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My favourite step during DNA extraction: when added with cold (-20°C) 70% isopropanol, the DNA is precipitating.
© Lance Bellers.
Published by the International Centre for Eye Health www.iceh.org.uk, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.
Just one of the inhumane and cruel methods used to extract bile from bears on China's bear bile farms.
Zainabad - Dasada - Gujarat - India
Salt extraction fields
Over het verdroogde land rijden we naar de zoutwinningsvelden. We zien er de vriendelijke mensen die daar leven met hun gezin, en daar dagelijks het harde werk doen om zout te winnen.
Interessant om te lezen:
www.toegankelijkopreis.be/content/gujarat-juweel-van-west...
In open jeep rijden we naar Zainabad, waar we het nationaal park Little Rann van Kutch bezoeken.
Onderweg spotten we de Wild Ass (wilde ezel) en de nijlgau. De nijlgau of nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is een grote antilope uit India. 'Nilgai' is Hindi voor "blauw rund".
Aan het meer spotten we kraanvogels , flamingo's, pelikanen, ibis, spoonbill of lepelaar, ooievaar of blue bill, eenden of ducks ...
We ontmoeten de Koli vrouwen met bundels houten takken op het hoofd.
Virginia and District of Columbia National Guard Soldiers and Airmen conduct a mass casualty response drill Aug. 27, 2021, at Fort Pickett, Virginia. The The Soldiers and Airmen are assigned to the Richmond-based 34th Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and High-Yield Explosives Enhanced Response Force Package, which provided search and extraction, decontamination, medical support and fatality management during the mock CBRNE response. The exercise was part of the 34th CERFP’s three-part Training Proficiency Evaluation, which concludes with a full-scale simulation of the Task Force’s response to a catastrophic hazardous materials event. (U.S. National Guard photo by Mike Vrabel)
U.S. Army Spc. Timothy Brady, with the 266th Engineer Detachment, S.C. Army National Guard, holds a water hose upon arriving at a simulated accident scene as part of their auto extraction exercise at the McCrady Training Center near Eastover, S.C., November 15, 2015. Firefighters of the 264th, 266th, 267th and 268th Engineer Detachments responded to a variety of training scenarios over the course of the drill weekend where passengers where trapped inside of an overturned vehicle. (U.S. Army National Guard photo by Sgt. Brian Calhoun, 108th Public Affairs Det/Released)
I have liven in Kent since 2007, and hadn't visited Sevenoaks before yesterday. It being one of Kent's major towns, this is something of a surprise, I even had to check my photostream on here to make sure: nothing for Sevenoaks.
For me, Sevenoaks is famous for two things: 1. the seven oaks destroyed in the 1987 "hurricane" and I suppose home to the chain of hi-fi shops, Sevenoaks Audio, though I didn't see a branch during my visit.
I don't know why I decided to visit here today, the idea had been to go to Nunhead to a large rambling and overgrown Victorian cemetery (more of that later), and the Southeastern website suggested the way there was via St Pancras and then on Thameslink. I thought there must have been a route across Kent, which is how I came to be in Sevenoaks, change here for Nunhead.
So, why not explore the town before travelling on?
So, I guess that's why I was here.
The spread of the new COVID variant meant I did consider cancelling the trip, but with no new lockdowns announced on Monday, and armed with a mask I set off, Jools dropping me off at Dover Priory at half six, withenough time for a gingerbread latte (with an extra shot) before my train pulled in.
Less than a dozen got in the 12 carriages, and there service trundled through Kent, Ashford, Pluckley, Marden, Staplehurst, Tonbdrige to deposit me here at Sevenoaks.
I and half a dozen people got off, I lingered to take a couple of shots before the long walk up the hill to the town centre.
Thanks to GSV, I had travelled up London Road to the centre of town, so knew it was a hike, but worth it. I mean, no point going somewhere if there was nothing of worth to snap, was there?
At first I walked past large houses, then at the major road junction, a sparkling Ferrari Dealership, not something we have in Dover, and not sure if Canterbury even has one. But Sevenoaks does, as well as on one, not two, but three dry cleaners, all looking busy.
The main shopping area had old pubs and coaching inns, clapboard houses and other with peg tiles decorating the outside, all got photographed, of course.
Att he top of the shopping streets, where the two A roads meet, there is a fine pre-warboys signpost that I snapped good and proper.
