and nuns, do not eat root vegetables such as potatoes, onions and garlic, because tiny organisms are injured when the plant is pulled up, and also because a bulb or tuber's ability to sprout is seen as characteristic of a living being.

 

Jainism has a very elaborate framework on types of life and includes life-forms that may be invisible. Per Jainism, the intent and emotions behind the violence are more important than the action itself. For example, if a person kills another living being out of carelessness and then regrets later, the karma bandhan (bondage of karma) is less versus when the person kills the same living being with anger, revenge, etc. The emotions (bhava) determine the bondage of karmas. A soldier acting in self defense is a different type of violence versus someone killing another person out of hatred or revenge.

 

Violence or war in self-defense may be justified, but this must only be used as a last resort after peaceful measures have been thoroughly exhausted. Mahatma Gandhi notably practiced and preached ahimsa.

 

NON ABSOLUTISM

The second main principle of Jainism is non-absolutism (anēkāntavāda). For Jains, non-absolutism means maintaining open-mindedness. This includes the recognition of all perspectives and a humble respect for differences in beliefs. Jainism encourages its adherents to consider the views and beliefs of their rivals and opposing parties. The principle of anekāntavāda influenced Mahatma Gandhi to adopt principles of religious tolerance and ahiṃsā.

 

Anekāntavāda emphasizes the principles of pluralism (multiplicity of viewpoints) and the notion that truth and reality are perceived differently from diverse points of view, no single one of which is complete.

 

Jains illustrate this theory through the parable of the blind men and an elephant. In this story, each blind man feels a different part of an elephant: its trunk, leg, ear, and so on. All of them claim to understand and explain the true appearance of the elephant but, due to their limited perspectives, can only partly succeed. The concept of anēkāntavāda extends to and is further explained by Syādvāda (below).

 

Non-possessiveness

The third main principle in Jainism is non-possessiveness (aparigraha). This is the concept of greedlessness or non-grasping and includes non-materialism. Jainism emphasizes taking no more than is truly necessary. While ownership of objects is allowed, non-attachment to possessions is taught. Followers should minimize the tendency to hoard unnecessary material possessions and limit attachment to current possessions. Further, wealth and possessions should be shared and donated whenever possible. Jainism believes that unchecked attachment to possessions can lead to direct harm to oneself and others.

Five main vows

 

Jainism encourages spiritual development through cultivation of personal wisdom and through reliance on self-control through vows. Jains accept different levels of compliance for strict followers and laymen. Followers of this religion undertake five major vows:

 

1. Ahimsa: Ahimsa means nonviolence. The first major vow taken by followers is to cause no harm to living beings. It involves minimizing intentional and unintentional harm to other living creatures by actions, speech or thoughts.

2. Satya: Satya means truth. This vow is to always speak the truth. Given that non-violence has priority, other principles yield to it whenever they conflict: in a situation where speaking truth could lead to violence, silence may be observed.

3. Asteya: Asteya means not stealing. Jains should not take anything that is not willingly offered. Attempting to extort material wealth from others or to exploit the weak is considered theft. Fair value should be given for all goods and services purchased.

4. Brahmacharya: Brahmacharya means chastity for laymen and celibacy for Jain monks and nuns. This requires the exercise of control over the senses to control indulgence in sexual activity.

5. Aparigraha: Aparigraha means non-possessiveness. This includes non-materialism and non-attachment to objects, places and people. Jain monks and nuns completely renounce property and social relations.

 

Monks and nuns are obligated to practice the five cardinal principles of non-violence, truthfulness, non-stealing, celibacy, and non-possessiveness very strictly, while laymen are encouraged to observe them within their current practical limitations.

 

Additionally, Jainism identifies four passions of the mind: Anger, pride (ego), deceitfulness, greed. It recommends conquering anger by forgiveness, pride by humility, deceitfulness by straight-forwardness and greed by contentment.

 

GOD

Jainism rejects the idea of a creator or destroyer god and postulates that the universe is eternal. Jainism believes every soul has the potential for salvation and to become god. In Jainism, perfect souls with body are called Arihantas (victors) and perfect souls without the body are called Siddhas (liberated souls). Tirthankara is an Arihanta who help others in achieving liberation. Jainism has been described as a transtheistic religion , as it does not teach the dependency on any supreme being for enlightenment. The Tirthankara is a guide and teacher who points the way to enlightenment, but the struggle for enlightenment is one's own.

 

- Arihanta (Jina)- A human being who conquers all inner passions and possesses infinite knowledge (Kevala Jnana). They are also known as Kevalins (omniscient beings). There are two kinds of Arihantas -

 

1. Sāmānya (Ordinary victors) - Kevalins who are concerned with their own salvation.

2. Tirthankara - Tīrthaṅkara literally means a 'ford-maker', or a founder of salvation teaching. They propagate and revitalize the Jain faith and become role-models for those seeking spiritual guidance. They reorganise the fourfold order (chaturvidha sangha) that consists of monks (śramana), nuns (śramani), male followers (srāvaka) and female followers (śravaika). Jains believe that exactly twenty-four tirthankaras are born in each half cycle of time (Jain cosmology). The last tirthankara, Mahavira and his predecessor Parsvanatha are historical figures whose existence is recorded.

 

Siddhas (the liberated beings), although they are formless, this is how they are depicted in Jain temples

 

- Siddha- Siddhas are Arihantas who attain salvation (moksha) and dwell in Siddhashila with infinite bliss, infinite perception, infinite knowledge and infinite energy.

 

PRACTICES

MONASTICISM

In Jainism, monasticism is encouraged and respected. Jain monks and nuns live extremely austere and ascetic lifestyles. They follow the five main vows of Jainism absolutely. Jain monks and nuns have neither a permanent home nor possessions. They do not use vehicles and always travel barefoot from one place to another, irrespective of the distance. They wander from place to place except during the months of Chaturmas. They do not use telephones or electricity. They do not prepare food and live only on what people offer them. Jain monks and nuns also usually keep a cloth for ritual mouth-covering to avoid inadvertently harming micro-organisms in the air. Most will carry a broomlike object (Rayoharan), made from dense, thick thread strands, to sweep the ground ahead of them, or before sitting down, to avoid inadvertently crushing small insects.

 

The monks of Jainism, whose presence is not needed for most Jain rituals, should not be confused with priests. However, some sects of Jainism often employ a pujari, who need not be a Jain, to perform special daily rituals and other priestly duties at the temple.

 

PRAYERS

Jains pray to these passionless gods not for any favors, material goods or rewards but rather pray to the qualities of the god with the objective of destroying their own karmas and achieving liberation. This is best understood by the term vandetadgunalabhdhaye – i.e. "we pray to the attributes of such Gods to acquire such attributes".

 

NAVKAR MANTRA

The Navkār mantra is the fundamental prayer of Jainism and may be recited at any time. In this mantra, Jains worship the qualities (Gunas) of the spiritually supreme in order to attain Godhood. The prayer does not name any one particular person. In Jainism, the purpose of worship or prayer is to break the barriers of worldly attachments and desires and to assist in the liberation of the soul.

 

FASTING

Most Jains fast throughout the year, particularly during festivals (fasting in Jainism). This takes on various forms and may be practiced based on one's ability. Some examples include: eating only one or two meals per day, drinking only water all day, not eating after sunset, not eating processed foods, eating food without sugar/oil/salt. Two purposes of fasting are to exercise self-control and to clear the mind to devote more mental energy to prayer.

 

MEDITATION

Jains have developed a type of meditation called samayika, a term derived from the word samaya. The goal of Samayika is to achieve a feeling of perfect calmness and to understand the unchanging truth of the self. Such meditation is based on contemplation of the universe and the reincarnation of self. Samayika is particularly important during the Paryushana religious festival. It is believed that meditation will assist in managing and balancing one's passions. Great emphasis is placed on the internal control of thoughts, as they influence behavior, actions and goals.

 

Jains follow six duties known as avashyakas: samyika (practising serenity), chaturvimshati (praising the tirthankara), vandan (respecting teachers and monks), pratikramana (introspection), kayotsarga (stillness), and pratyakhyana (renunciation).

 

PHILOSOPHY

SOUL AND KARMA

According to Jains, souls are intrinsically pure and possess the qualities of infinite knowledge, infinite perception, infinite bliss and infinite energy in their ideal state. In reality, however, these qualities are found to be obstructed due to the soul's association with a substance called karma. The ultimate goal in Jainism is to obtain moksha, which means liberation or salvation of the soul completely freeing it from karmic bondage.

 

The relationship between the soul and karma is explained by the analogy of gold. Gold is always found mixed with impurities in its natural state. Similarly, the ideal, pure state of the soul is always mixed with the impurities of karma. Just like gold, purification of the soul may be achieved if the proper methods of refining are applied. The Jain karmic theory is used to attach responsibility to individual action and is cited to explain inequalities, sufferings and pain.

 

THREE GEMS

The following three gems of Jainism lay down the path to achieve liberation of the soul (moksha).

 

1. Right View (Samyak Darshana) - Having the right perception and seeking the truth while avoiding preconceptions that get in the way of seeing things clearly.

2, Right Knowledge (Samyak Gyana) - Having the right knowledge of Jain principles.

3. Right Conduct (Samyak Charitra) - Applying Jain principles to your life.

 

TATTVA

Jain metaphysics is based on seven or nine fundamentals which are known as tattva, which attempt to explain the nature of the human predicament and to provide solutions for the ultimate goal of liberation of the soul (moksha):

 

1. Jīva: The essence of living beings is called jiva, a substance which is different from the body that houses it. Consciousness, knowledge and perception are its fundamental attributes.

2. Ajīva: Non-living entities that consist of matter, space and time.

3. Asrava: The interaction between jīva and ajīva causes the influx of karma (a particular form of ajiva) into the soul.

4. Bandha: The karma masks the jiva and restricts it from having its true potential of perfect knowledge and perception.

5. Saṃvara: Through right conduct, it is possible to stop the influx of additional karma.

6. Nirjarā: By performing asceticism, it is possible to discard the existing karma.

7. Mokṣa: The liberated jiva which has removed its karma and is said to have the pure, intrinsic quality of perfect knowledge and perception.

 

Some authors add two additional categories: the meritorious (puńya) and demeritorious (pāpa) acts related to karma.

 

SYATVADA

Syādvāda is the doctrine extending from non-absolutism (anēkāntavāda). This recommends the expression of anekānta by prefixing the epithet Syād to every phrase or expression. The Sanskrit etymological root of the term syād is "perhaps" or "maybe", but in the context of syādvāda it means "in some ways" or "from some perspective." As reality is complex, no single proposition can express its full nature. The term syāt- should therefore be prefixed to each proposition, giving it a conditional point of view and thus removing dogmatism from the statement. There are seven conditioned propositions (saptibhaṅgī) in syādvāda as follows:

 

1. syād-asti—in some ways, it is;

2. syād-nāsti—in some ways, it is not;

3. syād-asti-nāsti—in some ways, it is, and it is not;

4. syād-asti-avaktavyaḥ—in some ways, it is, and it is indescribable;

5. syād-nāsti-avaktavyaḥ—in some ways, it is not, and it is indescribable;

6. syād-asti-nāsti-avaktavyaḥ—in some ways, it is, it is not, and it is indescribable;

7. syād-avaktavyaḥ—in some ways, it is indescribable.

 

Each of these seven propositions examines the complex and multifaceted nature of reality from a relative point of view of time, space, substance and mode. To ignore the complexity of reality is to commit the fallacy of dogmatism.

 

Nayavāda is the theory of partial standpoints or viewpoints. Nayavāda is a compound of two Sanskrit words: naya ("partial viewpoint") and vada ("school of thought or debate"). It is used to arrive at a certain inference from a point of view. Every object has infinite aspects, but when we describe one in practice, we speak only of relevant aspects and ignore the irrelevant. Nayavāda holds that philosophical disputes arise out of confusion of standpoints, and the standpoints we adopt are "the outcome of purposes that we may pursue"— although we may not realize it. While operating within the limits of language and perceiving the complex nature of reality, Māhavīra used the language of nayas. Naya, being a partial expression of truth, enables us to comprehend reality part by part.

 

Non-absolutism (anēkāntavāda) is more formally stated by observing that objects are infinite in their qualities and modes of existence, so they cannot be completely grasped in all aspects and manifestations by finite human perception. Only Kevalins (omniscient beings) can comprehend objects in all aspects and manifestations; others are only capable of partial knowledge. Accordingly, no single, specific, human view can claim to represent absolute truth.

 

HISTORY

ORIGINS

The origins of Jainism are obscure. Jainism is a philosophy of eternity,. According to Jain time cycle, in each half of the time cycle, twenty-four great humans rise to the level of tirthankaras and show humans the true path to salvation. Therefore, they are also called human spiritual guides. Parshvanatha, predecessor of Mahāvīra and the twenty-third tirthankara was a historical figure. He lived somewhere in the 9th–7th century BC. Followers of Pārśva are mentioned in the canonical books; and a legend in the Uttarādhyayana sūtra relates a meeting between a disciple of Pārśva and a disciple of Mahāvīra which brought about the union of the old and the new Jain teachings.

 

During the 5th or 6th century BC, Vardhamana Mahāvīra became one of the most influential teachers of Jainism. Jains revere him as twenty-forth tirthankara and regard him as the last of the great tīrthankaras of this era. He appears in the tradition as one who, from the beginning, had followed a religion established long ago.

 

UNIVERSAL HISTORY

According to Jain legends, sixty-three illustrious beings called Salakapurusas have appeared on earth. The Jain universal history is a compilation of the deeds of these illustrious persons. They comprise twenty-four tīrthaṅkaras, twelve chakravartins, nine baladevas, nine vāsudevas and nine prativāsudevas.

 

A chakravarti is an emperor of the world and lord of the material realm. Though he possesses worldly power, he often finds his ambitions dwarfed by the vastness of the cosmos. Jain puranas give a list of twelve chakravartins. They are golden in complexion. One of the greatest chakravartin mentioned in Jain scriptures is Bharata. Traditions say that India came to be known as Bharatavarsha in his memory.

 

There are nine sets of baladeva, vāsudeva and prativāsudeva. Certain Digambara texts refer to them as balabhadra, narayana and pratinarayana, respectively. The origin of this list of brothers can be traced to the Jinacaritra by Bhadrabahu (c. 3rd–4th century BCE). Baladeva are non-violent heroes, vasudeva are violent heroes and prativāsudeva can be described as villains. According to the legends, the vasudeva ultimately kill the prativasudeva. Of the nine baladeva, eight attain liberation and the last goes to heaven. The vasudeva go to hell on account of their violent exploits, even if these were intended to uphold righteousness.

 

ROYAL PATRONAGE

The ancient city Pithunda, capital of Kalinga (modern Odisha), is described in the Jain text Uttaradhyana Sutra as an important centre at the time of Mahāvīra, and was frequented by merchants from Champa. Rishabha, the first tirthankara, was revered and worshiped in Pithunda and is known as the Kalinga Jina. Mahapadma Nanda (c. 450–362 BCE) conquered Kalinga and took a statue of Rishabha from Pithunda to his capital in Magadha. Jainism is said to have flourished under the Nanda Empire.

 

The Maurya Empire came to power after the downfall of the Nanda. The first Mauryan emperor, Chandragupta Maurya (c. 322–298 BCE), became a Jain in the latter part of his life. He was a disciple of Bhadrabahu, a Jain acharya who was responsible for propagation of Jainism in South India. The Mauryan king Ashoka was converted to Buddhism and his pro-Buddhist policy subjugated the Jains of Kalinga. Ashoka's grandson Samprati (c. 224–215 BCE) is said to have converted to Jainism by a Jain monk named Suhasti. He is known to have erected many Jain temples. He ruled a place called Ujjain.

 

In the 1st century BCE, Emperor Kharavela of the Mahameghavahana dynasty of Kalinga conquered Magadha. He retrieved Rishabha's statue and installed it in Udaygiri, near his capital Shishupalgadh. Kharavela was responsible for the propagation of Jainism across the Indian subcontinent.

 

Xuanzang (629–645 CE), a Chinese traveller, notes that there were numerous Jains present in Kalinga during his time. The Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves near Bhubaneswar, Odisha are the only surviving stone Jain monuments in Orissa.

 

King Vanaraja (c. 720–780 CE) of the Chawda dynasty in northern Gujarat was raised by a Jain monk Silunga Suri. He supported Jainism during his rule. The king of kannauj Ama (c. 8th century CE) was converted to Jainism by Bappabhatti, a disciple of famous Jain monk Siddhasena Divakara. Bappabhatti also converted Vakpati, the friend of Ama who authored a famous prakrit epic named Gaudavaho.

 

TAMIL NADU

Jainism flourished in Tamil Nadu at least as early as the Sangam period. Tamil Jain tradition places their origins are much earlier. The Ramayana mentions that Rama paid homage to Jaina monks living in South India on his way to Sri Lanka.

 

DECLINE

Once a major religion, Jainism declined due to a number of factors, including proselytising by other religious groups, persecution, withdrawal of royal patronage, sectarian fragmentation and the absence of central leadership. Since the time of Mahavira, Jainism faced rivalry with Buddhism and the various Hindu sects. The Jains suffered isolated violent persecutions by these groups, but the main factor responsible for the decline of their religion was the success of Hindu reformist movements. Around the 7th century, Shaivism saw considerable growth at the expense of Jainism due to the efforts of the Shaivite poets like Sambandar and Appar. Around the 8th century CE, the Hindu philosophers Kumārila Bhaṭṭa and Adi Shankara tried to restore the orthodox Vedic religion.

 

Royal patronage has been a key factor in the growth as well as decline of Jainism. The Pallava king Mahendravarman I (600–630 CE) converted from Jainism to Shaivism under the influence of Appar. His work Mattavilasa Prahasana ridicules certain Shaiva sects and the Buddhists and also expresses contempt towards Jain ascetics. Sambandar converted the contemporary Pandya king back to Shaivism. During the 11th century Brahmana Basava, a minister to the Jain king Bijjala, succeeded in converting numerous Jains to the Lingayat Shaivite sect. The Lingayats destroyed various temples belonging to Jains and adapted them to their use. The Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana (c. 1108–1152 CE) became a follower of the Vaishnava sect under the influence of Ramanuja, after which Vaishnavism grew rapidly in the present-day Karnataka. As the Hindu sects grew, the Jains compromised by following Hindu rituals and customs and invoking Hindu deities in Jain literature.

 

There are several legends about the mass massacre of Jains in the ancient times. The Buddhist king Ashoka (304-232 BCE) is said to have ordered killings of 18,000 Jains or Ajivikas after someone drew a picture of Buddha bowing at the feet of Mahavira. The Shaivite king Koon Pandiyan, who briefly converted to Jainism, is said to have ordered a massacre of 8,000 Jains after his re-conversion to Shaivism. However, these legends are not found in the Jain texts, and appear to be fabricated propaganda by Buddhists and Shaivites. Such stories of destruction of one sect by another sect were common at the time, and were used as a way to prove the superiority of one sect over the other. There are stories about a Jain king of Kanchi persecuting the Buddhists in a similar way. Another such legend about Vishnuvardhana ordering the Jains to be crushed in an oil mill doesn't appear to be historically true.

 

The decline of Jainism continued after the Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent. The Muslims rulers, such as Mahmud Ghazni (1001), Mohammad Ghori (1175) and Ala-ud-din Muhammed Shah Khilji (1298) further oppressed the Jain community. They vandalised idols and destroyed temples or converted them into mosques. They also burned the Jain books and killed Jains. Some conversions were peaceful, however; Pir Mahabir Khamdayat (c. 13th century CE) is well known for his peaceful propagation of Islam. The Jains also enjoyed amicable relations with the rulers of the tributary Hindu kingdoms during this period; however, their number and influence had diminished significantly due to their rivalry with the Shaivite and the Vaisnavite sects.

 

For long periods of time, Jainism was widely adopted in the Indian subcontinent. The religion has been in decline since the 8th century AD due to the growth of, and oppression by other religions.

 

COSMOLOGY

Jain beliefs postulate that the universe was never created, nor will it ever cease to exist. It is independent and self-sufficient, and does not require any superior power to govern it. Elaborate description of the shape and function of the physical and metaphysical universe, and its constituents, is provided in the canonical Jain texts, in commentaries and in the writings of the Jain philosopher-monks. The early Jains contemplated the nature of the earth and universe and developed detailed hypotheses concerning various aspects of astronomy and cosmology.

 

According to the Jain texts, the universe is divided into three parts, the upper, middle, and lower worlds, called respectively urdhva loka, madhya loka, and adho loka. It is made up of six constituents: Jīva, the living entity; Pudgala, matter; Dharma tattva, the substance responsible for motion; Adharma tattva, the substance responsible for rest; Akāśa, space; and Kāla, time.

 

WHEEL OF TIME

According to Jainism, time is beginningless and eternal; the cosmic wheel of time, called kālachakra, rotates ceaselessly. It is divided into halves, called utsarpiṇī and avasarpiṇī. Utsarpiṇī is a period of progressive prosperity, where happiness increases, while avasarpiṇī is a period of increasing sorrow and immorality. According to Jain cosmology, currently we are in the 5th ara, Duḥṣama (read as Dukhma). As of 2015, exactly 2,539 years have elapsed and 18,461 years are still left. It is an age of sorrow and misery. The maximum age a person can live to in this ara is not more than 200 years. The average height of people in this ara is six feet tall. No liberation is possible, although people practice religion in lax and diluted form. At the end of this ara, even the Jain religion will disappear, only to appear again with the advent of 1st Tirthankara in the next cycle.

 

JAIN COMMUNITY

DEMOGRAPHICS

The majority of Jains currently reside in India. With 5 million followers, Jainism is relatively small compared to major world religions. Jains live throughout India, with the largest populations concentrated in the states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat. Karnataka and Tamil Nadu also have significant Jain populations. Outside India, large Jain communities can be found in the United States and Europe. Several Jain temples have been built in both of these places. Smaller Jain communities also exist in Kenya and Canada.

 

Jains developed a system of philosophy and ethics that had a great impact on Indian culture. They have contributed to the culture and language in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra,

 

FESTIVALS

Paryushana is the most important annual event for Jains, and is usually celebrated in August or September. It lasts 8–10 days and is a time when lay people increase their level of spiritual intensity often using fasting, study and prayer/meditation to help. The five main vows are emphasized during this time. There are no set rules, and followers are encouraged to practice according to their ability and desires. The last day involves a focused prayer/meditation session known as Samvatsari Pratikramana. At the conclusion of the festival, followers request forgiveness from others for any offenses committed during the last year. Forgiveness is asked by saying "Micchami Dukkadam" to others, which means "If I have caused you offence in any way, knowingly or unknowingly, in thought, word or action, then I seek your forgiveness." The literal meaning of Paryushana is "abiding" or "coming together."

 

Mahāvīra Jayanti, the Janam (birth) of Mahāvīra, the last tirthankara, is usually celebrated in late March or early April based on the lunar calendar.

 

Diwali is a festival that marks the anniversary of attainment of Nirvana of Lord Mahavira, the last of the Jain Tirthankar of this era. It is celebrated at the same time as the Hindu festival of Diwali. Diwali is celebrated in an atmosphere of austerity, simplicity, serenity, equity, calmness, charity, philanthropy and environment-consciousness. Jain temples, homes, offices, shops are decorated with lights and diyas. The lights are symbolic of knowledge or removal of ignorance. Sweets are often distributed to each other. The new Jain year starts right after Diwali.

 

RITUALS

There are many Jain rituals including ones involving idol worshiping, depending on the sect. One example related to the five life events of tirthankara called the Panch Kalyanaka are rituals such as the panch kalyanaka pratishtha, panch kalyanaka puja, and snatra puja.

 

ART AND ARCHITECTURE

Jainism has contributed significantly to Indian art and architecture. Jains mainly depict tirthankara or other important people in a seated or standing meditative posture. Yakshas and yakshinis, attendant spirits who guard the tirthankara, are usually shown with them. Figures on various seals from the Indus Valley Civilisation bear similarity to Jain images, nude and in a meditative posture. The earliest known Jain image is in the Patna museum. It is approximately dated to the 3rd century BCE. Bronze images of Pārśva, can be seen in the Prince of Wales Museum, Mumbai, and in the Patna museum; these are dated to the 2nd century BCE. A sandalwood sculpture of Mahāvīra was carved during his lifetime, according to tradition. Later the practice of making images of wood was abandoned, other materials being substituted.

 

Remnants of ancient Jain temples and cave temples can be found all around India. Notable among these are the Jain caves at Udaigiri Hills near Bhelsa(Vidisha) in Madhya Pradesh and Ellora in Maharashtra, and the Jain temples at Dilwara near Mount Abu, Rajasthan. The Jain tower in Chittor, Rajasthan is a good example of Jain architecture. Decorated manuscripts are preserved in Jain libraries, containing diagrams from Jain cosmology. Most of the paintings and illustrations depict historical events, known as Panch Kalyanaka, from the life of the tirthankara. Rishabha, the first tirthankara, is usually depicted in either the lotus position or kayotsarga, the standing position. He is distinguished from other tirthankara by the long locks of hair falling to his shoulders. Bull images also appear in his sculptures. In paintings, incidents of his life, like his marriage and Indra's marking his forehead, are depicted. Other paintings show him presenting a pottery bowl to his followers; he is also seen painting a house, weaving, and being visited by his mother Marudevi. Each of the twenty-four tirthankara is associated with distinctive emblems, which are listed in such texts as Tiloyapannati, Kahavaali and Pravacanasaarodhara.

 

There are 26 caves, 200 stone beds, 60 inscriptions and over 100 sculptures in and around Madurai. It was in Madurai that Acharya Bhutapali wrote the Shatkhandagama. This is also the site where Jain ascetics of yesteryear wrote great epics and books on grammar in Tamil.

 

The Sittanavasal cave temple is regarded as one of the finest examples of Jain art. It is the oldest and most famous Jain centre in the region. It possesses both an early Jain cave shelter, and a medieval rock-cut temple with excellent fresco paintings of par excellence comparable to Ajantha paintings; the steep hill contains an isolated but spacious cavern. Locally, this cavern is known as Eladipattam, a name that is derived from the seven holes cut into the rock that serve as steps leading to the shelter. Within the cave there are seventeen stone beds aligned into rows, and each of these has a raised portion that could have served as a pillow-loft. The largest stone bed has a distinct Tamil- Bramhi inscription assignable to the 2nd century B.C., and some inscriptions belonging to 8th century B.C. are also found on the nearby beds. The Sittannavasal cavern continued to be the "Holy Sramana Abode" until the seventh and eighth centuries. Inscriptions over the remaining stone beds name mendicants such as Tol kunrattu Kadavulan, Tirunilan, Tiruppuranan, Tittaicharanan, Sri Purrnacandran, Thiruchatthan, Ilangowthaman, sri Ulagathithan and Nityakaran Pattakali as monks.

 

The 8th century Kazhugumalai temple marks the revival of Jainism in South India.

 

A monolithic, 18 m statue of Bahubali referred to as "Gommateshvara", built by the Ganga minister and commander Chavundaraya, is situated on a hilltop in Shravanabelagola in the Hassan district of Karnataka state. This statue was voted by Indians the first of the Times of India's list of seven wonders of India.

 

A large number of ayagapata, votive tablets for offerings and the worship of tirthankara, were found at Mathura.[

 

RECEPTION

NEGATIVE

Like all religions, Jainism is criticized and praised for some of its practices and beliefs. A holy fast to death in Jainism called sallekhana is a particular area of controversy. When a person feels that all his or her duties have been fulfilled, he or she may decide to gradually cease eating and drinking. This form of death (santhara) has been the center of controversy with some petitioning to make it illegal. Many Jains, on the other hand, see santhara as spiritual detachment requiring a great deal of spiritual accomplishment and maturity and a declaration that a person is finished with this world and has chosen to leave. Jains believe this allows one to achieve death with dignity and dispassion along with a great reduction of negative karma.

 

POSITIVE

Mahatma Gandhi was greatly influenced by Jainism. Jain principles that he adopted in his life were asceticism, compassion for all forms of life, the importance of vows for self-discipline, vegetarianism, fasting for self-purification, and mutual tolerance among people of different creeds.

 

Swami Vivekananda appreciated the role of Jainism in the development of Indian religious philosophy. In his words, he asks:

 

“ What could have saved Indian society from the ponderous burden of omnifarious ritualistic ceremonialism, with its animal and other sacrifices, which all but crushed the very life of it, except the Jain revolution which took its strong stand exclusively on chaste morals and philosophical truths?

 

WIKIPEDIA

~Author unknown

 

Lensbaby Composer with star creative aperature disc (F4)

 

5/52

A Baiting Wicksford Two

 

A Wee bit Wicked Tale.

 

Baiting the Hook at Wicksford

 

Prologue

 

15 years ago.

 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

One moonless cloudy evening, at a secluded, hedged private garden located at an equally private club in Wales.

 

A lass of around 16, looking like the escapee from a formal dress event she was, cheerfully was exploring the otherwise deserted, but appealing, formal gardens she had discovered.

 

The sweet 16-year-old was surprisingly, very amorously dressed in a long flowing silk high-necked dress the colour of horse chestnut with a gold taffeta half-sleeve jacket. Her jewels were simple. A gold diamond set pendant and matching earrings(£9000 for the set). Her wrists held thin diamond bracelets (£1000 each) and on her left pinkie, she wore a small diamond chipped ring(£2000).

 

She was alone out here. Once she made that discovery, the sixteen-year-old went to a secluded area where a wrought iron neck was set in a small cove off hedges. She sat down, listening. Hearing nothing, she settled back and let her mind wander.

 

She placed her hand inside her jacket’s pocket as she looked back towards the private club.

 

^^^^^^^^^*

 

Back Inside the venue where formal dress dance had been going on, she had observed a lass of 17 whisking her way in and out of the various groups of dressed-up guests.

 

This charming lass appeared to be unsupervised, which was surprising considering how richly she was attired. The girl was wearing a soft blue satin gown that swirled along her figure with a satisfying fluidity. She was carrying a purse that matched her gown.

 

Her jewellery was also quite beautiful. A thin silver necklace set with a matched set of seven real diamonds that formed a half circle. Earrings set with a three-drop diamond stone, smaller to larger. A thin diamond bracelet and two diamond set rings.

 

Mesmerized, the 16-year-old wearing the long silk dress the colour of horse chestnut had begun to follow the 17-year-old around, careful not to be drawing notice.

 

In a secluded corner of the venue, the 17-year-old was literally waylaid, caught by two muscular suits and tie-wearing 18-year-old males. The pair of prigs had the poor rich girl between them, holding and teasing as she squirmed to get away.

 

Afraid that they were after her purse, the 16-year-old got involved and sent them off. She then fawned over the 17-year-old who though older, only came up to her chin. Lovingly straightened her luscious gown, stroking the girl’s long hair back in place.

 

With a grateful hug, the 17-year-old left the kindhearted 16-year-old and went back off to her business.

 

^^^^

 

With a sigh, the sixteen-year-old ended her reminiscing.

 

Looking around one last time to make sure she was still alone while reaching inside an inner pocket of her gold taffeta half-sleeve jacket, she pulled out a thin silver necklace set with a matched set of seven real diamonds that formed a half circle. She let the necklace dangle, admiring the glistening precious gemstones that were set into it. She reached in again and pulled out a pair of 3 diamond drop earrings and salivated over their beautiful stormy glitter.

 

It had been too easy to acquire the necklace and earrings from the young girl wearing the delicious blue satin gown.

 

All it took was a simple hug and lovingly running my fingers through her curly locks of hair

 

And the beauty of it would be that the suspicions raised over the disappearance of the girl’s diamonds would be centered around the two young miscreant lads.

 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

 

Acte One

A Gambling streak.

 

Present day

 

I was 34 when I attended what would have then been my 13th Wicksford Ball.

 

This was an annual autumn affair that at the time had been well into its second century(it is still being held to this day. And I still do attend it.)

 

It was an ultra-formal event traditionally attended to by many of society’s wealthiest families, some even holding actual titles of the realm.

 

It had been 5 years since the last time I attended. I figured my antics from the last time I was a guest here would have cooled down by now. Thank the lord for short attention spans.

 

That evening I was attending alone, for I was there on my own business and pleasures of my own making.

 

If I dare say myself, I was dressed up rather prettily that night in my specially fitted deep v-neck-lined plum-coloured satin gown. I was also wearing my lucky jewels. A thin silver necklace set with a matched set of seven real diamonds that formed a half circle(£10,000). Along with the necklace’s matching pair of 3 diamond drop earrings. The stones dangling went from smaller to larger(£8000)

 

Fitting right in with a good portion of my fellow guests. Meaning I was underdressed and underjeweled compared with the remaining ones.

 

I entered the party as it was well underway.

 

I intend to give the older female guests, who were to be my main targets, plenty of time to imbibe in drinking and dancing.

 

This would help ensure the likelihood of their guard being lowered.

 

Upon my arrival, the first item on my agenda was to reconnoiter the premises.

 

Which I did with methodical expertise. Through the ballroom up to the veranda and lastly the back gardens.

 

So many memories of being in that hedgerow-circled (12000 square meters) proper garden.

 

Perhaps more memories to be made out here this evening?

 

If not, it still was a good place to have a smoke and a good think while alone making plans.

 

But I knew for certain the ballroom proper could be counted on for being a memorable occasion.

 

I then swirled happily around and headed back inside.

 

^^^^^^^^^^^^

 

I headed up the backstairs to visit the powder room, where I had planned on beginning the evening's hunt.

 

Why not? One had to start somewhere.

  

As I made my way down the corridor the lady's powder room door opened and 3 delightfully clad ladies began walking out.

 

My fingers tingled as I saw one was an easy mark. I quickly rushed past to get just ahead of the trio before they started downstairs.

  

As I passed the first of the trio of ladies I found myself nose to eye with a startling beautifully attired, young miss of around 18 years of age.

 

She was adorably resplendent in a long slinking silken gown of pale blue. Her long silken hair was held up by a narrow ribbon that matched her gown. She was also wearing dark blue elbow-length satin gloves.

 

Sapphires and diamonds swung from her ears(£12,000) And flowed from the necklace(£26,000) hanging loosely from around her throat. A pair of sapphire and diamond cuff bracelets fit snugly around her gloved wrists(£15,000 each), and she wore two cocktail rings on her index fingers, one set with diamonds (£21,000), the other with sapphires (£14,000).

 

She didn’t notice me eyeing her jewels, she was looking back listening to the two older ladies talking behind her as the trio was leaving the room. Her mum and aunt I could easily ascertain.

 

They were both wearing fitted velvet gowns, one of ivory and the other plum, with matching satin gloves. The mum was wearing a brilliant set of pearled jewels (£88,000 worth) and the Auntie in plum was wearing gold chains set with diamonds(£65,000 worth) and a diminutive but real diamond tiara(£18,000)

 

Now to take profitable advantage of such a rare richly golden opportunity I needed to be ahead of them on the stairs, and I timed it perfectly.

 

My mark was on my heels as we entered. She was still looking back at her mum and Auntie. Her hand held the rail, her other held up her gown off the steps.

 

I turned like I had heard something. And I called out

“Here I am”

 

I started to go back upstairs, plowing into the young lady. We grasped hold of each other, my hand grasping the wrist of the hand holding her gown.

 

Her mum at the same time wrapped her arm around her daughter’s chest to catch her. Rings flashing with magnificence.

 

I quickly relieved the girl of a cuff bracelet and pocketed it.

 

We both apologized and the mum was asking her daughter if she was alright. All three were concerned with themselves. No one paying me any heed.

 

I place my hand on the mother’s fingers still holding her daughter up. I apologized for being so rude, as I slipped off one of Mum’s gemmed cocktail rings(£8800) from a gloved finger.

  

They then, with glaring looks, parted to let me pass through them before they continued on their merry way.

 

.^^^^^^

 

That was just the beginning… for over the next 90 minutes I had an unbroken streak of “gambler's luck”:

 

A well-placed bump netted me a gemmed starburst-shaped pendant(£18,000) swinging down from the neck of satin satin-dressed up young lady re-adjusting a spiked heel, a nice jostle netting me a sparkling diamond broach(£33,000) from a lady in too soft green satin as she was bringing helped into a long black mink coat,

Then an extremely well-positioned squeeze rewarded me with a dazzling jewelled-up bracelet(£20,000)from a taffeta-clad lady’s wrist, whose cigarette I had lit with my lighter as she sat at the bar.

 

Then I planned on calling it quits after a tricky slipping off of a bright white diamond pinkie ring(£13,000) from the bare sweaty finger of a young lass wrapped in tight silk as she exited the dance floor with an older male in tow.

 

I figured that I had by now played out my run of luck:

 

But I was never more wrong, for my streak was far from over.

 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

 

I was still on the edge of the ballroom’s massive dance floor when the lights suddenly dimmed and dance music started right back up, not slow, but with a beat.

 

The dance floor at this venue is a whopping 2000 square meters, making it a very seductive patch for me to work over.

 

Fingers tingling, I dived in, squeezed, and squozed in and out of dancing couples looking for fresh prey.

 

Suddenly I was bumped rather hard from behind.

 

A female voice merrily chided her husband as I turned.

 

“Gary, careful luv, you’re using me as a battering ram.”

 

“I looked over Gary’s gorgeously attired wife, caught her eye, and nodded.

 

Then I studied “her” Gary, a handsome bearded chap in a black tux, white silk shirt, with a midnight blue silk vest and matching bow tie. Wearing a flashy, heavy solid gold Rolex with a black face with diamonds (£18,000), with gold diamond set cuff links (£6,000) and a gold pinky ring set with a flashy diamond(£12,000).

 

I eagerly accepted his profound apologies, sensing new opportunities at play.

 

Raising my wrist he took it, kissing it as he cemented his words of regret.

“Apologies, Robin’s correct, I get a bit over-enthusiastic when dancing.”

 

Meanwhile, I was studying his enchanting wife.

 

Gary’s wife Robin, was wearing an absolutely adorable midnight blue silk dress, off-shoulder with a ruffled flare just above the calf. She had her silky hair done up upon her head, Held up by a fiery sapphire-encrusted headband(£45,000). This exposed her round 1 1/2 centimeter diamond hinged earrings(£23,000). A 2-layered diamond and sapphire necklace(£28,000)lay around her throat and a stunning 2-strand diamond and sapphire bracelet(£15,000) around her left wrist.

 

I looked at his wife. Taking her left hand up in my right, my left hand covertly covering her wrist(and her valuable bracelet)

 

I squeezed her wrist as I said to her while nodding at Gary,

“I think he should be punished by having a dance with me.”

 

His wife smiled winningly and stepped off to the side as I released her hand, palming her bracelet as I did so.

 

Gary took me into his arms and led me around the dance floor. I saw that his wife was not left alone as two lads pounced on her solitary figure and asked her to dance. She soon disappeared into the crowded dance floor with one of them.

 

Gary and I swished and swayed in and out of the crowded floor. His right arm was around my waist, mine was around his. Our other hands were held up. I allowed myself to be twirled about several times during the music's course.

 

The music then ended and Gary again nobly kissed my hand, before taking off to pry his wife away from the second male dancer(a gigolo if I ever saw one)!

 

But as he did, my left hand rubbed against his other wrist, relieving it of his fancy, thicke gold Rolex.

 

Smiling to myself as I pocketed the Rolex, turned to leave the dance floor.

 

Then did a double take…

 

For an advantageously spied a young teenaged couple stumbling off from the dance floor.

 

Apparently, the girl had twisted an ankle on the high heel she was wearing.

 

I quickly went to their aid having her place an arm around my shoulder, her other arm on her male dance partner's shoulder.

 

As we stumbled to her table I was squealing over how unfortunate she was to have injured herself, especially considering how adorabley delicious they both looked this evening. As I gushed high praise, My eyes were glued onto the sheer front of her glossy, mock-necked satin blouse. For upon that pretty backdrop, shimmering just a tad over her snug gown-covered breasts, was a long diamond set gold chain with a dazzling pendant in the shape of a gold owl with ruby eyes, a yellow diamond-filled body, and folding wings, perched with ruby tipped claws on a white diamond embedded solid gold branch. (£42,000), just hanging so very temptingly down, delicious.

 

We got her seated at the table, where the couple had their belongings, allowing her to take the burden off her swelling ankle. I had also relieved her neck from being burdened by her drippy diamond pendant necklace.

As I did I told her…

“Here you go, hope this helps ease the pain.”

 

I scurried off, Figuring that was my jackpot for the night. I took a quick Look around as I walked off from the table, my eyes going along the wall that lined the sitting area.

 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

 

That was when I spotted “Me old mucker”, a nimble-fingered gent by the name of Sean, whom I knew from the village green pub, near where I was living for a spell.

 

I don’t look at him as competition, for he believes picking pockets and purses of wallets to be the addicting thrill, unlike myself who is more into the lifting of jewellery to achieve that type of euphoria.

 

He was working a corner table, chatting up the happily liquored occupants.

 

He had picked a winner. For at that table were seated men and ladies that were of the class I would call “servant rich” by the manner they carried themselves, the way they were dressed, and certainly by the jewels they were flaunting.

 

Keeping an Eye out on Sean I moved to a side alcove and took a quick inventory of the occupants of the table where he was hovering.

 

I quickly realized there were two tables occupied by that class.

 

They say a Picture is worth a thousand words), at those two tables seated was a picture that was worth more like a million!

 

Now some may ask why I hadn’t noticed these guests myself beforehand. Truth is I may have. But these ladies were not the only fish of their class in the pond. There were so many that fit this mold, and from experience, though very lucrative, usually are too hard a nut to crack, that I usually only give the guests like these a cursory look over.

 

But seeing that Sean was targeting them, told me that there was something he saw about this group that made them game for a bit of trimming.

 

So consider myself now interested in finding out what that “something “ was.

 

I positioned myself for a better look, finding a spot where I would not be noticed.

 

Three ladies and two gents were seated at what I considered the “adults” table.

 

The three late thirty females were dressed up royally, which for all I knew they may have been wives of nobles.

 

The lady I liked most had her long brown hair up in an elegant bun, held by a thin ruby gemmed tiara(£53,000)

 

She was wearing a solid emerald green taffeta dress that shone with a tight sleekness along her still beautifully svelte figure.

 

The gown’s skirt I could see was higher in front(below knees) than in the back where it was just above her ankles. The neckline of the dress was an open low scoop with the straight sleeves coming down to her elbows.

 

Three-quarter-length velvet gloves of deep green elegantly completed her attire.

 

Her jewels ( including the tiara) were of the type that makes some people ask: “They cannot be real, right?”

 

But my practiced eyes saw they indeed, were…

 

The silver diamond set consisted of pierced earrings, set with a string of five 4-carat round stones with a full 8-carat pear-shaped larger stone dangling at the end((£28,00)The necklace was three silver chains with at least 13 round 5-carat diamonds in v pattern per chain. Hanging from the bottom chain, from each of the 13 diamonds were 8-carat pear-shaped diamonds, the same size as the ones swinging from her earrings(£60,000). Around her right wrist dangled a wide emerald and diamond bracelet(£40,000)There was also large, very large, pear shaped diamond ring on her right pinky(£50,000)She also was wearing an extraordinary set of diamond engagement and wedding bands(£75,000)

 

The Second Lady was wearing a slick silver silk gown with a cowl lick top, tantalizing rolling just above her still full plump breasts. The sleek gown fell to her feet In a sheet of material that shone vividly.

 

Her diamonds were breathtaking.