Finally, as the hill flattened out, the buildings got older still, before coming to the parish church, which I knew from research was almost impossible to get inside judging by the reviews left.
It wasn't yet nine, my back was complaining, so I took a seat in the chuchyard to wait.
Wait for what, I do not know.
The clocked chimed mournfully for nine, to the south, a couple of workmen repair the top of the substantial wall, and I guess the ownes comes into the churchyard to find bricks that have fallen from it. The wall is at least twenty feet high, separating the church from the grand house, I wonder what the owners thought were being kept out?
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The church looks well from the main street, with its east end almost on the road. Built of local stone, the nave, aisles, chapels and tower are typical of fifteenth-century design. The church has been so often restored - in 1812, 1878, 1954 and most recently in 1994 when a crypt was built - that its historical interest is limited. However, the stained glass windows by Kempe and Heaton, Butler and Bayne are of excellent quality, especially those in the south aisle. There are also some interesting monuments, including one to William Lambarde (d. 1601), the first Kentish historian.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Sevenoaks+1
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SEVENOKE.
NEXT southward from Seale lies the parish and town of SEVENOKE, called, in the Textus Roffensis, SEOUENACCA, which name was given to it from seven large oaks, standing on the hill where the town is, at the time of its being first built. It is now commonly called SENNOCK.
THE PARISH of Sevenoke is situated partly above and partly below the great ridge of sand hills which runs across this county, and divides the upland from the Weald or southern district of it. It is divided into three districts, the Town Borough, Rotherhith or Rethered, now called Riverhead, and the Weald. The parish is of considerable extent, being five miles in length, from north to south, and about four miles in width. The soil of it varies much; at and about the town, it is a sand, as it is towards the hill southward, below which it is a stiff clay, and towards the low grounds, to Riverhead, a rich sertile soil. It reaches more than a mile below the hill, where there is a hamlet, called Sevenoke Weald, lying within that district, for it should be known, that all that part of this parish, which lies below the great range of sand hills southward, is in the Weald of Kent, the bound of which is the narrow road which runs along the bottom of them, and is called, to distinguish it, Sevenoke Weald; thus when a parish extends below, and the church of it is above the hill, that part below, has the addition of Weald to it, as Sevenoke Weald, Sundridge Weald, and the like.
THE TOWN of Sevenoke lies about thirty-three miles from London, on high ground above the sand hill, the church, which is situated at the south end of it, is a conspicuous object each way to a considerable distance. The high roads from Westram; and from London through Farnborough, meeting at about a mile above it; and that from Dartford through Farningham and Otford, at the entrance of the town; and leading from thence again both to Penshurst and Tunbridge. Between the town and the hill there is much coppice wood, and a common, called Sevenoke common, on which is a seat, called Ash-grove, belonging to Mrs. Smith. The town of Sevenoke is a healthy, pleasant situation, remarkable for the many good houses throughout it, inhabited by persons of genteel fashion and fortune, which make it a most desirable neighbourhood. In the middle of the High-Street is the house of the late Dr. Thomas Fuller, afterwards of Francis Austen, esq. clerk of the peace for this county; near which is the large antient market-place, in which the market, which is plentifully supplied with every kind of provisions, is held weekly on a Saturday; and the two fairs yearly, on July 10, and Oct. 12, and where the business of the assizes, when held at Sevenoke, as they were several times in queen Elizabeth's reign, and in the year before the death of king Charles I. and once since, has been usually transacted. At the south end of it is a seat, the residence of Multon Lambard, esq. at a small distance westward is the magnificent mansion and park of Knole; and eastward, a small valley intervening, the seat of Kippington; at a little distance northward of the town is an open space, called Sevenoke Vine, noted for being the place where the great games of Cricket, the provincial amusement of this county, are in general played; this joins to Gallows common, so called from the execution of criminals on it formerly. In the valley below it is Bradborne, and the famous silk mills, belonging to Peter Nonaille, esq. called Greatness, near which are the ruins of the hospital or chapel, dedicated to St. John, where this parish bounds to Otford.
About a mile north-west from the town, where the two roads from London and Westerham meet, is the large hamlet of Riverhead, bounded by the river Darent and the parish of Chevening; in which, among others, is the seat of Montreal; that of Mrs. Petley; and of the late admiral Amherst and others; most of which the reader will find described hereafter.
In the Account of the Roman Stations in Britain, written by Richard, a monk of Cirencester, published by Dr. Stukely, the station, called Vagniacæ, is supposed to have been at Sevenoke, which is there set down as eighteen miles distant both from Medum, Maidstone; and Noviomagus, Croydon; but in this opinion he has hardly been followed by any one.
THE MANOR OF SEVENOKE was always esteemed as an appendage to that of Otford, and as such was part of the possessions of the see of Canterbury, till it was exchanged with the crown for other premises, by archbishop Cranmer, in the 9th year of Henry VIII. as will be further mentioned below.
THE MANOR OF KNOLE, with that of Bradborne, in this parish, had, according to the earliest accounts, for some time the same owners as the manors of Kemsing, Seale, and Bradborne. Accordingly, in king John's reign, they were in the possession of Baldwin de Betun, earl of Albemarle, from whom they went in marriage into the family of the Mareschalls, earls of Pembroke. Whilst one of these, William Mareschal, earl of Pembroke, sided with the rebellious barons at the latter end of king John's, and beginning of king Henry III's reign, the king seized on his lands, as escheats to the crown; during which time these manors seem to have been granted to Fulk de Brent, a desperate fellow, as Camden calls him. He was a bastard by birth, of mean extraction, who had come out of the low countries, with some foreign auxiliaries and freebooters, to king John's assistance, and became a great favorite, both with that king and his son, Henry III. from both of whom he was invested with much power, and had the lands of many of the barons conferred on him; till giving loose to his natural inclination, he became guilty of many cruelties and oppressions, and at length sided with prince Lewis of France in his design of invading England. But failing in this, he fled into Wales, and the king seized on all his possessions throughout England; after which, returning and pleading for mercy, in consideration of his former services, he was only banished the realm, and died in Italy soon afterwards, as is said, of poison. After which, the earl returning to his obedience, obtained the possession of these manor's again. (fn. 1) Hence they passed again in like manner to Hugh Bigod, earl of Norfolk, whose heir in the 11th year of king Edward I. conveyed them to Otho de Grandison; on whose death without issue, William de Grandison, his brother, became his heir; his grandson, Sir Thomas Grandison, passed away Knole to Geoffry de Say, and Braborne, Kemsing, and Seale, to others, as may be seen under their respective descriptions.
Geoffry de Say was only son and heir of Geoffry de Say, by Idonea his wife, daughter of William, and sister and heir of Thomas lord Leyborne, and was a man of no small consequence, having been summoned to parliament in the 1st year of king Edward III. and afterwards constituted admiral of all the king's fleets, from the river Thames westward, being then a banneret. He died in the 33d year of king Edward III. leaving William, his son and heir, and three daughters. William de Say left issue a son, John, who died without issue in his minority, anno 6 king Richard II. and a daughter Elizabeth, who was first married to Sir John de Fallesley, and afterwards to Sir William Heron, but died s. p. in the 6th year of king Edward IV. (fn. 2) so that the three sisters of William de Say became coheirs to the inheritance of this family. (fn. 3)
¶How the manor of Knole passed from the family of Say I do not find; but in the reign of king Henry VI. it was in the possession of Ralf Leghe, who then conveyed it by sale to James Fienes, or Fenys, as the name came now to be called, who was the second son of Sir William Fynes, son of Sir William Fienes, or Fynes, who had married Joane, third sister and coheir of William de Say above-mentioned. He was much employed by king Henry V. and no less in favor with king Henry VI. who, in the 24th year of his reign, on account of Joane, his grandmother, being third sister and coheir to William de Say, by an especial writ that year summoned him to parliament as lord Say and Seale; and, in consideration of his eminent services, in open parliament, advanced him to the dignity of a baron, as lord Say, to him and his heirs male. After which he was made constable of Dover-castle, and warden of the five ports, lord chamberlain, and one of the king's council; and, in the 28th year of that reign, lord treasurer; which great rise so increased the hatred of the commons against him, that having arraigned him before the lord mayor and others, they hurried him to the standard in Cheapside, where they cut off his head, and carried it on a pole before his naked body, which was drawn at a horse's tail into Southwark, and there hanged and quartered.