 

Her soft long blonde hair was up, holding in a real diamond tiara(£90,000). Extra long diamond earrings with 3 strands of diamonds each.- the outer two shorter than the longer middle strand(£65,000), a wide old style “princess” shaped necklace set with a brilliant collection of large diamonds(105,000).

On her right white satin glove, her wrist was encased in a diamond bracelet with 10 sparkling rows(£58,000). A large cocktail ring was on that hand's index finger(£38,000). Her left wrist was bare, but two fingers had rings with quite large diamond stones(£45,000, £25,000).

 

The 3rd lady is wearing a thin blood-red satin A-line gown. Her brown hair was short. From her ears dangled long wide ruby and diamond encrusted earrings (£38,000). Her ruby and diamond necklace that matched her earrings sparkled with so many stones that one really needed sunglasses to watch as they hit the light(77,500). A diamond broach was set on the right side of her gown’s ribbed waistline(£85,000). She wore elbow-length red satin gloves. A matched set of wide bracelets set with rubies and diamonds(£29,000 apiece) wrapped tightly around each wrist. She also wore matching cocktail rings on each little finger, (£15,000 each)…

 

The two distinguished-looking males sported neatly trimmed beards and were wearing formal tuxes with fancy vests. Old-fashioned Gold watch chains hung at their waists. They both were lacking the top hats that would have made them look like they had stepped out of parliament. But I doubt either of them would lower themselves to work at that level.

 

Gentlemen of the private clubs and leisure sort I suspected.

 

Now, next to the adult's table, to the right of the alcove, I was hovering in.

, was the table occupied by their gorgeously attired whelps.

 

One fortunate lone male sat with 3 young deliciously attired and jewelled-up girls of privilege. All appear to be between 18 to 20. I quickly, if not inappropriately, coined this as the “children’s “ table

 

The lone male was very dapper in a solid black tux, black satin vest, and crisp white silk shirt. He had the beginnings of a beard, as red as his hair. A chrome Rolex watch (£16,000) was worn on his tight wrist. A school ring from Cardiff College was proudly displayed on a finger, while on a little finger was displayed a solid gold signet ring.

  

All of the females surrounding him were wearing heavy eye makeup and glossy lipstick and blush that added a movie actress aire to their presence. The silk and satin gowns the three were wearing were elegantly pouring over their youthful figures, forming out their fetching bumps and curves nicely

 

Their jewels sparkled with the type of enticing enthusiasm only the best-cut ones can achieve.

  

Immediately to the lad’s right was a long red-haired girl adorably clad in a sleekly long midnight black spaghetti strap thin silk gown with a rather plunging neckline. Her dazzling jewels were all diamonds. Long dazzling earrings(£33,000) that played a fine game of peek-a-boo in and out of her recently washed hair. Her heavily jewelled necklace poured down her throat like cascading diamond icicles. (£65,000). She was wearing black satin elbow-length gloves. From her left wrist dangled a bracelet that should have been under glass In a museum(£44,000). On her left index finger sparkled a huge diamond cocktail ring that was just mesmerizing(£55,000)

 

On the black satin beauty’s right side was a girl in a thin emerald green satin A-line gown that perfectly matched the red gown worn by the lady at the “Adult’s” table. She was also wearing jewels set with both rubies and diamonds.

 

I wondered if both were born in July.

 

Like the one in red, this young chick’s jewellery almost matched the older one’s in abundance and brilliance.

 

From her ears dangled long ruby and diamond encrusted earrings(£25,000). Her ruby and diamond necklace that matched her earrings sparkled with blinding vibrance (55,000). A ruby broach was set on the right side of her gown’s ribbed waistline(£45,000). She wore elbow-length green velvet gloves. A wide bracelet set with rubies and diamonds(£20,000 ) wrapped tightly around her right wrist. She also wore matching ruby cocktail rings on each little finger, (£15,000 each)…but stealing the show was her ruby-tipped tiara(£66,000)with diamonds that were sparking from her head

 

Directly across from black satin beauty sat a pretty raven-haired lass encased in a sleek silk gown the colour of deep rich chocolate. Like the other two girls, the gown hugged her figure with a tight shaping hold. Hers was adorned with rhinestone trimmings around the perky breast-holding bodice and thin waistline.

 

She was devilishly pretty this one, wearing a sinful amount of diamonds.

 

Her long raven hair was up. With a small tiara of sparkling diamonds(£23,000) keeping the bun in place. A long very wide necklace of diamonds(£24,000)hung in a v down her bare neck flowing down like a sparkling mountain rivulet. Matching diamond-filled earrings(£44,000)dangled from exposed earlobes. She wore long brown satin gloves. Both wrists sport thin diamond bracelets)£12,000 and £16,000). Two rings flashed out on the fingers of her left hand, 3 more on her right (£53,000 total) but what stole the show was her diamond broach(£30,000) that glittered from its perch, off to the side of her gown's sash wrapped waistline

 

My fingers were tingling up a storm as I took careful inventory of all this. My mind raced with delicious ideas.

 

And as far as that “something “ I mentioned earlier. Well, the darling dazzling occupants of both tables were all “Three sheets to the wind”.

 

I watched Sean working the “adult“ table. Making merry conversation he placed his hands upon their figures with innocent-appearing accuracy. I saw him lifting a fat wallet from green taffeta’s matching purse, (good choice!) then the thin billfold from the calico vest pocket of one of the males as his head was turned talking to red satin.

 

Then Sean, on purpose I believe, knocked over the water glass at Red Satin's arm.

 

She rose as Sean gave her his handkerchief, apologizing profusely. She moved off from the tables to a nearby alcove as she was whipping herself off.

 

The commotion that ensued gave Sean a chance to do some more lifting. But I never saw if he did, for my fingers were tingling. She was heading to the same alcove where I had moved to watch the tables.

 

She walked in as I was walking out, my head bent as my fingers were straightening my bra.

 

We “bumped” into one another and my hands flew to hold her steady, fingers digging into a luscious feeling satin gown. As we giggled while disentangling ourselves, my left hand slipped along her scintillating gown, down to her waist, and carefully pried off the diamond broach she had been showcasing there with my fingers.

 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

 

I now had her a quite valuable broach In my possession…

 

At that point, as I was waking away, I continued on my way, out… Feeling my run of luck just may now be finally over.

 

I went back along the opposite way of the mezzanine and reaching the back stairs went down and out into the outside patio.

 

I was too excited to just leave. I really needed a victory smoke, and to admire in private, the ample takings I had successfully lifted this evening.

 

I’ll admit to that being a fallacy of mine, not wanting to wait until I’m safely away to look over my ill-gotten gains.

 

I went just inside the garden gates and stood off in the shadows of the hedges. I had a clear view through a hole, of the exit door I had just come out of.

 

No one else was around, which this late in the evening no one should be, even the younger ones who liked to sneak out for a drink or a smoke should have had their fill by now.

 

I lit my cigarette and let out a few satisfying puffs before lifting the owl-shaped pendant I had lifted from the limping lady with the sprained ankle.

 

As I admired its sparkle I thought of the two tables I had just left.

 

Sean is a luv, but I didn’t want a run-in with him this evening. I knew that he would keep the cash from the wallets, but would leave to hand off the rest to his accomplice Emylee, who would be outside lurking in the shadows.

 

Em would use the info contained in the

wallets to burgle flats or houses… She also may just lay in wait to rob the unlucky victims as they left the venue if Sean told her it was worth it.

 

I knew those at the tables would be worth it. And I did not want to get caught up with that storm if it ever broke.

 

^^^^^^

 

I had let several more satisfying puffs out when I froze. … buggers, someone was coming out the exit door.

 

I put out the cig, pocketed the necklace, and moved further back into the shadows.

 

I did a double, no a triple, take….

 

For emerging out onto the patio, just oozing excessive wealth and privilege, we’re the four wealthy inhabitants of the “children’s” table.

 

I watched from my secret spot mesmerized, as the girls swished up along the patio, jewels glittering up like a lightning storm creeping up from the darkness.

 

I see that the male is drinking from a flask, holding a bottle that must have been somehow pilfered from the bar.

 

Had Sean had his quick fingers in this pie?

 

He passed the flask off to the girls, his fancy Rolex flashing.

 

The now giggling young ladies followed as he led them through the garden gates, like some pie-eyed piper.

 

I was not far behind.

 

^^^^^^^^

 

I kept my distance while tailing them. It wasn’t hard, just followed the flashing jewellery.

 

Also trio of girls and their sole male escort were anything but on their guard.

 

Even the lad, who should have been watchful escorting outside these heavily jewel-laden ladies, was as oblivious as he was tipsy.

 

With every step the group took into the secluded reaches of the otherwise deserted gardens, my heart beat a wee bit faster, my fingers tingling grew more intense, my interest that much more wicked.

 

For I had decided that it was quite possible that once they stopped and took roost, I could “bump” into them with enough finesse that I could relieve the girls of one of their expensively flashy baubles.

 

^^^^^^^^

 

They finally stopped at a bench with a high hedge at its back. A tall water fountain gurgles off to one side.

 

I circled around and from the shadows given off by a patch of crooked-limbed fruit trees, watched the rich young whelps at play.

 

The 3 girls lit cigarettes, and the lad lit a fat cigar. They all puffed away and drank from the flask and the bottle. They laughed and made merry.

 

Still unaware that any type of jeopardy would be present, let alone lurking mere meters away.

 

They appeared to be settling in for a long haul.

 

I was rather miffed that the girls had brought the boy along. No matter how drunk he was, I felt he would naturally become guarded if a stranger entered the picture.

 

End Acte One

Christian Movie Trailer | Walk With God | " In the Deep of Winter " | God Is My Life and My Hope

Christian Han Lu was monitored and tracked by the CCP police officers, which led to her capture. The police officers have brutally tortured her, and they have also used rumors to try to brainwash her, used her family to try and coerce her, and other despicable methods to try to threaten her in an attempt to compel her to deny God and betray God. However, under the guidance of the word of God, Han Lu has made it through many interrogations under torture and has powerfully refuted the various rumors and fallacies of the CCP with truth. Within the bitter environment of the CCP's persecution, a beautiful and resounding testimony has been made …

 

The content of this video has been translated entirely by professional translators. However, due to linguistic differences etc., a small number of inaccuracies are inevitable. If you discover any such inaccuracies, please refer to the original Chinese version, and feel free to get in touch to let us know.

Recommended for You: christian family movies

 

The processing is purely experimental. I like it the way I have done it, so I have posted. I did wanted to get a different effect but couldn't. *sigh*

“Love doesn't grow on trees like apples in Eden - it's something you have to make. And you must use your imagination too.”

 

~ Joyce Cary

 

To pretend no one can find

The fallacies of morning rose

Forbidden fruit, hidden eyes

Courtesies that I despise in me

Take a ride, take a shot now

 

Cos nobody loves me

It's true

Not like you do

 

Covered by the blind belief

That fantasies of sinful screens

Bear the facts, assume the dye

End the vows no need to lie, enjoy

Take a ride, take a shot now

 

Cos nobody loves me

It's true

Not like you do

 

Who oo am I, what and why

Cos all I have left is my memories of yesterday

Ohh these sour times

 

Cos nobody loves me

It's true

Not like you do

 

After time the bitter taste

Of innocence decent or race

Scattered seed, buried lives

Mysteries of our disguise revolve

Circumstance will decide...

 

Cos nobody loves me

It's true

Not like you do

 

Cos nobody loves me

It's true

Not like you

 

Cos nobody loves me

It's true

Not like you do

 

* Sour Times * ~ by Portishead

www.youtube.com/watch?v=gxOWuKlz_8o

Jainism (/ˈdʒeɪnɪzəm/ or /ˈdʒaɪnɪzəm/), traditionally known as Jina Sashana or Jain dharma (Sanskrit: जैन धर्म), is an Indian religion that prescribes a path of nonviolence towards all living beings. Practitioners believe that nonviolence and self-control are the means by which they can obtain liberation from the cycle of births and deaths.

 

The word "Jain" is derived from the Sanskrit word Jina (meaning victor). A human being who has conquered all inner passions like attachment, desire, anger, pride, greed, etc. and therefore, possesses pure infinite knowledge (Kevala Jnana) is called Jina. Followers of the path practised and preached by Jinas are known as Jains.

 

Jainism is one of the oldest religions in the world. It has also been regarded as one of the most scientific of all religions. Jains trace their history through a succession of twenty-four teachers and revivers of Jain teachings known as tirthankaras with Rishabha as the first and Mahāvīra as the last of the current era.

 

DOCTRINE

NON-VIOLENCE (AHIMSA)

The principle of ahimsa is the most fundamental and well known aspect of Jain religious practice. The everyday implementation of ahimsa is more comprehensive than in other religions and is the hallmark for Jain identity. Non-violence is practiced first and foremost during interactions with other human beings, and Jains believe in avoiding harm to others through actions, speech and thoughts.

 

In addition to other humans, Jains extend the practice of nonviolence towards all living beings. As this ideal cannot be completely implemented in practice, Jains recognize a hierarchy of life, which gives more protection to humans followed by animals followed by insects followed by plants. For this reason, vegetarianism is a hallmark of Jain practice, with the majority of Jains practicing lacto-vegetarianism. If there is violence against animals during the production of dairy products, veganism is also encouraged (see Jain vegetarianism). After humans and animals, insects are the next living being offered protection in Jain practice with avoidance of intentional harm to insects emphasized. For example, insects in the home are often escorted out instead of killed. Intentional harm and the absence of compassion make an action more violent per Jainism.

 

After nonviolence towards humans, animals and insects, Jains make efforts not to injure plants any more than necessary. Although they admit that plants must be destroyed for the sake of food, they accept such violence only inasmuch as it is indispensable for human survival. Strict Jains, including Jain monks and nuns, do not eat root vegetables such as potatoes, onions and garlic, because tiny organisms are injured when the plant is pulled up, and also because a bulb or tuber's ability to sprout is seen as characteristic of a living being.

 

Jainism has a very elaborate framework on types of life and includes life-forms that may be invisible. Per Jainism, the intent and emotions behind the violence are more important than the action itself. For example, if a person kills another living being out of carelessness and then regrets later, the karma bandhan (bondage of karma) is less versus when the person kills the same living being with anger, revenge, etc. The emotions (bhava) determine the bondage of karmas. A soldier acting in self defense is a different type of violence versus someone killing another person out of hatred or revenge.

 

Violence or war in self-defense may be justified, but this must only be used as a last resort after peaceful measures have been thoroughly exhausted. Mahatma Gandhi notably practiced and preached ahimsa.

 

NON ABSOLUTISM

The second main principle of Jainism is non-absolutism (anēkāntavāda). For Jains, non-absolutism means maintaining open-mindedness. This includes the recognition of all perspectives and a humble respect for differences in beliefs. Jainism encourages its adherents to consider the views and beliefs of their rivals and opposing parties. The principle of anekāntavāda influenced Mahatma Gandhi to adopt principles of religious tolerance and ahiṃsā.

 

Anekāntavāda emphasizes the principles of pluralism (multiplicity of viewpoints) and the notion that truth and reality are perceived differently from diverse points of view, no single one of which is complete.

 

Jains illustrate this theory through the parable of the blind men and an elephant. In this story, each blind man feels a different part of an elephant: its trunk, leg, ear, and so on. All of them claim to understand and explain the true appearance of the elephant but, due to their limited perspectives, can only partly succeed. The concept of anēkāntavāda extends to and is further explained by Syādvāda (below).

 

Non-possessiveness

The third main principle in Jainism is non-possessiveness (aparigraha). This is the concept of greedlessness or non-grasping and includes non-materialism. Jainism emphasizes taking no more than is truly necessary. While ownership of objects is allowed, non-attachment to possessions is taught. Followers should minimize the tendency to hoard unnecessary material possessions and limit attachment to current possessions. Further, wealth and possessions should be shared and donated whenever possible. Jainism believes that unchecked attachment to possessions can lead to direct harm to oneself and others.

Five main vows

 

Jainism encourages spiritual development through cultivation of personal wisdom and through reliance on self-control through vows.[18] Jains accept different levels of compliance for strict followers and laymen. Followers of this religion undertake five major vows:

 

1. Ahimsa: Ahimsa means nonviolence. The first major vow taken by followers is to cause no harm to living beings. It involves minimizing intentional and unintentional harm to other living creatures by actions, speech or thoughts.

2. Satya: Satya means truth. This vow is to always speak the truth. Given that non-violence has priority, other principles yield to it whenever they conflict: in a situation where speaking truth could lead to violence, silence may be observed.

3. Asteya: Asteya means not stealing. Jains should not take anything that is not willingly offered. Attempting to extort material wealth from others or to exploit the weak is considered theft. Fair value should be given for all goods and services purchased.

4. Brahmacharya: Brahmacharya means chastity for laymen and celibacy for Jain monks and nuns. This requires the exercise of control over the senses to control indulgence in sexual activity.

5. Aparigraha: Aparigraha means non-possessiveness. This includes non-materialism and non-attachment to objects, places and people. Jain monks and nuns completely renounce property and social relations.

 

Monks and nuns are obligated to practice the five cardinal principles of non-violence, truthfulness, non-stealing, celibacy, and non-possessiveness very strictly, while laymen are encouraged to observe them within their current practical limitations.

 

Additionally, Jainism identifies four passions of the mind: Anger, pride (ego), deceitfulness, greed. It recommends conquering anger by forgiveness, pride by humility, deceitfulness by straight-forwardness and greed by contentment.

 

GOD

Jainism rejects the idea of a creator or destroyer god and postulates that the universe is eternal. Jainism believes every soul has the potential for salvation and to become god. In Jainism, perfect souls with body are called Arihantas (victors) and perfect souls without the body are called Siddhas (liberated souls). Tirthankara is an Arihanta who help others in achieving liberation. Jainism has been described as a transtheistic religion , as it does not teach the dependency on any supreme being for enlightenment. The Tirthankara is a guide and teacher who points the way to enlightenment, but the struggle for enlightenment is one's own.

 

- Arihanta (Jina)- A human being who conquers all inner passions and possesses infinite knowledge (Kevala Jnana). They are also known as Kevalins (omniscient beings). There are two kinds of Arihantas -

 

1. Sāmānya (Ordinary victors) - Kevalins who are concerned with their own salvation.

2. Tirthankara - Tīrthaṅkara literally means a 'ford-maker', or a founder of salvation teaching. They propagate and revitalize the Jain faith and become role-models for those seeking spiritual guidance. They reorganise the fourfold order (chaturvidha sangha) that consists of monks (śramana), nuns (śramani), male followers (srāvaka) and female followers (śravaika). Jains believe that exactly twenty-four tirthankaras are born in each half cycle of time (Jain cosmology). The last tirthankara, Mahavira and his predecessor Parsvanatha are historical figures whose existence is recorded.

 

Siddhas (the liberated beings), although they are formless, this is how they are depicted in Jain temples

 

- Siddha- Siddhas are Arihantas who attain salvation (moksha) and dwell in Siddhashila with infinite bliss, infinite perception, infinite knowledge and infinite energy.

 

PRACTICES

MONASTICISM

In Jainism, monasticism is encouraged and respected. Jain monks and nuns live extremely austere and ascetic lifestyles. They follow the five main vows of Jainism absolutely. Jain monks and nuns have neither a permanent home nor possessions. They do not use vehicles and always travel barefoot from one place to another, irrespective of the distance. They wander from place to place except during the months of Chaturmas. They do not use telephones or electricity. They do not prepare food and live only on what people offer them. Jain monks and nuns also usually keep a cloth for ritual mouth-covering to avoid inadvertently harming micro-organisms in the air. Most will carry a broomlike object (Rayoharan), made from dense, thick thread strands, to sweep the ground ahead of them, or before sitting down, to avoid inadvertently crushing small insects.

 

The monks of Jainism, whose presence is not needed for most Jain rituals, should not be confused with priests. However, some sects of Jainism often employ a pujari, who need not be a Jain, to perform special daily rituals and other priestly duties at the temple.

 

PRAYERS

Jains pray to these passionless gods not for any favors, material goods or rewards but rather pray to the qualities of the god with the objective of destroying their own karmas and achieving liberation. This is best understood by the term vandetadgunalabhdhaye – i.e. "we pray to the attributes of such Gods to acquire such attributes".

 

NAVKAR MANTRA

The Navkār mantra is the fundamental prayer of Jainism and may be recited at any time. In this mantra, Jains worship the qualities (Gunas) of the spiritually supreme in order to attain Godhood. The prayer does not name any one particular person. In Jainism, the purpose of worship or prayer is to break the barriers of worldly attachments and desires and to assist in the liberation of the soul.

 

FASTING

Most Jains fast throughout the year, particularly during festivals (fasting in Jainism). This takes on various forms and may be practiced based on one's ability. Some examples include: eating only one or two meals per day, drinking only water all day, not eating after sunset, not eating processed foods, eating food without sugar/oil/salt. Two purposes of fasting are to exercise self-control and to clear the mind to devote more mental energy to prayer.

 

MEDITATION

Jains have developed a type of meditation called samayika, a term derived from the word samaya. The goal of Samayika is to achieve a feeling of perfect calmness and to understand the unchanging truth of the self. Such meditation is based on contemplation of the universe and the reincarnation of self. Samayika is particularly important during the Paryushana religious festival. It is believed that meditation will assist in managing and balancing one's passions. Great emphasis is placed on the internal control of thoughts, as they influence behavior, actions and goals.

 

Jains follow six duties known as avashyakas: samyika (practising serenity), chaturvimshati (praising the tirthankara), vandan (respecting teachers and monks), pratikramana (introspection), kayotsarga (stillness), and pratyakhyana (renunciation).

 

PHILOSOPHY

SOUL AND KARMA

According to Jains, souls are intrinsically pure and possess the qualities of infinite knowledge, infinite perception, infinite bliss and infinite energy in their ideal state. In reality, however, these qualities are found to be obstructed due to the soul's association with a substance called karma. The ultimate goal in Jainism is to obtain moksha, which means liberation or salvation of the soul completely freeing it from karmic bondage.

 

The relationship between the soul and karma is explained by the analogy of gold. Gold is always found mixed with impurities in its natural state. Similarly, the ideal, pure state of the soul is always mixed with the impurities of karma. Just like gold, purification of the soul may be achieved if the proper methods of refining are applied. The Jain karmic theory is used to attach responsibility to individual action and is cited to explain inequalities, sufferings and pain.

 

THREE GEMS

The following three gems of Jainism lay down the path to achieve liberation of the soul (moksha).

 

1. Right View (Samyak Darshana) - Having the right perception and seeking the truth while avoiding preconceptions that get in the way of seeing things clearly.

2, Right Knowledge (Samyak Gyana) - Having the right knowledge of Jain principles.

3. Right Conduct (Samyak Charitra) - Applying Jain principles to your life.

 

TATTVA

Jain metaphysics is based on seven or nine fundamentals which are known as tattva, which attempt to explain the nature of the human predicament and to provide solutions for the ultimate goal of liberation of the soul (moksha):

 

1. Jīva: The essence of living beings is called jiva, a substance which is different from the body that houses it. Consciousness, knowledge and perception are its fundamental attributes.

2. Ajīva: Non-living entities that consist of matter, space and time.

3. Asrava: The interaction between jīva and ajīva causes the influx of karma (a particular form of ajiva) into the soul.

4. Bandha: The karma masks the jiva and restricts it from having its true potential of perfect knowledge and perception.

5. Saṃvara: Through right conduct, it is possible to stop the influx of additional karma.

6. Nirjarā: By performing asceticism, it is possible to discard the existing karma.

7. Mokṣa: The liberated jiva which has removed its karma and is said to have the pure, intrinsic quality of perfect knowledge and perception.

 

Some authors add two additional categories: the meritorious (puńya) and demeritorious (pāpa) acts related to karma.

 

SYATVADA

Syādvāda is the doctrine extending from non-absolutism (anēkāntavāda). This recommends the expression of anekānta by prefixing the epithet Syād to every phrase or expression. The Sanskrit etymological root of the term syād is "perhaps" or "maybe", but in the context of syādvāda it means "in some ways" or "from some perspective." As reality is complex, no single proposition can express its full nature. The term syāt- should therefore be prefixed to each proposition, giving it a conditional point of view and thus removing dogmatism from the statement. There are seven conditioned propositions (saptibhaṅgī) in syādvāda as follows:

 

1. syād-asti—in some ways, it is;

2. syād-nāsti—in some ways, it is not;

3. syād-asti-nāsti—in some ways, it is, and it is not;

4. syād-asti-avaktavyaḥ—in some ways, it is, and it is indescribable;

5. syād-nāsti-avaktavyaḥ—in some ways, it is not, and it is indescribable;

6. syād-asti-nāsti-avaktavyaḥ—in some ways, it is, it is not, and it is indescribable;

7. syād-avaktavyaḥ—in some ways, it is indescribable.

 

Each of these seven propositions examines the complex and multifaceted nature of reality from a relative point of view of time, space, substance and mode. To ignore the complexity of reality is to commit the fallacy of dogmatism.

 

Nayavāda is the theory of partial standpoints or viewpoints. Nayavāda is a compound of two Sanskrit words: naya ("partial viewpoint") and vada ("school of thought or debate"). It is used to arrive at a certain inference from a point of view. Every object has infinite aspects, but when we describe one in practice, we speak only of relevant aspects and ignore the irrelevant. Nayavāda holds that philosophical disputes arise out of confusion of standpoints, and the standpoints we adopt are "the outcome of purposes that we may pursue"— although we may not realize it. While operating within the limits of language and perceiving the complex nature of reality, Māhavīra used the language of nayas. Naya, being a partial expression of truth, enables us to comprehend reality part by part.

 

Non-absolutism (anēkāntavāda) is more formally stated by observing that objects are infinite in their qualities and modes of existence, so they cannot be completely grasped in all aspects and manifestations by finite human perception. Only Kevalins (omniscient beings) can comprehend objects in all aspects and manifestations; others are only capable of partial knowledge. Accordingly, no single, specific, human view can claim to represent absolute truth.

 

HISTORY

ORIGINS

The origins of Jainism are obscure. Jainism is a philosophy of eternity,. According to Jain time cycle, in each half of the time cycle, twenty-four great humans rise to the level of tirthankaras and show humans the true path to salvation. Therefore, they are also called human spiritual guides. Parshvanatha, predecessor of Mahāvīra and the twenty-third tirthankara was a historical figure. He lived somewhere in the 9th–7th century BC. Followers of Pārśva are mentioned in the canonical books; and a legend in the Uttarādhyayana sūtra relates a meeting between a disciple of Pārśva and a disciple of Mahāvīra which brought about the union of the old and the new Jain teachings.

 

During the 5th or 6th century BC, Vardhamana Mahāvīra became one of the most influential teachers of Jainism. Jains revere him as twenty-forth tirthankara and regard him as the last of the great tīrthankaras of this era. He appears in the tradition as one who, from the beginning, had followed a religion established long ago.

 

UNIVERSAL HISTORY

According to Jain legends, sixty-three illustrious beings called Salakapurusas have appeared on earth. The Jain universal history is a compilation of the deeds of these illustrious persons. They comprise twenty-four tīrthaṅkaras, twelve chakravartins, nine baladevas, nine vāsudevas and nine prativāsudevas.

 

A chakravarti is an emperor of the world and lord of the material realm. Though he possesses worldly power, he often finds his ambitions dwarfed by the vastness of the cosmos. Jain puranas give a list of twelve chakravartins. They are golden in complexion. One of the greatest chakravartin mentioned in Jain scriptures is Bharata. Traditions say that India came to be known as Bharatavarsha in his memory.

 

There are nine sets of baladeva, vāsudeva and prativāsudeva. Certain Digambara texts refer to them as balabhadra, narayana and pratinarayana, respectively. The origin of this list of brothers can be traced to the Jinacaritra by Bhadrabahu (c. 3rd–4th century BCE). Baladeva are non-violent heroes, vasudeva are violent heroes and prativāsudeva can be described as villains. According to the legends, the vasudeva ultimately kill the prativasudeva. Of the nine baladeva, eight attain liberation and the last goes to heaven. The vasudeva go to hell on account of their violent exploits, even if these were intended to uphold righteousness.

 

ROYAL PATRONAGE

The ancient city Pithunda, capital of Kalinga (modern Odisha), is described in the Jain text Uttaradhyana Sutra as an important centre at the time of Mahāvīra, and was frequented by merchants from Champa. Rishabha, the first tirthankara, was revered and worshiped in Pithunda and is known as the Kalinga Jina. Mahapadma Nanda (c. 450–362 BCE) conquered Kalinga and took a statue of Rishabha from Pithunda to his capital in Magadha. Jainism is said to have flourished under the Nanda Empire.

 

The Maurya Empire came to power after the downfall of the Nanda. The first Mauryan emperor, Chandragupta Maurya (c. 322–298 BCE), became a Jain in the latter part of his life. He was a disciple of Bhadrabahu, a Jain acharya who was responsible for propagation of Jainism in South India.[63] The Mauryan king Ashoka was converted to Buddhism and his pro-Buddhist policy subjugated the Jains of Kalinga. Ashoka's grandson Samprati (c. 224–215 BCE) is said to have converted to Jainism by a Jain monk named Suhasti. He is known to have erected many Jain temples. He ruled a place called Ujjain.

 

In the 1st century BCE, Emperor Kharavela of the Mahameghavahana dynasty of Kalinga conquered Magadha. He retrieved Rishabha's statue and installed it in Udaygiri, near his capital Shishupalgadh. Kharavela was responsible for the propagation of Jainism across the Indian subcontinent.

 

Xuanzang (629–645 CE), a Chinese traveller, notes that there were numerous Jains present in Kalinga during his time. The Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves near Bhubaneswar, Odisha are the only surviving stone Jain monuments in Orissa.

 

King Vanaraja (c. 720–780 CE) of the Chawda dynasty in northern Gujarat was raised by a Jain monk Silunga Suri. He supported Jainism during his rule. The king of kannauj Ama (c. 8th century CE) was converted to Jainism by Bappabhatti, a disciple of famous Jain monk Siddhasena Divakara. Bappabhatti also converted Vakpati, the friend of Ama who authored a famous prakrit epic named Gaudavaho.

 

TAMIL NADU

Jainism flourished in Tamil Nadu at least as early as the Sangam period. Tamil Jain tradition places their origins are much earlier. The Ramayana mentions that Rama paid homage to Jaina monks living in South India on his way to Sri Lanka.

 

DECLINE

Once a major religion, Jainism declined due to a number of factors, including proselytising by other religious groups, persecution, withdrawal of royal patronage, sectarian fragmentation and the absence of central leadership. Since the time of Mahavira, Jainism faced rivalry with Buddhism and the various Hindu sects. The Jains suffered isolated violent persecutions by these groups, but the main factor responsible for the decline of their religion was the success of Hindu reformist movements. Around the 7th century, Shaivism saw considerable growth at the expense of Jainism due to the efforts of the Shaivite poets like Sambandar and Appar. Around the 8th century CE, the Hindu philosophers Kumārila Bhaṭṭa and Adi Shankara tried to restore the orthodox Vedic religion.

 

Royal patronage has been a key factor in the growth as well as decline of Jainism. The Pallava king Mahendravarman I (600–630 CE) converted from Jainism to Shaivism under the influence of Appar. His work Mattavilasa Prahasana ridicules certain Shaiva sects and the Buddhists and also expresses contempt towards Jain ascetics. Sambandar converted the contemporary Pandya king back to Shaivism. During the 11th century Brahmana Basava, a minister to the Jain king Bijjala, succeeded in converting numerous Jains to the Lingayat Shaivite sect. The Lingayats destroyed various temples belonging to Jains and adapted them to their use. The Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana (c. 1108–1152 CE) became a follower of the Vaishnava sect under the influence of Ramanuja, after which Vaishnavism grew rapidly in the present-day Karnataka. As the Hindu sects grew, the Jains compromised by following Hindu rituals and customs and invoking Hindu deities in Jain literature.

 

There are several legends about the mass massacre of Jains in the ancient times. The Buddhist king Ashoka (304-232 BCE) is said to have ordered killings of 18,000 Jains or Ajivikas after someone drew a picture of Buddha bowing at the feet of Mahavira. The Shaivite king Koon Pandiyan, who briefly converted to Jainism, is said to have ordered a massacre of 8,000 Jains after his re-conversion to Shaivism. However, these legends are not found in the Jain texts, and appear to be fabricated propaganda by Buddhists and Shaivites. Such stories of destruction of one sect by another sect were common at the time, and were used as a way to prove the superiority of one sect over the other. There are stories about a Jain king of Kanchi persecuting the Buddhists in a similar way.[82] Another such legend about Vishnuvardhana ordering the Jains to be crushed in an oil mill doesn't appear to be historically true.

 

The decline of Jainism continued after the Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent. The Muslims rulers, such as Mahmud Ghazni (1001), Mohammad Ghori (1175) and Ala-ud-din Muhammed Shah Khilji (1298) further oppressed the Jain community. They vandalised idols and destroyed temples or converted them into mosques. They also burned the Jain books and killed Jains. Some conversions were peaceful, however; Pir Mahabir Khamdayat (c. 13th century CE) is well known for his peaceful propagation of Islam. The Jains also enjoyed amicable relations with the rulers of the tributary Hindu kingdoms during this period; however, their number and influence had diminished significantly due to their rivalry with the Shaivite and the Vaisnavite sects.

 

For long periods of time, Jainism was widely adopted in the Indian subcontinent. The religion has been in decline since the 8th century AD due to the growth of, and oppression by other religions.

 

COSMOLOGY

Jain beliefs postulate that the universe was never created, nor will it ever cease to exist. It is independent and self-sufficient, and does not require any superior power to govern it. Elaborate description of the shape and function of the physical and metaphysical universe, and its constituents, is provided in the canonical Jain texts, in commentaries and in the writings of the Jain philosopher-monks. The early Jains contemplated the nature of the earth and universe and developed detailed hypotheses concerning various aspects of astronomy and cosmology.

 

According to the Jain texts, the universe is divided into three parts, the upper, middle, and lower worlds, called respectively urdhva loka, madhya loka, and adho loka. It is made up of six constituents: Jīva, the living entity; Pudgala, matter; Dharma tattva, the substance responsible for motion; Adharma tattva, the substance responsible for rest; Akāśa, space; and Kāla, time.

 

WHEEL OF TIME

According to Jainism, time is beginningless and eternal; the cosmic wheel of time, called kālachakra, rotates ceaselessly. It is divided into halves, called utsarpiṇī and avasarpiṇī. Utsarpiṇī is a period of progressive prosperity, where happiness increases, while avasarpiṇī is a period of increasing sorrow and immorality. According to Jain cosmology, currently we are in the 5th ara, Duḥṣama (read as Dukhma). As of 2015, exactly 2,539 years have elapsed and 18,461 years are still left. It is an age of sorrow and misery. The maximum age a person can live to in this ara is not more than 200 years. The average height of people in this ara is six feet tall. No liberation is possible, although people practice religion in lax and diluted form. At the end of this ara, even the Jain religion will disappear, only to appear again with the advent of 1st Tirthankara in the next cycle.

 

JAIN COMMUNITY

DEMOGRAPHICS

The majority of Jains currently reside in India. With 5 million followers, Jainism is relatively small compared to major world religions. Jains live throughout India, with the largest populations concentrated in the states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat. Karnataka and Tamil Nadu also have significant Jain populations. Outside India, large Jain communities can be found in the United States and Europe. Several Jain temples have been built in both of these places. Smaller Jain communities also exist in Kenya and Canada.

 

Jains developed a system of philosophy and ethics that had a great impact on Indian culture. They have contributed to the culture and language in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra,

 

FESTIVALS

Paryushana is the most important annual event for Jains, and is usually celebrated in August or September. It lasts 8–10 days and is a time when lay people increase their level of spiritual intensity often using fasting, study and prayer/meditation to help. The five main vows are emphasized during this time. There are no set rules, and followers are encouraged to practice according to their ability and desires. The last day involves a focused prayer/meditation session known as Samvatsari Pratikramana. At the conclusion of the festival, followers request forgiveness from others for any offenses committed during the last year. Forgiveness is asked by saying "Micchami Dukkadam" to others, which means "If I have caused you offence in any way, knowingly or unknowingly, in thought, word or action, then I seek your forgiveness." The literal meaning of Paryushana is "abiding" or "coming together."

 

Mahāvīra Jayanti, the Janam (birth) of Mahāvīra, the last tirthankara, is usually celebrated in late March or early April based on the lunar calendar.

 

Diwali is a festival that marks the anniversary of attainment of Nirvana of Lord Mahavira, the last of the Jain Tirthankar of this era. It is celebrated at the same time as the Hindu festival of Diwali. Diwali is celebrated in an atmosphere of austerity, simplicity, serenity, equity, calmness, charity, philanthropy and environment-consciousness. Jain temples, homes, offices, shops are decorated with lights and diyas. The lights are symbolic of knowledge or removal of ignorance. Sweets are often distributed to each other. The new Jain year starts right after Diwali.

 

RITUALS

There are many Jain rituals including ones involving idol worshiping, depending on the sect. One example related to the five life events of tirthankara called the Panch Kalyanaka are rituals such as the panch kalyanaka pratishtha, panch kalyanaka puja, and snatra puja.

 

ART AND ARCHITECTURE

Jainism has contributed significantly to Indian art and architecture. Jains mainly depict tirthankara or other important people in a seated or standing meditative posture. Yakshas and yakshinis, attendant spirits who guard the tirthankara, are usually shown with them. Figures on various seals from the Indus Valley Civilisation bear similarity to Jain images, nude and in a meditative posture. The earliest known Jain image is in the Patna museum. It is approximately dated to the 3rd century BCE. Bronze images of Pārśva, can be seen in the Prince of Wales Museum, Mumbai, and in the Patna museum; these are dated to the 2nd century BCE. A sandalwood sculpture of Mahāvīra was carved during his lifetime, according to tradition. Later the practice of making images of wood was abandoned, other materials being substituted.

 

Remnants of ancient Jain temples and cave temples can be found all around India. Notable among these are the Jain caves at Udaigiri Hills near Bhelsa(Vidisha) in Madhya Pradesh and Ellora in Maharashtra, and the Jain temples at Dilwara near Mount Abu, Rajasthan. The Jain tower in Chittor, Rajasthan is a good example of Jain architecture. Decorated manuscripts are preserved in Jain libraries, containing diagrams from Jain cosmology. Most of the paintings and illustrations depict historical events, known as Panch Kalyanaka, from the life of the tirthankara. Rishabha, the first tirthankara, is usually depicted in either the lotus position or kayotsarga, the standing position. He is distinguished from other tirthankara by the long locks of hair falling to his shoulders. Bull images also appear in his sculptures. In paintings, incidents of his life, like his marriage and Indra's marking his forehead, are depicted. Other paintings show him presenting a pottery bowl to his followers; he is also seen painting a house, weaving, and being visited by his mother Marudevi. Each of the twenty-four tirthankara is associated with distinctive emblems, which are listed in such texts as Tiloyapannati, Kahavaali and Pravacanasaarodhara.

 

There are 26 caves, 200 stone beds, 60 inscriptions and over 100 sculptures in and around Madurai. It was in Madurai that Acharya Bhutapali wrote the Shatkhandagama. This is also the site where Jain ascetics of yesteryear wrote great epics and books on grammar in Tamil.

 

The Sittanavasal cave temple is regarded as one of the finest examples of Jain art. It is the oldest and most famous Jain centre in the region. It possesses both an early Jain cave shelter, and a medieval rock-cut temple with excellent fresco paintings of par excellence comparable to Ajantha paintings; the steep hill contains an isolated but spacious cavern. Locally, this cavern is known as Eladipattam, a name that is derived from the seven holes cut into the rock that serve as steps leading to the shelter. Within the cave there are seventeen stone beds aligned into rows, and each of these has a raised portion that could have served as a pillow-loft. The largest stone bed has a distinct Tamil- Bramhi inscription assignable to the 2nd century B.C., and some inscriptions belonging to 8th century B.C. are also found on the nearby beds. The Sittannavasal cavern continued to be the "Holy Sramana Abode" until the seventh and eighth centuries. Inscriptions over the remaining stone beds name mendicants such as Tol kunrattu Kadavulan, Tirunilan, Tiruppuranan, Tittaicharanan, Sri Purrnacandran, Thiruchatthan, Ilangowthaman, sri Ulagathithan and Nityakaran Pattakali as monks.

 

The 8th century Kazhugumalai temple marks the revival of Jainism in South India.

 

A monolithic, 18 m statue of Bahubali referred to as "Gommateshvara", built by the Ganga minister and commander Chavundaraya, is situated on a hilltop in Shravanabelagola in the Hassan district of Karnataka state. This statue was voted by Indians the first of the Times of India's list of seven wonders of India.

 

A large number of ayagapata, votive tablets for offerings and the worship of tirthankara, were found at Mathura.[

 

RECEPTION

NEGATIVE

Like all religions, Jainism is criticized and praised for some of its practices and beliefs. A holy fast to death in Jainism called sallekhana is a particular area of controversy. When a person feels that all his or her duties have been fulfilled, he or she may decide to gradually cease eating and drinking. This form of death (santhara) has been the center of controversy with some petitioning to make it illegal. Many Jains, on the other hand, see santhara as spiritual detachment requiring a great deal of spiritual accomplishment and maturity and a declaration that a person is finished with this world and has chosen to leave. Jains believe this allows one to achieve death with dignity and dispassion along with a great reduction of negative karma.

 

POSITIVE

Mahatma Gandhi was greatly influenced by Jainism. Jain principles that he adopted in his life were asceticism, compassion for all forms of life, the importance of vows for self-discipline, vegetarianism, fasting for self-purification, and mutual tolerance among people of different creeds.

 

Swami Vivekananda appreciated the role of Jainism in the development of Indian religious philosophy. In his words, he asks:

 

“ What could have saved Indian society from the ponderous burden of omnifarious ritualistic ceremonialism, with its animal and other sacrifices, which all but crushed the very life of it, except the Jain revolution which took its strong stand exclusively on chaste morals and philosophical truths?

 

WIKIPEDIA

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 9, Nos. 1-4, 1915

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1915

Language: eng

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Shock, anoci-association and anesthesia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. A. M. Fauntleroy 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The proposed personnel, organization, and equipment of a hospital ship</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. E. M. Blackwell and Chief Pharm. O. G. Ruge 28</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The application of Wassermann's reaction to the SOLUTION OF THE</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ETIOLOGY OF TROPICAL ULCERATIONS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. C. S. Butler 51</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some theories as to the origin of Jackson's veil.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. J. M. Lynch, M. R. C 62</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A RESUME OF ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS CONCERNED IN YELLOW FEVER.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. C. B. Camerer 65</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some observations on the examination of recruits.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. J. J. S. McMullin 70</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Experience of a surgeon during the occupation of Vera Cruz.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. G. T. Vaughan, M. R. C 75</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Experiences with marine expeditionary force in Mexico.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. R. M. Little, M. R. C 76</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of chronic posterior urethritis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Medical Inspector G. T. Smith 80</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A NEW METHOD OF EXAMINING STOOLS FOR EGGS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. C. M. Fauntleroy, Public Health Service, and Passed

Asst. Surg. R. Hayden 81</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An account of the yellow fever which prevailed on board the United

States Ship Jamestown in 1866-67 at Panama. </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. W. M. Kerr 82</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 111</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helmintholoqical collection 111</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A card index of specific cases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. R. B. Henry 113</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The otoscope as an anterior urethroscope.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. W. G. Steadman, jr <span>  </span>114</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Advance report concerning heliotherapy and ionic medication as employed

at Las Animas, Colo.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. C. J. Holeman 119</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Compound comminuted fracture of skull.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. T. W. Raison 120</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of reamputation of the leg.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. R. Spear 122</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tenoplasty for contracture of hamstring tendons.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. R. R. Richardson 123</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Neosalvarsan and mercury in unilateral luetic palsy of abducens.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. S. Walker, M. R. C 124</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL COMMENT: </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Southern Medical Association 127</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The William A. Herndon Scholarships, University of Virginia 127</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —-The diagnosis and treatment of cholecystitis. The duration

of infection in scarlet fevor. By L. W. Johnson. Diphtheria mortality with and

without the use of antitoxin. By W. E. Eaton.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Observations on the Wassermann reaction. By R. Sheehan 129</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases. —The role of hypnotics in mental disease

with indications for their selection and employment. Hereditary ataxia. Psychic

disturbances of dengue. By R. Sheehan 133</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery.— Medical arrangements of the British Expeditionary Force. The

home hospitals and the war. The wounded in the war; some surgical lessons. By

L. W. Johnson. The significance of the Jackson veil.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The fate of transplanted bone and the regenerative power of its various

constituents. A plea for the immediate operation of fractures. By A. M.

Fauntleroy and E. II. H. Old 140</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Study of a swimming pool with a return purification

system. The period of incubation of diphtheria cultures. Subsistence on board

battleships. The chemical disinfection of water.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sterilization of water supplies for troops on active service. The

Lettsomian lectures on dysentery. Antimosquito work at Panama. By C. N. Fiske

and R. C. Ransdell 147</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. —Malaria and the transmission of diseases. Prevention

of malaria in the troops of our Indian empire. Researches in sprue. By E. R.

Stitt 152</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —Is pellagra due to

an intestinal parasite? By C. N. Fiske. Laboratory studies on tetanus. The

cultivation of the tubercle bacillus. The bacteriology of pyorrhea alveolaris.

Experimental production of purpura in animals. By A. B. Clifford and G. F.

Clark 156</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy.—On the influence of atmosphere, temperature, and

humidity on animal metabolism. The influence of moisture in the air on

metabolism in the body. Biochemical studies of expired air in relation to

ventilation. The absorption of protein and fat after resection of one-half of

the small intestine. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge. . . 158</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Relation of arterial hypertension to subconjunctival

hemorrhage. Ocular manifestations of arteriosclerosis and their diagnostic and

prognostic significance. Salvarsan treatment and optic neuritis. Eye in

locomotor ataxia. The direct method of the intralaryngeal operation.

Inflammation of the accessary sinuses. Normal horse serum in hemorrhage from

nose and throat operations. Tonsillectomy, its indications and choice of

operation. The correction of nasal deformities by mechanical replacement and

the transplantation of bone. By E. J. Grow and G. B. Trible 162</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Points of interest about the Mexican constitutionalist wounded at

Mazatlan.— By Surg. P. S. Rossiter 167</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary report of marine brigade. —By Surg. D. N. Carpenter 173</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of work at the field hospital of the marine brigade, Vera Cruz,

Mexico. —By Surg. D. N. Carpenter 177</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE vii</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The operative treatment of chronic intestinal stasis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. W. S. Bainbridge, M. R. 0 179</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Symposium on intelligence tests.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Service use of intelligence tests.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. R. Sheehan 194</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The value of the mental test and its relation to the service.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. G. E. Thomas 200</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental defectives at Naval Disciplinary Barracks, Port Royal, S. C.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. H. E. Jenkins 211</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Review and possibilities of mental tests in the examination of applicants

for enlistment.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Acting Asst. Surg. A. R. Schier 222</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Observations on deep diving.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. G. R. W. French 227</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tuberculosis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. E. Thompson 253</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Observations on seven cases of cerebrospinal fever.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. D. C. Cather 259</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The posterior urethra and bladder in a hundred cases of chronic gonorrhea.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. A. L. Clifton 265</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 271</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 271</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Apparatus for securing traction of lower extremities.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. H. A. Dunn 278</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Leukopenia of a marked degree in a fatal case of pneumonia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Medical Director E. R. Stitt 275</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">GASTRIC CHANGES FOLLOWING GASTROENTEROSTOMY.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surgs. H. F. Hull and O. J. Mink 275</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TWO CASES OF MALARIA TREATED WITH SALVARSAN.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. E. U. Reed 278</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PSEUDOLEUKEMIC ANEMIA OF INFANCY OCCURRING IN TWINS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. S. Walker, M. R. C 280,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL COMMENT:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">George Perley Bradley, medical director, United States Navy. . . 283</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A new quarterly naval medical journal 285</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Harrison law 285</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Differentiation of the diseases included under chronic

arthritis. By L. W. Johnson. The war and typhoid fever. By G. F. Clark. Use of

the Schick test in the suppression of a diphtheria outbreak. By R. Sheehan. The

present status of the treatment of advanced cardiac decompensation. The

influence of diet upon necrosis caused by hepatic and renal poisons. Syphilitic

nephritis. Is emetin sufficient to bring about a radical cure in amebiasis? A case of a

large aneurism of the arch of the aorta with use of bronchoscopy. By E. Thompson

and E. L. Woods 287</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases.—The importance of the bony sinuses accessory

to the nose in the explanation of pains in the head, face, and neck. Spinal

decompression in meningomyelitis. Fleeting attacks of manic depressive

psychosis. Epilepsy and cerebral tumor. The ductless glands and mental disease.

Acute paraplegia. By R. Sheehan 295</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —The Freiburg method of Dammerschlaf or twilight sleep. By W.

G. Steadman. Observations on the seminal vesicles. By H. W. Cole. Rubber

gloves; a technique of mending. A note upon the wounds of the present campaign.

By L. W. Johnson. The silence of renal tuberculosis. Acute hemorrhagic

pancreatitis. Preservation of the iliohypogastric nerve in operation for cure

of inguinal hernia. Aperiosteal amputation through the femur. A modified

incision for approaching the gall bladder. The occurrence of acute

emphysematous gangrene (malignant edema) in wounds received in the war. Note on

the wounds observed during three weeks' fighting in Flanders. The naval action

off Helgoland. By A. M. Fauntleroy and E. H. H. Old 299</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Massachusetts Association of Boards of Health;

report of question meeting. The disinfecting properties of gaslight on air of

room. Sewage disinfection for vessels and railway coaches. The prophylaxis of

malaria with special reference to the military service. By C. N. Fiske and R.

C. Ransdell 313</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. —Benzol in bilharzia. By E. L. Woods. Kala-azar and

allied infections. Observations on the eggs of ascaris lumbricoides. By E. R.

Stitt 319</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —The occurrence of

certain structures in the erythrocytes of guinea pigs and their relationship to

the so-called parasite of yellow fever. Observations on myeloid sarcoma with an

analysis of fifty cases. By G. F. Clark. A new and rapid method for the

isolation and cultivation of tubercle bacilli directly from the sputum and

feces. Appendicitis treated with</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">anticolon bacillus serum and vaccine. The retention of iron in the organs

in hemolytic anemia. By C. S. Butler and A. B. Clifford 321</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —The analysis of emulsions. Notes on the estimation

of morphin and Lloyd's reagent. By P. J. Waldner. Merck's annual report of

recent advances in pharmaceutical chemistry and</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">therapeutics. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge 326</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —The tonsils as a habitat of oral

entamebas. By O N. Fiske. Enucleation of the eye under local anasthesia. On a

modification of Siegrist's method of local anesthesia in enucleation of</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">the eyeball. The use of pituitary extract as a coagulant in the surgery

of the nose and throat. Value of roentgenography in diagnosis of diseases of

the larynx and trachea. The difficulties and dangers of exploratory puncture of

the antrum of Highmore. By E. J. Grow and G. B.Trible 331</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS: </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extracts from annual sanitary reports. —Notes on marine recruiting. By

F. H. Brooks. Notes on recruiting. By J. B. Bostick. Economy in use of hospital

supplies. By A. R. Wentworth. Venereal prophylaxis. Examination of civil

employees. By C. N. Fiske. Industrial notes from Boston yard. By N. J.

Blackwood. Notes on tropical hygiene. By A. Stuart. Battleship ventilation. Use

of barracks during . overhaul period. By T. W. Richards. Sanitary notes from

the U. S. S. Ozark. Malarial prophylaxis. By R. W. McDowell. Sanitary notes from

the U. S. S. Virginia. By G. L. Angeny 335</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Schick Test and the use of diphtheria antitoxin.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. J. J. A. McMullin 362</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE vii</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The normal heart in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. G. F. Freeman 363</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgical diagnosis and technic involving the appendix.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. A. M. Fauntleroy 381</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Functional testing of the ear.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. G. B. Trible 400</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A few points in diagnosis of gastric and duodenal ulcer by means of the

X-ray.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. A. L. Clifton 410</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The damage of syphilis to the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. G. F. Cottle 414</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Recent conceptions of bronchial asthma.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. M. H. Sirard, M. R. C 419</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 423</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helmintholooical collection 423</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A venereal head.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. G. F. Cottle 425</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A NEW MESSING SYSTEM FOR NAVAL HOSPITALS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Hosp. Steward F. E. Simmons 426</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Messing arrangements in the U. S. Naval Hospital, Philadelphia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. H. A. Dunn and Chief Pharm. P. J. Waldner 428</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Castor oil. An aseptic dressing on the field of battle.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. A. E. Gallant, M.R.C 430</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of fracture-dislocation of spine. Laminectomy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. R. E. Ledbetter and Asst. Surg. H. Priest 433</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF ANEURYSM OF THE LEFT POSTERIOR INFERIOR CEREBELLAR ARTERY.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. E. L. Woods 434</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF MALIGNANT ENDOCARDITIS. By Passed Asst. Surg. M E. Higgins

436</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A POSSIBLE NEW X-RAY SIGN OF TUBERCULOSIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. E. Thompson and Hosp. Steward H. L. Gall 436</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA (?) WITH MARKED LEUKOPENIA. By Passed

Asst. Surg. W. L. Mann, jr 438 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of twenty-eight cases of pyorrhea alveolaris treated with emetin

hydrochlorid.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. A. H. Allen 440</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Intravenous injection of neosalvarsan in concentrated solution.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. C. B. Camerer 441</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TRANSLATIONS: </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Catheterization of the ejaculatory canals.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. R. A. Bachmann 443</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital ships.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Pharm. S. Wierzbicki 452</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">First-aid stations and transportation of the wounded in naval battle.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Med. Inspect. S. G. Evans 454</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —The value of typhoid vaccines in the treatment of typhoid

fever. By L. W. Johnson. The intravenous and intramuscular administration of

diphtheria antitoxin. The noninfective causes of so-called rheumatism. Not very

well known causes of hematuria. Prodromal symptoms of gallstones. Observations

on renal functions in acute experimental unilateral nephritis. By E. Thompson

and E. L.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Woods 469</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases. —A critical study of Lange'a gold reaction

in cerebrospinal fluid. Post-operative nervous and mental disturbances. The

significance of the unconscious in psychopathology. By R. Sheehan 475</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —The role of gastroenterostomy in the treatment of ulcers. Ether-oil

colonic anesthesia. By H. W. Smith. Ununited fractures treated by long-axial

drilling of the fractured bone-ends. By E. Thompson. War surgery. The

osteogenic power of periosteum; with a note on bone transplantation. The

technic of cholecystectomy. The German use of asphyxiating gases. Transfusion

by the syringe method. The North Sea action of January 24. The best method of

treating wounds sustained in action, especially during the early period after

their infliction. By A. M. Fauntleroy and E. H. H. Old 479</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —The possibility of conveying typhoid fever by

clothing, contaminated food, and soiled fingers. The microbic content of indoor

and outdoor air. By E. W. Brown. Some results of the</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">first year's work of the New York State Commission on Ventilation. By

C. N. Eiske and E. W. Brown. Tincture of iodin and the prevention of venereal

disease. Ability of colon bacilli to survive pasteurization.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The specific gravity of the human body. Lead poisoning in the manufacture

of storage batteries. By C. N. Fiskc and R. C. Ransdell 495</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine.—Pathology of verruga peruviana. The importance of

tertiary yaws. By C. S. Butler. The treatment of ancylostomiasis. By A. B.

Clifford. Studies in malaria. New theories and investigations</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">concerning pellagra. Immediate relapse in tertian malaria after energetic

salvarsan treatment. By E. R. Stitt 502</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —A study of the endamebas

of man in the Panama Canal Zone. Lipoids in immunity. The mechanism of antibody

action. The diagnosis and treatment of</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">parenchymatous syphilis. The bacteriology of appendicitis and its production

by intravenous injection of streptococci and colon bacilli. By G. F. Clark. On

the filterability and biology of spirochetes. A differential study of

coccidiodal granuloma and blastomycosis. Notes on the diagnosis of Asiatic

cholera at autopsy. The morphology of the adults of the filarise found in the

Philippine Islands. By C. S. Butler and A. B. Clifford 508</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy.—Coloring of bichlorid of mercury solutions. By

L. Zembsch. An experimental study of lavage in acute carbolic acid poisoning.

By A. B. Clifford. Notes on a new alkaloid found in</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">nux vomica. Preliminary note on a new pharmacodynamic assay method. By

P. J. Waldnar. Estimation of urea. Estimation of urea and indirectly of

allantoin in urine by means of urease. Urea; its distribution in and

elimination from the body. Results of the hypochlorite disinfection of water

supplies. A further study of the chemical composition and nutritive value of

fish subjected to prolonged period of cold storage. By E. W. Brown and O. G.

Ruge 515</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Treatment of trachoma with carbonic acid snow.

Samoan conjunctivitis Is there a natural or acquired immunity to trachoma?

Clinical and anatomical study of a case of isolated</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">reflex immobility of the pupil, paralysis, tabes, and cerebrospinal syphilis

being excluded. Protection against injury of the hearing.Chronic local

infection of the nose, throat, and ear as a cause of general infection. The

sympathetic syndrome (undescribed) of sphenopalatine or nasal ganglion

neurosis. Shell explosions and the special senses. By E. J. Grow and G. B.

Trible 521</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extracts from annual sanitary reports. —A review of the treatment and

results at the U. S. Naval Sanatorium for Tuberculosis at Las Animas, Colo. By

G. H. Barber. Battleship ventilation. ( Permanent detail of stretchermen. By J.

S. Taylor. Genito-urinary disease at Chelsea. <span> </span>By G. B. Wilson. Malarial prophylaxis. By H.

L. Smith. Sanitary notes from the U. S. S. Washington. By H. A. May. Sanitary

notes</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">from the U. S. S. Michigan. By J. A. Murphy. Sanitary notes from the U.

S. S. Palos. By D. C. Post. Camp sanitation. By R. I. Longabaugh 527</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Lymphatic leukemia complicated by priapism. By Passed Asst. Surg. J. J.

A. McMullin 542</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The seventy-first annual meeting of the American Medico-Psychological

Association. By Passed Asst. Surg. R. Sheehan 544</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE vii</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Observations upon the epidemiology of an outbreak of measles at the

Naval Training Station, Norfolk, Va.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. C. E. Riggs 647</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The present status of the Hospital Corps. By Passed Asst. Surg. W. E.

Eaton , 556</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The use of hospital ships in time of war.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. R J. Straeten 565</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal disease aboard ship.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. G. F. Cottle 571</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some dangers in passing the ureteral catheter to the kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. B. C. Willis, M. R. C 577</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Shanghai and Yangtze River hospitals.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. R. H. Laning 679</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some medical aspects of the upper Yangtze River country.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. D. C. Post 620</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some medical conditions in China.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. R. G. Davis 630</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 635</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 635</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An ambulance motor boat for hospital ships.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. E. M. Blackwell 637</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Unusual type of typhus on U. S. S. Monocacy. Report of case. By Asst.

Surg. W. B. Hetfield 641 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Injury by dynamite explosion. By Passed Asst. Surgs. G. C. Thomas and

L. W. Johnson 643</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of hemorrhagic pancreatitis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surgs. G. C. Thomas and L. W. Johnson 644</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Salvarsan in the treatment of schistosomiasis. Report of case.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. D. C. Post '645</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An usually severe case of urticaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. W. E. Eaton 650 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Early reinfection with syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. T. W. Richards 651</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A fatal cask of cecal ulceration with extensive complications.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bv Passed Asst. Surg. W. L. Mann, jr 653</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL COMMENT:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Scarcity and cost of medical supplies due to disturbance of European

markets 655</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bind your Bulletins 655</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES: </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —The recent epidemic of smallpox in New South Wales.

By L. W. Johnson. The causes of indigestion. A study of 1,000 cases. By E. H.

H. Old. Certain physical signs referable to the diaphragm and their importance

to diagnosis. An epidemic of influenza in the Island of St. Kilda. Pollen

therapy in hay fever. Studies in bronchial glands. Mode of action and use of

emetin in endamebiasis. The treatment of eczema with special reference to the

use of vaccine and the part played by bacteria in its etiology. Report of 50

cases. Study of diseases of stomach and duodenum by X-ray. Cure and recurrence of

syphilis. By E. Thompson and E. L. Woods 667</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases.—Differential diagnosis of general paresis.

What is paranoia? The cerebrospinal fluid in diagnosis and treatment. Raynaud's

syndrome. Raynaud's disease. What tests in childhood are best calculated to

throw light upon the capacities of mental defectives for future work. The

Binet-Simon method and the intelligence of adult prisoners. By R. Sheehan 669</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery.— Medical narrative of the arrangements of the first division

at the Battle of the Aisne. The medical aspects of modern warfare, with special

reference to the use of hospital ships. By T. W. <span> </span>Richards. Injuries to the bowel from shell and

bullet wounds. By L. W. Johnson. Account of six specimens of great bowel

removed by operation; observations on motor mechanism of colon. Symptomless

renal hematuria arising<span>  </span>from tumors,

aneurysms in the renal pelvis, and early tuberculosis. The treatment of

urethral stricture by excision. Some observations on bone transplantation.

Blood transfusion by the citrate method. Disinfection of the hands and

abdominal skin before operation. Partial regeneration of bone. By H. W.Smith.

Epididymotomy for acute epididymitis as an out-patient procedure. By W. E.

Eaton. Occlusion of the pylorus. Prevalent fallacies concerning subacromial

bursitis. Its pathogenoesis</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">and rational operative treatment. Autogenous bone grafts versus Lane's

plates. A new procedure for the cure of chronic synovitis. Report on the

wounded in the action between the Sydney and the Emden.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By E. H. H. Old 672</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Paint poisoning. By T. W. Richards. Sterilization

of water by chlorin. The prevalence of occupational factors in disease and

suggestions for their elimination. Bismuth-paste</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">poisoning —report of a fatal case. The making of a milk commission. Present

practice relating to city waste collection and disposal. A statistical study of

personal association as a factor in the etiology of pellagra. The influence of

age of the grandparent at the birth of the parent on the number of the children

born and their sex. By C. N. Fiske and R. O. Ransdell 694</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —Simple and efficient

contrast stain for B. diphtheriae. By C. N. Fiske. The heart muscle in

pneumonia. The sterilization of vaccines and the influence of the various

methods employed on their antigenic properties. The Wassermann and luetin

reactions in leprosy. By C. S. Butler and A. B. Clifford 700</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Relation of general arteriosclerosis to certain

ocular conditions. Eyestrain and ocular discomfort from faulty illumination. Hemorrhage

from the nose and throat. Diagnosis and conservative treatment of inflammation

of the accessory sinuses of the nose. Primary carcinoma of the tonsils. Nasal

polypi. By E. J. Grow and G. B. Trible 703</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS. —Topographical extracts from annual sanitary reports: </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yangtze River ports. By Passed Asst. Surg. C. L. Beeching 707</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Cape Haitien, Haiti. By Asst. Surg. C. P. Lynch 710</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Santo Domingo and Haiti. By Passed Asst. Surg. E. A. Vickery 714</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vera Cruz, Santo Domingo, and Haiti. By Surg. R. W. Plummer 715</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Santo Domingo. By Asst. Surg. J. B. Helm 716</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bluefields, Nicaragua. By Asst. Surg. C. P. Lynch 719</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Alaskan ports. By Surg. W. S. Pugh, jr 723</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX 727</p>

 

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Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 9, Nos. 1-4, 1915

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1915

Language: eng

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Shock, anoci-association and anesthesia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. A. M. Fauntleroy 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The proposed personnel, organization, and equipment of a hospital ship</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. E. M. Blackwell and Chief Pharm. O. G. Ruge 28</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The application of Wassermann's reaction to the SOLUTION OF THE</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ETIOLOGY OF TROPICAL ULCERATIONS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. C. S. Butler 51</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some theories as to the origin of Jackson's veil.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. J. M. Lynch, M. R. C 62</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A RESUME OF ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS CONCERNED IN YELLOW FEVER.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. C. B. Camerer 65</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some observations on the examination of recruits.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. J. J. S. McMullin 70</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Experience of a surgeon during the occupation of Vera Cruz.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. G. T. Vaughan, M. R. C 75</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Experiences with marine expeditionary force in Mexico.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. R. M. Little, M. R. C 76</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of chronic posterior urethritis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Medical Inspector G. T. Smith 80</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A NEW METHOD OF EXAMINING STOOLS FOR EGGS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. C. M. Fauntleroy, Public Health Service, and Passed

Asst. Surg. R. Hayden 81</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An account of the yellow fever which prevailed on board the United

States Ship Jamestown in 1866-67 at Panama. </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. W. M. Kerr 82</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 111</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helmintholoqical collection 111</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A card index of specific cases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. R. B. Henry 113</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The otoscope as an anterior urethroscope.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. W. G. Steadman, jr <span>  </span>114</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Advance report concerning heliotherapy and ionic medication as employed

at Las Animas, Colo.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. C. J. Holeman 119</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Compound comminuted fracture of skull.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. T. W. Raison 120</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of reamputation of the leg.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. R. Spear 122</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tenoplasty for contracture of hamstring tendons.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. R. R. Richardson 123</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Neosalvarsan and mercury in unilateral luetic palsy of abducens.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. S. Walker, M. R. C 124</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL COMMENT: </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Southern Medical Association 127</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The William A. Herndon Scholarships, University of Virginia 127</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —-The diagnosis and treatment of cholecystitis. The duration

of infection in scarlet fevor. By L. W. Johnson. Diphtheria mortality with and

without the use of antitoxin. By W. E. Eaton.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Observations on the Wassermann reaction. By R. Sheehan 129</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases. —The role of hypnotics in mental disease

with indications for their selection and employment. Hereditary ataxia. Psychic

disturbances of dengue. By R. Sheehan 133</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery.— Medical arrangements of the British Expeditionary Force. The

home hospitals and the war. The wounded in the war; some surgical lessons. By

L. W. Johnson. The significance of the Jackson veil.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The fate of transplanted bone and the regenerative power of its various

constituents. A plea for the immediate operation of fractures. By A. M.

Fauntleroy and E. II. H. Old 140</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Study of a swimming pool with a return purification

system. The period of incubation of diphtheria cultures. Subsistence on board

battleships. The chemical disinfection of water.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sterilization of water supplies for troops on active service. The

Lettsomian lectures on dysentery. Antimosquito work at Panama. By C. N. Fiske

and R. C. Ransdell 147</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. —Malaria and the transmission of diseases. Prevention

of malaria in the troops of our Indian empire. Researches in sprue. By E. R.

Stitt 152</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —Is pellagra due to

an intestinal parasite? By C. N. Fiske. Laboratory studies on tetanus. The

cultivation of the tubercle bacillus. The bacteriology of pyorrhea alveolaris.

Experimental production of purpura in animals. By A. B. Clifford and G. F.

Clark 156</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy.—On the influence of atmosphere, temperature, and

humidity on animal metabolism. The influence of moisture in the air on

metabolism in the body. Biochemical studies of expired air in relation to

ventilation. The absorption of protein and fat after resection of one-half of

the small intestine. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge. . . 158</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Relation of arterial hypertension to subconjunctival

hemorrhage. Ocular manifestations of arteriosclerosis and their diagnostic and

prognostic significance. Salvarsan treatment and optic neuritis. Eye in

locomotor ataxia. The direct method of the intralaryngeal operation.

Inflammation of the accessary sinuses. Normal horse serum in hemorrhage from

nose and throat operations. Tonsillectomy, its indications and choice of

operation. The correction of nasal deformities by mechanical replacement and

the transplantation of bone. By E. J. Grow and G. B. Trible 162</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Points of interest about the Mexican constitutionalist wounded at

Mazatlan.— By Surg. P. S. Rossiter 167</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary report of marine brigade. —By Surg. D. N. Carpenter 173</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of work at the field hospital of the marine brigade, Vera Cruz,

Mexico. —By Surg. D. N. Carpenter 177</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE vii</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The operative treatment of chronic intestinal stasis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. W. S. Bainbridge, M. R. 0 179</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Symposium on intelligence tests.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Service use of intelligence tests.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. R. Sheehan 194</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The value of the mental test and its relation to the service.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. G. E. Thomas 200</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental defectives at Naval Disciplinary Barracks, Port Royal, S. C.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. H. E. Jenkins 211</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Review and possibilities of mental tests in the examination of applicants

for enlistment.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Acting Asst. Surg. A. R. Schier 222</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Observations on deep diving.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. G. R. W. French 227</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tuberculosis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. E. Thompson 253</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Observations on seven cases of cerebrospinal fever.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. D. C. Cather 259</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The posterior urethra and bladder in a hundred cases of chronic gonorrhea.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. A. L. Clifton 265</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 271</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 271</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Apparatus for securing traction of lower extremities.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. H. A. Dunn 278</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Leukopenia of a marked degree in a fatal case of pneumonia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Medical Director E. R. Stitt 275</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">GASTRIC CHANGES FOLLOWING GASTROENTEROSTOMY.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surgs. H. F. Hull and O. J. Mink 275</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TWO CASES OF MALARIA TREATED WITH SALVARSAN.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. E. U. Reed 278</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PSEUDOLEUKEMIC ANEMIA OF INFANCY OCCURRING IN TWINS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. S. Walker, M. R. C 280,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL COMMENT:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">George Perley Bradley, medical director, United States Navy. . . 283</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A new quarterly naval medical journal 285</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Harrison law 285</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Differentiation of the diseases included under chronic

arthritis. By L. W. Johnson. The war and typhoid fever. By G. F. Clark. Use of

the Schick test in the suppression of a diphtheria outbreak. By R. Sheehan. The

present status of the treatment of advanced cardiac decompensation. The

influence of diet upon necrosis caused by hepatic and renal poisons. Syphilitic

nephritis. Is emetin sufficient to bring about a radical cure in amebiasis? A case of a

large aneurism of the arch of the aorta with use of bronchoscopy. By E. Thompson

and E. L. Woods 287</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases.—The importance of the bony sinuses accessory

to the nose in the explanation of pains in the head, face, and neck. Spinal

decompression in meningomyelitis. Fleeting attacks of manic depressive

psychosis. Epilepsy and cerebral tumor. The ductless glands and mental disease.

Acute paraplegia. By R. Sheehan 295</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —The Freiburg method of Dammerschlaf or twilight sleep. By W.

G. Steadman. Observations on the seminal vesicles. By H. W. Cole. Rubber

gloves; a technique of mending. A note upon the wounds of the present campaign.

By L. W. Johnson. The silence of renal tuberculosis. Acute hemorrhagic

pancreatitis. Preservation of the iliohypogastric nerve in operation for cure

of inguinal hernia. Aperiosteal amputation through the femur. A modified

incision for approaching the gall bladder. The occurrence of acute

emphysematous gangrene (malignant edema) in wounds received in the war. Note on

the wounds observed during three weeks' fighting in Flanders. The naval action

off Helgoland. By A. M. Fauntleroy and E. H. H. Old 299</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Massachusetts Association of Boards of Health;

report of question meeting. The disinfecting properties of gaslight on air of

room. Sewage disinfection for vessels and railway coaches. The prophylaxis of

malaria with special reference to the military service. By C. N. Fiske and R.

C. Ransdell 313</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. —Benzol in bilharzia. By E. L. Woods. Kala-azar and

allied infections. Observations on the eggs of ascaris lumbricoides. By E. R.

Stitt 319</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —The occurrence of

certain structures in the erythrocytes of guinea pigs and their relationship to

the so-called parasite of yellow fever. Observations on myeloid sarcoma with an

analysis of fifty cases. By G. F. Clark. A new and rapid method for the

isolation and cultivation of tubercle bacilli directly from the sputum and

feces. Appendicitis treated with</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">anticolon bacillus serum and vaccine. The retention of iron in the organs

in hemolytic anemia. By C. S. Butler and A. B. Clifford 321</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —The analysis of emulsions. Notes on the estimation

of morphin and Lloyd's reagent. By P. J. Waldner. Merck's annual report of

recent advances in pharmaceutical chemistry and</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">therapeutics. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge 326</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —The tonsils as a habitat of oral

entamebas. By O N. Fiske. Enucleation of the eye under local anasthesia. On a

modification of Siegrist's method of local anesthesia in enucleation of</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">the eyeball. The use of pituitary extract as a coagulant in the surgery

of the nose and throat. Value of roentgenography in diagnosis of diseases of

the larynx and trachea. The difficulties and dangers of exploratory puncture of

the antrum of Highmore. By E. J. Grow and G. B.Trible 331</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS: </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extracts from annual sanitary reports. —Notes on marine recruiting. By

F. H. Brooks. Notes on recruiting. By J. B. Bostick. Economy in use of hospital

supplies. By A. R. Wentworth. Venereal prophylaxis. Examination of civil

employees. By C. N. Fiske. Industrial notes from Boston yard. By N. J.

Blackwood. Notes on tropical hygiene. By A. Stuart. Battleship ventilation. Use

of barracks during . overhaul period. By T. W. Richards. Sanitary notes from

the U. S. S. Ozark. Malarial prophylaxis. By R. W. McDowell. Sanitary notes from

the U. S. S. Virginia. By G. L. Angeny 335</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Schick Test and the use of diphtheria antitoxin.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. J. J. A. McMullin 362</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE vii</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The normal heart in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. G. F. Freeman 363</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgical diagnosis and technic involving the appendix.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. A. M. Fauntleroy 381</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Functional testing of the ear.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. G. B. Trible 400</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A few points in diagnosis of gastric and duodenal ulcer by means of the

X-ray.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. A. L. Clifton 410</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The damage of syphilis to the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. G. F. Cottle 414</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Recent conceptions of bronchial asthma.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. M. H. Sirard, M. R. C 419</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 423</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helmintholooical collection 423</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A venereal head.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. G. F. Cottle 425</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A NEW MESSING SYSTEM FOR NAVAL HOSPITALS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Hosp. Steward F. E. Simmons 426</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Messing arrangements in the U. S. Naval Hospital, Philadelphia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. H. A. Dunn and Chief Pharm. P. J. Waldner 428</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Castor oil. An aseptic dressing on the field of battle.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. A. E. Gallant, M.R.C 430</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of fracture-dislocation of spine. Laminectomy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. R. E. Ledbetter and Asst. Surg. H. Priest 433</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF ANEURYSM OF THE LEFT POSTERIOR INFERIOR CEREBELLAR ARTERY.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. E. L. Woods 434</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF MALIGNANT ENDOCARDITIS. By Passed Asst. Surg. M E. Higgins

436</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A POSSIBLE NEW X-RAY SIGN OF TUBERCULOSIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. E. Thompson and Hosp. Steward H. L. Gall 436</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA (?) WITH MARKED LEUKOPENIA. By Passed

Asst. Surg. W. L. Mann, jr 438 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of twenty-eight cases of pyorrhea alveolaris treated with emetin

hydrochlorid.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. A. H. Allen 440</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Intravenous injection of neosalvarsan in concentrated solution.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. C. B. Camerer 441</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TRANSLATIONS: </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Catheterization of the ejaculatory canals.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. R. A. Bachmann 443</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital ships.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Pharm. S. Wierzbicki 452</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">First-aid stations and transportation of the wounded in naval battle.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Med. Inspect. S. G. Evans 454</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —The value of typhoid vaccines in the treatment of typhoid

fever. By L. W. Johnson. The intravenous and intramuscular administration of

diphtheria antitoxin. The noninfective causes of so-called rheumatism. Not very

well known causes of hematuria. Prodromal symptoms of gallstones. Observations

on renal functions in acute experimental unilateral nephritis. By E. Thompson

and E. L.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Woods 469</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases. —A critical study of Lange'a gold reaction

in cerebrospinal fluid. Post-operative nervous and mental disturbances. The

significance of the unconscious in psychopathology. By R. Sheehan 475</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —The role of gastroenterostomy in the treatment of ulcers. Ether-oil

colonic anesthesia. By H. W. Smith. Ununited fractures treated by long-axial

drilling of the fractured bone-ends. By E. Thompson. War surgery. The

osteogenic power of periosteum; with a note on bone transplantation. The

technic of cholecystectomy. The German use of asphyxiating gases. Transfusion

by the syringe method. The North Sea action of January 24. The best method of

treating wounds sustained in action, especially during the early period after

their infliction. By A. M. Fauntleroy and E. H. H. Old 479</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —The possibility of conveying typhoid fever by

clothing, contaminated food, and soiled fingers. The microbic content of indoor

and outdoor air. By E. W. Brown. Some results of the</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">first year's work of the New York State Commission on Ventilation. By

C. N. Eiske and E. W. Brown. Tincture of iodin and the prevention of venereal

disease. Ability of colon bacilli to survive pasteurization.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The specific gravity of the human body. Lead poisoning in the manufacture

of storage batteries. By C. N. Fiskc and R. C. Ransdell 495</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine.—Pathology of verruga peruviana. The importance of

tertiary yaws. By C. S. Butler. The treatment of ancylostomiasis. By A. B.

Clifford. Studies in malaria. New theories and investigations</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">concerning pellagra. Immediate relapse in tertian malaria after energetic

salvarsan treatment. By E. R. Stitt 502</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —A study of the endamebas

of man in the Panama Canal Zone. Lipoids in immunity. The mechanism of antibody

action. The diagnosis and treatment of</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">parenchymatous syphilis. The bacteriology of appendicitis and its production

by intravenous injection of streptococci and colon bacilli. By G. F. Clark. On

the filterability and biology of spirochetes. A differential study of

coccidiodal granuloma and blastomycosis. Notes on the diagnosis of Asiatic

cholera at autopsy. The morphology of the adults of the filarise found in the

Philippine Islands. By C. S. Butler and A. B. Clifford 508</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy.—Coloring of bichlorid of mercury solutions. By

L. Zembsch. An experimental study of lavage in acute carbolic acid poisoning.

By A. B. Clifford. Notes on a new alkaloid found in</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">nux vomica. Preliminary note on a new pharmacodynamic assay method. By

P. J. Waldnar. Estimation of urea. Estimation of urea and indirectly of

allantoin in urine by means of urease. Urea; its distribution in and

elimination from the body. Results of the hypochlorite disinfection of water

supplies. A further study of the chemical composition and nutritive value of

fish subjected to prolonged period of cold storage. By E. W. Brown and O. G.

Ruge 515</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Treatment of trachoma with carbonic acid snow.

Samoan conjunctivitis Is there a natural or acquired immunity to trachoma?

Clinical and anatomical study of a case of isolated</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">reflex immobility of the pupil, paralysis, tabes, and cerebrospinal syphilis

being excluded. Protection against injury of the hearing.Chronic local

infection of the nose, throat, and ear as a cause of general infection. The

sympathetic syndrome (undescribed) of sphenopalatine or nasal ganglion

neurosis. Shell explosions and the special senses. By E. J. Grow and G. B.

Trible 521</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extracts from annual sanitary reports. —A review of the treatment and

results at the U. S. Naval Sanatorium for Tuberculosis at Las Animas, Colo. By

G. H. Barber. Battleship ventilation. ( Permanent detail of stretchermen. By J.

S. Taylor. Genito-urinary disease at Chelsea. <span> </span>By G. B. Wilson. Malarial prophylaxis. By H.

L. Smith. Sanitary notes from the U. S. S. Washington. By H. A. May. Sanitary

notes</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">from the U. S. S. Michigan. By J. A. Murphy. Sanitary notes from the U.

S. S. Palos. By D. C. Post. Camp sanitation. By R. I. Longabaugh 527</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Lymphatic leukemia complicated by priapism. By Passed Asst. Surg. J. J.

A. McMullin 542</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The seventy-first annual meeting of the American Medico-Psychological

Association. By Passed Asst. Surg. R. Sheehan 544</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE vii</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Observations upon the epidemiology of an outbreak of measles at the

Naval Training Station, Norfolk, Va.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. C. E. Riggs 647</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The present status of the Hospital Corps. By Passed Asst. Surg. W. E.

Eaton , 556</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The use of hospital ships in time of war.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. R J. Straeten 565</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal disease aboard ship.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. G. F. Cottle 571</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some dangers in passing the ureteral catheter to the kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. B. C. Willis, M. R. C 577</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Shanghai and Yangtze River hospitals.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. R. H. Laning 679</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some medical aspects of the upper Yangtze River country.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. D. C. Post 620</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some medical conditions in China.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. R. G. Davis 630</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 635</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 635</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An ambulance motor boat for hospital ships.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. E. M. Blackwell 637</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Unusual type of typhus on U. S. S. Monocacy. Report of case. By Asst.

Surg. W. B. Hetfield 641 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Injury by dynamite explosion. By Passed Asst. Surgs. G. C. Thomas and

L. W. Johnson 643</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of hemorrhagic pancreatitis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surgs. G. C. Thomas and L. W. Johnson 644</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Salvarsan in the treatment of schistosomiasis. Report of case.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. D. C. Post '645</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An usually severe case of urticaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. W. E. Eaton 650 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Early reinfection with syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. T. W. Richards 651</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A fatal cask of cecal ulceration with extensive complications.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bv Passed Asst. Surg. W. L. Mann, jr 653</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL COMMENT:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Scarcity and cost of medical supplies due to disturbance of European

markets 655</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bind your Bulletins 655</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES: </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —The recent epidemic of smallpox in New South Wales.

By L. W. Johnson. The causes of indigestion. A study of 1,000 cases. By E. H.

H. Old. Certain physical signs referable to the diaphragm and their importance

to diagnosis. An epidemic of influenza in the Island of St. Kilda. Pollen

therapy in hay fever. Studies in bronchial glands. Mode of action and use of

emetin in endamebiasis. The treatment of eczema with special reference to the

use of vaccine and the part played by bacteria in its etiology. Report of 50

cases. Study of diseases of stomach and duodenum by X-ray. Cure and recurrence of

syphilis. By E. Thompson and E. L. Woods 667</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases.—Differential diagnosis of general paresis.

What is paranoia? The cerebrospinal fluid in diagnosis and treatment. Raynaud's

syndrome. Raynaud's disease. What tests in childhood are best calculated to

throw light upon the capacities of mental defectives for future work. The

Binet-Simon method and the intelligence of adult prisoners. By R. Sheehan 669</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery.— Medical narrative of the arrangements of the first division

at the Battle of the Aisne. The medical aspects of modern warfare, with special

reference to the use of hospital ships. By T. W. <span> </span>Richards. Injuries to the bowel from shell and

bullet wounds. By L. W. Johnson. Account of six specimens of great bowel

removed by operation; observations on motor mechanism of colon. Symptomless

renal hematuria arising<span>  </span>from tumors,

aneurysms in the renal pelvis, and early tuberculosis. The treatment of

urethral stricture by excision. Some observations on bone transplantation.

Blood transfusion by the citrate method. Disinfection of the hands and

abdominal skin before operation. Partial regeneration of bone. By H. W.Smith.

Epididymotomy for acute epididymitis as an out-patient procedure. By W. E.

Eaton. Occlusion of the pylorus. Prevalent fallacies concerning subacromial

bursitis. Its pathogenoesis</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">and rational operative treatment. Autogenous bone grafts versus Lane's

plates. A new procedure for the cure of chronic synovitis. Report on the

wounded in the action between the Sydney and the Emden.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By E. H. H. Old 672</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Paint poisoning. By T. W. Richards. Sterilization

of water by chlorin. The prevalence of occupational factors in disease and

suggestions for their elimination. Bismuth-paste</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">poisoning —report of a fatal case. The making of a milk commission. Present

practice relating to city waste collection and disposal. A statistical study of

personal association as a factor in the etiology of pellagra. The influence of

age of the grandparent at the birth of the parent on the number of the children

born and their sex. By C. N. Fiske and R. O. Ransdell 694</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —Simple and efficient

contrast stain for B. diphtheriae. By C. N. Fiske. The heart muscle in

pneumonia. The sterilization of vaccines and the influence of the various

methods employed on their antigenic properties. The Wassermann and luetin

reactions in leprosy. By C. S. Butler and A. B. Clifford 700</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Relation of general arteriosclerosis to certain

ocular conditions. Eyestrain and ocular discomfort from faulty illumination. Hemorrhage

from the nose and throat. Diagnosis and conservative treatment of inflammation

of the accessory sinuses of the nose. Primary carcinoma of the tonsils. Nasal

polypi. By E. J. Grow and G. B. Trible 703</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS. —Topographical extracts from annual sanitary reports: </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yangtze River ports. By Passed Asst. Surg. C. L. Beeching 707</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Cape Haitien, Haiti. By Asst. Surg. C. P. Lynch 710</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Santo Domingo and Haiti. By Passed Asst. Surg. E. A. Vickery 714</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vera Cruz, Santo Domingo, and Haiti. By Surg. R. W. Plummer 715</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Santo Domingo. By Asst. Surg. J. B. Helm 716</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bluefields, Nicaragua. By Asst. Surg. C. P. Lynch 719</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Alaskan ports. By Surg. W. S. Pugh, jr 723</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX 727</p>

 

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Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 9, Nos. 1-4, 1915

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1915

Language: eng

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Shock, anoci-association and anesthesia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. A. M. Fauntleroy 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The proposed personnel, organization, and equipment of a hospital ship</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. E. M. Blackwell and Chief Pharm. O. G. Ruge 28</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The application of Wassermann's reaction to the SOLUTION OF THE</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ETIOLOGY OF TROPICAL ULCERATIONS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. C. S. Butler 51</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some theories as to the origin of Jackson's veil.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. J. M. Lynch, M. R. C 62</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A RESUME OF ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS CONCERNED IN YELLOW FEVER.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. C. B. Camerer 65</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some observations on the examination of recruits.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. J. J. S. McMullin 70</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Experience of a surgeon during the occupation of Vera Cruz.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. G. T. Vaughan, M. R. C 75</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Experiences with marine expeditionary force in Mexico.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. R. M. Little, M. R. C 76</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of chronic posterior urethritis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Medical Inspector G. T. Smith 80</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A NEW METHOD OF EXAMINING STOOLS FOR EGGS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. C. M. Fauntleroy, Public Health Service, and Passed

Asst. Surg. R. Hayden 81</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An account of the yellow fever which prevailed on board the United

States Ship Jamestown in 1866-67 at Panama. </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. W. M. Kerr 82</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 111</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helmintholoqical collection 111</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A card index of specific cases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. R. B. Henry 113</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The otoscope as an anterior urethroscope.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. W. G. Steadman, jr <span>  </span>114</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Advance report concerning heliotherapy and ionic medication as employed

at Las Animas, Colo.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. C. J. Holeman 119</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Compound comminuted fracture of skull.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. T. W. Raison 120</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of reamputation of the leg.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. R. Spear 122</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tenoplasty for contracture of hamstring tendons.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. R. R. Richardson 123</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Neosalvarsan and mercury in unilateral luetic palsy of abducens.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. S. Walker, M. R. C 124</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL COMMENT: </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Southern Medical Association 127</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The William A. Herndon Scholarships, University of Virginia 127</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —-The diagnosis and treatment of cholecystitis. The duration

of infection in scarlet fevor. By L. W. Johnson. Diphtheria mortality with and

without the use of antitoxin. By W. E. Eaton.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Observations on the Wassermann reaction. By R. Sheehan 129</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases. —The role of hypnotics in mental disease

with indications for their selection and employment. Hereditary ataxia. Psychic

disturbances of dengue. By R. Sheehan 133</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery.— Medical arrangements of the British Expeditionary Force. The

home hospitals and the war. The wounded in the war; some surgical lessons. By

L. W. Johnson. The significance of the Jackson veil.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The fate of transplanted bone and the regenerative power of its various

constituents. A plea for the immediate operation of fractures. By A. M.