Of the THREE DISTRICTS, into which this parish is divided, of which those of Town Borough and the Weald have already been described, the remaining one of Riverhead is by no means inconsiderable. It lies about a mile from Sevenoke town, and seems formerly to have been written both Rotherhith and Rothered, comprehending the western part of this parish; it contains the large hamlet of Riverhead, in which are situated lord Amherst's seat of Montreal; that of Cool Harbour, late admiral Amherst's; and Mrs. Petley's; through this hamlet the road branches on the one hand to Westerham, and on the other across the river Darent towards Farnborough and London; hence it extends beyond Bradborne to the bounds of this parish, north-eastward, at Greatness, which is within it.
In this hamlet was the antient mansion, called Brook's Place, Supposed to have been built by one of the family of Colpeper, out of the materials taken from the neighbouring suppressed hospital of St. John. It afterwards came into the possession of a younger branch of the family of Amherst. Jeffrey Amherst, esq. bencher of Gray's-inn, was owner of it, and resided here at the latter end of the last century. He was descended of ancestors, who had been seated at Pembury in the reign of king Richard II. from whom, in a direct line, descended Richard Amherst, esq. who left three sons; the eldest of whom, Richard, was sergeant at law, and of Bayhall, in Pembury, in the description of which a full account will be given of him and his descendants. Jeffry, the second, was ancestor of the Riverhead branch, as will be mentioned hereafter; and William, the third son, left an only daughter, Margaret, married to John Champs of Tunbridge.
Jeffry Amherst was rector of Horsemonden, and resided at Southes, in Sussex, where he died, and was buried in 1662; whose grandson, Jeffry Amherst, esq. was of Riverhead, as has been before mentioned. and a bencher of Gray's-inn, and dying in 1713, was buried at Pembury. By his first wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Henry Yates, esq. of Sussex, he had several children, of whom, Jeffry, the second son, only arrived at maturity, and was of Riverhead; he was a bencher of Gray's-inn, and dying in 1750, was buried in Sevenoke church, having married Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Kerrill, esq. of Hadlow, by whom he had seven sons and two daughters, viz. Elizabeth, married to John Thomas, clerk, of Welford, in Gloucestershire; and Margaret, who died unmarried.
Of the sons, Sackville, the eldest, died unmarried in 1763, Jeffry the second, will be mentioned hereafter; John, the third, was of Riverhead, and viceadmiral of the blue squadron; he married Anne, daughter of Thomas Lindzee, of Portsmouth, by whom he had no issue; he died in 1778, and his widow re-married Thomas Munday, esq. The seventh son, William, was a lieutenant-general in the army, and married Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Patterson, esq. of London. He died in 1781, leaving one son, William-Pitt, and a daughter, Elizabeth-Frances.
Jeffry Amherst, esq. the second son, became, at length, possessed of the mansion of Brooks, and attaching himself early in life to the prossession of a soldier, he acquired the highest military honours and preferments, after a six years glorious war in North America, of which he was appointed governor and commander in chief in 1760; which, when he resigned, the king, among other marks of his royal approbation of his conduct, appointed him governor of the province of Virginia.
¶The victorious atchievements of the British forces in North America, during Sir Jeffry Amherst's continuance there, cannot be better summed up than by giving two of the inscriptions on an obelisk, in the grounds of his seat at Montreal; viz.
During DNA extraction, CTAB buffer is added to the finely ground leaf sample. This is a detergent, which facilitates the lysis of cell membranes, enabling cell contents to leak into the solution.
Photo credit: CIMMYT.
See the "DNA extraction" set that this photo is part of for more information and images.
Zainabad - Dasada - Gujarat - India
Salt extraction fields
Over het verdroogde land rijden we naar de zoutwinningsvelden. We zien er de vriendelijke mensen die daar leven met hun gezin, en daar dagelijks het harde werk doen om zout te winnen.
Interessant om te lezen:
www.toegankelijkopreis.be/content/gujarat-juweel-van-west...
In open jeep rijden we naar Zainabad, waar we het nationaal park Little Rann van Kutch bezoeken.
Onderweg spotten we de Wild Ass (wilde ezel) en de nijlgau. De nijlgau of nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is een grote antilope uit India. 'Nilgai' is Hindi voor "blauw rund".
Aan het meer spotten we kraanvogels , flamingo's, pelikanen, ibis, spoonbill of lepelaar, ooievaar of blue bill, eenden of ducks ...
We ontmoeten de Koli vrouwen met bundels houten takken op het hoofd.
Sorry I haven't posted anything in a while. Here's a work in progress MOC. This is called "Extraction", this is the last and the conclusion MOC on the "The Artifact"series of MOCs. I should have it ready within a few days.