Fauntleroy and E. II. H. Old 140</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Study of a swimming pool with a return purification

system. The period of incubation of diphtheria cultures. Subsistence on board

battleships. The chemical disinfection of water.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sterilization of water supplies for troops on active service. The

Lettsomian lectures on dysentery. Antimosquito work at Panama. By C. N. Fiske

and R. C. Ransdell 147</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. —Malaria and the transmission of diseases. Prevention

of malaria in the troops of our Indian empire. Researches in sprue. By E. R.

Stitt 152</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —Is pellagra due to

an intestinal parasite? By C. N. Fiske. Laboratory studies on tetanus. The

cultivation of the tubercle bacillus. The bacteriology of pyorrhea alveolaris.

Experimental production of purpura in animals. By A. B. Clifford and G. F.

Clark 156</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy.—On the influence of atmosphere, temperature, and

humidity on animal metabolism. The influence of moisture in the air on

metabolism in the body. Biochemical studies of expired air in relation to

ventilation. The absorption of protein and fat after resection of one-half of

the small intestine. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge. . . 158</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Relation of arterial hypertension to subconjunctival

hemorrhage. Ocular manifestations of arteriosclerosis and their diagnostic and

prognostic significance. Salvarsan treatment and optic neuritis. Eye in

locomotor ataxia. The direct method of the intralaryngeal operation.

Inflammation of the accessary sinuses. Normal horse serum in hemorrhage from

nose and throat operations. Tonsillectomy, its indications and choice of

operation. The correction of nasal deformities by mechanical replacement and

the transplantation of bone. By E. J. Grow and G. B. Trible 162</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Points of interest about the Mexican constitutionalist wounded at

Mazatlan.— By Surg. P. S. Rossiter 167</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary report of marine brigade. —By Surg. D. N. Carpenter 173</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of work at the field hospital of the marine brigade, Vera Cruz,

Mexico. —By Surg. D. N. Carpenter 177</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE vii</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The operative treatment of chronic intestinal stasis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. W. S. Bainbridge, M. R. 0 179</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Symposium on intelligence tests.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Service use of intelligence tests.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. R. Sheehan 194</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The value of the mental test and its relation to the service.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. G. E. Thomas 200</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental defectives at Naval Disciplinary Barracks, Port Royal, S. C.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. H. E. Jenkins 211</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Review and possibilities of mental tests in the examination of applicants

for enlistment.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Acting Asst. Surg. A. R. Schier 222</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Observations on deep diving.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. G. R. W. French 227</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tuberculosis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. E. Thompson 253</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Observations on seven cases of cerebrospinal fever.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. D. C. Cather 259</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The posterior urethra and bladder in a hundred cases of chronic gonorrhea.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. A. L. Clifton 265</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 271</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 271</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Apparatus for securing traction of lower extremities.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. H. A. Dunn 278</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Leukopenia of a marked degree in a fatal case of pneumonia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Medical Director E. R. Stitt 275</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">GASTRIC CHANGES FOLLOWING GASTROENTEROSTOMY.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surgs. H. F. Hull and O. J. Mink 275</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TWO CASES OF MALARIA TREATED WITH SALVARSAN.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. E. U. Reed 278</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PSEUDOLEUKEMIC ANEMIA OF INFANCY OCCURRING IN TWINS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. S. Walker, M. R. C 280,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL COMMENT:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">George Perley Bradley, medical director, United States Navy. . . 283</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A new quarterly naval medical journal 285</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Harrison law 285</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Differentiation of the diseases included under chronic

arthritis. By L. W. Johnson. The war and typhoid fever. By G. F. Clark. Use of

the Schick test in the suppression of a diphtheria outbreak. By R. Sheehan. The

present status of the treatment of advanced cardiac decompensation. The

influence of diet upon necrosis caused by hepatic and renal poisons. Syphilitic

nephritis. Is emetin sufficient to bring about a radical cure in amebiasis? A case of a

large aneurism of the arch of the aorta with use of bronchoscopy. By E. Thompson

and E. L. Woods 287</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases.—The importance of the bony sinuses accessory

to the nose in the explanation of pains in the head, face, and neck. Spinal

decompression in meningomyelitis. Fleeting attacks of manic depressive

psychosis. Epilepsy and cerebral tumor. The ductless glands and mental disease.

Acute paraplegia. By R. Sheehan 295</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —The Freiburg method of Dammerschlaf or twilight sleep. By W.

G. Steadman. Observations on the seminal vesicles. By H. W. Cole. Rubber

gloves; a technique of mending. A note upon the wounds of the present campaign.

By L. W. Johnson. The silence of renal tuberculosis. Acute hemorrhagic

pancreatitis. Preservation of the iliohypogastric nerve in operation for cure

of inguinal hernia. Aperiosteal amputation through the femur. A modified

incision for approaching the gall bladder. The occurrence of acute

emphysematous gangrene (malignant edema) in wounds received in the war. Note on

the wounds observed during three weeks' fighting in Flanders. The naval action

off Helgoland. By A. M. Fauntleroy and E. H. H. Old 299</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Massachusetts Association of Boards of Health;

report of question meeting. The disinfecting properties of gaslight on air of

room. Sewage disinfection for vessels and railway coaches. The prophylaxis of

malaria with special reference to the military service. By C. N. Fiske and R.

C. Ransdell 313</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. —Benzol in bilharzia. By E. L. Woods. Kala-azar and

allied infections. Observations on the eggs of ascaris lumbricoides. By E. R.

Stitt 319</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —The occurrence of

certain structures in the erythrocytes of guinea pigs and their relationship to

the so-called parasite of yellow fever. Observations on myeloid sarcoma with an

analysis of fifty cases. By G. F. Clark. A new and rapid method for the

isolation and cultivation of tubercle bacilli directly from the sputum and

feces. Appendicitis treated with</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">anticolon bacillus serum and vaccine. The retention of iron in the organs

in hemolytic anemia. By C. S. Butler and A. B. Clifford 321</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —The analysis of emulsions. Notes on the estimation

of morphin and Lloyd's reagent. By P. J. Waldner. Merck's annual report of

recent advances in pharmaceutical chemistry and</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">therapeutics. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge 326</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —The tonsils as a habitat of oral

entamebas. By O N. Fiske. Enucleation of the eye under local anasthesia. On a

modification of Siegrist's method of local anesthesia in enucleation of</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">the eyeball. The use of pituitary extract as a coagulant in the surgery

of the nose and throat. Value of roentgenography in diagnosis of diseases of

the larynx and trachea. The difficulties and dangers of exploratory puncture of

the antrum of Highmore. By E. J. Grow and G. B.Trible 331</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS: </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extracts from annual sanitary reports. —Notes on marine recruiting. By

F. H. Brooks. Notes on recruiting. By J. B. Bostick. Economy in use of hospital

supplies. By A. R. Wentworth. Venereal prophylaxis. Examination of civil

employees. By C. N. Fiske. Industrial notes from Boston yard. By N. J.

Blackwood. Notes on tropical hygiene. By A. Stuart. Battleship ventilation. Use

of barracks during . overhaul period. By T. W. Richards. Sanitary notes from

the U. S. S. Ozark. Malarial prophylaxis. By R. W. McDowell. Sanitary notes from

the U. S. S. Virginia. By G. L. Angeny 335</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Schick Test and the use of diphtheria antitoxin.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. J. J. A. McMullin 362</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE vii</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The normal heart in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. G. F. Freeman 363</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgical diagnosis and technic involving the appendix.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. A. M. Fauntleroy 381</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Functional testing of the ear.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. G. B. Trible 400</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A few points in diagnosis of gastric and duodenal ulcer by means of the

X-ray.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. A. L. Clifton 410</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The damage of syphilis to the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. G. F. Cottle 414</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Recent conceptions of bronchial asthma.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. M. H. Sirard, M. R. C 419</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 423</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helmintholooical collection 423</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A venereal head.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. G. F. Cottle 425</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A NEW MESSING SYSTEM FOR NAVAL HOSPITALS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Hosp. Steward F. E. Simmons 426</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Messing arrangements in the U. S. Naval Hospital, Philadelphia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. H. A. Dunn and Chief Pharm. P. J. Waldner 428</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Castor oil. An aseptic dressing on the field of battle.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. A. E. Gallant, M.R.C 430</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of fracture-dislocation of spine. Laminectomy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. R. E. Ledbetter and Asst. Surg. H. Priest 433</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF ANEURYSM OF THE LEFT POSTERIOR INFERIOR CEREBELLAR ARTERY.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. E. L. Woods 434</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF MALIGNANT ENDOCARDITIS. By Passed Asst. Surg. M E. Higgins

436</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A POSSIBLE NEW X-RAY SIGN OF TUBERCULOSIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. E. Thompson and Hosp. Steward H. L. Gall 436</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA (?) WITH MARKED LEUKOPENIA. By Passed

Asst. Surg. W. L. Mann, jr 438 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of twenty-eight cases of pyorrhea alveolaris treated with emetin

hydrochlorid.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. A. H. Allen 440</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Intravenous injection of neosalvarsan in concentrated solution.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. C. B. Camerer 441</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TRANSLATIONS: </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Catheterization of the ejaculatory canals.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. R. A. Bachmann 443</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital ships.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Pharm. S. Wierzbicki 452</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">First-aid stations and transportation of the wounded in naval battle.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Med. Inspect. S. G. Evans 454</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —The value of typhoid vaccines in the treatment of typhoid

fever. By L. W. Johnson. The intravenous and intramuscular administration of

diphtheria antitoxin. The noninfective causes of so-called rheumatism. Not very

well known causes of hematuria. Prodromal symptoms of gallstones. Observations

on renal functions in acute experimental unilateral nephritis. By E. Thompson

and E. L.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Woods 469</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases. —A critical study of Lange'a gold reaction

in cerebrospinal fluid. Post-operative nervous and mental disturbances. The

significance of the unconscious in psychopathology. By R. Sheehan 475</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —The role of gastroenterostomy in the treatment of ulcers. Ether-oil

colonic anesthesia. By H. W. Smith. Ununited fractures treated by long-axial

drilling of the fractured bone-ends. By E. Thompson. War surgery. The

osteogenic power of periosteum; with a note on bone transplantation. The

technic of cholecystectomy. The German use of asphyxiating gases. Transfusion

by the syringe method. The North Sea action of January 24. The best method of

treating wounds sustained in action, especially during the early period after

their infliction. By A. M. Fauntleroy and E. H. H. Old 479</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —The possibility of conveying typhoid fever by

clothing, contaminated food, and soiled fingers. The microbic content of indoor

and outdoor air. By E. W. Brown. Some results of the</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">first year's work of the New York State Commission on Ventilation. By

C. N. Eiske and E. W. Brown. Tincture of iodin and the prevention of venereal

disease. Ability of colon bacilli to survive pasteurization.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The specific gravity of the human body. Lead poisoning in the manufacture

of storage batteries. By C. N. Fiskc and R. C. Ransdell 495</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine.—Pathology of verruga peruviana. The importance of

tertiary yaws. By C. S. Butler. The treatment of ancylostomiasis. By A. B.

Clifford. Studies in malaria. New theories and investigations</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">concerning pellagra. Immediate relapse in tertian malaria after energetic

salvarsan treatment. By E. R. Stitt 502</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —A study of the endamebas

of man in the Panama Canal Zone. Lipoids in immunity. The mechanism of antibody

action. The diagnosis and treatment of</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">parenchymatous syphilis. The bacteriology of appendicitis and its production

by intravenous injection of streptococci and colon bacilli. By G. F. Clark. On

the filterability and biology of spirochetes. A differential study of

coccidiodal granuloma and blastomycosis. Notes on the diagnosis of Asiatic

cholera at autopsy. The morphology of the adults of the filarise found in the

Philippine Islands. By C. S. Butler and A. B. Clifford 508</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy.—Coloring of bichlorid of mercury solutions. By

L. Zembsch. An experimental study of lavage in acute carbolic acid poisoning.

By A. B. Clifford. Notes on a new alkaloid found in</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">nux vomica. Preliminary note on a new pharmacodynamic assay method. By

P. J. Waldnar. Estimation of urea. Estimation of urea and indirectly of

allantoin in urine by means of urease. Urea; its distribution in and

elimination from the body. Results of the hypochlorite disinfection of water

supplies. A further study of the chemical composition and nutritive value of

fish subjected to prolonged period of cold storage. By E. W. Brown and O. G.

Ruge 515</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Treatment of trachoma with carbonic acid snow.

Samoan conjunctivitis Is there a natural or acquired immunity to trachoma?

Clinical and anatomical study of a case of isolated</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">reflex immobility of the pupil, paralysis, tabes, and cerebrospinal syphilis

being excluded. Protection against injury of the hearing.Chronic local

infection of the nose, throat, and ear as a cause of general infection. The

sympathetic syndrome (undescribed) of sphenopalatine or nasal ganglion

neurosis. Shell explosions and the special senses. By E. J. Grow and G. B.

Trible 521</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extracts from annual sanitary reports. —A review of the treatment and

results at the U. S. Naval Sanatorium for Tuberculosis at Las Animas, Colo. By

G. H. Barber. Battleship ventilation. ( Permanent detail of stretchermen. By J.

S. Taylor. Genito-urinary disease at Chelsea. <span> </span>By G. B. Wilson. Malarial prophylaxis. By H.

L. Smith. Sanitary notes from the U. S. S. Washington. By H. A. May. Sanitary

notes</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">from the U. S. S. Michigan. By J. A. Murphy. Sanitary notes from the U.

S. S. Palos. By D. C. Post. Camp sanitation. By R. I. Longabaugh 527</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Lymphatic leukemia complicated by priapism. By Passed Asst. Surg. J. J.

A. McMullin 542</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The seventy-first annual meeting of the American Medico-Psychological

Association. By Passed Asst. Surg. R. Sheehan 544</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE vii</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Observations upon the epidemiology of an outbreak of measles at the

Naval Training Station, Norfolk, Va.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. C. E. Riggs 647</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The present status of the Hospital Corps. By Passed Asst. Surg. W. E.

Eaton , 556</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The use of hospital ships in time of war.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. R J. Straeten 565</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal disease aboard ship.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. G. F. Cottle 571</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some dangers in passing the ureteral catheter to the kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. B. C. Willis, M. R. C 577</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Shanghai and Yangtze River hospitals.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. R. H. Laning 679</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some medical aspects of the upper Yangtze River country.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. D. C. Post 620</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some medical conditions in China.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. R. G. Davis 630</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 635</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 635</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An ambulance motor boat for hospital ships.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. E. M. Blackwell 637</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Unusual type of typhus on U. S. S. Monocacy. Report of case. By Asst.

Surg. W. B. Hetfield 641 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Injury by dynamite explosion. By Passed Asst. Surgs. G. C. Thomas and

L. W. Johnson 643</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of hemorrhagic pancreatitis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surgs. G. C. Thomas and L. W. Johnson 644</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Salvarsan in the treatment of schistosomiasis. Report of case.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. D. C. Post '645</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An usually severe case of urticaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. W. E. Eaton 650 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Early reinfection with syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. T. W. Richards 651</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A fatal cask of cecal ulceration with extensive complications.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bv Passed Asst. Surg. W. L. Mann, jr 653</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL COMMENT:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Scarcity and cost of medical supplies due to disturbance of European

markets 655</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bind your Bulletins 655</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES: </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —The recent epidemic of smallpox in New South Wales.

By L. W. Johnson. The causes of indigestion. A study of 1,000 cases. By E. H.

H. Old. Certain physical signs referable to the diaphragm and their importance

to diagnosis. An epidemic of influenza in the Island of St. Kilda. Pollen

therapy in hay fever. Studies in bronchial glands. Mode of action and use of

emetin in endamebiasis. The treatment of eczema with special reference to the

use of vaccine and the part played by bacteria in its etiology. Report of 50

cases. Study of diseases of stomach and duodenum by X-ray. Cure and recurrence of

syphilis. By E. Thompson and E. L. Woods 667</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases.—Differential diagnosis of general paresis.

What is paranoia? The cerebrospinal fluid in diagnosis and treatment. Raynaud's

syndrome. Raynaud's disease. What tests in childhood are best calculated to

throw light upon the capacities of mental defectives for future work. The

Binet-Simon method and the intelligence of adult prisoners. By R. Sheehan 669</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery.— Medical narrative of the arrangements of the first division

at the Battle of the Aisne. The medical aspects of modern warfare, with special

reference to the use of hospital ships. By T. W. <span> </span>Richards. Injuries to the bowel from shell and

bullet wounds. By L. W. Johnson. Account of six specimens of great bowel

removed by operation; observations on motor mechanism of colon. Symptomless

renal hematuria arising<span>  </span>from tumors,

aneurysms in the renal pelvis, and early tuberculosis. The treatment of

urethral stricture by excision. Some observations on bone transplantation.

Blood transfusion by the citrate method. Disinfection of the hands and

abdominal skin before operation. Partial regeneration of bone. By H. W.Smith.

Epididymotomy for acute epididymitis as an out-patient procedure. By W. E.

Eaton. Occlusion of the pylorus. Prevalent fallacies concerning subacromial

bursitis. Its pathogenoesis</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">and rational operative treatment. Autogenous bone grafts versus Lane's

plates. A new procedure for the cure of chronic synovitis. Report on the

wounded in the action between the Sydney and the Emden.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By E. H. H. Old 672</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Paint poisoning. By T. W. Richards. Sterilization

of water by chlorin. The prevalence of occupational factors in disease and

suggestions for their elimination. Bismuth-paste</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">poisoning —report of a fatal case. The making of a milk commission. Present

practice relating to city waste collection and disposal. A statistical study of

personal association as a factor in the etiology of pellagra. The influence of

age of the grandparent at the birth of the parent on the number of the children

born and their sex. By C. N. Fiske and R. O. Ransdell 694</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —Simple and efficient

contrast stain for B. diphtheriae. By C. N. Fiske. The heart muscle in

pneumonia. The sterilization of vaccines and the influence of the various

methods employed on their antigenic properties. The Wassermann and luetin

reactions in leprosy. By C. S. Butler and A. B. Clifford 700</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Relation of general arteriosclerosis to certain

ocular conditions. Eyestrain and ocular discomfort from faulty illumination. Hemorrhage

from the nose and throat. Diagnosis and conservative treatment of inflammation

of the accessory sinuses of the nose. Primary carcinoma of the tonsils. Nasal

polypi. By E. J. Grow and G. B. Trible 703</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS. —Topographical extracts from annual sanitary reports: </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yangtze River ports. By Passed Asst. Surg. C. L. Beeching 707</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Cape Haitien, Haiti. By Asst. Surg. C. P. Lynch 710</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Santo Domingo and Haiti. By Passed Asst. Surg. E. A. Vickery 714</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vera Cruz, Santo Domingo, and Haiti. By Surg. R. W. Plummer 715</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Santo Domingo. By Asst. Surg. J. B. Helm 716</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bluefields, Nicaragua. By Asst. Surg. C. P. Lynch 719</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Alaskan ports. By Surg. W. S. Pugh, jr 723</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX 727</p>

 

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Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 9, Nos. 1-4, 1915

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1915

Language: eng

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Shock, anoci-association and anesthesia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. A. M. Fauntleroy 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The proposed personnel, organization, and equipment of a hospital ship</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. E. M. Blackwell and Chief Pharm. O. G. Ruge 28</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The application of Wassermann's reaction to the SOLUTION OF THE</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ETIOLOGY OF TROPICAL ULCERATIONS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. C. S. Butler 51</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some theories as to the origin of Jackson's veil.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. J. M. Lynch, M. R. C 62</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A RESUME OF ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS CONCERNED IN YELLOW FEVER.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. C. B. Camerer 65</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some observations on the examination of recruits.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. J. J. S. McMullin 70</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Experience of a surgeon during the occupation of Vera Cruz.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. G. T. Vaughan, M. R. C 75</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Experiences with marine expeditionary force in Mexico.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. R. M. Little, M. R. C 76</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of chronic posterior urethritis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Medical Inspector G. T. Smith 80</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A NEW METHOD OF EXAMINING STOOLS FOR EGGS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. C. M. Fauntleroy, Public Health Service, and Passed

Asst. Surg. R. Hayden 81</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An account of the yellow fever which prevailed on board the United

States Ship Jamestown in 1866-67 at Panama. </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. W. M. Kerr 82</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 111</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helmintholoqical collection 111</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A card index of specific cases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. R. B. Henry 113</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The otoscope as an anterior urethroscope.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. W. G. Steadman, jr <span>  </span>114</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Advance report concerning heliotherapy and ionic medication as employed

at Las Animas, Colo.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. C. J. Holeman 119</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Compound comminuted fracture of skull.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. T. W. Raison 120</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of reamputation of the leg.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. R. Spear 122</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tenoplasty for contracture of hamstring tendons.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. R. R. Richardson 123</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Neosalvarsan and mercury in unilateral luetic palsy of abducens.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. S. Walker, M. R. C 124</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL COMMENT: </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Southern Medical Association 127</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The William A. Herndon Scholarships, University of Virginia 127</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —-The diagnosis and treatment of cholecystitis. The duration

of infection in scarlet fevor. By L. W. Johnson. Diphtheria mortality with and

without the use of antitoxin. By W. E. Eaton.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Observations on the Wassermann reaction. By R. Sheehan 129</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases. —The role of hypnotics in mental disease

with indications for their selection and employment. Hereditary ataxia. Psychic

disturbances of dengue. By R. Sheehan 133</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery.— Medical arrangements of the British Expeditionary Force. The

home hospitals and the war. The wounded in the war; some surgical lessons. By

L. W. Johnson. The significance of the Jackson veil.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The fate of transplanted bone and the regenerative power of its various

constituents. A plea for the immediate operation of fractures. By A. M.

Fauntleroy and E. II. H. Old 140</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Study of a swimming pool with a return purification

system. The period of incubation of diphtheria cultures. Subsistence on board

battleships. The chemical disinfection of water.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sterilization of water supplies for troops on active service. The

Lettsomian lectures on dysentery. Antimosquito work at Panama. By C. N. Fiske

and R. C. Ransdell 147</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. —Malaria and the transmission of diseases. Prevention

of malaria in the troops of our Indian empire. Researches in sprue. By E. R.

Stitt 152</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —Is pellagra due to

an intestinal parasite? By C. N. Fiske. Laboratory studies on tetanus. The

cultivation of the tubercle bacillus. The bacteriology of pyorrhea alveolaris.

Experimental production of purpura in animals. By A. B. Clifford and G. F.

Clark 156</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy.—On the influence of atmosphere, temperature, and

humidity on animal metabolism. The influence of moisture in the air on

metabolism in the body. Biochemical studies of expired air in relation to

ventilation. The absorption of protein and fat after resection of one-half of

the small intestine. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge. . . 158</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Relation of arterial hypertension to subconjunctival

hemorrhage. Ocular manifestations of arteriosclerosis and their diagnostic and

prognostic significance. Salvarsan treatment and optic neuritis. Eye in

locomotor ataxia. The direct method of the intralaryngeal operation.

Inflammation of the accessary sinuses. Normal horse serum in hemorrhage from

nose and throat operations. Tonsillectomy, its indications and choice of

operation. The correction of nasal deformities by mechanical replacement and

the transplantation of bone. By E. J. Grow and G. B. Trible 162</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Points of interest about the Mexican constitutionalist wounded at

Mazatlan.— By Surg. P. S. Rossiter 167</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary report of marine brigade. —By Surg. D. N. Carpenter 173</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of work at the field hospital of the marine brigade, Vera Cruz,

Mexico. —By Surg. D. N. Carpenter 177</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE vii</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The operative treatment of chronic intestinal stasis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. W. S. Bainbridge, M. R. 0 179</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Symposium on intelligence tests.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Service use of intelligence tests.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. R. Sheehan 194</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The value of the mental test and its relation to the service.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. G. E. Thomas 200</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental defectives at Naval Disciplinary Barracks, Port Royal, S. C.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. H. E. Jenkins 211</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Review and possibilities of mental tests in the examination of applicants

for enlistment.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Acting Asst. Surg. A. R. Schier 222</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Observations on deep diving.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. G. R. W. French 227</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tuberculosis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. E. Thompson 253</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Observations on seven cases of cerebrospinal fever.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. D. C. Cather 259</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The posterior urethra and bladder in a hundred cases of chronic gonorrhea.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. A. L. Clifton 265</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 271</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 271</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Apparatus for securing traction of lower extremities.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. H. A. Dunn 278</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Leukopenia of a marked degree in a fatal case of pneumonia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Medical Director E. R. Stitt 275</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">GASTRIC CHANGES FOLLOWING GASTROENTEROSTOMY.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surgs. H. F. Hull and O. J. Mink 275</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TWO CASES OF MALARIA TREATED WITH SALVARSAN.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. E. U. Reed 278</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PSEUDOLEUKEMIC ANEMIA OF INFANCY OCCURRING IN TWINS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. S. Walker, M. R. C 280,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL COMMENT:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">George Perley Bradley, medical director, United States Navy. . . 283</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A new quarterly naval medical journal 285</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Harrison law 285</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Differentiation of the diseases included under chronic

arthritis. By L. W. Johnson. The war and typhoid fever. By G. F. Clark. Use of

the Schick test in the suppression of a diphtheria outbreak. By R. Sheehan. The

present status of the treatment of advanced cardiac decompensation. The

influence of diet upon necrosis caused by hepatic and renal poisons. Syphilitic

nephritis. Is emetin sufficient to bring about a radical cure in amebiasis? A case of a

large aneurism of the arch of the aorta with use of bronchoscopy. By E. Thompson

and E. L. Woods 287</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases.—The importance of the bony sinuses accessory

to the nose in the explanation of pains in the head, face, and neck. Spinal

decompression in meningomyelitis. Fleeting attacks of manic depressive

psychosis. Epilepsy and cerebral tumor. The ductless glands and mental disease.

Acute paraplegia. By R. Sheehan 295</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —The Freiburg method of Dammerschlaf or twilight sleep. By W.

G. Steadman. Observations on the seminal vesicles. By H. W. Cole. Rubber

gloves; a technique of mending. A note upon the wounds of the present campaign.

By L. W. Johnson. The silence of renal tuberculosis. Acute hemorrhagic

pancreatitis. Preservation of the iliohypogastric nerve in operation for cure

of inguinal hernia. Aperiosteal amputation through the femur. A modified

incision for approaching the gall bladder. The occurrence of acute

emphysematous gangrene (malignant edema) in wounds received in the war. Note on

the wounds observed during three weeks' fighting in Flanders. The naval action

off Helgoland. By A. M. Fauntleroy and E. H. H. Old 299</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Massachusetts Association of Boards of Health;

report of question meeting. The disinfecting properties of gaslight on air of

room. Sewage disinfection for vessels and railway coaches. The prophylaxis of

malaria with special reference to the military service. By C. N. Fiske and R.

C. Ransdell 313</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. —Benzol in bilharzia. By E. L. Woods. Kala-azar and

allied infections. Observations on the eggs of ascaris lumbricoides. By E. R.

Stitt 319</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —The occurrence of

certain structures in the erythrocytes of guinea pigs and their relationship to

the so-called parasite of yellow fever. Observations on myeloid sarcoma with an

analysis of fifty cases. By G. F. Clark. A new and rapid method for the

isolation and cultivation of tubercle bacilli directly from the sputum and

feces. Appendicitis treated with</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">anticolon bacillus serum and vaccine. The retention of iron in the organs

in hemolytic anemia. By C. S. Butler and A. B. Clifford 321</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —The analysis of emulsions. Notes on the estimation

of morphin and Lloyd's reagent. By P. J. Waldner. Merck's annual report of

recent advances in pharmaceutical chemistry and</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">therapeutics. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge 326</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —The tonsils as a habitat of oral

entamebas. By O N. Fiske. Enucleation of the eye under local anasthesia. On a

modification of Siegrist's method of local anesthesia in enucleation of</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">the eyeball. The use of pituitary extract as a coagulant in the surgery

of the nose and throat. Value of roentgenography in diagnosis of diseases of

the larynx and trachea. The difficulties and dangers of exploratory puncture of

the antrum of Highmore. By E. J. Grow and G. B.Trible 331</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS: </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extracts from annual sanitary reports. —Notes on marine recruiting. By

F. H. Brooks. Notes on recruiting. By J. B. Bostick. Economy in use of hospital

supplies. By A. R. Wentworth. Venereal prophylaxis. Examination of civil

employees. By C. N. Fiske. Industrial notes from Boston yard. By N. J.

Blackwood. Notes on tropical hygiene. By A. Stuart. Battleship ventilation. Use

of barracks during . overhaul period. By T. W. Richards. Sanitary notes from

the U. S. S. Ozark. Malarial prophylaxis. By R. W. McDowell. Sanitary notes from

the U. S. S. Virginia. By G. L. Angeny 335</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Schick Test and the use of diphtheria antitoxin.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. J. J. A. McMullin 362</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE vii</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The normal heart in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. G. F. Freeman 363</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgical diagnosis and technic involving the appendix.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. A. M. Fauntleroy 381</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Functional testing of the ear.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. G. B. Trible 400</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A few points in diagnosis of gastric and duodenal ulcer by means of the

X-ray.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. A. L. Clifton 410</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The damage of syphilis to the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. G. F. Cottle 414</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Recent conceptions of bronchial asthma.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. M. H. Sirard, M. R. C 419</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 423</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helmintholooical collection 423</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A venereal head.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. G. F. Cottle 425</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A NEW MESSING SYSTEM FOR NAVAL HOSPITALS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Hosp. Steward F. E. Simmons 426</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Messing arrangements in the U. S. Naval Hospital, Philadelphia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. H. A. Dunn and Chief Pharm. P. J. Waldner 428</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Castor oil. An aseptic dressing on the field of battle.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. A. E. Gallant, M.R.C 430</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of fracture-dislocation of spine. Laminectomy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. R. E. Ledbetter and Asst. Surg. H. Priest 433</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF ANEURYSM OF THE LEFT POSTERIOR INFERIOR CEREBELLAR ARTERY.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. E. L. Woods 434</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF MALIGNANT ENDOCARDITIS. By Passed Asst. Surg. M E. Higgins

436</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A POSSIBLE NEW X-RAY SIGN OF TUBERCULOSIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. E. Thompson and Hosp. Steward H. L. Gall 436</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA (?) WITH MARKED LEUKOPENIA. By Passed

Asst. Surg. W. L. Mann, jr 438 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of twenty-eight cases of pyorrhea alveolaris treated with emetin

hydrochlorid.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. A. H. Allen 440</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Intravenous injection of neosalvarsan in concentrated solution.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. C. B. Camerer 441</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TRANSLATIONS: </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Catheterization of the ejaculatory canals.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. R. A. Bachmann 443</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital ships.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Pharm. S. Wierzbicki 452</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">First-aid stations and transportation of the wounded in naval battle.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Med. Inspect. S. G. Evans 454</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —The value of typhoid vaccines in the treatment of typhoid

fever. By L. W. Johnson. The intravenous and intramuscular administration of

diphtheria antitoxin. The noninfective causes of so-called rheumatism. Not very

well known causes of hematuria. Prodromal symptoms of gallstones. Observations

on renal functions in acute experimental unilateral nephritis. By E. Thompson

and E. L.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Woods 469</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases. —A critical study of Lange'a gold reaction

in cerebrospinal fluid. Post-operative nervous and mental disturbances. The

significance of the unconscious in psychopathology. By R. Sheehan 475</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —The role of gastroenterostomy in the treatment of ulcers. Ether-oil

colonic anesthesia. By H. W. Smith. Ununited fractures treated by long-axial

drilling of the fractured bone-ends. By E. Thompson. War surgery. The

osteogenic power of periosteum; with a note on bone transplantation. The

technic of cholecystectomy. The German use of asphyxiating gases. Transfusion

by the syringe method. The North Sea action of January 24. The best method of

treating wounds sustained in action, especially during the early period after

their infliction. By A. M. Fauntleroy and E. H. H. Old 479</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —The possibility of conveying typhoid fever by

clothing, contaminated food, and soiled fingers. The microbic content of indoor

and outdoor air. By E. W. Brown. Some results of the</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">first year's work of the New York State Commission on Ventilation. By

C. N. Eiske and E. W. Brown. Tincture of iodin and the prevention of venereal

disease. Ability of colon bacilli to survive pasteurization.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The specific gravity of the human body. Lead poisoning in the manufacture

of storage batteries. By C. N. Fiskc and R. C. Ransdell 495</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine.—Pathology of verruga peruviana. The importance of

tertiary yaws. By C. S. Butler. The treatment of ancylostomiasis. By A. B.

Clifford. Studies in malaria. New theories and investigations</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">concerning pellagra. Immediate relapse in tertian malaria after energetic

salvarsan treatment. By E. R. Stitt 502</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —A study of the endamebas

of man in the Panama Canal Zone. Lipoids in immunity. The mechanism of antibody

action. The diagnosis and treatment of</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">parenchymatous syphilis. The bacteriology of appendicitis and its production

by intravenous injection of streptococci and colon bacilli. By G. F. Clark. On

the filterability and biology of spirochetes. A differential study of

coccidiodal granuloma and blastomycosis. Notes on the diagnosis of Asiatic

cholera at autopsy. The morphology of the adults of the filarise found in the

Philippine Islands. By C. S. Butler and A. B. Clifford 508</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy.—Coloring of bichlorid of mercury solutions. By

L. Zembsch. An experimental study of lavage in acute carbolic acid poisoning.

By A. B. Clifford. Notes on a new alkaloid found in</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">nux vomica. Preliminary note on a new pharmacodynamic assay method. By

P. J. Waldnar. Estimation of urea. Estimation of urea and indirectly of

allantoin in urine by means of urease. Urea; its distribution in and

elimination from the body. Results of the hypochlorite disinfection of water

supplies. A further study of the chemical composition and nutritive value of

fish subjected to prolonged period of cold storage. By E. W. Brown and O. G.

Ruge 515</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Treatment of trachoma with carbonic acid snow.

Samoan conjunctivitis Is there a natural or acquired immunity to trachoma?

Clinical and anatomical study of a case of isolated</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">reflex immobility of the pupil, paralysis, tabes, and cerebrospinal syphilis

being excluded. Protection against injury of the hearing.Chronic local

infection of the nose, throat, and ear as a cause of general infection. The

sympathetic syndrome (undescribed) of sphenopalatine or nasal ganglion

neurosis. Shell explosions and the special senses. By E. J. Grow and G. B.

Trible 521</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extracts from annual sanitary reports. —A review of the treatment and

results at the U. S. Naval Sanatorium for Tuberculosis at Las Animas, Colo. By

G. H. Barber. Battleship ventilation. ( Permanent detail of stretchermen. By J.

S. Taylor. Genito-urinary disease at Chelsea. <span> </span>By G. B. Wilson. Malarial prophylaxis. By H.

L. Smith. Sanitary notes from the U. S. S. Washington. By H. A. May. Sanitary

notes</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">from the U. S. S. Michigan. By J. A. Murphy. Sanitary notes from the U.

S. S. Palos. By D. C. Post. Camp sanitation. By R. I. Longabaugh 527</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Lymphatic leukemia complicated by priapism. By Passed Asst. Surg. J. J.

A. McMullin 542</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The seventy-first annual meeting of the American Medico-Psychological

Association. By Passed Asst. Surg. R. Sheehan 544</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE vii</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Observations upon the epidemiology of an outbreak of measles at the

Naval Training Station, Norfolk, Va.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. C. E. Riggs 647</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The present status of the Hospital Corps. By Passed Asst. Surg. W. E.

Eaton , 556</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The use of hospital ships in time of war.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. R J. Straeten 565</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal disease aboard ship.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. G. F. Cottle 571</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some dangers in passing the ureteral catheter to the kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. B. C. Willis, M. R. C 577</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Shanghai and Yangtze River hospitals.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. R. H. Laning 679</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some medical aspects of the upper Yangtze River country.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. D. C. Post 620</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some medical conditions in China.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. R. G. Davis 630</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 635</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 635</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An ambulance motor boat for hospital ships.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. E. M. Blackwell 637</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Unusual type of typhus on U. S. S. Monocacy. Report of case. By Asst.

Surg. W. B. Hetfield 641 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Injury by dynamite explosion. By Passed Asst. Surgs. G. C. Thomas and

L. W. Johnson 643</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of hemorrhagic pancreatitis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surgs. G. C. Thomas and L. W. Johnson 644</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Salvarsan in the treatment of schistosomiasis. Report of case.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Asst. Surg. D. C. Post '645</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An usually severe case of urticaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Passed Asst. Surg. W. E. Eaton 650 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Early reinfection with syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Surg. T. W. Richards 651</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A fatal cask of cecal ulceration with extensive complications.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bv Passed Asst. Surg. W. L. Mann, jr 653</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL COMMENT:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Scarcity and cost of medical supplies due to disturbance of European

markets 655</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bind your Bulletins 655</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES: </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —The recent epidemic of smallpox in New South Wales.

By L. W. Johnson. The causes of indigestion. A study of 1,000 cases. By E. H.

H. Old. Certain physical signs referable to the diaphragm and their importance

to diagnosis. An epidemic of influenza in the Island of St. Kilda. Pollen

therapy in hay fever. Studies in bronchial glands. Mode of action and use of

emetin in endamebiasis. The treatment of eczema with special reference to the

use of vaccine and the part played by bacteria in its etiology. Report of 50

cases. Study of diseases of stomach and duodenum by X-ray. Cure and recurrence of

syphilis. By E. Thompson and E. L. Woods 667</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases.—Differential diagnosis of general paresis.

What is paranoia? The cerebrospinal fluid in diagnosis and treatment. Raynaud's

syndrome. Raynaud's disease. What tests in childhood are best calculated to

throw light upon the capacities of mental defectives for future work. The

Binet-Simon method and the intelligence of adult prisoners. By R. Sheehan 669</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery.— Medical narrative of the arrangements of the first division

at the Battle of the Aisne. The medical aspects of modern warfare, with special

reference to the use of hospital ships. By T. W. <span> </span>Richards. Injuries to the bowel from shell and

bullet wounds. By L. W. Johnson. Account of six specimens of great bowel

removed by operation; observations on motor mechanism of colon. Symptomless

renal hematuria arising<span>  </span>from tumors,

aneurysms in the renal pelvis, and early tuberculosis. The treatment of

urethral stricture by excision. Some observations on bone transplantation.

Blood transfusion by the citrate method. Disinfection of the hands and

abdominal skin before operation. Partial regeneration of bone. By H. W.Smith.

Epididymotomy for acute epididymitis as an out-patient procedure. By W. E.

Eaton. Occlusion of the pylorus. Prevalent fallacies concerning subacromial

bursitis. Its pathogenoesis</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">and rational operative treatment. Autogenous bone grafts versus Lane's

plates. A new procedure for the cure of chronic synovitis. Report on the

wounded in the action between the Sydney and the Emden.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By E. H. H. Old 672</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Paint poisoning. By T. W. Richards. Sterilization

of water by chlorin. The prevalence of occupational factors in disease and

suggestions for their elimination. Bismuth-paste</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">poisoning —report of a fatal case. The making of a milk commission. Present

practice relating to city waste collection and disposal. A statistical study of

personal association as a factor in the etiology of pellagra. The influence of

age of the grandparent at the birth of the parent on the number of the children

born and their sex. By C. N. Fiske and R. O. Ransdell 694</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —Simple and efficient

contrast stain for B. diphtheriae. By C. N. Fiske. The heart muscle in

pneumonia. The sterilization of vaccines and the influence of the various

methods employed on their antigenic properties. The Wassermann and luetin

reactions in leprosy. By C. S. Butler and A. B. Clifford 700</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Relation of general arteriosclerosis to certain

ocular conditions. Eyestrain and ocular discomfort from faulty illumination. Hemorrhage

from the nose and throat. Diagnosis and conservative treatment of inflammation

of the accessory sinuses of the nose. Primary carcinoma of the tonsils. Nasal

polypi. By E. J. Grow and G. B. Trible 703</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS. —Topographical extracts from annual sanitary reports: </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yangtze River ports. By Passed Asst. Surg. C. L. Beeching 707</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Cape Haitien, Haiti. By Asst. Surg. C. P. Lynch 710</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Santo Domingo and Haiti. By Passed Asst. Surg. E. A. Vickery 714</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vera Cruz, Santo Domingo, and Haiti. By Surg. R. W. Plummer 715</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Santo Domingo. By Asst. Surg. J. B. Helm 716</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bluefields, Nicaragua. By Asst. Surg. C. P. Lynch 719</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Alaskan ports. By Surg. W. S. Pugh, jr 723</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX 727</p>

 

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Técnica mixta, sobre lienzo, negro y plata.

Medidas: 81 x 53 x 7 cm.

Pintura y fotografía: © Javier Malmierca 2010

Designed for minimal maintenance in the growing season.

 

It is a fallacy that to achieve a low maintenance garden you need loads of gravel,paving slabs or decking with little or no greenery .

 

Other than cutting the grass I spend no more than 5 minutes a week from April to November maintaining this 60 feet by 40 feet garden with borders which vary in width from 6 feet to 15 feet deep.

 

This is possible because all the plants grow together and there's almost zero soil showing so almost no weeds. I get the odd perennial weed amonst the plants but these are a seconds job to pull out. There is very little soil showing but I can whip round the soil that does show in less than 5 minutes to hoe any weeds that do appear

 

Over winter I spend about 5 hours cutting back all the perennials and some of the shrubs and dividing some of the perennials if it is necessary to stop them getting too big.

 

The photo shows about half the garden

 

More photos of the garden can be seen in some of the comments boxes below

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Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 27, Nos. 1-4, 1929

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1929-01

Language: eng

  

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE vii</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS viii</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Maintenance of Equilibrium in Aviation.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) C. M. Longstreth, Medical Corps,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Navy 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical Qualifications and Aeronautical Adaptability.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) A. Ickstadt, jr,. Medical Corps, United States

Navy 9</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Simplified Rebreather Procedure.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. W. Dana, Medical Corps, United States Navy 16</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physiology of Respiration in Relationship to the Problems of Naval

Medicine, Part V.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. E. F. DuBois, Medical Corps, United States Naval Reserve 22</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Dental Supplies and Equipment.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander H. A. Daniels, Dental Corps, United States Navy 42</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Edema Disease Among Haitian Prisoners.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. W. Wickersham, Medical Corps, United States Navy

69</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Compressed Air as a Possible Factor in the Prevention of Respiratory

Diseases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander G. H. Mankin, Medical Corps, United States Navy 73</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Dengue.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander J. E. Miller, Medical Corps, United States Navy 77</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of Malaria and Microfilaria Survey of 11,000 Laborers and 2,007

Children in Haiti.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander P. W. Wilson, Medical Corps, United States Navy 87</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An Outbreak of Cerebrospinal Fever in Northern Haiti.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander O. Wildman, Medical Corps, United States Navy 94</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tuberculosis in Haiti.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander M. E. Higgins, Medical Corps, United States Navy 96</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Rabies.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. U. R. Webb, and Lieut. Commander F. W. Muller, Medical Corps,

United States Navy, 98</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Agranulocytic Angina.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander E. A. Sharp, Medical Corps, United States Navy, and

C. A. Setterstrom, Chief Pharmacist, United States Navy 112</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Rupture of the Long Head of the Biceps Flexor Cubiti Muscle.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. C. M. Shaar, Medical Corps, United States Navy 118</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Choked Disk.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. A. H. Cecha, Medical Corps, United Statis Navy 125</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Amebic Abscess of the Liver Rupturing Through the Lungs.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander O. Davis, Medical Corps, United States Navy 130</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Compound Fracture of Maxilla.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander M. W. Mangold, Dental Corps, United States Navy 132</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Addison's Disease.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. W. S. SargenJ, and Lieut. (Junior Grade) C. E. Fitzgerald,

Medical Corps, United States Navy 133</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Endarteritis of Feet with Gangrene.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. H. Williams, Medical Corps, United Slates Navy.

136</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Obstructive Massive Atalectasis of the Lung.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. C. P. Kindleberger, Medical Corps, United States Navy. 137</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tremor of Tongue in Syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. W. F. Murdy, Dental Corps, United States Navy 139</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Graph for Determining Weight Variation.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. F. K. Soukup, Medical Corps, United States Navy.- 140</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">RESERVE CORPS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Training in Aviation Medicine 143</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">New Appointments 146</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NURSE CORPS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Institute for Nurses.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Nurse I. F. Erskine, United States Navy 147</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Week Worth While 161</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Impressions and Conclusions After More Than a Year of Duty at the

Pharmacist's Mates School 152</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Public Health Service of Samoa.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Grace Pepe, Samoan Chief Nurse 154</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The public health service of Haiti —Intestinal amebiasis —Blackwater

fever—Research in yellow fever—Treatment of malaria with plasmochin

—Undiagnosed renal hematuria —The sedimentation test in urology —Vas injection—

Treatment of gonorrheal epididymitis— Wassermann-fast syphilis— Treatment of

neuro-syphilis by "inoculation malaria" —Diabetes —Streptococcus

cardioarthritidis</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">—Liver extract in pernicious anemia —Alcoholism —Epidemic encephalitis

— Temperature and the sedimentation rate— Novocaine in the reduction of

fractures —Worry: causes and prevention —</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Examination of feces. A rapid method for the detection of parasitic ova

and cysts —Ancient fallacies in medical literature — American College of

Surgeons —American College of Physicians- Resignation after special

courses—American Association for the Study of Goiter —Administering typhoid

prophylaxis 157</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES.. 185</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reactions Incidental to the Administration of 191,778 Doses of

Neoarsphenamine and Other Arsenical Compounds in the United States Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander J. R. Phelps, Medical Corps, United States Navy. 205</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Succinchlorimide Proposed As A Chemical Agent For The Preparation Of

Potable Water.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Maj. C. B. Wood, Medical Corps, United States Army 223 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Experiments With Succinchlorimid Conducted at United States Naval

Medical School, April, 1928 235</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Minimal "Chlorine Death Points" of Bacteria (Vegetative

Forms).</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Fred O. Tonney, M. D., Frank E. Greer, and T. F. Danforth, D. V. M

238</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Unsatisfactory Water Supply, Olongapo, P. I.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. D. Davis, Medical Corps, United States Navy 242</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Dishwashing and Sterilizing Equipment on Board the U. S. S. Saratoga.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander F. L. McDaniel, Medical Corps, United States Navy,

and J. L. Ross, Chief Pharmacist's Mate, United States Navy 245</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Experience with Cerebrospinal Fever at the United States Naval Training

Station, Newport, R. I.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander R. J. Straeten, and Lieut. Commander G. A. Alden, Medical

Corps, United States Navy 252</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a Case of Cerebrospinal Fever Which Developed on Board the U.

S. S. Paul Hamilton.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander E. L. Whitehead, Medical Corps, United States Navy

257</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Case of Cerebrospinal Fever at the United States Naval Training

Station, San Diego, Calif 259</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An Epidemic of Influenza on Board the U. S. S. Ludlow. .. 261</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Outbreak of Catarrhal Fever on Board the U. S. S. Cleveland.. 262</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An Epidemiological and Statistical Study of Tonsillitis, Including

Related Throat Conditions 263</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bacterial Flora of Ground Market Meats.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By J. C. Geiger, M. D., F. E. Greer, M. S., and J. L. White, M.D. 265</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Outbreak of Food Poisoning on Board the U. S. S. Canopus, Attributed to

Fish.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander G. A. Riker, Medical Corps, United States Navy. 269</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Small Outbreak of Food Poisoning on Board the U. S. S. Argonne as a

Result of an Unsafe Practice.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. C. Espach, Medical Corps, United States Navy 271</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Organization of a Quarantine Camp at Olongapo, P. I.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander G. A. Riker, Medical Corps, United States Navy. 272</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">What is Semple Vaccine for Rabies? 278</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Health of the Navy —Statistics.. 279</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">FUNDAMENTALISM AND MODERNISM IN PSYCHIATRY.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Karl A. Mennlnger, M. D., Topeka, Kans 291</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Dermatomycosis and its Treatment.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander E. A. Sharp, Medical Corps, United States Navy 298</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">POST-TONSILLECTOMY PAIN.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander F. E. Locy, Medical Corps, United States Navy 303</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Use of Lipiodol in Maxillary Sinus Diagnosis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By G. B. Trible, M. D., F. A. C. S., former Commander, Medical Corps,

United States Navy, and M. L Bierman, B. S., M. D 306</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Disposal of Hospital Garbage and Trash.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, United States Navy 310</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physiology of Respiration in Relationship to the Problems of Naval

Medicine.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. E. F. Du Bois, Medical Corps, United States Naval Reserve 311</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Amoebiases in Haiti.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. H. Williams, Lieut. Commander O. Wildman,

Medical Corps, United States Navy, and Chief Pharmacist's Mate, Lee F. Curtis,

United States Navy 331</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Disqualifying Eye Muscle Imbalances in Aviation.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) A. W. Loy, Medical Corps, United States Navy

335</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Thoracic Empyema.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) L. E. McDonald, Medical Corps, United States

Navy 339</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Antidoting Some Common Poisons with Chemicals Listed on the United

States Navy Medical Supply Table.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist W. Zur-Linden, United States Navy 343</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preservation of the Facial Nerve in the Excision of Parotid Tumors.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. C. M. Shaar, Medical Corps, United States Navy 351</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Acute Influenzal Infection, an Interpretation of Mild Respiratory

Diseases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander E. A. Sharp, Medical Corps, United States Navy 360</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Meckel's Diverticulum —A Surgical Anomaly.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander H. L. Kelley, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 368</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Operative Gynecology in the Tropics.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. H. Williams, Medical Corps, United States Navy

370</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An Unusual Amputation.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander J. C. Adams, Medical Corps, United States Navy ,

379</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Acromegaly.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. C. P. Kindleberger, Medical Corps, United States Navy. 380</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of an Epidemic of Dysentery.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. D. Davis, Medical Corps, United States Navy 382</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Antimony and Potassium Tartrate in Treponematosis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. H. Williams, Medical Corps, United States Navy<span>  </span>386</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NAVAL RESERVE 389</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NURSE CORPS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Art of Anesthesia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse E. S. Everman, United States Navy 391</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">What Psychology is and Does 394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Letters of commendation —Corrections —Principles governing distribution

of personnel of Medical and Hospital Corps— Danger of ephedrine in heart

failure—Differential diagnosis of surgical from</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">nonsurgical jaundice by laboratory methods—Agranulocytic angina —Health

of the British Navy— Injection treatment of varicose veins—Internal fixation of

fractures and dislocations with human</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">fascial suture — Prevention of recurrent renal calculi —Advantages and

dangers of inlying ureteral catheter in kidney infections — Cystitis —Recent

advances in the chemotherapy of syphilis —Effect</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">of strain on the heart —A simplified bedside blood-sugar method— Spinal

anaesthesia —Drinking water for travelers in the Tropics — Use of crude oil as

the larvicide of preference on the Isthmus of</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Panama — Spleen and parasite rates as measures of malaria —

Elephantiasis —Oroya fever —Safety standards of protection against X-ray

dangers —Measurement of effective wave lengths of X rays —</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The saturation method In Rontgen therapy as applied to deep seated

malignant disease—A study of endemic pellagra in certain southern States — Surgeon

General of the United States Public</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Health Service reviews world health conditions —The Association of

Military Surgeons 405</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 441</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tuberculosis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander M. A. Stuart, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 467</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Influenza 479</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Recent Epidemic of Influenza 484</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Outbreak of Catarrhal Fever at the United States Naval Training

Station, Great Lakes, III.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. C. G. Smith, Medical Corps, United States Navy 488</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Outbreak of Influenza on Board the U. S. S. "Melville."</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) J. T. Parker, Medical Corps, United States

Navy 493</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Practical Points about Active Immunization against Diphtheria and

Scarlet Fever.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By William H. Park, M. D., and May C. Schroder, M. D. 494</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Separation of Group IV Pneumococci into Recognizable Types 504</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a Fatal Case of Acute Poisoning by Neoarsphenamine. </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander C. L Wood, Medical Corps, United States Navy 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Caisson Disease Resulting from Disregard of Published Instructions and

Established Practice 514</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Longevity of Typhoid Bacilli in Cheddar Cheese.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By E. M. Wade, Fellow A. P. H. A., and Lewis Shere 518</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Experimental Food Poisoning in White Mice with Heat Stabile Paratyphoid

Poisons.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By J. C. Geiger and K. F. Meyer, M. D 527</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Small Outbreak of Food Poisoning at Campo De Marte, Managua, Nicaragua

529</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Small Outbreak of Food Poisoning Probably Caused by Veal Stew on Board

the U. S. S. "Procyon " 532</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Outbreak of Food Poisoning Attributed to Baked Beans on Board the U. S.

S. "Melville."</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander C. I. Wood, Medical Corps, United States Navy 533</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mussel Poisoning in California.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By K. F. Meyer, M. D 535</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some Practical Points to be Observed in the Use of Paris Green Dusting

Mixtures 536</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Endemic Typhus Fever in the United States 538</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Health of the Navy— Statistics 540</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3-4</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE.... V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology in the Tropics.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander R. M. Choisser, Medical Corps, United States Navy

551</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Public Health in Haiti.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain K. C. Melhorn, Medical Corps, United States Navy 568</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Specialization in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. H. W. Smith, Medical Corps, United States Navy 573</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical Analysis of 100 Operations upon the Gall-Bladder and Biliary

Tract.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. C. M. Shaar, Medical Corps, United States Navy 596</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Isolation Type of Personality.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By K. A. Menninger, M. D., Topeka, Kansas<span>  </span>609</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hydrogen Ion Concentration.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist C. Schaffer, United States Navy 621</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chancroids.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander J. E. Potter, Medical Corps, United States Navy,

and F. H. Redewill, B. S.,M. A., M. D., San Francisco, Calif 635</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Control and Treatment of Epidermophytosis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) D. S. O'Connor, Medical Corps, United States

Naval Reserve Force 641</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical Social Problems of Follow-up as Presented by Service Groups.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By F. McClaughry, field director, American Red Cross, United States

Naval Hospital, Bremerton, Wash 644</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Laboratory Consultant.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander G. B. Dowling, Medical Corps, United States Navy

654</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Coccidioidal Granuloma, with Report of a Case.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander H. E. Ragle, Medical Corps, United States Navy 657</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Japanese Schistosomiasis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander J. Harper, Medical Corps, United States Navy 661</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Rhinolith.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander F. E. Locy, Medical Corps, United States Navy 668</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Eradication of Bedbugs.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander E. A. Sharp, Medical Corps, United States Navy..

669</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Simple and Easily Made Traction Splint for Fractures of Humerus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. H. Williams, Medical Corps, United States Navy.

671</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Complete Unilateral Duplication of Ureter and Pelvis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) F. R. Moore, Medical Corps, United States Navy

672</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Removal of Tattoo Marks.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) J. H. Korb, Medical Corps, United States Navy

674</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Use of Tonsillectomy Snare in Eye Enucleation.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander E. C. Ebert, Medical Corps, United States Navy 677</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Syphilis — Recurrence or Reinfection?</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander C. S. Stephenson and Lieut. J. Love, Medical Corps,

United States Navy 677</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Systematic Arrangement of Dental Instruments.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander C. V. Rault, Dental Corps, United States Navy<span>  </span>680</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NAVAL RESERVE 685</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NURSE CORPS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Personality of the Nurse.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain K. C. Melhorn, Medical Corps, United States Navy 687</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Resignation from the Nurse Corps „ 689</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Psychology for Nurses 692</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Management of syphilis — Comparison of the practical value of the

Wassermann and Kahn tests—Treatment of chancroid and bubo—Clinical significance

of cardiac asthma —Simple exercise tolerance</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">test—Treatment of sprue with liver extract —Ringworm of the

feet—Limitations of screens in prevention of malaria — Future of surgery —Acute

osteomyelitis — Fascial transplants in treatment of</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">certain dislocations —Sympathectomy and paravertebral alcohol

injections in the treatment of angina pectoris —Training young women for Navy

duty in schools of nursing 703</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES... 721</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tuberculosis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain M. A. Stuart, Medical Corps, United States Navy 753 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of an Explosive Outbreak of Scarlet Fever and Acute Tonsillitis

on Board the U. S. S. "New York."</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander S. D. Hart, Medical Corps, United States Navy. 772</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fatal Case of Acute Poisoning by Neoarsphenamine Reported as

"Encephalitis" 778</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Case of Yellow Fever Among Personnel Attached to the United States

Naval Mission to Brazil.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. R. A. Warner, Medical Corps, United States Navy... 786</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Unauthorized Substitution of Jugs for the Sanitary Scuttle Butt_. 789</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of an Outbreak of Mumps on Board the U. S. S.

"Tennessee."</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander E. P. Huff, Medical Corps, United States Navy 791</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Outbreak of Food Poisoning on Board the U. S. S. "Wright,"

Due to Violation, Through Misinterpretation, of Existing Instructions and

Orders.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander J. H. Harris, Medical Corps, United States Navy 793</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Health of the Navy—Statistics 802</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX TO SUBJECTS, VOLUME XXVII.. 813</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX TO AUTHORS, VOLUME XXVII 823</p>

  

If you have questions concerning reproductions, please contact the Contributing Library.

 

Note: The colors, contrast and appearance of these illustrations are unlikely to be true to life. They are derived from scanned images that have been enhanced for machine interpretation and have been altered from their originals.

 

Read/Download from the Internet Archive

 

See all images from this book

See all MHL images published in the same year

One view (Keystone) of the Masonic Foundation Stone set at the North East corner of the Oakville Masonic Temple.

 

An interesting cornerstone:

www.flickr.com/photos/116844295@N06/31214269181/in/datepo...

 

I was initiated, and advanced to the honourary Degree of a Mark Master Mason by Phoenix Chapter No. 34, Cookstown, ON.

www.royalarchmasons.on.ca

 

en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Mark_Master_Masons

 

Probably the most beautiful symbol of Freemasonry is that of the Keystone!

 

The stone which was rejected has become the headstone of the corner". Acts 4:11, apparently.

 

It does not appear in the symbolism of the Lodge, but is reserved for those degrees dealing with the Chapter and, its symbolism, where it is found in all but one of the degrees of that system. The reason for its absence in lodge symbolism is that the lodge deals with preparation for eternal life, whereas the Chapter deals with the completion. (This reminds me of the Jason Bourne movies which refer to him rebuilding his life)

 

Keystone Symbol - The Keystone is the symbol of completion.

 

For all practical purposes the Keystone is the last stone placed in the arch, and as such represents completion. The placing of the Keystone in the symbolic arch of the Chapter, represents the completion of the individual Temple which each craftsman is erecting.

 

True, the Temple material was destroyed, but it was only the symbol of the Spiritual Temple which can never be destroyed. Royal Arch Masonry efforts are towards building spiritual Temples and its ceremonies, its legends, and its teachings, while beautiful in themselves, are there for the sole purpose of teaching great spiritual truths.

 

Our spiritual Temple can be completed only by death, the great leveller, but if that Temple be built by plumb line, by level, and by square, we are taught that its foundations shall never crumble nor decay, and that when we have reached “that bourne from which no traveller returns” we may enjoy the fruits of our labours here on earth throughout the endless eons of time.

 

And we may add again, the Keystone, the emblem of completion, is the outstanding symbol of Masonic teaching!

 

Cookstown Masonic Temple.

 

THE WAGES OF AN ENTERED APPRENTICE - June 09, 1958

 

PRESENTED TO: PORT ARTHUR LODGE A.F. & A.M. No. 499 BY HORNEPAYNE LODGE A.F. & A.M. No. 636

THUNDER BAY, ONTARIO.

 

THE WAGES OF AN ENTERED APPRENTICE:

 

The catechisms of the Craft and the conventional lecture on the Tracing Board of the Second Degree, all of which speak with that authority that belongs to age, tell us that the wages of an Entered Apprentice are Corn, Wine and Oil. Sometimes it is added that he received Corn for food, Wine for nourishment, and Oil for comfort. The broad difference that was thought to be set up between the Apprentice and the Fellowcraft apparently was that the Fellowcraft was paid in coin while the apprentice was paid in kind. I fear it would be difficult to produce any authority for this, and probably the distinction between the liaisons of the two degrees is the invention of some imaginative brother who may have got the hint from a practise that was not uncommon among early operatives. Two or three centuries ago the conditions of labour were laid down as firmly as they are today by our powerful trade unions. A master could not employ more than a certain very limited number of apprentices - often the number was restricted to one - and these apprentices were taken bound to serve their masters for a period of seven years. Not infrequently, alike in mason and other trades, the apprentice went into residence with his master and during the early years of his apprenticeship received no remuneration except board and lodging. Only when he became a journeyman, or Fellowcraft, and was free from the master who had taught him his business, was he entitled to wages in the form of cash. If, as it is possible, some elaborator of Freemasonry, got the hint here as to the remuneration of an apprentice one can easily understand that commonplace language such as “board and lodging” would not appeal to him, and that he would seek to ornament the matter with just such combination of words as “Corn, Wine and Oil.”

 

One of the traditions of the craft, dearly beloved by uncritical Freemasons, says that the whole number of workmen engaged on the Temple at Jerusalem amounted to 217,281 persons, and that of these 80,000 were Fellowcraft and 30,000 were Entered Apprentices - the latter of whom were arranged into one hundred lodges with three hundred members in each. This immense multitude was paid weekly on the sixth day of the week; and one tradition solemnly asserts that the 80,000 Fellowcraft toiled up the Winding Stair to the Inner Chamber to receive their wages. Mackey tells us in this “Lexicon” that the Fellowcraft “were paid in corn, wine and oil”, and the authors of “The Reflected Rays of Light upon Freemasonry” adopting the same view say “What could be more absurd than to believe that eighty thousand craftsmen had to ascend such a stair, to the narrow precincts of the Middle Chamber to receive their wages in Corn, Wine and Oil? “It is very evident that Mackey and the authors of “Reflected Rays” have misread the Lecture on the Second Tracing Board. It was the Entered Apprentice who received the corn, wine and oil and wherever he got it, he did not receive it in the Inner Chamber. To gain access to that apartment a workmen required the pass-grip and pass-word of a Fellowcraft, and it is obvious that no Entered Apprentice could have possessed these.

 

One may pause here for a moment to remark that according to another tradition, all the workers of every degree were paid in current coin. The total wage bill is alleged to have amounted to about £140,000,000 sterling, and it was distributed among the craftsmen on a progressive scale which was quite obviously adjusted on the principle of the more honour the more pay. At the one end of the industrial line stood the humble Entered Apprentices who received one shekel, or about 2s 3d of English money (.50) per day, while at the other end, was the Super-Excellent Mason who received 81 shekels per day, equal to about £9 2s 3d sterling (One Masonic author very generously described this as “only a fanciful speculation of some of our ancient brethren, “and we may return, therefore, to our Corn, Wine and Oil.

 

If I am right in my theory that the wages of an Entered Apprentice in Speculative Freemasonry were suggested by the board and lodging which were the reward of the operative youth while learning t his trade, I think it is clear that the person who fixed to Wages of the Speculative A found his material in the Volume of the Sacred Law. We read in the Second Chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles that when Solomon appealed to the King of Tyre for assistance in building the Temple, he said, “Behold, I will give to thy servants, the hewers that cut timber twenty thousand measures of beaten wheat, and twenty thousand measures of barley, and twenty thousand baths of wine, and twenty thousand baths of oil.” The offer of Solomon was accepted by the King of Tyre who replied “now, therefore, the wheat, and the barley, the oil and the wine, which my lord hath spoken of, let him send unto his servants; and we will cut wood out of Lebanon as much as thou shalt need.” The account preserved. In the 5th Chapter of the first book of Kings, indicates that the gifts were made annually to Hiram’s work people, but there is a discrepancy as to the amount. In 1st Kings the Wines is omitted, and the oil is set down as “twenty measures” equal to about 1340 gallons, whereas the 20,000 baths of 2nd Chronicles were more than ten times as much, being the equivalent of about 165,000 gallons.

 

Old Sheckels:

www.flickr.com/photos/21728045@N08/31064028256/in/datepos...

 

www.flickr.com/photos/dynamosquito/5723176457/in/photolis...

 

THE WAGES OF A FELLOW CRAFT MASON:

From The Grand Lodge Of Texas

 

During the second section of the Fellow Craft Degree, the new initiate is presented with the wages of a Fellow Craft Mason. He is told the reward for the Freemason who has observed the moral and divine law and not wasted his time in idleness or vice is to be corn, wine and oil. Such wages were indeed true in ancient days when corn, wine and oil represented wealth and were used for money. The Fellow Craft Mason received these wages, not in a literal sense, but symbolically.

 

In ancient days, "corn" was not what we think of as corn today. Instead it was a grain, such as wheat or barley, which was called corn. Thus, an ear of grain (corn) represents plenty. It is also a symbol of nourishment.

 

Wine is mentioned in Psalms 104 as something "that gladdens the heart of man" and, as such, can symbolize health and refreshment of body and spirit. On another level, wine can represent the completed and perfected human life. Wine starts as an inferior juice when newly pressed from the grape, representing youth or immaturity. But with time and through fermentation, it can become a completed product, wine. Wine represents the maturity of mind and spirit we should strive to obtain in our relationship with God, while the fermentation process symbolizes the struggles of life we encounter in developing that relationship.

 

The oil is olive oil, which was a necessity in ancient times as it served multiple purposes. It was used in the preparation of food, served as a medicine both internally and externally, and provided a source of light in the ancient oil lamps. In this view, oil can represent nourishment, health, and peace. As a food item, oil symbolizes nourishment for our physical bodies but also the moral development we as Freemasons should be striving to obtain. As a medicine or remedy, it represents physical health and the spiritual health (or joy) we obtain in our relationship to God. As a source of light, oil represents the physical and spiritual peace we obtain by overcoming the vices of life.

 

Taken as a whole, the corn, wine and oil represent both the physical and spiritual nourishment, refreshment and joy the Freemason receives for living an industrious life devoted to the service of God and his fellowman. The faithful Fellow Craft Mason is assured that his wages, his reward, shall not be just sufficient but plentiful to supply all of his physical, moral, and spiritual needs. He will have health of body, mind, and soul. He will enjoy peace in this life, in the hour of death, and in the life to come.

 

The Grand Lodge of Scotland

 

MASTER'S WAGES:

 

It is rewarding to know that we as Freemasons can answer the

question as to what induced us to become Master Masons, and one answer, of course, is to receive Master's Wages.

 

Our Operative Brethren received their Master's Wages in coin of the realm. Speculatives content themselves with intangible wages, and occasionally some are hard pressed to explain to the wondering initiate just what, in this practical age, a "Master's Wages" really are.

 

The wages of a Master may be classified under two heads: first,

those inalienable rights which every Freemason enjoys as a result of payment of fees, initiation and the payment of annual dues to his Lodge; second, those more precious privileges which are his if he will but stretch out his hand to take.

 

The first right of which any initiate is conscious is that of

passing the Tyler and attending his Lodge, instead of being

conducted through the West Gate as a preliminary step to initiation. For a time this right of mingling with his new brethren is so engrossing that he looks no further for his Master's Wages.

 

Later he learns that he has also the right of visitation in other

Lodges, even though it is a "right" hedged about with restrictions. He must be in good standing to exercise it.

 

Generally this right of visiting other Lodges is a very real part of

what may be termed his concrete Master's Wages, and many are the Freemasons who find in it a cure for loneliness in strange places; who think of the opportunity to find a welcome and friends, where otherwise they would be alone, as wages of substantial character.

 

The opportunities to see and hear the beautiful ceremonies of

Freemasonry, to take from them again and again a new thought, are wages not to be lightly received. For him with the open ears and the inquiring mind, the degrees lead to a new world, since familiarity with ritual provides the key by which he may read an endless stream of books about Freemasonry.

 

"Master's Wages" are paid in acquaintance. Unless a newly made Master Mason is so shy and retiring that he seeks the farthest corner of his Lodge-room, there to sit shrinking into himself, inevitably he will become acquainted with many men of many minds, always an interesting addition to the joy of life. What he does with his acquaintances is another story, but at least wages are there, waiting for him. No honest man becomes a Freemason thinking to ask the Craft for relief. Yet the consciousness that poor is the Lodge and sodden the hearts of the brethren thereof from which relief will not be forthcoming if the need is bitter, is wages from which much comfort may be taken.

 

Freemasonry is not, per se, a relief organisation It does not exist merely for the purpose of dispensing charity. Nor has it great funds with which to work its gentle ministrations to the poor.

 

Fees are modest; dues often are too small, rather than too large. Yet, for the Brother down and out, who has no fuel for the fire, no food for his hungry children, whom sudden disaster threatens, the strong arm of the fraternity stretches forth to push back the danger. The cold are warmed, the hungry fed, the naked clothed, the jobless given work, the discouraged heartened. "Master's Wages" surely far greater than the effort put forth to earn them.

 

Freemasonry is strong in defence of the helpless. The widow and the orphan need ask but once to receive her bounty. All Brethren hope to support their own, provide for their loved ones, but misfortune comes to the just and the unjust alike. To be one of a world-wide Brotherhood on which widow and child may call is of untold comfort, "Master's Wages" more precious than coin of gold.

 

Finally, it is the right of Mason's burial. At home or abroad a

Freemason, known to desire it, is followed to his last home by

sorrowing Brethren who lay him away under the apron of the Craft and the sprig of Acacia of immortal hope. This, too, is "Wages of a Master".

 

"Pay the Craft their Wages, if any be due."

 

To some the practical wages mentioned are the important payments for a Freemason's work. To others, the more tangible but none the less beloved opportunities to give, rather than to get, are the "Master's Wages" which count the most.

 

Great among these is the Craft's opportunity for service. The world is full of chances to do for others, and no man need apply to a Masonic Lodge only because he wants a chance to "do unto others as he would that others do unto him". But Freemasonry offers peculiar opportunities to unusual talents which are not always found in the profane world.

 

There is always something to do in a Lodge. There are always

committees to be served and committee work is usually thankless work. He who cannot find his payment in his satisfaction of a task well done will receive no "Master's Wages" for his labours on Lodge committees.

 

There are Brethren to be taught. Learning all the "work" is a man's task, not to be accomplished in a hurry. Yet it is worth the doing, and in instructing officers and candidates many a Mason has found a quiet joy which is "Master's Wages" pressed down and running over.

 

Service leads to the possibility of appointment or election to the

line of officers. There is little use to speak of the "Master's

Wages" this opportunity pays, because only those who have occupied the Oriental Chair know what they are. The outer evidence of the experience may be told, but the inner spiritual experience is untellable because the words have not been invented. But Past Masters know! To them is issued a special coinage of "Master's Wages" which only a Worshipful Master may earn. Ask any of them if they were not well paid for the labour.

 

If practical "Master's Wages" are acquaintance in Lodge, the

enjoyment of fellowship, merged into friendship, is the same payment in a larger form, Difficult to describe, the sense of being one of a group, the solidarity of the circle which is the Lodge, provides a satisfaction and pleasure impossible to describe as it is clearly to be felt. It is interesting to meet many men of many walks of life;

 

it is heart-warming continually to meet the same group, always with the same feeling of equality. High and low, rich and poor, merchant and farmer, banker and fisherman, doctor and ditch-digger, meet on the level, and find it happy - "Master's Wages", value untranslatable into money.

 

Finally - and best - is the making of many friends. Thousands of

Brethren count their nearest and dearest friends on the rolls of the Lodge they love and serve. The Mystic Tie makes for friendship. It attracts man to man and often draws together "those who might otherwise have remained at a perpetual distance". The teachings of brotherly love, relief and truth; of temperance, fortitude, prudence and justice; the inculcation of patriotism and love of country, we everyday experience in a Masonic Lodge. When men speak freely those thoughts which, in the world without, they keep silent, friendships are formed. Count gain for work well done in what coin seems most valuable; the dearest of the intangibles which come to any Master Mason are those Masonic friendships of which there are no greater "Master's Wages".

 

Map: www.flickr.com/photos/internetarchivebookimages/147770369...

 

Portable Masonic Wages: from Phoenix Masonry

 

A portable leather case of corn, wine and oil is symbolic of the wages paid to a Fellow Craft Mason as he makes his way or "passes" through the middle chamber. The "corn, wine, and oil are emblematical of nourishment, refreshment and joy and teach us this important lesson... that we should be ever-ready to nourish the needy, refresh the destitute, and pour the oil of joy in the hearts of the afflicted."

 

The corn in the Masonic rituals is a synonym of grain or wheat. In ancient rituals was used as an emblem of the Greek goddess

Demeter, or of the Roman Cybelis. Both female figures were conceived as appearances of the Mother Earth. In Greek pottery someone can see that in festivities in honour of Demeter the priests and the faithful were crowned with ears of wheat. This symbolized the fertility of the earth, which with the grain gives the bread to the mankind. Thus was corn or grain according to this symbolism the personification of the idea of plenty, abundance, and due to the divine intervention promised fertility.

 

Following the same religious beliefs was wine the symbol of Greek God Dionysos. By drinking the wine the Dionysiac priests and initiated participants to the Bacchical mysteries were able to come to the psychic condition of "methexis" - a condition of holy madness -, so they could play the drama of ritual death and rebirth of Dionysos. The wine helped them to loose their identity and come as divine actors to a psychological situation, under which they understood hidden truths and the divine allegory by using their feelings and insights rather than their intellect. The wine was seen as a symbol of joy, exaltation ,and as a mean towards the initiation through the emotion and the instinct, by acting in Bacchical rituals, after having eliminated the logic.

 

The oil was, as an extract of the olive fruit, a reward of the

Greek goddess of knowledge Athena - Pallas, who had as emblem, among others, the olive-tree. One of the principal uses of oil was to bring the light in homes, so it was seen in its more esoterical significance as a symbol of spiritual Enlightenment, in other words as a symbol of the eternal lantern of divine knowledge. In the same meaning was the oil a symbol of peace through Enlightenment. Plants of the olive tree were given as a reward to the winners of the Olympic games, during which every war must be breached. Thus Athena brought to

the faithful with the present of oil the reward of hidden knowledge, enlightenment and peace.

 

In the Biblical symbolism the three products possessed a similar meaning and significance to this of the Greco-roman world. King Solomon gave corn, wine and oil to the builders of the Temple as a reward for their labors. The ear of corn together with the flood of water personifies in the Hebrew word Shibboleth the abundance and wealth. The wine was seen as an element of consecration and a divine refreshment. The Hebrews anointed their Kings, Prophets and High Priests with oil mixed with other spices, because the oil was the major element of the ceremony, which was leading towards the path of the divine initiation.

 

In the Christian symbolism the corn refers to the bread and this

last one makes someone remember of the body of Jesus Christ in the Eucharist, as well as the wine refers to the blood of him. The oil symbolizes the Baptism. The three substances are the most significant of the Christian initiation. In Christian Masonic

degrees these three rewards of the Mason bring with them the

remembrance of the Holy Passion and the promise of the Resurrection.

 

According to all above mentioned symbolical languages the Mason receives as a reward for his labors in the Lodge the present of grain, because he fertilized himself and all other Masons by working in the building of himself and the building of the Temple. He receives the wine to remember that through his emotion and instinct conquered the hidden knowledge by playing in the rituals the passions of God his symbolical murder and his eternal rebirth. Thirdly, he receives the oil to remember that he achieved at the end of the road the spiritual enlightenment, the baptism, and his inner peace as a reflection of the eternal peace of God.

 

Mark Master Degree - Its Ritual and Antiquity

R. E. Trebilcock

 

RITUAL OF THE MARK MASTER DEGREE:

 

The degree of Mark Master has continued with as few changes as any Masonic degree of which we have knowledge. It is impossible for anyone to specify accurately what the ritual consisted of previous to 1797, but in that year, Thomas Smith Webb issued the first complete Masonic Monitor which included the Capitular degrees.

 

We have before us, as we write, this first edition of Webb; in it he says of the degree:

 

The first section explains the manner of convocating and opening a Master Mark Lodge. It teaches the duties of the respective officers, and recapitulates the mystic ceremony of introducing a candidate. In this section is exemplified the regularity and good order that was observed by the craftsmen on Mount Libanus, and in the plains and quarries of Zeredathah, and ends with a beautiful display of the manner by which one of the principal events took place.

 

In the second section, the Master Mark Mason is particularly instructed in the history of this degree, and the increased obligation he is under to stretch forth his assisting hand to the relief of an indigent and worthy brother.

 

The distinguishing marks and characteristics are also explained and illustrated in this section. In the course of the lecture the following texts of Scripture are recited, viz.:

 

Then follow five quotations taken from Psalms, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and Acts all having to do with the "stone which the builders rejected." In many jurisdictions this has been changed by using quotations which are not so monotonous, since references are made throughout the degree to the same passages.

 

The Charge which follows is identical with that in use to this day; the Parable of the Vineyard occupied an important place; and the Mark Master Song, as now used, was printed in full.

 

The degree of Mark Master in 1797 is that of 1964!

 

THE SCRIPTURE USED IN MARK DEGREE:

 

Quotations from the Scriptures appear very prominently throughout the ritual of the Mark Master degree, beginning with the opening and appearing also in the closing ceremonies.

 

These include extracts from I Peter, Ezekiel, Isaiah, Revelations, Matthew and Proverbs. In a few instances not all of the verse has been used, to enable it to fit into the ritual ceremony. A few changes are necessary so as to be inoffensive to any religious belief.

 

An instance of this appears in the opening ceremonies as taken from I Peter:

 

Wherefore, laying aside all malice, and all guile, and hypocrisies, and envies, and all evil speakings; if so be ye have tasted that the Lord is gracious; to whom coming, as unto a living stone, disallowed indeed of men, but chosen of God, and precious; ye also as lively (changed to "living") stones, be ye built up a spiritual house (change to "are built up, etc.), an holy priesthood, to offer up spiritual sacrifices acceptable to God by Jesus Christ. ("by Jesus Christ" stricken out to make acceptable to Hebrew and Moslem.)

 

Verse 3 is omitted entirely, having no connection with the ritual. Instead of continuing to quote from Peter, the next section jumps over to Isaiah 28:16:

 

Therefore thus saith the Lord God (changed to "Wherefore, also it is contained in the Scripture")

 

Behold, I lay in Zion for a foundation a stone, a tried stone, a precious cornerstone, a sure foundation; he that believeth shall not make haste to pass it over. ("to pass it over" is stricken out in the ritual.)

 

And there are changes made in verse 7 of I Peter, 2:

 

Unto you therefore which believe he is precious (ritual reads "it is an honor") but unto them which be disobedient (ritual says "and even to them which be disobedient,"), the stone which the builders disallowed, the same is made the head of the comer.

 

And jumping to verses 15-17 of the same chapter, we read:

 

For so is the will of God (the ritual says "Brethren, this is the will of God"), that with well doing, ye may put to silence ("may" is left out of the ritual), the ignorance of foolish men: as free, and not using your liberty for a cloke (spelled cloak in ritual), of maliciousness, but as the servants of God. Honour all men. Love the brotherhood. Fear God. Honour the King. (The ritual says: "Honor all men; love the brotherhood; fear God.")

 

The Scripture of the perambulations is taken from Ezekiel 44, verses 1, 2, 3, and 5, and there is no change in the ritual from that of the Scripture. These passages refer to the vision of Ezekiel, to understand which we must refer to Ezekiel 40 v. 2-3:

 

In the visions of God brought he me into the land of Israel, and set me upon a very high mountain ... and he brought me thither, and behold, there was a man whose appearance was like the appearance of brass ... and he stood in the gate (of the City of Jerusalem).

 

The "man" thereupon conducted him about the Temple giving information and instruction to Ezekiel, when, finally,

 

He brought me back the way of the gate of the outward sanctuary which looketh toward the east; and it was shut.

 

Then follows verses 2, 3, and 5, omitting 4, which has no connection.

 

We encounter in the ritual, the following:

 

what you give, give freely, for the Lord loves a cheerful giver.

 

The passage is taken from II Corinthians 9:7:

 

Every man according as he purposeth in his heart, so let him give; not grudgingly, or of necessity: for God loveth a cheerful giver.

 

A passage from Ezekiel is twice used in the ritual (Ezekiel 44:5), where Ezekiel is told to listen carefully to all that has been said; this applies equally to the instruction being given the candidate:

 

Mark well, and behold with thine eyes, and hear with thine ears, all that I say unto thee concerning all the ordinances of the house of the Lord, and all the laws thereof, and mark well the entering in of the house with every going forth of the sanctuary.

 

In the Revelation of St. John the Divine appears a passage of importance to the Mark Master. It is in Revelation 2:17, and refers to the message to the churches:

 

To him that overcometh will I give to eat of the hidden manna, and will give him a white stone, and in the stone a new name written, which no man knoweth saving he hath received it.

 

The white stone with the name written thereon is one of the principal pieces of furniture of a Mark Master lodge and its traditions and symbolism are carefully explained to each candidate. Not only did the "white stone" convey the name, but it was also the stone found necessary in completing the temple. Just so is the name essential for completing the spiritual temple.

 

And finally, we come to the beautiful parable of the vineyard, quoted exactly from Matthew 20:1-16. The quotation follows a conversation between Jesus and Peter, his disciple. The discussion is on the matter of everlasting life and the parable is used to impress upon Peter that whosoever seeks eternal life shall find it whether that search begins in youth, in manhood, or in age when one comes in "at the eleventh hour," "receiving as much as they who have borne the burden of the day."

 

How appropriately it is introduced into the Mark Master degree, only those who receive it, and study it, may know.

 

The closing passage of scripture is taken from Proverbs 3:1, and carries on the story of eternal life by calling attention to those things necessary to attain it.

 

Read it:

 

Forget not God's law; but let thine heart keep his commandments; for length of days, and long life, and peace, shall they add to thee.

 

Let not mercy and truth forsake thee; bind them about thy neck; write them upon the table of thine heart: so shalt thou find favor and good understanding in the sight of God and man.

 

And what a fine theme on which to close a Masonic degree!

 

A MARK MASTER'S WORKING TOOLS:

 

Why were the chisel and mallet chosen as the working tools of a Mark Master? What particular relationship do these tools have with the degree of Mark Master?

 

First, let us see what we are told about these implements:

 

The Mallet morally teaches us to correct irregularities, and to reduce man to a proper level; so that, by quiet deportment, he may, in the school of discipline, learn to be content.

 

What the Mallet is to the workmen, enlightened reason is to the passions; it curbs ambition, depresses envy, moderates anger, and encourages good dispositions; whence arises among good Freemasons, that comely order, Which nothing earthly gives, or can destroy; The soul's calm sunshine, and the heartfelt joy.

 

The Chisel morally demonstrates the advantages of discipline and education. The mind, like the diamond in its original state, is rude and unpolished; but as the effect of the Chisel on the external coat soon presents to view the latent beauties of the diamond, so education discovers the latent virtues of the mind, and draws them forth to range the large field of matter and space, to display the summit of human knowledge, our duty to God and to man.

 

A progressive study of Masonic working tools will show both a practical and a symbolic use of these instruments; this is the teaching of Freemasonry, and how well we absorb this teaching will decide how good a Freemason we are.

 

In the first place, their practical purpose is explained in the Mark Master lecture; but the candidate is not told that with these tools he can communicate with another brother, for it is with these instruments that he makes the Masonic cipher alphabet. It is with these instruments that he can place his individual mark upon each piece of work which he may complete for the building of the temple. And here for the first time he is taught individual responsibility. Heretofore he has been working for the combined interest of the human family; now he is taught that he has an individual responsibility, and that each piece of work which he presents has a distinct personal value; that his work must be square and true and that those who inspect will: through his mark, be able to detect imperfect work, or work presented by imposters.

 

But most important is the thought that each of us must perfect our own lives; that it is in our power to build a substantial structure or an imperfect one. Our lives are like blocks of stone which the sculptor, by striking off bits here and there, may form into a beautiful work of art, the value of which depends solely on the vision of the artist himself. The Chisel and Mallet are his instruments for producing his masterpiece. So, does the Mark Master, using his Chisel and Mallet as spiritual instruments, perfect his character by striking off all those vices and irregularities which mar a life, and reveal a perfect character, the finest gift one can offer to the Great Overseer.

 

In the lodge we are taught the value of each stone that goes into the temple, materially and spiritually. In the chapter we are taught that we are the architects of our own lives and that it is within our power to say whether that life be good or bad.

 

How important to us, as Freemasons, are the teachings of the Chisel and the Mallet which give us an insight into our duties and our possibilities!

 

THE ANTIQUITY OF THE MARK:

 

William J. Hughan, the most famous of the English Masonic historians says of the Mark degree:

 

The antiquity of Mark Masonry cannot be doubted. Operatively considered and even speculatively, it has enjoyed special prominence for centuries; records of the custom being followed by speculative brethren, according to existing records, dating back to 1600, in which year, on the 8th day of June, "Ye principal warden and chief master of maisons, Wm. Schaw, master of work to ye Kingis Maistie", met members of the Lodge of Edinburgh (Now No. 1) at Holyrood House, at which meeting the Laird of Auchinleck was present, and attested the minutes of the assembly by his Mark, as did the operatives, in accordance with the Schaw Statutes of December 28, 1598, which provided "That the day of reassauying (receiving) of said fellow of craft or master be ord'lie buikit and his name and Mark insert in the said buik."

 

Another minute book of the same lodge contains a list of members in 1767, setting out after each name the date on which the member received the degree of R.A. The earliest date given is 1745.