A pellet of maize DNA, originally taken from a leaf sample, at the end of the DNA extraction process.
Photo credit: CIMMYT.
See the "DNA extraction" set that this photo is part of for more information and images.
"International Stop the Tar Sands Day 2011" protest at the Canadian High Commission, London.
A small group of environmental activists staged a vociferous protest this weekend outside the Canadian High Commission in Grosvenor Square against the huge and devastating ecological damage being wrought on the pristine Boreal forests of Alberta in Canada by international oil companies extracting so-called Tar Sands in order to extract bitumen which is then refined - at a huge energy cost - into crude oil.
This protest was a part of "International "Stop the Tar Sands" day, which saw co-ordinated protests happening in 30 countries worldwide. The London action included the laying down of bunches and wreaths of dead flowers to represent the devastated Albertan boreal forest and ancient wilderness. A spirited choir of women entertained us with their rendition of "Sludge, Sludge, Glorious Sludge", and a symbolic environmental activist was tarred and feathered by Big Oil, representing the huge number of migratory and indigenous wildfowl which have been poisoned by the toxic waste in the water ‘tailings’ left behind by the extraction process. It is reported that some local species of wildlife in Alberta are in danger of becoming extinct in the region.
The Canadian Tar Sands ‘Mega-Project’ is slated to be the greatest environmental calamity in the World, eclipsing the destruction of rainforest habitats.
Deep under the boreal forests of Alberta lie 140,000 square kilometres of bituminous sand. Exploration continues all over Canada to find more, but already it is estimated that Canada has enough proven oil reserves to put it in second place behind Saudi Arabia in the oil producer's league table, and already the USA is Canada’s best customer. However... to get at the tar sands Canada is ripping up vast areas of this pristine forest, laying it to waste and leaving behind an immense toxic wasteland. Furthermore the extraction process is much, much more energy intensive to extract and requires very intensive refining, all of which produces, it is estimated, 3 to 5 times the usual amount of greenhouse gasses, consuming as it does a vast amount of natural gas and locally-sourced fresh water.
The right-wing Canadian government led by the pugnacious Stephen Harper has thrown open the doors to the massive - and destructive - exploitation of huge expanses of Canadian wilderness in the rush to put Canada into the global league tables of oil exporting countries, but environmentalists, ecologists and indigenous First Nation peoples are warning that the price of this extraction is having a terrible effect on local wildlife and on human health. Though not scientifically proven beyond any doubt, it has been reported that there has been an alarming increase in unusual cancers and birth-defects amongst local populations affected by the huge volumes of pollution released into the environment by the extraction and refining processes that, apart from requiring up to 200 gallons of fresh water to produce a single 40 gallon drum of bitumen extracted from the sand, leaves behind waste water is so toxic that it cannot be allowed back into the local eco-system, so it is stored in many huge 'tailing ponds' carved out of the local landscape.
Apart from the enormous volume of migratory birds and local wildlife which have already been fatally poisoned on these tailing ponds - and will continue to die in huge numbers for as long as tar extraction continues in Canada - it was always inevitable that the toxic tailings would seep into the local water table and eco-system. Overflows and breaches are happening with alarming regularity, seeing rivers, streams and the water table - on which everyone in those regions depends on - poisoned with sulphur compounds and heavy metals.
There has been, as previously mentioned, an increase in non-typical cancers and birth deformities which local populations blame on this highly polluting heavy industry. This is aside from the many very serious explosions and tragic industrial accidents at refining and extraction sites. This oil comes at a heavy price, so it seems.
It may come as no surprise that oil company internal investigations regularly give the oil companies a clean bill of health, and the Canadian government isn't about to look this gift horse in the mouth, so rigorous independent government environmental impact assessment just isn't happening. The suffering local populations await costly independently commissioned scientific studies, which will be fought against tooth and nail by the legions of very expensive corporate attorneys employed by the oil companies who are allegedly accused of bullying, bribery and corruption and even physical intimidation in the region.
In an area with historically low employment, taking the Oil Companies' 30 pieces of silver is understandable but the problems don't just end there, as the multinationals have drafted in migrant and foreign labour to undercut wage bills, creating friction. The locals were promised jobs when the government and oil companies were flooding the region with propaganda and inducements, but now they have what they wanted they're not willing to pay good wages to the locals who now understandably feel betrayed. These armies of imported workers live weeks at a time in work camps in the remote wilderness, coming into the local towns during rest periods to let off steam. Alcohol and drug-related problems have followed the labour camps, causing havoc in local towns when the blue-collar workers come into town on furlough, and understandably many towns feel completely overwhelmed.
Conflict with the local First Nations is rampant; the oil companies are expanding the scale and pace of Tar Sands development way beyond what was originally promised. The bitumen extraction is under the jurisdiction of treaties that are supposed to ensure the First Nation lands are not taken from them by massive uncontrolled development, but that is exactly what is happening. The oil companies are wielding extraordinary power in the region and nobody from the Canadian government is paying any attention to the destruction of the First Nation peoples’ culture and way of life. Several First Nations are in direct conflict with federal and provincial governments over the cynical traducing of Aboriginal and Treaty rights and legal land title.
Meanwhile, the Canadian government has been engaged in an all-out propaganda and lobbying assault on the European Union, trying to make the EU Commissioners accept imported Canadian bitumen extracted from the tar sands as a part of the impending 'Canada-European Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement' (CETA), which if completed as planned threatens to completely undermine hard fought-for strong climate policies right across Europe, but dedicated campaigners and activists are fighting hard to prevent this and are engaged in a David and Goliath battle to have Canadian bitumen included in the 'Fuel Quality Directive' (FQD) which would effectively see the bitumen banned from Europe on the basis of the ecological damage the extraction is causing and the Carbon Intensity Caps invoked by the extremely high amounts of carbon content released by end product oil made from the Tar Sands.
However, perpetual aggressive lobbying and coercion by the Canadians is weakening the current initial draft of the FQD. The Canadians do not want any reference to be made to tar sands in the FQD – they want it treated the same way as conventional oil, despite its huge carbon intensity. To add further pressure in a diplomatic pincer movement, the Canadian government is hinting that it might pull out of CETA if the EU dares set a separate and higher value for tar sands oil in terms of carbon footprint in the FQD.
There are several informed and concerned European members of Parliament who agree with the environmentalists, and they have recently been responsible for passing a resolution in the European Parliament that the EU should not bow to Canadian and Oil Company pressure, and to reiterate their concerns about greenhouse gas emissions and environmental destruction caused by the Tar Sands extraction, but this may only be a temporary bump in the road for the oil companies and the Canadians, who, having to watch their southern neighbours in the USA straddling the globe and flexing their military muscles in the interests of American business, desperately want the power and influence that always goes hand in glove with oil revenues, licensing fees and the albeit insultingly low rates of corporate taxation they will be levying on the oil companies.
CETA would give the major European multinationals Shell, Total and BP (who had promised ten years ago when they were desperately trying to re-brand themselves as being somehow "Green" that they wouldn't be joining in the rush to Canada), dramatic new powers by legislation which would give them a free hand to trample over the rights of indigenous peoples and undermine crucial social and environmental legislation in Europe and in Canada.
Under the proposed terms of CETA Investment Protections would be enshrined in law which could allow Canadian and European oil companies to force governments before completely unaccountable closed-door Trade Tribunals to settle disputes, including any attempt by the Canadian government to prevent the out-of-control rapacious expansion of the Canadian wilderness. In other words the oil giants would be free to ruin the entire eco-system for their personal profit, and then just walk away from the carnage once the very last drop of economically viable bitumen has been sucked out of the ground. It is this horrific scenario which motivates the campaigners.
UK Protests and direct actions simultaneously took place in London, Plymouth, Birmingham, Oxford, York, Bangor, Brighton, Norwich, Manchester and Bridport in Dorset.
For further reading on the Tar Sands campaigns, visit www.no-tar-sand.org, oilsandstruth.org or stoptarsands.eu
All photos © 2011 Pete Riches
Do not reproduce, alter or reblog my images without my permission.
From a super of ten frames we get about 20 lb (about 9 kg) of honey. It collects in the bottom of the extractor. We then pass it through two sieves to remove any bits of wax. The smell is amazing: a mixture of honey, wax and propolis (which is like resin).
Each hive this year has three supers on it. The bees will need a full one to get through the winter (you can also give them sugar, but I would rather they had their own stuff, it's more nutritious), so there's plenty to spare.