 

Turning to America, we find a reference in a minute book of a lodge in Virginia of the degree being conferred in 1753.

 

Castells in his book "Organization of the Royal Arch Chapter Two Centuries Ago" says, in his opening chapter, that

 

"The question of the fons et origo of our Supreme Degree is a problem; but we claim that we have solved it, for we have shown in previous works that the Royal Arch is only a dilution of Kabbalism."

 

Let us see on what this claim is founded. He admits in his preface that he had only at his disposal "a few scraps of information, which are like the tiny bits of a jigsaw puzzle, most difficult to combine into a pictorial design," but he believes he has put them together in the right order. But do the scraps of information justify the conclusion at which he has arrived?

 

The Kabbala was a secret science of the Jewish Rabbis for the interpretation of the hidden meaning of the scriptures, claimed to be handed down by oral tradition.

 

In his chapter on the Kabbalistic Degrees, the author refers to an ancient work known as the Sepher-ha-Zohar, a book that appeared in Spain in the thirteenth century. The copies of this book (there are two or three still in existence) were in the manuscript of a professional copyist, who apparently had an earlier copy in his possession.

 

The subject matter is undoubtedly considerably older than the 13th century, but probably had been handed down by tradition and reduced to writing only in then comparatively recent times. It professes to be the work of one Simeon bin Jochai who lived in the first century A.D.

 

Speaking of the first word with which we of the R.A. are familiar, Simeon says,

 

"Now come and see the mystery of the Word. There are Three Degrees (in the word) and each Degree, exists by itself, and although the Three constitute One, they are closely united into One, and are inseparable from each other."

 

Simeon was discussing the word, and had explained that there were three ways of writing it:

 

The simple four-lettered word, without points;

The same four letters with certain vowels, taken from another sacred word;

The same with the vowel points of still another sacred word.

From this Castells infers "that the unwritten word of Kabbalism. consisted of three particles, or syllables, each one being capable of standing by itself; and as it had a meaning of its own, it could be considered either singly or separately. The three syllables, however, formed one word, and were actually united and inseparable. This answers exactly to the Word which the R.A. Companions know of."

 

So far we may, perhaps, agree with Castells, but he goes further, and claims that "The statement of the Zohar implies that each part of the Sacred Word was communicated and shared piecemeal by the three who bore sway among the old time companions, and this was done by them as they passed successively from chair to chair, until the climax was reached when the whole Word became known."

 

He submits, therefore, that the passage refers to the Second Word with which we are familiar "which was the Masonic Word" of the seventeenth century.

 

I would like to be able to agree with Castells in this last deduction, but I am afraid he has built too much on very slender premises.

 

Be that as it may, he proves nothing. The first Word (except as to its correct pronunciation) is known to all the world, and has so been known for many centuries, so the possession of it by the R.A. does not indicate that it came from the Kabbalists. As to the second word, Castells' claim that it was possessed by the Kabbalists is entirely without foundation.

 

Further, there is more in our traditions than the knowledge of a word — the tradition as to the finding of what was lost. Even Castells does not suggest that the Kabbalists had a tradition of a loss of something important and its subsequent discovery. If it could be shown that they had, then the conclusion that our Order was a descendant of Kabbalism would be almost irrefutable.

 

Castells says:

 

"the analysis of Kabbalism … leaves no room for doubt … Kabbalism in this country (England) degenerated and gave rise to Freemasonry…. Our views have now been before Masonic students for some years, and if there be any fallacy in them, let those who can disprove them."

 

The fallacy is obvious. He has based his views on insufficient data; the "tiny bits" of his "jigsaw puzzle" are too few and too small to warrant the picture he has built out of them.

 

No, we can trace the Royal Arch back with certainty to a few years before 1744 (say 1740), and the place, England. It is probably very much older, but there we must leave it. Some day, perhaps, some old manuscript may turn up which will give it still greater antiquity, but it is not likely.

I'm pretty sure that wasn't here when we walked the other way up this track.

 

Anyway, it's there now and I can't un-see it.

 

I just don't know what it is. Fungi do pop up quickly. But that quickly? Has a devotee erected a makeshift lingam in this outdoor shrine? I'm stumped.

 

Perhaps nothing is really what it seems as we ponder this phallacy.

Sex After Forty: The Best You Ever Had!

 

By Calvin A. Colarusso, M.D.

Clinical Professor of Psychiatry,

University of California at San Diego

(10/01/2011)

 

The title says it all – that, and your reaction of clicking through to find out the punch line of what most people think must be a joke. The best sex you ever had? After forty? Even living in the Viagra age, it’s quite a claim.

 

It’s a claim that Calvin A. Colarusso, M.D, master clinician, backs up in his latest book, while explaining the biology and psychology of the middle years. Believe the myth that sexual function always decreases after you hit the big four-zero? Not true! This text guides you through the joys of intimacy you couldn’t begin to understand in your teens, the benefits of sex within a long-term committed relationship, and healthy adaptations as our bodies change and the years pass.

 

Sex After Forty: The Best You Ever Had delves into the true character of middle years sexuality, and will provide you with the information you need to experience exactly what the title promises.

 

The book includes the following topics:

• Developmental considerations as they relate to sexual and emotional intimacy

• The health benefits of a happy, sexual marriage

• Dealing with distractions

• Accepting changes while spicing it up!

• The fallacy of expected impotence

 

About the Author: Calvin Colarusso, M.D.

Dr. Colarusso is a board-certified Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at the University of California at San Diego, where he served for two decades as Director of the Child Psychiatry Residency Training Program.

 

He is also a Training and Supervising Analyst in child and adult psychoanalysis at the San Diego Psychoanalytic Institute and an internationally known lecturer to students, professionals, and the general public on many aspects of normal and pathologic development.

 

His six books have been published in English, Korean, and Spanish. See amzn.to/calcolarusso.

Amazon Review: 5.0 out of 5 stars Helped save my marriage!, October 3, 2011

By Doug (Brooklyn, NY) -This review is from: Sex After Forty: The Best You Ever Had! (Kindle Edition)

 

"This book is simply amazing. As a couple in our late 40's we've been through a LOT (highs and lows). As of lately it seemed we had hit a wall. We were constantly arguing and overly stressed from life happenings (work, bills, etc.) It had all greatly impacted our intimacy. I bought this book originally because the name stood out and I figured I've really got nothing to lose here. It was incredible from the very beginning. It pin-pointed many concerns I'd been having and gave incredible advice. The content was really easy to follow along with and absorb."

 

"Since reading this book and having a much better understanding on things, my wife and I have rejuvenated our sex life and couldn't be happier. Our moods are lifted and we're closer than we've been in many years. It's almost like a second honeymoon! This time however, thanks to this book, I feel I have the tools and knowledge to keep it going! The section: Accepting changes while spicing it up! was a personal favorite and helped me develop a confidence I didn't know I had. It's really made things feel fresh and new all over again. It's almost like we're back in our 20's!"

 

"My hat is off to this author for composing a book targeting middle age and up. It's very well-written and I think anyone having issues in the bedroom or lack of intimacy will really appreciate the read. Highly recommended!"

Modern society, says he who for the majority of the planet would be classed as being part of it, seems to instil and disperse the theory that mass education is the saviour of all; but, as with any aspect of life there should be education in moderation, for there can only be so many winners. As a result we have a multitude of people passing through the sausage factory that is university, ending up with a degree of questionable merit, a mountain of debt and a ticket for the back of the row of the employment line.

 

No one, normal, would say on their death bed that they wished they’d worked that bit harder. Far be it to say that I’m against education; reading is both a pleasure and a form of escapism, but there is something to be said for focussing on the things that are enjoyable and make life worth experiencing than to simply achieve for the sake of posturing in your success.

 

To bastardise an Oscar Wilde quote, those who focus on the here and now “have the best of it in this world. They can sit at their ease and gape at the play. If they know nothing of victory, they are at least spared the knowledge of defeat”. A little bit of knowledge can be dangerous, a mass of unfilled expectations disastrous.

Modern society, says he who for the majority of the planet would be classed as being part of it, seems to instil and disperse the theory that mass education is the saviour of all; but, as with any aspect of life there should be education in moderation, for there can only be so many winners. As a result we have a multitude of people passing through the sausage factory that is university, ending up with a degree of questionable merit, a mountain of debt and a ticket for the back of the row of the employment line.

 

No one, normal, would say on their death bed that they wished they’d worked that bit harder. Far be it to say that I’m against education; reading is both a pleasure and a form of escapism, but there is something to be said for focussing on the things that are enjoyable and make life worth experiencing than to simply achieve for the sake of posturing in your success.

 

To bastardise an Oscar Wilde quote, those who focus on the here and now “have the best of it in this world. They can sit at their ease and gape at the play. If they know nothing of victory, they are at least spared the knowledge of defeat”. A little bit of knowledge can be dangerous, a mass of unfilled expectations disastrous.

Climate change and unsustainable land and water practices are causing shortage and food insecurity. These women are carrying their fishing nets along a dry river bed ending their toilsome day with little or no catch at all. © UN4U/Mukhopadhyay Somenath.

 

ILO staff can use this photo for ILO work (website, presentations, publications, etc.) because we were a partner in the UN4U competition. But they are not available for non-ILO use. They should be credited © UN4U.

 

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License. To view a copy of this license, visit creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/deed.en_US.

Media manipulation is a series of related techniques in which partisans create an image or argument that favours their particular interests. Such tactics may include the use of logical fallacies and propaganda techniques, and often involve the suppression of information or points of view by crowding them out, by inducing other people or groups of people to stop listening to certain arguments, or by simply diverting attention elsewhere. In Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes, Jacques Ellul writes that public opinion can only express itself through channels which are provided by the mass media of communication-without which there could be no propaganda.[1] It is used within public relations, propaganda, marketing, etc. While the objective for each context is quite different, the broad techniques are often similar. As illustrated below, many of the more modern mass media manipulation methods are types of distraction, on the assumption that the public has a limited attention span.

 

Propagandising[edit]

Main article: Propaganda

Propagandising is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position by presenting only one side of an argument. Propaganda is commonly created by governments, but some forms of mass-communication created by other powerful organisations can be considered propaganda as well. As opposed to impartially providing information, propaganda, in its most basic sense, presents information primarily to influence an audience. Propaganda is usually repeated and dispersed over a wide variety of media in order to create the chosen result in audience attitudes. While the term propaganda has justifiably acquired a strongly negative connotation by association with its most manipulative and jingoistic examples (e.g. Nazi Propaganda used to justify the Holocaust), propaganda in its original sense was neutral, and could refer to uses that were generally benign or innocuous, such as public health recommendations, signs encouraging citizens to participate in a census or election, or messages encouraging persons to report crimes to the police, among others.

Psychological warfare[edit]

Main article: Psychological warfare

Psychological warfare is sometimes considered synonymous with propaganda. The principal distinction being that propaganda normally occurs within a nation, whereas psychological warfare normally takes place between nations, often during war or cold war. Various techniques are used to influence a target's values, beliefs, emotions, motives, reasoning, or behavior. Target audiences can be governments, organizations, groups, and individuals.

Public relations[edit]

Main article: Public relations

Public relations (PR) is the management of the flow of information between an individual or an organization and the public. Public relations may include an organization or individual gaining exposure to their audiences using topics of public interest and news items that do not require direct payment. PR is generally created by specialised individuals or firms at the behest of already public individuals or organizations, as a way of managing their public profile.

 

Love God | gospel

Movie "Honor and Dishonor

" | My Lord, You Walk With Me

🌀 🌀 🌀 🌀 🌀 🌀 🌀 🌀

Introduction

Jiang Ming is a preacher of the Church of Almighty God

. In her thirteen years of preaching the gospel, she suffered exclusion and revilement from the religious people and was even sent to prison because she testified about the return of the Lord. It was Almighty God’s word that encouraged her constantly and strengthened her in agony and weakness. She came to know that it was an honor to bear humiliation with God Most High, so she kept proclaiming God’s name in spite of all difficulties. Under the guidance of God, she and the brothers and sisters cooperated together with one mind and had several intense debates with the religious people. In the end, truth prevailed over fallacy. More and more true believers in God were conquered by the word of Almighty God and were certain that Almighty God

is the return of the Lord Jesus

. They accepted God’s work of the last days

in succession and thus Jiang Ming was glorified with God!

 

Terms of use

  

🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟

🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟

 

Model/MUA/Hair/Costume: Kathy Gfeller (www.facebook.com/glitterbomber)

 

Alchemy Links:

W: www.alchemyinimagery.com

FB: www.facebook.com/alchemyinimagery

Su-Mei Thompson never objects, she is submissive to the CEO’s bad behavior, corporate misconduct and big business, so she damages the image of institutions, universities, women's rights, and so on...

Anthropomorfic fallacy

www.holyspiritspeaks.org/videos/red-re-education-at-home-...

 

Christian Family Movie Trailer | Jesus Christ Is My Lord | "Red Re Education at Home"

Zheng Yi is a Christian. When he heard about the CCP government's brutal persecution of Eastern Lightning and the arrest of Christians during his work in the United States, he pondered, "The CCP is an atheist party, a satanic regime that resists God most. Under the frenzied persecution and suppression by the CCP, Eastern Lightning has still become increasingly prosperous. It most likely is the true way." So he examined Eastern Lightning on the website of The Church of Almighty God. He discovered that Almighty God's word is the truth and the voice of God. He determined that Almighty God is the return of the Lord Jesus. So he readily accepted the work of Almighty God in the last days. Four years later, Zheng Yi returned to China and passed on the work of Almighty God in the last days to his sister, Zheng Rui, a news reporter.

Zheng Yi's father, Zheng Weiguo, is the minister of the United Front Work Department in a city of China. When he learned that his children had believed in Almighty God, he strongly opposed it and repeatedly used the rumors and fallacies of the CCP government to stop them from believing in God. On many occasions, Zheng Yi and his sister debated with their father. This spiritual war of the family ultimately ended with the truth triumphing over fallacy and the fact over rumor! Fearful of the CCP's evil power and determined to keep his official position and livelihood, Zheng Weiguo stubbornly took side with the CCP and compelled his children to give up their belief in Almighty God but to no avail. He finally expelled them from their home …

Zheng Yi and his sister resolutely chose to leave their family and follow Christ to preach and witness God's appearance and work in the last days.

Terms of Use

For context please see the following discussion threads:

 

Some background on Truth in science , his behaviour and tactics:

www.flickr.com/groups/atheism/discuss/72157655207697198/

 

His bizarre claims: Dinosaurs and humans co-existed:

www.flickr.com/groups/atheism/discuss/72157671262698836/

 

More of his bizarre claims: Science proves the existence of god, there has been an atheist conspiracy to hijack science and the BBC and other assorted drivel:

www.flickr.com/groups/atheism/discuss/72157671042685495/

 

A rather weird claim that somehow his brand of christianity is more rational and "scientific" than atheism: www.flickr.com/groups/atheism/discuss/72157674491298295/

 

His take on causality..............needless to say it's a tad wide of the mark: www.flickr.com/groups/atheism/discuss/72157676663714545/

 

What the critics have said about Truth in Science:"Common sense should tell anyone that's visited his photostream that a reasoned and well balanced mind doesn't invest the sheer dogmatism and obsession into one single point of view. You have to go to the fire and brimestone kind of evangelicals to find such blind certainty of your position.No doubt about it he sees himself as some sort of one man teacher, preacher and convertion machine"

 

And,"One thing is for sure, this fellow isn't above doctoring and trimming his argument to suit his agenda"

 

On his censorship of comments from others, "......it seems "Truth in science" is someone who, by posting images on Flickr, invites people to comment on them and when a well informed person politely responds, in a manner devastating to his claim or argument, that person is treated with abuse, non-sequitors and other fallacies. And when it becomes clear that the informed person has gained the upper hand in the discussions, he or she is censored. I can't think of anything that more obviously demonstrates "Truth in science's" claims and/or arguments are untenable or indefensible."

 

Also,"I found it the most telling that when he started attacking me for calling him out, he did not respond to my comment that he did not follow his own bible.....completely ignored that!"

 

As one reviewer succintly put it, "...if you have grown up in a developed country in a post enlightenment time, the only possible excuse I can see for retaining a belief in creationism is if you are a fully certified raving fruit loop."

 

The latest review of his output has one reader breathless!, " I don't think I've ever seen such a massive truckload of religious drivel on any forum before. It seems the guy has absolutely zero understanding of religion, philosophy, logic, science, history, the art of debate etc.

Prof. John Pollini working STUDENTS AT OSTIA ANTICA

John Pollini in my opinion is the number 1 authority on Julio Claudian Portrait study. I have had much correspondence with Prof. Pollini and he is passionate about Roman Art. Here is his curriculum Vitae:

 

Education

B.A. Classics, University of Washington, 1/1968

M.A. Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology, UC Berkeley, 1/1973

Ph.D. Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology, UC Berkeley, 1/1978

 

Academic Appointment, Affiliation, and Employment History

Professor, Department of Art History (Adjunct Professor for Department of Classics and Department of History), University of Southern California, 1991-

Dean of the School of Fine Arts, University of Southern California, 1993-1996

Chairman of the Department of Art History, University of Southern California, 1990-1993

Associate Professor, Department of Art History and Department of Classics (adjunct appointment), University of Southern California, 1987-1991

Assistant Professor, Department of Classics, Johns Hopkins University, 1980-1987

Curator, Johns Hopkins University Archaeological Museum, 1980-1987

Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of Classics, Johns Hopkins University, 1979-1980

Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Classics, Case Western Reserve University, 1978-1979

 

Description of Research

Summary Statement of Research Interests

Professor Pollini's research is concerned with methodologies of classical art and archaeology, ancient history, classical philology, epigraphy and numismatics. His other scholarly research interests include ancient religion, mythology, narratology, rhetoric and propaganda. Over the years Professor Pollini has excavated at the Greco-Roman site of Aphrodisias, Turkey, and the Etruscan site of Ghiaccio Forte, Italy, and participated in the underwater survey of the port of Tarquinia (Gravisca), Italy. Trained in the methodologies of classical art & archaeology, ancient history, classical philology, epigraphy, and numismatics, Professor Pollini is committed to interdisciplinary teaching and research. Professor Pollini has lectured widely both in the United States and abroad. He has published numerous articles and authored several books.

 

Research Specialties

Classical Art and Archaeology

 

Honors and Awards

Elected Life Member, German Archaeological Association, 2000-

American Council of Learned Societies Fellowship, awarded for second time, 2006-2007

Guggenheim Fellowship, deferred until 2007-2008, 2006-2007

Whitehead Professor at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens (Honorific Appointment), 9/1/2006-6/1/2007

Departmental Nominee for University Associates Award for Excellence in Teaching 2002, 2002-2005

Mellon Foundation Award for Excellence in Mentoring, 2004-2005

Departmental Nominee for University Associates Award for Excellence in Teaching 1998, 1998-2001

National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship, awarded for second time, 1995-1996

American Council of Learned Societies Fellowship, 1987-1988

National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship, 1983-1984

Mellon Postdoctoral Fellowship, 1978-1979

Fulbright Award, Fellowship to Italy, 1975-1976

   

CURRICULUM VITAE

 

JOHN POLLINI

 

Department of Art History

Von Kleinsmid Center 351 University of Southern California

Los Angeles, CA 90089-0047

  

Professor of Classical Art and Archaeology, Department of Art History

Joint Professor, Department of History

Adjunct Professor, Department of Classics

 

President, Classical Archaeological Association of Southern California (CAASC)

  

DEGREES

 

Ph. D. Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology, University of California at

Berkeley (1978) (interdisciplinary program involving the Departments of Art History,

Classics, and History; major field: Etruscan and Roman Art and Archaeology; minor

fields: Greek Art and Archaeology and Roman History; Ph.D. equivalency exams in

ancient Greek and Latin) [Diss.: Studies in Augustan “Historical” Reliefs]

 

M.A. Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology, University of California at

Berkeley (l973) [MA Thesis: Two Marble Portrait Statues of Pugilists from Carian

Aphrodisias: Iconography and Third Century A.D. Sculptural Traditions in the Roman

East]

 

B.A. magna cum laude, Classics, University of Washington (1968)

 

POSTDOCTORAL ACADEMIC APPOINTMENTS

 

Dean of the School of Fine Arts, University of Southern California, with administrative,

budgetary, and fund-raising responsibilities (1993-1996)

 

Chairman of the Department of Art History, University of Southern California

(1990-1993)

 

Full Professor, University of Southern California, Department of Art History

(1991-present), with joint appointment in the Department of History and adjunct

appointment in the Department of Classics

 

Associate Professor, University of Southern California, Department of Art History, with

adjunct appointment in the Department of Classics (1987-1991)

 

Assistant Professor, Johns Hopkins University, Department of Classics (1980-1987) and

 

Curator of the Johns Hopkins University Archaeological Museum (1980-1987)

 

Visiting Assistant Professor, Johns Hopkins University, Department of Classics

(1979-1980)

 

Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow, Case Western Reserve University, Department of Classics

(1978-1979)

 

INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL FELLOWSHIPS, GRANTS,

AWARDS, HONORS

 

William E. Metcalf Lectureship (2008)

 

John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship (2006-2007, deferred to

2007-2008)

 

Whitehead Professor of Archaeology, American School of Classical Studies at

Athens (2006-2007)

 

American Council of Learned Societies Fellowship (2006-2007)

 

Kress Foundation Travel Grant (Summer 2006)

 

Mellon Foundation Award for Excellence in Mentoring (2005)

 

Taggart Foundation Grant: Campus Martius Virtual Reality Project (2005)

 

Distinguished Lecturer, Biblical Archaeological Society and Center for Classical

Archaeology, University of Oklahoma, Norman (2005): Series of three lectures on

Roman and Christian Religion, Art, and Ideology

 

Kress Foundation Travel Grant (2003)

 

Senior Humboldt Research Prize (nominated) to Berlin, Germany, for 2000-2001

 

Elected Member (for life) of the German Archaeological Institute (Berlin) (2000)

 

National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship for Independent Study and

Research (1995-1996)

 

Kress Foundation Travel Grant (Summer 1988)

 

American Council of Learned Societies Fellowship (1987-1988)

 

Kress Foundation Travel Grant (1987)

 

National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship for Independent Study and

Research (1983-1984)

 

Mellon Postdoctoral Fellowship, Case Western Reserve University (1978-1979)

 

Mabelle McLeod Lewis Memorial Fund Fellowship to Italy (1975-1976)

 

Fulbright Fellowship, Università di Roma, Rome, Italy (1975-1976)

 

UNIVERSITY FELLOWSHIPS, GRANTS, AWARDS, HONORS

 

Departmental Nominee for University Associates Award for Excellence in Teaching

(2002-2005)

 

College Faculty Research Development Award (consecutive years: 2000-2007)

 

University of Southern California Grant for Innovative Undergraduate Teaching

(with Lynn Swartz Dodd and Nicholas Cipolla) for a virtual reality project “Imaging

Antiquity: Creating Context through Virtual Reconstructions, Digital Resources, and

Traditional Media” (2003-2004)

 

Grant for the “College Initiative for the Study of Political Violence” (2002)

 

University of Southern California Grant for Innovative Undergraduate Teaching

(with Bruce Zuckermann and Lynn Swartz Dodd) to develop a new interdisciplinary and

interdepartmental course entitled “Accessing Antiquity: Actual Objects in Virtual Space”

(2000-2001)

 

University of Southern California Senior Nominee for National Endowment for the

Humanities Summer Stipend for Faculty Research (1998-1999)

 

Departmental Nominee for University Associates Award for Excellence in Teaching

(1998-2001)

 

College Awards and Grants for Research Excellence (consecutive years: 1997-2000)

 

Hewlett Foundation Award and Grant for General Education Course Development

(1997-1998)

 

Faculty Research and Innovation Fund Grant, University of Southern California (1988)

 

University of California Traveling Fellowship (1976-1977)

 

Dean’s Fellowship, U.C. Berkeley (1973-1975)

 

Phi Beta Kappa (1968), University of Washington

 

ADDITIONAL EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION

 

Field trips sponsored by the American Academy in Rome, German Archaeological

Institute, and Comune di Roma (1975-1978)

 

Research in Rome, Italy for dissertation (1975-1978), as well as further study of Greek

and Roman art and architecture in Italy and elsewhere in Europe during this period

 

Supervised study of Greek and Roman sculpture at the J. Paul Getty Museum, with

J. Frel (1973-1975)

 

Course in Greek art and archaeology at the Universität München, Munich, Germany

with E. Homann-Wedeking (1971)

 

Study of the German language at the Goethe Institute, Grafing (Munich), Germany (1971)

 

Course work in Roman, Etruscan, and Italic art and architecture, Università di Roma,

with G. Becatti, M. Pallottino, F. Castagnoli, and M. Squarciapino (1970-1971)

 

ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK

 

Underwater survey of port of Tarquinia (Gravisca), Italy (1977): Consultant

 

Excavation of Etruscan site of Ghiaccio Forte, Italy (1973)

 

Excavation of Greco-Roman site of Aphrodisias, Turkey (1970-1972)

 

Excavation of Spanish/Indian Mission, Guavave, Arizona (1965-1966)

 

LANGUAGES

 

Ancient: Latin and Greek

Modern: German, Italian, French, modern Greek, some Turkish

 

BOOKS

 

PUBLISHED:

 

I) The Portraiture of Gaius and Lucius Caesar (Fordham University Press, New York

1987) (with a book subvention from the National Endowment for the Humanities).

 

II) Roman Portraiture: Images of Character and Virtue, with graduate student

participation (Fisher Gallery, Los Angeles 1990).

 

III) Gallo-Roman Bronzes and the Process of Romanization:The Cobannus Hoard

(Monumenta Graeca et Romana IX) (Brill, Leiden 2002).

 

IV) The de Nion Head: A Masterpiece of Archaic Greek Sculpture (Philipp von

Zabern, Mainz 2003).

 

V) Terra Marique: Studies in Art History and Marine Archaeology in Honor of Anna

Marguerite McCann on the Receipt of the Gold Medal of the Archaeological Institute

of America (editor, designer, and contributor of introduction, publication list, and

one of 19 essays) (Oxbow Publications, Oxford 2005).

 

SUBMITTED:

 

VI) From Republic to Empire: Rhetoric, Religion, and Power in the Visual Culture of

Ancient Rome (University of Oklahoma Press), comprising eight chapters:

CHAPTER I: The Leader and the Divine: Diverse Modes of Representation in Roman Numismatics

CHAPTER II: The Cult Image of Julius Caesar: Conflicts in Religious Theology and Ideology in

Augustus’ Representational Program

CHAPTER III: From Warrior to Statesman in Augustan Art and Ideology: Augustus and the Image of

Alexander

CHAPTER IV: The Ideology of “Peace through Victory” and the Ara Pacis: Visual Rhetoric and the

Creation of a Dynastic Narrative [revised and updated essay originally published in

German]

CHAPTER V: The Acanthus of the Ara Pacis as an Apolline and Dionysiac Symbol of

Anamorphosis, Anakyklosis and Numen Mixtum [revised and updated publication].

CHAPTER VI: Divine Providence in Early Imperial Ideology: The Smaller Cancelleria Relief and

the Ara Providentiae Augustae

CHAPTER VII: The “Insanity” of Caligula or the “Insanity” of the Jews? Differences in Perception

and Religious Beliefs

CHAPTER VIII: “Star Power” in Imperial Rome: Astral Theology, Castorian Imagery, and the Dual

Heirs in the Transmission of the Leadership of the State

 

IN PROGRESS:

 

VII) Christian Destruction and Desecration of Images of Classical Antiquity: A Study

in Religious Intolerance in the Ancient World

 

VIII) Dynastic Narratives in Augustan Art and Thought: The Rhetoric and Poetry of

Visual Imagery [with DVD Virtual Reality Program of the Monuments]

 

IX) The Image of Augustus: Art, Ideology, and the Rhetoric of Leadership

 

X) Social, Sexual, and Religious Intercourse: Sacrificial Ministrants and Sex-Slaves

in Roman Art -- 3rd Century B.C. - 4th Century A.D.

  

ARTICLES

 

PUBLISHED:

 

1) “A Flavian Relief Portrait in the J. Paul Getty Museum,” in Getty Museum Journal

5 (1977) 63-66.

 

2) “Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and the Ravenna Relief,” in Römische Mitteilungen

88 (1981) 117-40.

 

3) “A Pre-Principate Portrait of Gaius (Caligula)?” in Journal of the Walters Art

Gallery 40 (1982) 1-12.

 

4) “Damnatio Memoriae in Stone: Two Portraits of Nero Recut to Vespasian in

American Museums,” in American Journal of Archaeology 88 (1984) 547-55.

 

5) “The Meaning and Date of the Reverse Type of Gaius Caesar on Horseback,” in

American Numismatic Society Museum Notes 30 (1985) 113-17.

 

6) “Response to E. Judge’s ‘On Judging the Merits of Augustus,’” in Center for

Hermeneutical Studies: Colloquy 49 (1985) 44-46.

 

7) “Ahenobarbi, Appuleii and Some Others on the Ara Pacis,” in American Journal of

Archaeology 90 (1986) 453-60.

 

8) “The Findspot of the Statue of Augustus from Prima Porta,” in Bullettino della

Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma 92 (1987/88) 103-108.

 

9) “Two Acrolithic or Pseudo-Acrolithic Sculptures of the Mature Classical Period in

the Archaeological Museum of the Johns Hopkins University,” in Classical Marble:

Geochemistry,Technology, Trade (NATO ASI Series E vol. 153), edd. N. Herz and

M. Waelkens (Dordrecht 1988) 207-17.

 

10) “Man or God: Divine Assimilation and Imitation in the Late Republic and Early

Principate,” in Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and His

Principate, edd. K.A. Raaflaub and M. Toher (Berkeley 1990) 333-63.

 

11) “The Marble Type of the Augustus from Prima Porta: An Isotopic Analysis,” in

Journal of Roman Archaeology 5 (1992) 203-208.

 

12) “The Tazza Farnese: Principe Augusto ‘Redeunt Saturnia Regna’!” in American

Journal of Archaeology 96 (1992) 249-55, 283-300.

 

13) “The Cartoceto Bronzes: Portraits of a Roman Aristocratic Family of the Late First

Century B.C.,” in American Journal of Archaeology 97 (1993) 423-46.

 

14) “The Gemma Augustea: Ideology, Rhetorical Imagery, and the Construction of a

Dynastic Narrative,” in Narrative and Event in Ancient Art, ed. P. Holliday

(Cambridge 1993) 258-98.

 

15) “The Acanthus of the Ara Pacis as an Apolline and Dionysiac Symbol of

Anamorphosis, Anakyklosis and Numen Mixtum,” in Von der Bauforschung zur

Denkmalpflege, Festschrift für Alois Machatschek (Vienna 1993) 181-217.

 

16) “The ‘Trojan Column’ at USC: Reality or Myth?” in Trojan Family (May, 1994)

30-31.

 

17) “The Augustus from Prima Porta and the Transformation of the Polykleitan Heroic

Ideal,” in Polykleitos, the Doryphoros, and Tradition, ed. W. Moon (Madison 1995)

262-82.

 

18) “The ‘Dart Aphrodite’: A New Replica of the ‘Arles Aphrodite Type,’ the Cult Image

of Venus Victrix in Pompey’s Theater at Rome, and Venusian Ideology and Politics

in the Late Republic - Early Principate,” in Latomus 55 (1997) 757-85.

 

19) “Parian Lychnites and the Prima Porta Statue: New Scientific Tests and the Symbolic

Value of the Marble” (with N. Herz, K. Polikreti, and Y. Maniatis), in Journal of

Roman Archaeology 11 (1998) 275-84.

 

20) “The Warren Cup: Homoerotic Love and Symposial Rhetoric in Silver,” in The Art

Bulletin 81 (1999) 21-52.

 

21) “Ein mit Inschriften versehener Legionärshelm von der pannonisch-dakischen Grenze

des römischen Reiches: Besitzverhältnisse an Waffen in der römischen Armee,” in

M. Junkelmann, Römische Helme VIII Sammlung Axel Guttmann, ed. H. Born

(Mainz 2000) 169-88.

 

22) “The Marble Type of the Statue of Augustus from Prima Porta: Facts and Fallacies,

Lithic Power and Ideology, and Color Symbolism in Roman Art,” in Paria Lithos:

Parian Quarries, Marble and Workshops of Sculpture (Proceedings of the First

International Conference on the Archaeology of Paros and the Cyclades, Paros, 2-5

October 1997), edd. D.U. Schilardi and D. Katsonopoulou (Athens 2000) 237-52.

 

23) “The Riace Bronzes: New Observations,” in Acten des 14. Internationalen

Kongresses für Antike Bronzen, Kölner Jahrbuch 33 (2000) 37-56.

 

24) “Two Bronze Portrait Busts of Slave-Boys from a Shrine of Cobannus in Roman

Gaul,” in Studia Varia II: Occasional Papers on Antiquities of The J. Paul Getty

Museum 10 (2001) 115-52.

 

25) “A New Portrait of Octavian/Augustus Caesar,” in Roman Sculpture in the

Art Museum, Princeton University (Princeton 2001) 6-11.

 

26) “Two Gallo-Roman Bronze Portraits of Sacrificial Ministrants in the J. Paul Getty

Museum,” in From the Parts to the Whole 2: Acta of the 13th International Bronze

Congress, Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 28 - June 1, 1996, edd. C.C.

Mattusch, A. Brauer, and S.E. Knudsen (Portsmouth, Rhode Island 2002) 89-91.

 

27) “‘Frieden-durch-Sieg’ Ideologie und die Ara Pacis Augustae: Bildrhetorik und

die Schöpfung einer dynastischen Erzählweise,” in Krieg und Sieg: Narrative

Wanddarstellungen von Altägypten bis ins Mittelalter (Internationales

Kolloquium 23. - 30. Juli 1997 im Schloss Heindorf, Langenlois; Österreichischen

Akademie der Wissenschaften XXIV), edd. M. Bietak und M. Schwarz (Vienna

2002) 137-59.

 

28) “A New Portrait of Octavia and the Iconography of Octavia Minor and Julia Maior,”

Römische Mitteilungen 109 (2002) 11-42.

 

29) “Slave-Boys for Sexual and Religious Service: Images of Pleasure and Devotion,” in

Flavian Rome: Culture, Image, Text, edd. A.J. Boyle and W.J. Dominik (Leiden

2003) 149-66.

 

30) “The Caelian Hill Sacrificial Minister: A Marble Head of an Imperial Slave-Boy from

the Antiquarium Comunale on the Caelian Hill in Rome,” in Römische Mitteilungen

111 (2004) 1-28.

 

31) “A New Head of Augustus from Herculaneum: A Marble Survivor of a Pyroclastic

Surge,” in Römische Mitteilungen 111 (2004) 283-98.

 

32) “The Armstrong and Nuffler Heads and the Portraiture of Julius Caesar, Livia, and

Antonia Minor in Terra Marique: Studies in Honor of Anna Marguerite McCann

on the Receipt of the Gold Medal of the Archaeological Institute of America, ed.

J. Pollini (Oxbow Publications, Oxford 2005) 89-122.

 

33) “A New Marble Portrait of Tiberius: Portrait Typology and Ideology,” in Antike Kunst

48 (2005) 57-72.

 

34) “A North African Portrait of Caracalla from the Mellerio Collection and the

Iconography of Caracalla and Geta,” in Revue Archéologique (2005) 55-77.

 

35) “A Bronze Gorgon Handle Ornament of the Ripe Archaic Greek Period,” in Annuario

della Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene e delle Missioni Italiani in Oriente 83

(2005) 235-47.

 

36) “Ritualizing Death in Republican Rome: Memory, Religion, Class Struggle, and the

Wax Ancestral Mask Tradition’s Origin and Influence on Veristic Portraiture” in

Performing Death: Social Analyses of Funerary Ritual in the Ancient Near East

and Mediterranean (Oriental Institute Seminars 3, University of

Chicago), ed. N. Laneri (Chicago 2007) 237-85.

 

37) “A New Bronze Portrait Bust of Augustus,” in Latomus 66 (2007) 270-73.

 

FORTHCOMING:

 

38) “Gods and Emperors in the East: Images of Power and the Power of Intolerance,”

in the proceedings of an international conference on “‘Sculptural Environment’ of the

Roman Near East: Reflections on Culture, Ideology, and Power” (University of

Michigan), in Interdisciplinary Studies in Ancient Culture and Religion,

edd. E.A. Friedland, S.C. Herbert, and Y.Z. Eliav (Peeters Publ.: Leuven).

 

39) “A New Portrait Bust of Tiberius in the Collection of Michael Bianco,” in Bulletin

Antieke Beschaving 83 (2008) 133-38.

 

40) “The Desecration and Mutilation of the Parthenon Frieze by Christians and Others,” in

Athenische Mitteilungen 122 (2007).

 

41) “Problematics of Making Ambiguity Explicit in Virtual Reconstructions:

A Case Study of the Mausoleum of Augustus,” for the proceedings of an international

conference, “Computer Technology and the Arts: Theory and Practice,” sponsored by

the British Academy and the University of London.

 

42) “A Winged Goat Table Leg Support from the House of Numerius Popidius Priscus at

Pompeii,” in Pompei, Regio VII, Insula 2, pars occidentalis. Indagini, Studi,

Materiali (la Soprintendenza Archeologica di Pompei), ed. L. Pedroni.

 

43) “Augustus: Portraits of Augustus,” in Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and

Rome (2008).

 

44) “A New Bronze Lar and the Role of the Lares in the Domestic and Civic Religion of the Romans,” in Latomus (2008).

  

IN PROGRESS:

 

45) “The ‘Colville Athena’ Head and Its Typology.”

 

46) “Idealplastik and Idealtheorie: Paradeigmatic Systems, Homosexual Desire, and the

Rhetoric of Identity in Polykleitos’ Doryphoros and Diadoumenos.”

 

REVIEW ARTICLES

 

PUBLISHED:

 

D. Boschung, Die Bildnisse des Augustus (Das römische Herrscherbild I.2) (Berlin 1993),

in Art Bulletin 81 (1999) 723-35.

 

E. Varner, Mutilation and Transformation: Damnatio Memoriae and Roman Imperial

Portraiture (Monumenta Graeca et Romana 10) (Leiden 2004), in Art Bulletin 88

(2006) 591-98.

  

BOOK REVIEWS

 

PUBLISHED:

 

M. Torelli, Typology and Structure of Roman Historical Reliefs, in American Journal of

Archaeology 87 (1983) 572-73.

 

J. Ganzert, Das Kenotaph für Gaius Caesar in Limyra, in American Journal of

Archaeology 90 (1986) 134-36.

 

R. Brilliant, Visual Narratives. Storytelling in Etruscan and Roman Art in American

Journal of Philology 107 (1986) 523-27.

 

PUBLISHED IN CHOICE:

 

E. Bartman, Portraits of Livia: Imaging the Imperial Woman in Augustan Rome, in

vol. 37 (1999) 126.

 

B.S. Ridgway, Prayers in Stone: Greek Architectural Sculpture (Ca. 600 - 100 B.C.),

in vol. 37 (2000) 1095.

 

W.E. Mierse, Temples and Towns in Roman Iberia: The Social and Architectural

Dynamics of Sanctuary Designs from the Third Century B.C. to the Third Century A.D.

in vol. 37 (2000) 1458.

 

V. Karageorgis, Ancient Art from Cyprus: The Cesnola Collection in The Metropolitan

Museum of Art (New York 2000)in vol. 38 (2000) 1953.

 

Z. Hawass, Valley of the Golden Mummies (New York 2000) in vol. 38 (2001)

4036.

 

M.W. Jones, Principles of Roman Architecture (New Haven 2000) in vol. 38 (2001)

5409.

 

F. Salmon, Building on Ruins: The Rediscovery of Rome and English Architecture

(Ashgate 2000) in vol. 39 (2001) 106.

 

J. Boardman, The History of Greek Vases: Potters, Painters and Pictures (New York

2001) in vol. 39 (2002) 3755.

 

Roman Sculpture in the Art Museum, Princeton University, ed. J. M. Padgett (Princeton

2001) in vol. 39 (2002) 6218.

 

G. Hedreen, Capturing Troy: The Narrative Function of Landscape in Archaic and Early

Classical Greek Art (Ann Arbor, 2001) in vol. 40 (2002) 73.

 

A. J. Clark, M. Elston, and M.L. Hart, Understanding Greek Vases: A Guide to Terms,

Styles, and Techniques (Los Angeles 2002) in vol. 40 (2003) 3185.

 

S. Woodford, Images of Myths in Classical Antiquity (Cambridge 2003) in vol. 41

(2003) 89.

 

J. Aruz with R. Wallenfels (edd.), Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from

the Mediterranean to the Indus (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York) (New

Haven 2003) in vol. 41 (2004) 2584.

 

G. Curtis, Disarmed: The Story of the Venus de Milo (New York 2003) in vol. 41 (2004)

5083.

 

Games for the Gods: The Greek Athlete and the Olympic Spirit, edd. J.J. Herrmann and C.

Kondoleon (Boston Museum of Fine Arts) in vol. 42 (2004) 646.

 

E.W. Leach, The Social Life of Painting in Ancient Rome and on the Bay of Naples

(Cambridge 2004) in vol. 42 (2004) 1215-16.

 

D. Mazzoleni, Domus: Wall Painting in the Roman House (Los Angeles 2004) in vol. 42

(2005) 1809.

 

S. Fine, Art and Judaism in the Greco-Roman World: Toward a New Jewish Archaeology

(Cambridge 2005) in vol. 43 (2006) 1586-87.

 

C.H. Hallett, The Roman Nude: Heroic Portrait Statuary 200 B.C. -- A.D. 300 (Oxford

2005) in vol. 44 (2006).

 

Constantine the Great: York’s Roman Emperor, edd. E. Hartley, J. Hawkes, M. Henig, and

F. Mee (York 2006) in vol. 44 (2006).

 

M.D. Stansbury-O’Donnell, Vase Painting, Gender, and Social Identity in Archaic Athens

(Cambridge 2006) in vol. 44 (2006).

 

PRINCIPAL INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS (Hard Copy and Online):

 

Greek Art and Archaeology: Course Manual (113 pages, 23 plates) and online version of

this Course Manual with digitized images

 

Roman Art and Archaeology: Course Manual (158 pages, 58 plates) and online version

of this Course Manual with digitized images

 

Digging into the Past: Material Culture and the Civilizations of the Ancient

Mediterranean: Course Manual (43 pages)

 

Proseminar Guide to General and Specific Works on Greek and Roman Art and

Archaeology and Related Disciplines (50 pages) and online version

 

Website for AHIS 425, “Introduction to Interdisciplinary Research and Methodology

in Classical Art and Archaeology and Related Disciplines” with links to other important

websites in the fields of Art, Archaeology, Classics, and Ancient History

 

Website for AHIS 201g: “Digging into the Past: Material Culture and the

Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean” (with digitized images)

 

PAPERS GIVEN AT INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL

CONFERENCES AND SYMPOSIA

 

On Judging the Merits of Augustus: Center for Hermeneutical Studies: Colloquy,

Berkeley (April, 1985)

 

Investigating Hellenistic Sculpture: Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts,

National Gallery of Art (October, 1986)

 

Augustus: Monuments, Arts, and Religion: Brown University (March, 1987)

 

Aspects of Ancient Religion: University of California at Berkeley (April, 1987)

 

Marble and Ancient Greece and Rome: International conference sponsored by

NATO at Il Ciocco (Tuscany), Italy (May, 1988)

 

Polykleitos, the Doryphoros and Its Influence: University of Wisconsin, Madison

(October, 1989)

 

UCLA-USC Seminar in Roman Studies: UCLA, Los Angeles (December, 1992)

 

XIIIth International Bronze Congress: Harvard University (May 28 - June 1, 1996)

 

UCLA-USC Seminar in Roman Studies: Roman Representations: Subjectivity, Power

and Space: USC, Los Angeles (March, 1997)

 

International Symposium at Cuma (Naples): Flavian Poets, Artists, Architects and

Engineers in the Campi Flegrei (July, 1997)

 

International Symposium at the University of Vienna: Interdisziplinäres Kolloquium

Historische Architekturreliefs vom Alten Ägypten bis zum Mittelalter (July, 1997)

 

First International Conference on the Archaeology of Paros and the Cyclades: Paros,

Greece (October, 1997)

 

Getty Research Institute Colloquium: Work in Progress (November, 1997)

 

Annual Meetings of the Art Historians of Southern California at California State

University, Northridge, California (November, 1998)

 

XIV. Internationaler Kongress für Antike Bronzen: Werkstattkreise, Figuren und Geräte

(Sponsored by Das Römisch-Germanisches Museum der Stadt Köln und das

Archäologisches Institut der Universität zu Köln [September 1999]): Besides giving paper,

chaired the session “Bronzestatuen und -statuetten: Fundkomplexen, Fundgruppen,

Einzelstücke, und Typen”

 

First International Symposium on Roman Imperial Ideology: Politics, Art, and

Numismatics at the Villa Vergiliana, Cuma (Naples) -- keynote speaker and chaired

session on “Ideology, Historiography, and the Imperial Family” (May, 2000)

 

International Symposium at Emory University, Atlanta: Tyranny and Transformation

(October, 2000)

 

Annual Meeting of the Art Historians of Southern California at the Getty Center,

Los Angeles, California (November, 2000)

Getty Research Institute Colloquium: Work in Progress (December, 2000)

 

Second International Symposium on Roman Imperial Ideology: Politics, Art, and

Numismatics at the Villa Vergiliana, Cuma (Naples) -- chaired session on “The Image of

the Princeps and the Ruler Cult” (May, 2001)

 

UCLA-USC Seminar in Roman Studies: UCLA, Los Angeles (April, 2002)

 

Third International Symposium on Roman Imperial Ideology: Politics, Art, and

Numismatics at the Villa Vergiliana, Cuma (Naples) -- chaired session on “Roman History

and Ideology” (May, 2002)

 

Symposium on the Age of Augustus at UCLA -- (Feb., 2003)

 

Fourth International Symposium on Roman Imperial Ideology: Politics, Art, and

Numismatics at the Villa Vergiliana, Cuma (Naples) -- keynote speaker and

chaired session (May, 2003)

 

International Archaeological Congress, Harvard University (Aug. 2003): Besides giving a

paper, chaired session on “Ancient Society”

 

VIIth International ASMOSIA Conference, Thasos, Greece (Sept. 2003)

 

International Conference in the Arts and the Humanities, Honolulu, Hawaii (Jan. 2004)

 

Symposium on Roman Sculpture, Minneapolis Museum of Art (organized by Richard

Brilliant) (April, 2004)

 

International Symposium on Interaction of Indigenous and Foreign Cults in Italy at Cuma

(Naples) (May, 2004): Besides giving a paper, chaired session

 

International Conference at University of Michigan: “‘Sculptural Environment’ of the

Roman Near East: Reflections on Culture, Ideology, and Power (November 2004)

 

International Conference at Stanford University: “Seeing the Past” (February 2005)

 

International Conference at the University of London: “Computer Technology and the Arts:

Theory and Practice” (November 2005)

 

International Conference at the University of Chicago: “Performing Death: Social Analyses

of Funerary Ritual in the Mediterranean” (February 2006)

  

VIIIth International ASMOSIA Conference, Aix-en-Provence, France (June 2006)

 

Symposium “Art of Warfare”: Michael C. Carlos Museum, Emory University (January

2007)

 

PAPERS PRESENTED AT ANNUAL CONVENTIONS OF THE

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE

COLLEGE ART ASSOCIATION

 

Boston (AIA, December, 1979)

 

New Orleans (AIA, December, 1980)

 

San Francisco (AIA, December, 1981)

 

Philadelphia (AIA, December, 1982)

 

Cincinnati (AIA, December, 1983)

 

Toronto (AIA, December, 1984)

 

Washington, D.C. (AIA, December, 1985) -- invited paper, “The Promulgation of the

Image of the Leader in Roman Art,” in a special AIA plenary session on Politics and

Art

 

San Antonio (AIA, December, 1986) -- invited paper, “Time, Narrativity, and Dynastic

Constructs in Augustan Art and Thought,” at a joint AIA-APA session on topics

illustrating connections between Roman art and philology

 

Houston (CAA, February, 1988) -- invited paper, “The Gemma Augustea and the

Construction of a Dynastic Narrative,” for a CAA session on Narrative and Event in

Greek and Roman Art

 

Atlanta (AIA, December, 1994) -- discussant for a joint AIA-APA session on “Rethinking

Nero’s Legacy: New Perspectives on Neronian Art, Literature, and History”

 

New York (AIA, December, 1996) -- special poster session: “The Marble Type of the

Statue of Augustus from Prima Porta: New Scientific Tests” (prepared in collaboration

with Norman Herz, Director of Programs, Center for Archaeological Sciences, University

of Georgia)

 

Chicago (AIA, December, 1997)

 

Washington, D.C. (AIA, December, 1998) -- invited paper, “A Portrait of a Sex-Slave

‘Stud’ (?) in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York,” for a special colloquium in

honor of Anna Marguerite McCann on the receipt of the “Gold Medal” of the

Archaeological Institute of America

 

San Francisco (AIA, January, 2004) -- joint paper with N.Cipolla and L. Swartz Dodd

 

OTHER ACADEMIC AND PUBLIC LECTURES/TALKS

 

American Academy, Rome, Italy (March, 1976)

 

Cleveland Society AIA, Cleveland, Ohio (April, 1979)

 

Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. (September, 1980)

 

Institute of Fine Arts, New York, N.Y. (October, 1980)

 

Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, N.Y. (January, 1983)

 

New York Society AIA, New York, N.Y. (January, 1983)

 

Baltimore Society AIA, Baltimore, Md. (February, 1983)

 

University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (March, 1987)

 

University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Ca. (March, 1987)

 

Columbia University, New York, N.Y. (April, 1987)

 

Classical Archaeological Society of Southern California, UCLA, Ca. (November 1989)

 

Tulane University, New Orleans, La. (February, 1990)

 

Classical Archaeological Society of Southern California, USC, Ca. (February 1990)

 

Los Angeles Society AIA, Los Angeles, Ca. (March, 1990)

 

Fisher Gallery and School of Fine Arts, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,

Ca. (March, 1990)

 

Institute of Fine Arts, New York, N.Y. (April, 1990)

 

American Academy, Rome, Italy (May, 1990)

 

University of Vienna and Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria (June, 1990)

 

San Diego Society AIA, San Diego, Ca. (September, 1990)

 

Classical Archaeological Society of Southern California, Getty Museum, Malibu, Ca.

(November, 1990).

 

University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. (December, 1990)

 

Classical Archaeological Society of Southern California, Gamble House, Pasadena, Ca.

(March 1991)

 

Henry T. Rowell Lecturer: Baltimore Society AIA, Baltimore, Md. (November, 1991)

 

Villanova University, Villanova, Pa. (November, 1991)

 

Royal-Athena Galleries, Los Angeles, Ca. (October, 1992)

 

Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts (CASVA), National Gallery of Art,

Washington D.C. (November, 1992)

 

University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C. (November, 1992)

 

Duke University, Durham, N.C. (November, 1992)

 

University of California, Los Angeles: UCLA/USC Seminar in Roman Studies, Los

Angeles, Ca. (December, 1992)

 

University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Ca. (January, 1993)

 

J. Paul Getty Museum and Center for the History of Art and the Humanities, Malibu,

Ca. (February, 1993)

 

Classical Archaeological Society of Southern California, UCLA, Ca. (March 1993)

 

California State University, Long Beach, Ca. (March, 1993)

 

Stanford University, Palo Alto, Ca. (April, 1993)

 

University of California, Berkeley, Ca. (April, 1993)

 

California State University, Northridge, Ca. (April, 1993)

 

University of Arizona, Tucson, Az. (April, 1993)

 

American Academy, Rome, Italy (June, 1994)

 

Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities (Director’s Series) (Dec., 1994)

 

University of California, Irvine (May, 1997)

 

American Academy, Rome, Italy (July, 1997)

 

American School of Classical Studies, Athens (October, 1997)

 

Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles (March, 1998)

 

British School at Rome (June, 1998)

 

University of California, Berkeley (November, 1998)

 

Classical Archaeological Society of Southern California, University of California,

Santa Barbara (March, 1999)

 

Work in Progress: Getty Research Institute, Brentwood, California (December, 2000)

 

Classical Archaeological Society of Southern California, Getty Research Institute,

Brentwood, Ca. (April, 2001)

 

American Academy, Rome, Italy (May, 2001)

 

Loyola Marymount, Los Angeles (March, 2002)

 

Southern California Institute of Architecture (February, 2003)

 

Columbia University, New York (April, 2003)

 

University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands (May, 2003)

 

University of Nijmegen, the Netherlands (May, 2003)

 

American School of Classical Studies, Athens (September, 2003)

 

University of Oklahoma, Norman (March, 2005)

 

Cambridge University, Cambridge, England (November, 2005)

 

American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Greece (March, 2007)

 

University of Athens, Greece (May, 2007)

 

Los Angeles Society of the AIA, Los Angeles (December, 2007)

 

College of William and Mary (January, 2008)

 

Duke University, Durham (February, 2008)

 

Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA (March, 2008)

 

University of Nebraska, Lincoln (April, 2008)

 

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS as Whitehead Professor of Archaeology (2006-2007)

 

Participated in all Fall trips of the School to various parts of Greece, giving

presentations on each of the trips.

 

Participated in the School’s Spring trip to Central Anatolia, giving several presentations.

 

Offered a seminar in the Winter Quarter: “Christian Destruction and Desecration of

Images and Shrines of Classical Antiquity.”

  

MISCELLANEOUS TALKS AND PRESENTATIONS

 

Lectures and talks on site regarding the architecture and topography of Rome, Ostia,

and Hadrian’s Villa for members of the Technische Universität für Architektur und

Denkmalpflege, Vienna, Austria; the Summer School of the American Academy in

Rome; St. Olaf College’s Junior Year Abroad Program; and M.A. students of

architecture in a joint summer program of the University of Southern California and the

University of Illinois; and the Intercollegiate Center for Classical Studies in Rome.

 

Talks on various aspects of Classical art and archaeology at meetings of the

Archaeological Society of the Mid-Atlantic States (1980-1987)

 

Gallery talks on the ancient collections of the Archaeological Museum of the Johns

Hopkins University (in capacity as curator) and of the Walters Art Gallery (1979-1987)

 

Gallery talks on the ancient collections of the J. Paul Getty Museum and the Los Angeles

County Museum of Art (1987-present)

 

Talk for USC graduate students in the Dept. of Classics at the Ara Pacis and Mausoleum of

Augustus in Rome (May 26, 2006), organized by Prof. Claudia Moatti, Dept. of Classics

 

SPECIAL TALKS AND LECTURES AT USC

 

Seminar for Professor Claudia Moatti, Department of Classics: “Problems in Ancient Art”

(March, 2005)

 

Seminar for Dr. Daniela Bleichmar, Department of Art History: Rediscovering the

Classical Past: The Relationship of Art History, Archaeology, and Visual Culture (March,

2005)

 

University of Southern California’s 125th Celebration: For Symposium on “Trojan

Legends” presented paper: “USC's Trojan Column: An Ancient and Modern Myth”

(October, 2005)

 

MEDIA INTERVIEWS AND CONSULTATION

 

New York Times, International Herald Tribune, Los Angeles Times, The New Yorker, The

History Channel, Arts and Entertainment Channel, KPCC Radio Los Angeles, NBC, Fox

 

Featured piece on my innovative work on the marble type of the statue of Augustus from

Prima Porta: A. Elders, “Tracing the Stones of Classical Brilliance,” in Hermes -- Greece

Today 35 (1999) 20-24.

 

ORGANIZER AND LEADER OF TOURS OF MUSEUMS AND SITES

 

Turkey (for Board of Councilors and donors of the School of Fine Arts, USC, 1995; for

university students and the general public, 1998)

 

Greece (Attica and the Peloponnese) (for university students and the general public, 1999)

 

Central Italy (for university students and the general public, 2000, 2002, 2003)

 

PARTICIPATION IN OTHER COLLOQUIA AND SYMPOSIA

 

Roman Sculpture and Architecture: German Archaeological Institute, Rome

(January, 1978)

 

Roman Architecture: Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, National Gallery

of Art (January, 1981)

 

The Age of Augustus. The Rise of Imperial Ideology: Brown University (April, 1982)

 

Pictorial Narratives in Antiquity and the Middle Ages: The Johns Hopkins University and

the Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, National Gallery of Art (March, 1984)

 

Villa Gardens of the Roman Empire: Dumbarton Oaks (May, 1984)

 

Retaining the Original -- Multiple Originals, Copies, and Reproductions: Center for

Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, National Gallery of Art (March, 1985)

 

Investigating Hellenistic Sculpture: Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts,

National Gallery of Art (October, 1986)

 

Marble -- Art Historical and Sculptural Perspectives on Ancient Sculpture: J. Paul Getty

Museum (April, 1988)

 

International Conference on Roman Archaeology and Latin Epigraphy: University of

Rome and the French School of Rome (May, 1988)

 

Roman Portraits in Context: Emory University (January, 1989)

 

Small Bronze Sculpture from the Ancient World: J. Paul Getty Museum (March, 1989)

 

Alexandria and Alexandrianism: J. Paul Getty Museum (April, 1993)

 

International Symposium: “Rome Reborn” Visual Reality Program at UCLA (December,

1996)

 

History of Restoration of Ancient Stone Sculptures, J. Paul Getty Museum (October, 2001)

 

Re-Restoring Ancient Stone Sculpture, J. Paul Getty Museum (March, 2003)

 

Marble Conference on Thasos, Liman, Thasos (Sept. 2003)

 

OTHER PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES

 

Editorial Assistant (1968-1969) and Associate Editor (1969-1970), AGON: Journal of

Classical Studies

 

Editorial Board, American Journal of Philology (January, 1982-January, 1987)

 

Delegate from Baltimore Society AIA to National Convention (1984-1986)

 

Vice-President, Baltimore Society of the AIA (1985-1987)

 

Co-Director, Exhibition on Roman Portraiture, Fisher Gallery (1989)

 

Co-Founder (with Dr. Diana Buitron) of the Classical Archaeological Society of the Mid-

Atlantic States (1978-87)

 

Founder and President of the Classical Archaeological Society of Southern California

(1987-present)

 

Member of the Ancient Art Council of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (1987-

present)

 

Oversaw the publication and helped edit the newsletter “ARTFACTS” of the

School of Fine Arts (1993-1996) during my tenure as Dean of the School of Fine Arts

 

USC Representative to Advisory Council of the American Academy in Rome

(1993-present)

 

Comitato di Collaborazione Culturale to the Consul General of Italy at Los Angeles

(1995-1998)

 

Advisory Committee for the Virtual Reality Project for Ancient Rome (“Rome Reborn”)

(1996-1998)

 

Delegate from Los Angeles Society AIA to National Convention (Chicago, Dec., 1997)

 

Reviewer for the Getty Grant Program (1999)

 

Reviewer for the MacArthur Foundation Grant (2000, 2003)

 

Planning Committee for a Four-Year International Conference on “Roman Imperial

Ideology” at the Villa Vergiliana at Cuma (Naples), organized by J. Rufus Fears (2000-

2003)

 

Consultant for the Forum of Augustus Project: Sovrintendenza Archeologica Comunale,

Direzione al Foro di Augusto (2004-present)

 

Editor of the newsletter “Musings” for the Department of Art History, USC (2005)

 

Planning Committee for the Internation Bronze Congress in Athens, Greece (2006-2007)

 

Chaired two sessions -- “Roman Sculpture” and “Augustan Art” -- at the Annual Meeting

of the Archaeological Institute of America (San Diego 2007)

  

UNIVERSITY COMMITTEES AND OTHER SERVICE

 

Faculty Senate (1988-1991)

 

Advisory Committee to the Dean of the School of Fine Arts (1990-1991, 1992-1993)

 

Chairman, Personnel Committee of the School of Fine Arts (1988-1990)

 

Library Liaison Officer for Art and Architecture Library (1987-present)

 

Search Committee for Reference Librarian of the Art and Architecture Library

(1989-1990 and 2000)

University Library Committee (1989-1990, 1998-2001)

 

Recruitment Committee for the School of Fine Arts (1989-1995)

 

Space Allocation Committee, School of Fine Arts (1989-1990)

 

University Research Committee (1990-1991)

 

Promotion Committee, School of Fine Arts (1990-1995)

 

University Ad Hoc Committee on Revenue Center Management (1990-1995)

 

Committee for University Development, School of Fine Arts (1993-1995)

 

Development Task Force, the School of Fine Arts (1993-1995)

 

Consultative Committee to the Provost (Spring 1993-1995)

 

University Galleries Advisory Committee (1993-1995)

 

University Committee on Transnational and Multicultural Affairs (1993-1995)

 

Provost’s Council at USC (formerly Council of Deans) (1993-1995)

 

USC Representative to the Advisory Council of the American Academy in Rome

(1993-present)

 

Founder and Member of the Board of Councilors for the School of Fine Arts (1994-1995)

 

Consortium Council of Deans for Development at USC (1995)

 

Tenure and Promotion Committee, Department of Art History (1995-to present)

 

Recruitment Committee for Department of Art History in the College of

Letters, Arts, and Sciences (1996-2005)

 

Program Proposer for the Establishment of an Interdepartmental and Interdisciplinary

Ancient Mediterranean Studies Program (1997-1999)

 

Chinese Search Committee, Department of Art History (1998-1999)

 

Japanese Search Committee, Department of Art History (1998-1999)

 

Professor-In-Charge, USC-Getty Lecture Series, Seminar, and Faculty Dinner (honoring

Salvatore Settis) (1998-1999)

 

Curriculum Committee (Co-Chair) (1998-1999)

 

Chair, Committee for Selection of Departmental Chair (1999-2000)

 

Chair, Merit Review Committee (1999-2000)

 

Committee for the Establishment of an Undergraduate Major in Archaeology

(2002-present)

 

Greek Art Search Committee, Department of Art History and Classics (2001-2004)

 

Faculty Search Committee, Department of Art History: Senior Hiring Initiative (2003-

present)

 

Junior Faculty Review Committee, Department of Art History (2003)

 

USC’s Arts and Humanities Committee (2003-2004)

 

Chair of Oversight Committee for the Interdisciplinary Archaeology Major (Spring 2006)

  

MEMBERSHIPS IN NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

 

NATIONAL:

 

Archaeological Institute of America

 

College Art Association

 

American Philological Association

 

Association of Ancient Historians

 

Vergilian Society

 

INTERNATIONAL:

 

Deutsches Archäologisches Institut

 

Associazione Internazionale di Archeologia Classica

 

Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity (AMOSIA)

 

Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

 

If you are interested in Julio Claudian Iconography and portrait study you may enjoy these two links:

 

Julio Claudian Iconographic Association- Joe Geranio- Administrator at groups.yahoo.com/group/julioclaudian/

 

The Portraiture of Caligula- Joe Geranio- Administrator- at

portraitsofcaligula.com/

 

Both are non-profit sites and for educational use only.

 

Only a limited percentage of the population are going to get this one. If you have decent eyesight, are of a certain age and were brought up in the UK then this one's for you.

 

Listen close for I have a tale to tell. A tale of woe and hard times. It all started with a dream. Although the simpleton who had the dream thought it was reality. Let's say this person we're talking about is one half of an street art duo called, for the sake of argument, id-iot. He thought he'd come up with a great idea for a site specific bit of street art but had somehow dreamed a fallacy. His simple idea was to have the sausage from the opening credits of 80's/90's school drama Grange Hill next to the street sign for Grange Hill which he was convinced they'd driven past some days previously. How impossibly amusing that would be.

 

With a stencil of a surprise sausage in hand he then convinced the other half of id-iot to take him to the location an internet search had revealed was to be found not too far away in South London. So far, so good. Upon arrival at Grange Hill it soon became apparent that they'd never driven that way before and that there was nowhere suitable to spray it. He'd somehow imagined the whole thing. Confusion reigned and they eventually drove home with the braying sound of laughter ringing in his ears. Determined that his efforts hadn't been in vain he searched for another Grange Hill nearby but there were none to be found. There was only Grange Hill station in Chigwell which was many miles away.

 

Rather than never letting the stencil see the light of day he decided to spray it on wood and cut it out in the hope that one day they would be passing somewhere near Chigwell. More than a year passed with the woodcut resting unhappily in his front room before the call came that they needed to measure up for a job nearby. After almost failing at the last hurdle with nowhere suitable to put it it turns out if just fitted in the space next to the noticeboard. And, you could just about cram the Grange Hill sign into the same shot. Phew. Mission complete. And that is how 'Surprise Sausage' came about. So now you know. Never trust your dreams.

 

Cheers

 

id-iom

The Badshahi Mosque (Punjabi, Urdu: بادشاھی مسجد), or the 'Emperor's Mosque', in Lahore is the second largest mosque in Pakistan and South Asia and the fifth largest mosque in the world. It is Lahore's most famous landmark and a major tourist attraction epitomising the beauty, passion and grandeur of the Mughal era.

Capable of accommodating 10,000 worshippers in its main prayer hall and 100,000 in its courtyard and porticoes, it remained the largest mosque in the world from 1673 to 1986 (a period of 313 years), when overtaken in size by the completion of the Faisal Mosque in Islamabad. Today, it remains the second largest mosque in Pakistan and South Asia and the fifth largest mosque in the world after the Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) of Mecca, the Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Prophet's Mosque) in Medina, the Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca and the Faisal Mosque in Islamabad.

To appreciate its large size, the four minarets of the Badshahi Mosque are 13.9 ft (4.2 m) taller than those of the Taj Mahal and the main platform of the Taj Mahal can fit inside the 278,784 sq ft (25,899.9 m2) courtyard of the Badshahi Mosque, which is the largest mosque courtyard in the world.

Construction of the Badshahi Mosque was ordered in May 1671 by the sixth Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb, who assumed the title 'Alamgir'. Construction took about two years and was completed in April 1673[1]. The construction work was carried out under the supervision of Aurangzeb's foster brother Muzaffar Hussain (also known as Fidaie Khan Koka) who was appointed Governor of Lahore in May 1671 and held this post until 1675. He was also Master of Ordnance to the Emperor. The mosque was built opposite the Lahore Fort, illustrating its stature in the Mughal Empire. In conjunction with the building of the mosque, a new gate was built at the Fort, named Alamgiri Gate after the Emperor.

Badshahi Mosque was somewhat damaged and misused during the glorious reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, some claim it was converted into a stable for his horses,[2] other sources say it was used as a gun powder magazine for military stores.[3] However, these claims can be dismissed as historical fallacies. During Maharaja Ranjit Singh's reign, Muslims were not allowed to enter the mosque to pray; they were only given a small place outside the mosque where they could worship as they had to be suppressed because they had previously displayed tyrannical tendencies during the periods of Muslim rule.

  

View from Minto Park

When the British took control of India, they would use the mosque for their military purposes by using the mosque for gun practices, cannons, etc. Even though they sensed Muslim hate for the British, they demolished a large portion of the wall of the mosque so the Muslims could not use it as a kind of "fort" for anti-British reasons. After a while, they finally returned it to the Muslims as a good will gesture, even though it was in terrible condition. It was then given to Badshahi Mosque Authority to restore it to its original glory.

From 1852 onwards, piecemeal repairs were carried out under the supervision of the Badshahi Mosque Authority. Extensive repairs were carried out from 1939 to 1960 at a cost of about 4.8 million rupees, which brought the mosque to its original shape and condition. The blueprint for the repairs was prepared by the late architect Nawab Zen Yar Jang Bahadur.

On the occasion of the second Islamic Summit held at Lahore on February 22, 1974, thirty-nine heads of Muslim states offered their Friday prayers in the Badshahi Masjid, led by Mawlānā Abdul Qadir Azad, the Khatib of the mosque.

A small museum is also attached to the mosque complex. It contains relics of the Prophet Muhammad, his cousin Ali, and his daughter, Fatimah.

In 2000, the marble inlay in the main vault was repaired under the supervision of Saleem Anjum Qureshi. In 2008, replacement work began to be carried out on the red sandstone tiles on the mosque's large courtyard, using red sandstone especially imported from the original source in Rajasthan, India

The architecture and design of the Badshahi Mosque closely resembles that of the slightly smaller Jama Mosque in Delhi, India, which was built in 1648 by Aurangzeb's father and predecessor, Emperor Shah Jahan. It is believed that Aurangzeb, in a bid to outdo his estranged father, had deliberately ordered that the Badshahi Mosque be larger than Delhi's Jama Mosque.

Like the character of its founder, the mosque is bold, vast and majestic in its expression. Its design was inspired by Islamic, Persian, Central Asian and Indian influences.

The interior of the mosque has rich embellishment in stucco tracery (Manbatkari) and a fresco touch on the ceiling panels, all in bold relief, as well as marble inlay.

The exterior is decorated with stone carving as well as marble inlay on red sandstone, specially of lotiform motifs in bold relief. The embellishment has Indo-Greek, Central Asian and Indian architectural influence both in technique and motifs.

  

Badshahi Masjid at night

  

Layout of the mosque

The skyline is furnished by beautiful ornamental merlons inlaid with marble lining adding grace to the perimeter of the mosque. In its various architectural features like the vast square courtyard, the side aisles (dalans), the four corner minars, the projecting central transept of the prayer chamber and the grand entrance gate, is summed up the history of development of mosque architecture of the Muslim world over the thousand years prior to its construction in 1673.

The north enclosure wall of the mosque was laid close to the Ravi River bank, so a majestic gateway could not be provided on that side and, to keep the symmetry the gate had to be omitted on the south wall as well. Thus, a four Aiwan plan like the earlier Delhi, Jamia Masjid could not be adopted here.

The walls were built with small kiln-burnt bricks laid in kankar, lime mortar (a kind of hydraulic lime) but have a veneer of red sandstone. The steps leading to the prayer chamber and its plinth are in variegated marble.

The prayer chamber is very deep and is divided into seven compartments by rich engraved arches carried on very heavy piers. Out of the 7 compartments, three double domes finished in marble have superb curvature, whilst the rest have curvilinear domes with a central rib in their interior and flat roof above. In the eastern front aisle, the ceiling of the compartment is flat (Qalamdani) with a curved border (ghalatan) at the cornice level.

The original floor of the courtyard was laid with small kiln-burnt bricks laid in the Mussalah pattern. The present red sandstone flooring was laid during the last thorough repairs (1939-60). Similarly, the original floor of the prayer chamber was in cut and dressed bricks with marble and Sang-i-Abri lining forming Mussalah and was also replaced by marble Mussalah during the last repairs.

•There are only two inscriptions in the mosque: one on the gateway

•the other of Kalimah in the prayer chamber under the main high vault

  

From a portfolio series titled "Trapped" .. This, final frame is titled "Vengeance"

Andrew's Summary of 2014

 

If 2013 was a year of drama, 2014 was…significantly less so. Although 2014 definitely had its ups and downs for me, overall it was a pretty decent year. Here are the “lights”; high, medium and low. As in, “highlights”? Right, I think you follow.

 

On New Year’s Eve of 2013, Ally and I stayed in – we had worked late, and it was freezing out. Toronto had just been hit by the ice storm and the start of the Polar Vortex, so we were happy to ring in the New Year indoors!

 

Soon into 2014, shitty things began happening. My great-aunt died; another relative got diagnosed with a fairly serious illness (if I recall correctly); and I got sick – just with a shitty cold, but sick nonetheless. Around January 22nd, my car’s transmission crapped out, and I had to rent a car to get to work. There was a shitload of snow up north that winter, by the way. It was chest-high in some unshoveled areas. Anyway, my mom helped me out with the cost of rebuilding my transmission, but my car troubles for 2014 were far from over.

 

In February, some dumbass punched a hole in the bumper I replaced in the summer of 2012 when another dumbass rear-ended me. It was parked this time, so I assume the person was drunk. I found the pieces of bumper under the snow on the street, so I put them back like puzzle pieces and taped them back with duct tape. More than ten months later, the duct tape job held. So it’s kind of turned into a triumph. Sometimes you have to change the way you look at events to let go of injustice. Or in other words, “Grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change.”

 

Certainly for everyone on this continent, the Polar Vortex was a big f***ing deal (to quote Joe Biden), so I’ll just get it out of the way now. It was brutal and I hope it doesn’t come back this year. The winter this year was so cold that it pushed the summer out into space…by that I mean that this year was another “Summer That Never Was”, not unlike the summer of 2009. It looks like temperatures are about to plunge again in a few days, but it’d have to be pretty bad to match the consistent bullshit we had last winter, so…let’s play the ol’ gambler’s fallacy and hope for the best.

 

2014 started to pick up when, after applying to school on a whim at the last minute, I got accepted. Ally had applied to the Social Service Worker program at George Brown in the fall, and in January or February I thought something like “Well, I’m not foreseeing any advancements in my jobs at this point, so I might as well apply, too.” So it was official: We were about to go to school together!

 

Also in February, I began to experiment with making digital music on GarageBand. That was pretty fun. I figured out how to create sounds where there had been nothing, all on the computer. Then I started adding real guitars to them. One song turned into something danceable. I called it “Gangsta What!” Another turned into my masterpiece. Then two days after I recorded it, my computer broke.

 

I was shocked. Macs are supposed to be the definition of perfection. They’re not supposed to have problems. That’s why one buys a Mac in the first place. I’d like to add at this point that any comments telling me that I’m an idiot for buying a Mac will be deleted. I got some sort of DOS-like screen of death, and it wouldn’t turn on past the Apple logo as I recall. So needless to say, I was feeling rather let down that my expensive laptop was suddenly a paperweight. I took it to the Apple Store, who told me that the hard drive was toast and non-recoverable, and that I’d need to replace it. Fuck that, said I. I took it to Carbon Computing, who took it apart and found that it was just a faulty cable, not the hard drive. Although it still wasn’t cheap to repair, I got my hard drive back. And the best songs I’d ever written.

 

Of course, while my computer was in the shop, I’d re-recorded the song as best I could remember on Ally’s computer (for she had also turned to the Daahhk Saiiide that winter and bought a Mac). I wasn’t initially as satisfied with “Steel String Music 3.0”, but as Ally pointed out, it does sound better organized. It’s more complete. Also during that time, Ally bought me the original Cosmos on DVD as an early birthday present, to help me feel better ☺ Also around that time, we started watching the new Cosmos with Neil deGrasse Tyson, which was excellent.

 

In May, I started my Social Service Work program at George Brown. It was a ton of work. We had to do an entire year’s worth of coursework in five weeks, as it was a fast-track program. We had a few tests and assignments due every week. But we got through it, and I made some friends. I also learned that I am the white devil, by virtue of being a white man.

 

Shortly after school was out for the summer, someone resigned from one of my jobs, and a position opened up, so I took it. I gave myself a stupid schedule, working 5 or 6 days a week, away from my girlfriend. It was good to gain the experience and I felt more comfortable doing the work because of being more immersed in it. But I won’t be doing that again. I worked almost every day this summer, and there aren’t many stories about this summer from me because it was mostly work. The thermostat in the staff housing was also set to February, which really sucks when the temperatures outside struggled to produce warmth. Fuck air conditioning. You need to lose some weight if you think 17 degrees is an acceptable indoor temperature in July.

 

Also in July, while I was driving home from my other job, I suddenly heard a rumbling sound…as if I were going over the rumble strips, but in the center lane. I pulled over, and a cop came up behind me. He called a tow truck, and over $300 later, I got to my shop in Scarborough, then the driver brought me back to the Scarb[insert suffix here] Town Centre, where I met Ally at the RT. She left home at night to come halfway across the city to bring me transit money…yet another example of her being supportive!

 

Anyway, turns out it was the exhaust system, but also the subframe needed major work, so I opted to replace it. No money, mo problems.

 

Also in July was my second anniversary of being with Ally. Yes, folks, you can have an anniversary if you’re not married. We celebrate two and a half years in January 2015!

 

Also in July, I finally went to the legendary Wasaga Beach. It was very cold that day. I got some nice pictures, but the weather sucked.

 

In early August, Ally and I went to Cecilia’s cottage with her, Stephane, and one of Stephane’s buddies, which was a nice change from “work-work-work-work-work-drive-work-work-etc.”. It was my only weekend off all summer.

 

On August 12th, I finally got to see the first band I obsessed over as a teenager – KISS! The show was pretty good; Paul Stanley’s voice was not what it used to be, but Gene Simmons brought his A game, and Def Leppard were just as tight.

 

Also in August, I got a few lousy shots of one of the last passenger trijets. A few months later, KLM retired their MD-11s, marking the end of an era that came and went largely before my time. Missed the boat. I’ll have to plan more aggressively the next time I want to take pictures of something that’s about to be decommissioned.

 

In early September, I finally said goodbye to my old emo glasses, and said hello to a pair of hipster glasses. It’s funny because I’ve tended to buy glasses from the style I hate, a few years after they’ve become popular. I don’t get it, but whatever. Maybe I secretly want to fit in, but view trends as douchey. Well, that’s not a secret. I’ve been like that since junior high.

 

Also in September, we went back to class. This time we were plagued not with a barrage of tests, but with testy group work, which would test our patience with each other. My first group project was a three-person co-facilitation, and we nailed it. The next two, not so much. Control issues came up, and I’ll take my share of responsibility for that. That won’t happen in future groupwork, at least in class settings this coming semester. I’ll be the peacemaker if I have to. At least several other groups were having problems, too, so it was clearly a systems issue, not a personal issue. See, I did learn something!

 

Also in September, I had Car Incident Number Four: While driving to the same workplace that the other three car disasters occurred in association with, my back side window exploded on the highway. There was a transport truck beside me, and I assumed he let out his airbrake steam and the pressure wave broke my window. Other people suggested it was a rock from his tire. In any case, I got to work and my coworker helped me to fashion a window out of a recycling bag and some masking tape, which I then reinforced with duct tape when I got home. $300+ later, I had a new window. Fuck.

 

In October, Ally and I went to Alex and Lisa’s Halloween party, which was another good time, filled with food and more food. I have to say, I made a great entrance as Mr. Lahey: I walked up to the gate with a bottle of booze and radio in hand, and when I planned to fake-stumble, I actually tripped on something and fell into the gate while calling for Randy. Then I took a swig of straight rum at the top of the stairs. Good times. Ally painted her face like a sugar skull, and did an excellent job of it. I got a few votes for my costume, but no one could compete with Lincoln dressed as Catwoman.

 

For our own house, we (and by “we”, I mean mostly Ally) carved a pumpkin that looked like Terrance.

 

Just before Halloween, we both started the next step of our school adventure: Placement. Mine is at a homeless shelter in downtown Toronto. While I thought I’d be uneasy about it, I’ve actually been quite comfortable there. The staff and clients have treated me with respect thus far, and I’m pretty happy with it. I haven’t learned a ton of stuff that I didn’t already know, having worked in addictions for two years already, but I think it’s good for me to work with a different population. I start there again on Monday for another seven weeks.

 

November was basically just placement. Got my first flu shot ever (that I can remember). Now I’m sick with a fever-based illness. WTF. I trust the medical establishment, but I can see why some people inclined to believe in conspiracies question the establishment’s motives when shit like this happens.

 

Shortly before Christmas, I went to a party at Neil, Skyler and Blair’s house and played drums for the first time in a year and a half. I was a bit rusty, but it was good to know I still had most of it!

 

We spent Christmas Eve at Ally’s parents’ place, then went to my mom’s for dinner. I went up to work the next weekend, and then I got sick, and that brings us up to the end of the year! Oh yeah, and we (Ally) made a Neil deGrasse Tyson Christmas tree topper this year!

 

In terms of other miscellaneous stuff from this year…

 

I got more into cooking than in previous years. I learned how to make chilli, stuffed peppers, meatloaf, stovetop steaks, gingerbread, and honed my skills in using spices and the good ol’ frying pan. I can still only make maybe 5 dishes without instructions, but that’s a hell of a lot better than a few years ago. I like being able to cook for my girlfriend, and actually doing that at least a few nights a week. I also discovered Tangelo Minneola oranges in the spring, which are the best oranges I’ve ever eaten.

 

In terms of music, I didn’t really discover much this year; I mostly listened to songs from the Donkey Kong Country series, and made my own music. I only bought two CDs this year: Mandatory Fun by Weird Al, and the self-titled Dream Theater album.

 

In terms of TV, we both started watching Mr. D and Community this year. Both good shows.

 

I read five whole books this year! Who’s a smart boy? Meeee! But yeah. That’s a lot of books for a guy who does 95% of his reading on the Internet. I read Broca’s Brain and Billions and Billions by Carl Sagan; In The Realm of Hungry Ghosts by Gabor Maté, The Pluto Files by Neil deGrasse Tyson, and Red One by Kevin Ivison. I’m currently reading The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan, of course.

 

Anyway, I need to go drink some water and go to bed, so I hope you all have a Happy New Year, and I’ll see you in 2015…in 57 minutes.

__________

IMG_3343ps

I ain't happy, I'm feeling glad

I got sunshine, in a bag

I'm useless,but not for long

The future is coming on

I ain't happy, I'm feeling glad

I got sunshine, in a bag

I'm useless, but not for long

The future is coming on

It's coming on

It's coming on

It's coming on

 

Yeah... Ha Ha!

Finally someone let me out of my cage

Now, time for me is nothing cos I'm counting no age

Now I couldn't be there

Now you shouldn't be scared

I'm good at repairs

And I'm under each snare

Intangible

Bet you didn't think so I command you to

Panoramic view

Look I'll make it all manageable

Pick and choose

Sit and lose

All you different crews

Chicks and dudes

Who you think is really kickin' tunes?

Picture you gettin' down in a picture tube

Like you lit the fuse

You think it's fictional

Mystical? Maybe

Spiritual

Hearable

What appears in you is a clearer view cos you're too crazy

Lifeless

To know the definition for what life is

Priceless

For you because I put you on the hype shit

You like it?

Gunsmokin' righteous with one token

Psychic among those

Possess you with one go

 

I ain't happy, I'm feeling glad

I got sunshine, in a bag

I'm useless,but not for long

The future is coming on

I ain't happy, I'm feeling glad

I got sunshine, in a bag

I'm useless, but not for long

The future is coming on

It's coming on

It's coming on

It's coming on

 

The essence the basics

Without it you make it

Allow me to make this

Child, like in nature

Rhythm

You have it or you don't that's a fallacy

I'm in them

Every sprouting tree

Every child apiece

Every cloud you see

You see with your eyes

I see destruction and demise

Corruption in disguise

From this fuckin' enterprise

Now I'm sucking to your lies

Through Russ, though not his muscles but the percussion he provides

with me as a guide

But y'all can see me now cos you don't see with your eye

You perceive with your mind

That's the inner

So I'm gonna stick around with Russ and be a mentor

With a few rhymes so mother fuckers

Remember where the thought is

I brought all this

So you can survive when law is lawless

Feelings, sensations that you thought were dead

No squealing, remember

(that it's all in your head)

 

I ain't happy, I'm feeling glad

I got sunshine, in a bag

I'm useless, but not for long

The future is coming on

I ain't happy, I'm feeling glad

I got sunshine, in a bag

I'm useless, but not for long

My future is coming on

It's coming on

It's coming on

It's coming on

It's coming on

My future is coming on

It's coming on

It's coming on

It's coming on

It's coming on

My future is coming on

It's coming on

It's coming on

It's coming on

It's coming on

My future is coming on

It's coming on

It's coming on

My future is coming on

It's coming on

It's coming on

My future is coming on

It's coming on

It's coming on

My future

When Turner exhibited Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On) at the Royal Academy in 1840, he paired it with extracts from his unfinished poem “Fallacies of Hope”. #mfaboston #turner #painting #artmuseum #artgallery #exhibition #gallery #museum #artnerd #arthistory #instaart #art #artwork #artsy #galleryart #masterpiece #creative #artoftheday #art #culture #arte #ArtWatchers

Jainism (/ˈdʒeɪnɪzəm/[1] or /ˈdʒaɪnɪzəm/[2]), traditionally known as Jina Sashana or Jain dharma (Sanskrit: जैन धर्म),[3] belonging to the Dharmic tradition, is a Shraman philosophy and an Indian religion. It emphasizes nonviolence towards all living beings. Jains believe nonviolence and self-control are means to liberation from the cycle of births and deaths.

 

The word "Jain" derives from the Sanskrit word Jina (meaning victor). A human being who has conquered all inner passions like attachment, desire, anger, pride, greed, etc. and therefore, possesses pure infinite knowledge (Kevala Jnana) is called Jina. Followers of the path practised and preached by Jinas are known as Jains.[3][4][5]

 

Jainism is one of the oldest religions in the world.[6] Jains trace their history through a succession of twenty-four teachers and revivers of Jain teachings known as tirthankaras with Rishabha as the first and Mahāvīra as the last of the current era.

  

Non-violence (ahimsa)[edit]

Main article: Ahimsa in Jainism

 

The hand with a wheel on the palm symbolizes Ahimsa (nonviolence). The word in the middle is "Ahimsa". The wheel represents the dharmacakra which stands for the resolve to halt the cycle of reincarnation through relentless pursuit of truth and non-violence.

The principle of ahimsa is the most fundamental and well known aspect of Jain religious practice.[7] The everyday implementation of ahimsa is more comprehensive than in other religions and is the hallmark for Jain identity.[8][9] Non-violence is practiced first and foremost during interactions with other human beings, and Jains believe in avoiding harm to others through actions, speech and thoughts.[10]

 

In addition to other humans, Jains extend the practice of nonviolence towards all living beings. As this ideal cannot be completely implemented in practice, Jains recognize a hierarchy of life, which gives more protection to humans followed by animals followed by insects followed by plants. For this reason, vegetarianism is a hallmark of Jain practice, with the majority of Jains practicing lacto-vegetarianism. If there is violence against animals during the production of dairy products, veganism is also encouraged (see Jain vegetarianism). After humans and animals, insects are the next living being offered protection in Jain practice with avoidance of intentional harm to insects emphasized. For example, insects in the home are often escorted out instead of killed. Intentional harm and the absence of compassion make an action more violent per Jainism.

 

After nonviolence towards humans, animals and insects, Jains make efforts not to injure plants any more than necessary. Although they admit that plants must be destroyed for the sake of food, they accept such violence only inasmuch as it is indispensable for human survival. Strict Jains, including Jain monks and nuns, do not eat root vegetables such as potatoes, onions and garlic, because tiny organisms are injured when the plant is pulled up, and also because a bulb or tuber's ability to sprout is seen as characteristic of a living being.[11]

 

Jainism has a very elaborate framework on types of life and includes life-forms that may be invisible. Per Jainism, the intent and emotions behind the violence are more important than the action itself. For example, if a person kills another living being out of carelessness and then regrets later, the karma bandhan (bondage of karma) is less versus when the person kills the same living being with anger, revenge, etc. The emotions (bhava) determine the bondage of karmas. A soldier acting in self defense is a different type of violence versus someone killing another person out of hatred or revenge.

 

Violence or war in self-defense may be justified, but this must only be used as a last resort after peaceful measures have been thoroughly exhausted.[12] Mahatma Gandhi notably practiced and preached ahimsa.

 

Non-absolutism[edit]

Main article: Anekantavada

The second main principle of Jainism is non-absolutism (anēkāntavāda). For Jains, non-absolutism means maintaining open-mindedness. This includes the recognition of all perspectives and a humble respect for differences in beliefs. Jainism encourages its adherents to consider the views and beliefs of their rivals and opposing parties. The principle of anekāntavāda influenced Mahatma Gandhi to adopt principles of religious tolerance and ahiṃsā.[13]

 

Anekāntavāda emphasizes the principles of pluralism (multiplicity of viewpoints) and the notion that truth and reality are perceived differently from diverse points of view, no single one of which is complete.[14][15]

 

Jains illustrate this theory through the parable of the blind men and an elephant. In this story, each blind man feels a different part of an elephant: its trunk, leg, ear, and so on. All of them claim to understand and explain the true appearance of the elephant but, due to their limited perspectives, can only partly succeed.[16] The concept of anēkāntavāda extends to and is further explained by Syādvāda (below).

 

Non-possessiveness[edit]

Main article: Aparigraha

The third main principle in Jainism is non-possessiveness (aparigraha). This is the concept of greedlessness or non-grasping and includes non-materialism. Jainism emphasizes taking no more than is necessary. While ownership of objects is allowed, non-attachment to possessions is taught. Followers should minimize the tendency to hoard unnecessary material possessions and limit attachment to current possessions. Further, wealth and possessions should be shared and donated whenever possible. Jainism believes that unchecked attachment to possessions can lead to direct harm to oneself and others.

 

Five main vows[edit]

See also: Yamas § Five Yamas

Jainism encourages spiritual development through cultivation of personal wisdom and through reliance on self-control through vows.[17] Jains accept different levels of compliance for strict followers and laymen.[17] Followers of this religion undertake five major vows:

 

Ahimsa: Ahimsa means nonviolence. The first major vow taken by followers is to cause no harm to living beings. It involves minimizing intentional and unintentional harm to other living creatures by actions, speech or thoughts.

Satya: Satya means truth. This vow is to always speak the truth. Given that non-violence has priority, other principles yield to it whenever they conflict: in a situation where speaking truth could lead to violence, silence may be observed.[17]

Asteya: Asteya means not stealing. Jains should not take anything that is not willingly offered.[17] Attempting to extort material wealth from others or to exploit the weak is considered theft. Fair value should be given for all goods and services purchased.

Brahmacharya: Brahmacharya means chastity for laymen and celibacy for Jain monks and nuns. This requires the exercise of control over the senses to control indulgence in sexual activity.[18]

Aparigraha: Aparigraha means non-possessiveness. This includes non-materialism and non-attachment to objects, places and people.[17] Jain monks and nuns completely renounce property and social relations.

Monks and nuns are obligated to practice the five cardinal principles of non-violence, truthfulness, non-stealing, celibacy, and non-possessiveness very strictly, while laymen are encouraged to observe them within their current practical limitations.[17]

 

Additionally, Jainism identifies four passions of the mind: Anger, pride (ego), deceitfulness, greed. It recommends conquering anger by forgiveness, pride by humility, deceitfulness by straight-forwardness and greed by contentment.

 

God[edit]

Main article: God in Jainism

 

Image of Rishabha, first tīrthaṅkara of the present Avsarpini era (Photo - Kundalpur, Madhya Pradesh)

Jainism rejects the idea of a creator or destroyer god and postulates that the universe is eternal. Jainism believes every soul has the potential for salvation and to become god. In Jainism, perfect souls with body are called Arihantas (victors) and perfect souls without the body are called Siddhas (liberated souls). Tirthankara is an Arihanta who help others in achieving liberation. Jainism has been described as a transtheistic religion ,[19] as it does not teach the dependency on any supreme being for enlightenment. The Tirthankara is a guide and teacher who points the way to enlightenment, but the struggle for enlightenment is one's own.

 

Arihanta (Jina)- A human being who conquers all inner passions and possesses infinite knowledge (Kevala Jnana). They are also known as Kevalins (omniscient beings). There are two kinds of Arihantas [20]-

Sāmānya (Ordinary victors) - Kevalins who are concerned with their own salvation.

Tirthankara - Tīrthaṅkara literally means a 'ford-maker', or a founder of salvation teaching.[21] They propagate and revitalize the Jain faith and become role-models for those seeking spiritual guidance. They reorganise the fourfold order (chaturvidha sangha) that consists of monks (śramana), nuns (śramani), male followers (srāvaka) and female followers (śravaika).[22][23] Jains believe that exactly twenty-four tirthankaras are born in each half cycle of time (Jain cosmology). The last tirthankara, Mahavira and his predecessor Parsvanatha are historical figures whose existence is recorded.[24] [25]

 

Siddhas (the liberated beings), although they are formless, this is how they are depicted in Jain temples

Siddha- Siddhas are Arihantas who attain salvation (moksha) and dwell in Siddhashila with infinite bliss, infinite perception, infinite knowledge and infinite energy.

Practices[edit]

Monasticism[edit]

Main article: Jain monasticism

 

Jain nuns meditating

In Jainism, monasticism is encouraged and respected. Jain monks and nuns live extremely austere and ascetic lifestyles. They follow the five main vows of Jainism absolutely. Jain monks and nuns have neither a permanent home nor possessions. They do not use vehicles and always travel barefoot from one place to another, irrespective of the distance. They wander from place to place except during the months of Chaturmas. They do not use telephones or electricity. They do not prepare food and live only on what people offer them. Jain monks and nuns also usually keep a cloth for ritual mouth-covering to avoid inadvertently harming micro-organisms in the air. Most will carry a broomlike object (Rayoharan), made from dense, thick thread strands, to sweep the ground ahead of them, or before sitting down, to avoid inadvertently crushing small insects.[26]

 

The monks of Jainism, whose presence is not needed for most Jain rituals, should not be confused with priests. However, some sects of Jainism often employ a pujari, who need not be a Jain, to perform special daily rituals and other priestly duties at the temple.[27]

 

Prayers[edit]

Jains pray to these passionless gods not for any favors, material goods or rewards[28] but rather pray to the qualities of the god with the objective of destroying their own karmas and achieving liberation.[29] This is best understood by the term vandetadgunalabhdhaye – i.e. "we pray to the attributes of such Gods to acquire such attributes".[29]

 

Navkar Mantra[edit]

The Navkār mantra is the fundamental prayer of Jainism and may be recited at any time. In this mantra, Jains worship the qualities (Gunas) of the spiritually supreme in order to attain Godhood. The prayer does not name any one particular person. In Jainism, the purpose of worship or prayer is to break the barriers of worldly attachments and desires and to assist in the liberation of the soul.

 

Fasting[edit]

Most Jains fast throughout the year, particularly during festivals (fasting in Jainism). This takes on various forms and may be practiced based on one's ability. Some examples include: eating only one or two meals per day, drinking only water all day, not eating after sunset, not eating processed foods, eating food without sugar/oil/salt. Two purposes of fasting are to exercise self-control and to clear the mind to devote more mental energy to prayer.

 

Meditation[edit]

Main article: Jain meditation

Jains have developed a type of meditation called samayika, a term derived from the word samaya. The goal of Samayika is to achieve a feeling of perfect calmness and to understand the unchanging truth of the self. Such meditation is based on contemplation of the universe and the reincarnation of self.[30] Samayika is particularly important during the Paryushana religious festival. It is believed that meditation will assist in managing and balancing one's passions. Great emphasis is placed on the internal control of thoughts, as they influence behavior, actions and goals.[31]

 

Jains follow six duties known as avashyakas: samyika (practising serenity), chaturvimshati (praising the tirthankara), vandan (respecting teachers and monks), pratikramana (introspection), kayotsarga (stillness), and pratyakhyana (renunciation).[32]

 

Philosophy[edit]

Main article: Jain philosophy

Soul and karma[edit]

Main article: Karma in Jainism

According to Jains, souls are intrinsically pure and possess the qualities of infinite knowledge, infinite perception, infinite bliss and infinite energy in their ideal state.[33] In reality, however, these qualities are found to be obstructed due to the soul's association with a substance called karma.[34] The ultimate goal in Jainism is to obtain moksha, which means liberation or salvation of the soul completely freeing it from karmic bondage.

 

The relationship between the soul and karma is explained by the analogy of gold. Gold is always found mixed with impurities in its natural state. Similarly, the ideal, pure state of the soul is always mixed with the impurities of karma. Just like gold, purification of the soul may be achieved if the proper methods of refining are applied.[34] The Jain karmic theory is used to attach responsibility to individual action and is cited to explain inequalities, sufferings and pain.

 

Three gems[edit]

Main article: Ratnatraya

The following three gems of Jainism lay down the path to achieve liberation of the soul (moksha).[35]-

 

Right View (Samyak Darshana) - Having the right perception and seeking the truth while avoiding preconceptions that get in the way of seeing things clearly.

Right Knowledge (Samyak Gyana) - Having the right knowledge of Jain principles.

Right Conduct (Samyak Charitra) - Applying Jain principles to your life.

Tattva[edit]

Jain metaphysics is based on seven or nine fundamentals which are known as tattva, which attempt to explain the nature of the human predicament and to provide solutions for the ultimate goal of liberation of the soul (moksha):[36]

 

Jīva: The essence of living beings is called jiva, a substance which is different from the body that houses it. Consciousness, knowledge and perception are its fundamental attributes.

Ajīva: Non-living entities that consist of matter, space and time.

Asrava: The interaction between jīva and ajīva causes the influx of karma (a particular form of ajiva) into the soul.

Bandha: The karma masks the jiva and restricts it from having its true potential of perfect knowledge and perception.

Saṃvara: Through right conduct, it is possible to stop the influx of additional karma.

Nirjarā: By performing asceticism, it is possible to discard the existing karma.

Mokṣa: The liberated jiva which has removed its karma and is said to have the pure, intrinsic quality of perfect knowledge and perception.

Some authors add two additional categories: the meritorious (puńya) and demeritorious (pāpa) acts related to karma.

 

Syādvāda[edit]

 

Mahāvīra employed anekānta extensively to explain Jain philosophical concepts (painting from Rajasthan, ca. 1900)

Syādvāda is the doctrine extending from non-absolutism (anēkāntavāda). This recommends the expression of anekānta by prefixing the epithet Syād to every phrase or expression.[37] The Sanskrit etymological root of the term syād is "perhaps" or "maybe", but in the context of syādvāda it means "in some ways" or "from some perspective." As reality is complex, no single proposition can express its full nature. The term syāt- should therefore be prefixed to each proposition, giving it a conditional point of view and thus removing dogmatism from the statement.[38] There are seven conditioned propositions (saptibhaṅgī) in syādvāda as follows:[39]

 

syād-asti—in some ways, it is;

syād-nāsti—in some ways, it is not;

syād-asti-nāsti—in some ways, it is, and it is not;

syād-asti-avaktavyaḥ—in some ways, it is, and it is indescribable;

syād-nāsti-avaktavyaḥ—in some ways, it is not, and it is indescribable;

syād-asti-nāsti-avaktavyaḥ—in some ways, it is, it is not, and it is indescribable;

syād-avaktavyaḥ—in some ways, it is indescribable.

Each of these seven propositions examines the complex and multifaceted nature of reality from a relative point of view of time, space, substance and mode.[39] To ignore the complexity of reality is to commit the fallacy of dogmatism.[15]

 

Nayavāda is the theory of partial standpoints or viewpoints.[40] Nayavāda is a compound of two Sanskrit words: naya ("partial viewpoint") and vada ("school of thought or debate"). It is used to arrive at a certain inference from a point of view. Every object has infinite aspects, but when we describe one in practice, we speak only of relevant aspects and ignore the irrelevant.[40] Nayavāda holds that philosophical disputes arise out of confusion of standpoints, and the standpoints we adopt are "the outcome of purposes that we may pursue"— although we may not realize it. While operating within the limits of language and perceiving the complex nature of reality, Māhavīra used the language of nayas. Naya, being a partial expression of truth, enables us to comprehend reality part by part.[41]

 

Non-absolutism (anēkāntavāda) is more formally stated by observing that objects are infinite in their qualities and modes of existence, so they cannot be completely grasped in all aspects and manifestations by finite human perception. Only Kevalins (omniscient beings) can comprehend objects in all aspects and manifestations; others are only capable of partial knowledge.[42] Accordingly, no single, specific, human view can claim to represent absolute truth.[14]

 

Gunasthana[edit]

Main article: Gunasthana

According to Jainism, the soul can gradually attain liberation (moksha) by guiding it through the following fourteen stages (gunasthana):[43]

 

#QualityStage name

01Wrong believermithya-drishti

02One who has a slight taste of right beliefsasvadana-samyagdrsti

03Mixed beliefmisradrsti

04True belief but no self-disciplineavirata-samyagdrsti

05Partial self-controldesavirata

06Complete self-discipline with some negligencepramatta-samyata

07Complete self-control without negligenceapramatta samyata

08Gross occurrence of passionsnivrtti badra samparaya

09Utilizing meditation to further minimize passionsannivrtti badara samparaya

10Subtle occurrence of passionssuksama samparaya

11Every passion is suppressed but still does not possess omniscienceupasana kasaya vitaraga chadmasta

12Every passion is annihilated but still does not yet possess omniscienceksina kasay vitaraga chadmasta

13Omniscience (Kevala Jnana) with activitysayogi kevalin

14Omniscience without any activityayogi kevalin

[44]

 

History[edit]

Main article: History of Jainism

Origins[edit]

See also: Timeline of Jainism

The origins of Jainism are obscure.[6][45] Jainism is a philosophy of eternity,.[46] According to Jain time cycle, in each half of the time cycle, twenty-four great humans rise to the level of tirthankaras and show humans the true path to salvation. Therefore, they are also called human spiritual guides.[47] Parshvanatha, predecessor of Mahāvīra and the twenty-third tirthankara was a historical figure.[25][48] He lived somewhere in the 9th–7th century BC.[49][50][51][52] Followers of Pārśva are mentioned in the canonical books; and a legend in the Uttarādhyayana sūtra relates a meeting between a disciple of Pārśva and a disciple of Mahāvīra which brought about the union of the old and the new Jain teachings.[53]

 

During the 5th or 6th century BC, Vardhamana Mahāvīra became one of the most influential teachers of Jainism. Jains revere him as twenty-forth tirthankara and regard him as the last of the great tīrthankaras of this era. He appears in the tradition as one who, from the beginning, had followed a religion established long ago.[53]

 

Universal history[edit]

According to Jain legends, sixty-three illustrious beings called Salakapurusas have appeared on earth.[54] The Jain universal history is a compilation of the deeds of these illustrious persons.[55] They comprise twenty-four tīrthaṅkaras, twelve chakravartins, nine baladevas, nine vāsudevas and nine prativāsudevas.[54]

 

A chakravarti is an emperor of the world and lord of the material realm.[54] Though he possesses worldly power, he often finds his ambitions dwarfed by the vastness of the cosmos. Jain puranas give a list of twelve chakravartins. They are golden in complexion.[56] One of the greatest chakravartin mentioned in Jain scriptures is Bharata. Traditions say that India came to be known as Bharatavarsha in his memory.[57]

 

There are nine sets of baladeva, vāsudeva and prativāsudeva. Certain Digambara texts refer to them as balabhadra, narayana and pratinarayana, respectively. The origin of this list of brothers can be traced to the Jinacaritra by Bhadrabahu (c. 3rd–4th century BCE).[58] Baladeva are non-violent heroes, vasudeva are violent heroes and prativāsudeva can be described as villains. According to the legends, the vasudeva ultimately kill the prativasudeva. Of the nine baladeva, eight attain liberation and the last goes to heaven. The vasudeva go to hell on account of their violent exploits, even if these were intended to uphold righteousness.[59]

 

Royal patronage[edit]

 

Chandragupta Maurya (c. 322–298 BCE), became a Jain in the later part of his life.

The ancient city Pithunda, capital of Kalinga (modern Odisha), is described in the Jain text Uttaradhyana Sutra as an important centre at the time of Mahāvīra, and was frequented by merchants from Champa.[60] Rishabha, the first tirthankara, was revered and worshiped in Pithunda and is known as the Kalinga Jina. Mahapadma Nanda (c. 450–362 BCE) conquered Kalinga and took a statue of Rishabha from Pithunda to his capital in Magadha. Jainism is said to have flourished under the Nanda Empire.[61]

 

The Maurya Empire came to power after the downfall of the Nanda. The first Mauryan emperor, Chandragupta Maurya (c. 322–298 BCE), became a Jain in the latter part of his life. He was a disciple of Bhadrabahu, a Jain acharya who was responsible for propagation of Jainism in South India.[62] The Mauryan king Ashoka was converted to Buddhism and his pro-Buddhist policy subjugated the Jains of Kalinga. Ashoka's grandson Samprati (c. 224–215 BCE) is said to have converted to Jainism by a Jain monk named Suhasti. He is known to have erected many Jain temples. He ruled a place called Ujjain.[63]

 

In the 1st century BCE, Emperor Kharavela of the Mahameghavahana dynasty of Kalinga conquered Magadha. He retrieved Rishabha's statue and installed it in Udaygiri, near his capital Shishupalgadh. Kharavela[64] was responsible for the propagation of Jainism across the Indian subcontinent.

 

Xuanzang (629–645 CE), a Chinese traveller, notes that there were numerous Jains present in Kalinga during his time.[65] The Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves near Bhubaneswar, Odisha are the only surviving stone Jain monuments in Orissa.[66]

 

King Vanaraja (c. 720–780 CE) of the Chawda dynasty in northern Gujarat was raised by a Jain monk Silunga Suri. He supported Jainism during his rule. The king of kannauj Ama (c. 8th century CE) was converted to Jainism by Bappabhatti, a disciple of famous Jain monk Siddhasena Divakara.[67] Bappabhatti also converted Vakpati, the friend of Ama who authored a famous prakrit epic named Gaudavaho.[68]

 

Festivals[edit]

Main article: Jain rituals and festivals

Paryushana is the most important annual event for Jains, and is usually celebrated in August or September. It lasts 8–10 days and is a time when lay people increase their level of spiritual intensity often using fasting, study and prayer/meditation to help. The five main vows are emphasized during this time. There are no set rules, and followers are encouraged to practice according to their ability and desires. The last day involves a focused prayer/meditation session known as Samvatsari Pratikramana. At the conclusion of the festival, followers request forgiveness from others for any offenses committed during the last year. Forgiveness is asked by saying "Micchami Dukkadam" to others, which means "If I have caused you offence in any way, knowingly or unknowingly, in thought, word or action, then I seek your forgiveness." The literal meaning of Paryushana is "abiding" or "coming together."[93]

 

Mahāvīra Jayanti, the Janam (birth) of Mahāvīra, the last tirthankara, is usually celebrated in late March or early April based on the lunar calendar.[94]

 

Diwali is a festival that marks the anniversary of attainment of Nirvana of Lord Mahavira, the last of the Jain Tirthankar of this era. It is celebrated at the same time as the Hindu festival of Diwali. Diwali is celebrated in an atmosphere of austerity, simplicity, serenity, equity, calmness, charity, philanthropy and environment-consciousness. Jain temples, homes, offices, shops are decorated with lights and diyas. The lights are symbolic of knowledge or removal of ignorance. Sweets are often distributed to each other. The new Jain year starts right after Diwali.

 

Rituals[edit]

 

Jains praying at the feet of a statue of Lord Bahubali.

There are many Jain rituals including ones involving idol worshiping, depending on the sect. One example related to the five life events of tirthankara called the Panch Kalyanaka are rituals such as the panch kalyanaka pratishtha, panch kalyanaka puja, and snatra puja.[95][96]

 

Schools and branches[edit]

Main article: Jain schools and branches

The Jain community is divided into two major denominations, Digambara and Śvētāmbara. Digambara monks do not wear clothes because they believe these, like other possessions, increase dependency and desire for material things—and desire for anything ultimately leads to sorrow. This practice restricts full monastic life (and therefore mokṣa) to males, as Digambaras do not permit women to be nude; female renunciates wear white and are referred to as Aryikas. Śvētāmbara monastics, on the other hand, wear white seamless clothes for practical reasons, and believe there is nothing in the scriptures that condemns the wearing of clothes. Women are accorded full status as renunciates and are often called sadhvi, the feminine of sadhu, a term often used for male monastics. Śvētāmbara believe women may attain liberation and that the tirthankara Māllīnātha was female.[97]

 

Even though the Śvētāmbara allowed women the status of renunciate the nuns were still under the control of the monks. In general women in Indic society were governed by a triad of guardian males: father, husband, and son. The honor of the family and even the entire community seemed to rest on their women and whether or not they conformed to societal expectations placed on them. Jain nuns also had a triad to govern them: the male teacher (āyariya), the male preceptor (uvajjhāya) or head of the monastic group (gani), and the female supervisor (pavatinnî ganinî). The trio of guardians for the nuns were needed since women were thought to be most vulnerable to attack or seduction and could easily be swayed to corruptibility. The integrity of the monastic community rested on the nuns behaving accordingly and the responsibility for this belonged to the monks.[98]

 

The earliest record of Digambara beliefs is contained in the Prakrit Suttapahuda of the Digambara mendicant Kundakunda (c. 2nd century CE).[99] Digambaras believe that Mahāvīra remained unmarried, whereas Śvētāmbara believe Mahāvīra married a woman who bore him a daughter. The two sects also differ on the origin of Mata Trishala, Mahāvīra's mother.[100]

 

Excavations at Mathura revealed Jain statues from the time of the Kushan Empire (c. 1st century CE). Tirthankara, represented without clothes, and monks with cloth wrapped around the left arm are identified as the Ardhaphalaka ("half-clothed") mentioned in texts. The Yapaniyas, believed to have originated from the Ardhaphalaka, followed Digambara nudity along with several Śvētāmbara beliefs.[101]

 

Śvētāmbara sub-sects include Sthanakavasi, Terapanthi, and Murtipujaka. The Sthanakvasi and Terapanthi are aniconic. Śvētāmbara follow the twelve Jain Agamas. Digambara sub-sects include Bisapanthi, Kanjipanthi, Taranapanthi and Terapanthi.[102] In 1974 a committee with representatives from every sect compiled a new text called the Saman Suttam.[103]

  

Timeline of various denominations in Jainism

Jain texts[edit]

Main article: Jain literature

Agamas[edit]

 

A Jain manuscript giving instructions on how best to live a proper Jain life

 

Kalpasutra folio on Mahavira Nirvana. Note the crescent shaped Siddhashila, a place where all siddhas reside after Nirvana.

The tradition talks about a body of scriptures preached by the tirthankaras. These scriptures are said to be contained in fourteen parts called purvas. These were memorised and passed on through the ages, but were vulnerable and were lost because of famine that caused the death of several saints within a thousand years of Mahāvīra's death.[104]

 

The Jain Agamas are canonical texts of Jainism based on Mahāvīra's teachings. These comprise forty-six works: twelve angās, twelve upanga āgamas, six chedasūtras, four mūlasūtras, ten prakīrnaka sūtras and two cūlikasūtras.[105]

 

There are two major denominations of Jain monks and nuns, the Śvētāmbara ("white-clad", who wear white garments) and Digambara, or "Sky Clad", who, as a further austerity, eschew clothing altogether. The Digambara sect of Jainism maintains that these agamas were also lost during the same famine. In the absence of authentic scriptures, Digambaras use about twenty-five scriptures written for their religious practice by great Acharyas. These include two main texts, four Pratham-Anuyog, three charn-anuyoga, four karan-anuyoga and twelve dravya-anuyoga.[106]

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism

 

Red Herring Explanation:

 

The red herring is as much a debate tactic as it is a logical fallacy. It is a fallacy of distraction, and is committed when a listener attempts to divert an arguer from his argument by introducing another topic. This can be one of the most frustrating, and effective, fallacies to observe.

 

The fallacy gets its name from fox hunting, specifically from the practice of using smoked herrings, which are red, to distract hounds from the scent of their quarry. Just as a hound may be prevented from catching a fox by distracting it with a red herring, so an arguer may be prevented from proving his point by distracting him with a tangential issue.

 

From www.logicalfallacies.info

♥ 2 days to Valentine's. He received my parcel last night & I'm excited!

Was panicking then cos the last time it took 3 weeks! Can't wait for you to open it up on Vday. ♥

 

Remember when we lay awake in bed

And you asked if it was over

And I said that I need you

Remember when the telephone went dead

And we couldn't connect to

Each other like we used to

 

I was waiting for someone else to blame

I'm an open book

Fallacy and shame

Cos I lied to you

I can't tell the truth

 

Remember when you made another friend

And I knew what he was up to

But I know that I can trust you

Eventually

I ached with jealousy

And I don't know what came over me

I fueled my whole anxiety

 

I was waiting for someone else to blame

I'm an open book

Fallacy and shame

Cos I lied to you

I can't tell the truth

 

Remember when you said that I was your best friend and that I could tell you anything ♥

 

~Liam Finn

Something or nothing?

There are only two alternatives, something or nothing. Existence or non-existence?

Existence is a fact!

We know something exists (the physical universe),

but why?

Two questions arise …why is there something rather than nothing?

And where did everything that exists come from?

Obviously, something cannot arise from nothing, no sane person would entertain such an impossible prospect. However, an incredible fantasy that the universe actually created itself from nothing, has been proposed by some, high profile atheists, and presented to the public as though it is science. A sort of ‘theory of everything’ that purports to eliminate a creator.

“Because there is a law, such as gravity, the universe can and will create itself from nothing”

Professor Stephen Hawking.

 

It is not intelligent, sensible or scientific to believe that everything created itself from absolutely nothing.

In a state of infinite and eternal nothingness, nothing exists and nothing happens - EVER.

Nothing means ‘nothing’. Nothing tangible, no physical laws, no information, not even abstract things, like mathematics. If nothing exists there can be no numbers or anything based on numbers.

Furthermore, you don’t need to be a genius, or a scientist, to understand that something CANNOT create itself.

Put simply, it is self-evident that - to create itself, something would have to pre-exist its own creation to carry out the act of creating. And, if it already exists, it doesn’t need to create itself.

And, if anything at all already exists, i.e. in this case ‘gravity’, (which is simply an inherent property of matter), it cannot be called 'nothing'.

Moreover, ‘gravity’ cannot be a creative agent, it is merely an inherent property of matter – it is obvious that a property of something cannot create that which it is a property of. Thus, we are obliged to conclude that nonsense remains nonsense, even when presented by high profile scientists.

“Fallacies remain fallacies, even when they become fashionable.” GK Chesterton.

Such incredible, nonsensical propositions are just vain attempts to undermine the well, established, law of cause and effect, which is fatal to atheist ideology.

Religion?

Once we admit the obvious fact that the universe cannot arise of its own accord from nothing (nothing will remain nothing forever), the only alternative is that ‘something’ has always existed – an infinite ‘something’. For anything to happen, such as the origin of the universe, the infinite something, cannot just exist in a state of eternal, passive inactivity, it must be capable of positive activity.

If we examine the characteristics, powers, qualities and attributes which exist now, we must conclude that the ‘something’, that has always existed, must have amazing (godlike) powers to be able to produce all the wonderful qualities we see in the universe, including: information, natural laws, life, intelligence, consciousness, etc.

This means we need to believe in some sort of ‘godlike entity’. The only remaining question is - which god? Is it a creator or simply nature or natural forces? Seeking an answer to that question is the essential role of religion, which is based on reason, rather than blind faith.

 

Why God MUST exist ...

There are only two states of being (existence) – temporal and infinite. That. which has a beginning, is ‘temporal’. That which has no beginning is ‘infinite’.

Everything that exists must be one or the other.

The temporal (unlike the infinite) is not autonomous or non-contingent, it, essentially, relies on something else for its beginning (its cause) and its continued existence.

The universe and all natural things are temporal. Hence, they ALL require a cause or causes.

They could NOT exist without a cause to bring them into being. This is a FACT accepted by science, and enshrined in the Law of Cause and Effect.

The Law of Cause and Effect tells us that every, natural effect requires a cause. And that - an effect cannot be greater than its cause/s.

This is a fundamental principle, essential to the scientific method.

No temporal effect can be greater than (superior to) the sum-total of its cause or causes

It is obvious that - something cannot give what it doesn’t possess.

A temporal entity can be a subsidiary cause of another temporal entity, but cannot be the initial (first) cause of the entire, temporal realm - which includes ALL natural effects and entities.

Entropy

The initial (first) cause of the temporal realm had to be something non-temporal (uncaused), i.e. something infinite.

The word ‘temporal’ is derived from tempus, Latin for time. - All temporal things are subject to time - and, as well as having a beginning in time, natural things can also expect to naturally degenerate, with the passage of time, towards a decline in function, order and existence. The material universe is slowly in decline and dying.

The natural realm is not just temporal, but also temporary (finite). Science acknowledges this with the Second Law of Thermodynamics (law of entropy).

As all natural things are temporal, we know that the initial (first), infinite cause of everything temporal cannot be a natural agent or entity.

The infinite, first cause of everything natural can also be regarded as ‘supernatural’, in the sense that it is not subject to natural laws that are intrinsic only to natural things, which it caused.

This fact is verified by science, in the First Law of Thermodynamics, which tells us that there is no ‘natural’ means by which matter/energy can be created.

However, as the first cause existed before the natural realm (which is subject to natural laws, without exception), the issue of the first cause being exempt from natural laws (supernatural) is not something extraordinary or magical. It is the original and normal default state of that infinite something which caused/created the natural realm.

If the material universe was infinite, we wouldn’t have entropy. Entropy is a characteristic only of natural entities.

The infinite cannot be subject to entropy, it does not deteriorate, it remains the same forever.

Entropy can apply only to temporal, natural entities.

Therefore, we know that the material universe, as a temporal entity, had to have a beginning and will have an end.

That which existed before the universe, as an original cause of everything material, had to be infinite, because you cannot have an infinite chain of temporal (material) events. The temporal can only exist if it is sustained by the infinite.

As all natural entities are temporal, the (infinite) first cause could not possibly be a natural entity.

So, the Second Law of Thermodynamics supports and confirms the only logical conclusion we can reach from the Law of Cause and Effect, that a natural, first cause is impossible, according to science.

This is fatal to the atheist ideology of naturalism because it means there is no alternative to an infinite, supernatural, first cause (a Creator God).

Can there be multiple infinite, first causes?

It is evident that there can be only one ‘infinite’ entity. If, for example, there are two infinite entities, neither could have its own, unique properties.

Why?

Because, unless they possessed identical properties, neither would be infinite. However, if they both possessed the very same properties, there would be no distinction between them, they would be identical and thus a single entity.

To put it another way …

God, as an infinite being, can only be a single entity, if He was not, and there was another infinite being, the properties which were pertinent to the other infinite being would be a limitation on His infinite character, and vice versa. So, neither entity would be infinite.

Creation - an act of will?

For an infinite cause to produce a temporal effect, such as the universe, an active character and an act of will must be involved. If the first cause was just a blind, mechanistic, natural thing, the universe would just be a continuation of the infinite nature of the first cause, not temporal (subject to time). For example, if the nature of water in infinite time was to be frozen, it would continue its frozen nature infinitely. There must be an active agent involved.

Time applies to the temporal, not the infinite. The infinite is omnipresent, it always was, it always is, and it always will be. It is the “Alpha and the Omega” as the Bible explains.

Jesus referred to Himself as “I am” which means He was claiming to be the infinite creator.

Therefore, what we know about the characteristics of this supernatural entity, are as follows:

The single, supernatural entity:

1. Has always existed, has no cause, and is not subject to time. (is infinite, eternally self-existent, autonomous and non-contingent).

2. Is the first, original and deliberate cause of everything temporal (including the universe and every natural entity and effect).

3. Cannot be, in any way, inferior to any temporal or natural thing that exists.

In simple terms, this means that the single, infinite, supernatural, first cause of everything that exists in the temporal realm, has the capability of creating everything that exists, and cannot be inferior in any powers and attributes to anything that exists. This is the entity we recognise as the creator God.

The Bible tells us that we were made in the image of this God. This is logical because it is obvious, we cannot be superior to this God (an effect cannot be greater than its cause).

So, all our qualities and attributes must be possessed by the God in whose image we were made.

All our attributes come from the creator, or supernatural, first cause.

Remember, the logic that something cannot give what it doesn’t possess.

We have life. Thus, our creator must be alive.

We are intelligent. Thus, our creator must be intelligent.

We are conscious. Thus, our creator must be conscious.

We can love. Thus, our creator must love.

We understand justice. Thus, our creator must be just, etc. etc.

Therefore, we can logically discern the character and attributes of the creator from what is seen in His creation.

This FACT - that an effect cannot be greater than its cause/s, is recognised as a basic principle of science, and is it crucial to understanding the nature and attributes of the first cause.

It means nothing in the universe that exists, resulting from the action of the first cause, can be in anyway superior to the first cause. We must conclude that, at least, some attributes of the first cause can be seen in the universe.

Atheists frequently ask how can we possibly know what God is like?

The Bible (which is inspired by God) tells us many things about the character of God, but regardless of scripture, the universe itself gives us evidence of God’s nature.

For example: can the properties of human beings, in any way, be superior to the first cause?

To suggest they are, would be to violate the scientific principle that an effect cannot be greater than its cause.

All the powers, properties, qualities and attributes we observe in the universe, including all human qualities, must be also evident in the first cause.

If there is life in the universe, the first cause must have life.

If there is intelligence in the universe the first cause must have intelligence.

The same applies to consciousness, skill, design, purpose, justice, love, beauty, forgiveness, mercy etc.

Therefore, we must conclude that the eternally, self-existent, non-natural (supernatural), first cause, has life, is conscious, has intelligence and created the temporal as an act of will.

We know, from the law of cause and effect, that the first cause cannot possibly be any of the natural processes frequently proposed by atheists, such as: the so-called, big bang explosion, singularity or quantum mechanics.

They are all temporal, moreover, it is obvious that none of them are adequate to produce the effect. They are all grossly inferior to the result.

To sum up:

Using impeccable logic and reason, supported by our understanding of established, natural, physical laws (which apply to everything of a natural, temporal nature) acknowledged by science, humans have been able to discover the existence of a single, infinite, supernatural, living, intelligent, loving and just creator God.

God discovered, not invented!

Contrary to the narrative perpetuated by atheists, a personal, creator God is not a “human invention”, and He is certainly not a backward substitute for reason or science, but rather, He is an enlightened, human discovery, based on unimpeachable logic, reason, rationality, natural laws and scientific understanding.

The real character of atheism.

Is belief in God just superstitious, backward thinking, suitable only for the uneducated or scientific illiterates, as atheists would have us believe?

The widely acknowledged, best brain in modern atheism proposed the following (quoted earlier), which it was claimed by some, made belief in God redundant:

"Because there is a law, such as gravity, the universe can and will create itself from nothing"

This is the essence of Professor Stephen Hawking's so-called, 'theory of everything' summed up in a single sentence.

It doesn’t take a genius to understand it is atheism, not monotheism, which is a throwback to a former unenlightened period in human history. A period when Mother Nature or other natural or material, temporal entities were regarded as having autonomous, godlike, creative powers.

The discredited concept of worshipping nature itself (naturalism) or various material things (Sun, Moon, idols etc.) as some sort of autonomous, non-contingent, creative, or self-creative agents, used to be called paganism. Now it has been re-invented as 21st century, atheism...

"The universe can and will create itself from nothing"- Professor Stephen Hawking.

“It is absurd for the Evolutionist to complain that it is unthinkable for an admittedly unthinkable God to make everything out of nothing, and then pretend that it is more thinkable that nothing should turn itself into everything.” - G.K. Chesterton.

God’s power.

Everything that exists is dependent on the original and ultimate cause (God) for its origin, continued existence and operation.

This means God affords everything all the power it needs to function. Everything operates only with God’s power. We couldn’t even lift a little finger, if the power to do so was not permitted by God.

What caused God?

Ever since the 18th century, atheist philosophers such as David Hume and Bertrand Russell have attempted to debunk the logical evidence for a creator God, as the infinite, first cause and creator of the universe.

The basic premise of their argument is that a long chain of causes and effects, going back in time, did not necessarily require a beginning (no first cause, but rather an infinite regress), and that, if every effect requires an adequate cause (as the Law of Cause and Effect states), then God (a first cause) could no more exist without a cause, than anything else.

This latter point is summed up in the what many atheists deem to be the killer question: “What caused God then?”

This question wasn’t sensible in the 18th century, and is not sensible today, but incredibly, atheists still think it is a valid argument and continue to regularly use it.

As explained previously, the Law of Cause and Effect applies to all temporal entities.

Temporal entities have a beginning, and therefore need a cause. They are all contingent or dependent on a cause or causes without exception.

It is obvious to any sensible person that the first cause, because it is FIRST, had nothing preceding it.

First means first, it doesn’t mean second or third. If we could go back far enough with a chain of causes and effects, however long the chain, at some stage we must reach an ultimate beginning, i.e. the cause which is first, having no previous cause. This first cause must have always existed, it is essentially self-existent from an infinite past - and for an infinite future. It must be completely autonomous and non-contingent, not relying on any cause or anything else for its existence. Not temporal, but infinite.

So, the answer to the question is that - God was not caused.

He is the eternally, self-existent, ultimate, non-contingent, supernatural, first. infinite cause of everything temporal.

As explained earlier, the first cause could not be a natural entity, it had to be supernatural, as all natural entities are temporal and contingent (they all require causes).

What about the infinite regress argument?

This is an atheist argument against the need for a first cause. Their proposition is that; a long chain of causes and effects, going back in time, did not necessarily require a beginning. This proposition is nonsensical.

Why?

It is evident that you cannot have a chain of temporal effects going backwards in time, forever. It is the inherent nature of all temporal things to have a beginning. Likewise, for a long chain of temporal causes and effects, there must be a beginning at some point in time. Contingent things do not become non-contingent, simply by being in a long chain.

Temporal + temporal can never equal infinite.

In addition, the Second Law of Thermodynamics tells us that everything physical is subject to entropy.

It is an absurd notion that there could be an indefinitely, long chain (with no beginning) in which, although every link in the chain is subject to entropy, the complete chain is not, having been able to exist for an infinite past. Incredibly, what these atheists propose is that; a chain consisting entirely of temporal elements, all of which individually require a beginning and depend on causes, and are subject to entropy, as a whole, can be infinitely long, with no beginning. And by some miracle would be unaffected by law of entropy (throughout an infinite past) which would have caused its demise.

What about the fact that infinite regress is acceptable in maths?

Maths is a type of information - and information, like truth, is not purely physical.

It can require physical media to make it tangible, but while the physical media is always subject to entropy, information is not. 1+1 = 2 will always be true, it is unaffected by time, or even whether there are any humans left to do mathematical calculations.

Jesus said; Heaven and Earth may pass away, but my words will go on forever. Jesus is pointing out that truth and information are unaffected by entropy.

For example: historical truths, such as the fact that Henry VIII had six wives, will always be true. Time cannot erode or change that truth. Even if all human records of this truth were destroyed, it would never cease to be true.

As the Christian, apologist Peter Keeft has made clear, maths is entirely dependent on a positive integer, i.e. the number one. Without this positive integer, no maths is possible.

The concept of number 1 also exists as a characteristic of the one, infinite, first cause. - God is one. - God embodies that positive integer (number one/first cause), essential for the operation of maths. Without the number one, there could be no number two or three, etc. etc. There could be no positive numbers, no negative numbers and no fractions.

The fact that an infinite ‘first’ cause exists, means that number one is bound to exist. In a state of eternal and infinite nothingness, there would be no information and no numbers and nothing would be ‘first’. So, like everything else, maths is made possible only by the existence of the one, infinite, first cause (God).

As Peter Keeft puts it ...

“it is often asked why there can’t be infinite regress, with no first being. Infinite regress is perfectly acceptable in mathematics: negative numbers go on to infinity just as positive numbers do. So why can’t time be like the number series, with no highest number either negatively (no first in the past) or positively (no last in the future)? The answer is that real beings are not like numbers: they need causes, for the chain of real beings moves in one direction only, from past to future, and the future is caused by the past. Positive numbers are not caused by negative numbers. There is, in fact, a parallel in the number series for a first cause: the number one. If there were no first positive integer, no unit one, there could be no subsequent addition of units. Two is two ones, three is three ones, and soon. If there were no first, there could be no second or third.”

 

Consider this simple chain of causes and effects:

A causes B

B causes C

C causes D

D causes E

‘A, B, C & D’ are all causes and may all look similar, but they are not, there is an enormous and crucial difference between them.

Causes B, C & D are fundamentally different from cause A.

Why? Because A is the very first cause and thus had no previous cause. It exists without a cause. It doesn’t rely on anything else for its existence, it is completely independent of causes - while B, C & D would not exist without A. They are entirely dependent on A.

Causes; B, C & D are also effects, whereas A is not an effect, only a cause.

So, we can say that the first cause ‘A’ is both self-existent and necessary. It is necessary because the rest of the chain of causes and effects could not exist without it.

We also must say that the subsequent causes and effects B, C, D and E are all contingent. That is; they are not self-existent, they all depend entirely on other causes to exist. We can also say that A is eternally self-existent, i.e. it has always existed, it had no beginning.

Why? Because if A came into being at some point, there must have been something other than itself that brought it into being … which would mean A was not the first cause (A could not create A) … the something that brought A into being would be the first cause. In which case, A would be contingent and no different from B, C, D & E. We can also say that A is adequate to produce all the properties of B, C, D & E.

Why? Well, in the case of E, we can see that it relies entirely on D for its existence. E can in no way be superior to D, because D had to contain within itself everything necessary to produce E.

The same applies to D, it cannot be superior to C. Furthermore, neither E or D can be superior to C, because both rely on C for their existence, and C had to contain everything necessary to produce D & E.

Likewise, with B, which is wholly responsible for the existence of C, D & E.

As they all depend on A for their existence and all their properties, abilities and potentials, none can be superior to A, whether singly or combined. A had to contain everything necessary to produce B, C, D & E including all their properties, abilities and potentials.

Thus, we deduce that; nothing in the universe can be superior in any way to the very first cause of the universe, because the whole universe, and all material things that exist, depend entirely on the abilities and properties of the first cause to produce them.

Conclusion …

A first cause must be uncaused, must have always existed, and cannot be in any way inferior to all subsequent causes and effects. In other words, the first cause of the universe must be eternally, self-existent and omnipotent (greater than everything that exists). No natural entity can have those attributes, that is why a Supernatural, Creator God MUST exist.

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FOUNDATIONS OF SCIENCE

The Law of Cause and Effect. Dominant Principle of Classical Physics. David L. Bergman and Glen C. Collins

www.thewarfareismental.net/b/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/b...

 

"The Big Bang's Failed Predictions and Failures to Predict: (Updated Aug 3, 2017.) As documented below, trust in the big bang's predictive ability has been misplaced when compared to the actual astronomical observations that were made, in large part, in hopes of affirming the theory."

kgov.com/big-bang-predictions