These images have been copied from 1934 book "The construction of modern shipping accommodation at Port Adelaide" by H C Meyer which details the step by step reconstruction of Mclaren Wharf. The book has been created from a paper read before the Adelaide Division of the Institution of Engineers (Aust) on 22nd June, 1934.
A 60 ton floating crane is used to extract timber piling from the old wharf.
Previous contributions and statements:
1st statement
Bethan Jenkins ( Twitter @bethanjenkins ) Plaid AM for South Wales West, said:
“While I am always happy to hear about new developments in energy – particularly in renewables – and while I welcome the use of new technology to improve energy production – particularly where emissions are concerned – I still harbour a series of considerable reservations where shale gas extraction and fracking is concerned.
My concerns are both global and local. I worry that the ground where the South Wales Coalfield lies, and where much of this gas is found, has been subject to large levels of disruption during the years through extensive mining. This has created all kinds of problems where underground water is concerned, and the careful management it requires at present to prevent sudden flooding and other issues in Valleys communities could become severely disrupted by the practices used in fracking, such as the introduction of additional fluids into the water table.
“On top of that, the monitoring of pollution that may come with shale gas extraction becomes that much more problematic if statutory agencies and those responsible for ensuring clean water have to contend with the intricacies of mining’s legacy.
“I am also unconvinced by some of the economic argument put forward by proponents of shale gas – that it creates jobs. Of the handful of schemes I have seen, minuscule numbers of jobs are on offer. You won’t cure long-time issues of unemployment in the Valleys – and consequently improve the economy – by providing as few as three jobs per drilling site.
“Lastly, one of the sentiments I hear a lot from constituents who face planning applications of this kind is that the companies who put them in, the big energy companies and their financial backers, regard the Valleys as somewhere where you can get any kind of scheme through, because local authorities are so desperate to create jobs. But for those constituents, it goes deeper. They think these companies look at their communities and think it’s alright to test unproven technologies because of the heavy industries of the past and because of the high levels of deprivation now. ‘We’re here to be dumped on,’ is how one resident put it to me. Those concerns have to be addressed before anyone should even think of drilling for shale gas in South Wales.”
2nd statement Bethan Jenkins AM said:
8th Aug 2013
In realation to Frack Free Wales protesting in Balcombe
" I support people's rights to peacefully protest as I understand Frances and Justin did in Balcombe. It is important that they are able to voice their opinions about an issue that they are passionate about, and that is why I am supporting them. If people feel that they are not free to protest, then what does this say about our standards of democracy?
It is also true to say that many people have concerns about fracking, and that much more work needs to be done with regards to researching its viability and safety before plans for its development are pushed through. I have called on the Welsh Government to implement a moratorium on fracking until testing is completed in England, but I have not been reassured as yet that the Welsh Government will implement this moratorium.
"People who campaign in this field remain concerned about the dangers of water scarcity and the poisoning of aquifers, and the evidence presented in peer reviewed academic articles indicates that this process is not safe.
"I urge those who support the human rights of individuals to protest peacefully to support these campaigners on the 14th of August, and to raise awareness of this matter in any way they can."
Thank you very much Bethan Jenkins AM for South Wales West.
• Our Second Contributor
@MickAntoniwAM - Labour Assembly Member for Pontypridd
"I remain to be convinced that all issues on safety have been addressed & answered until then I wish to see a moratorium on fracking"
Statement from Mick Antoniw AM for Pontypridd below. Also included is the question that he asked to the Minister on this issue last month and the Minister’s response for your info.
“The local authority which covers my constituency of Pontypridd has recently overseen an application for exploratory drilling so this is an issue of great interest and importance to both my constituents and I. I have raised the issue of exploitation of unconventional gas reserves in the Llantrisant area with the Minister for Natural Resources and food to seek assurances with regard to public safety.
“Drilling is a different technology to “fracking” and does not have the same hazards. At present I am unconvinced that “fracking” is safe and I would not support such a development until there is far more investigation into the associated risks. I can assure you that I will continue to monitor this issue very closely.” Mick Antoniw AM for Pontypridd
Plenary Record from 12/06/2013
Mick Antoniw
13:30
1. Will the Minister provide an update on the Welsh Government’s approach to fracking? OAQ(4)0018(NRF)
Alun Davies The Minister for Natural Resources and Food
13:30
Our position is precautionary, and is based on the full consideration of all the available evidence. While acknowledging the potential economic benefits of unconventional gas development, we also recognise the environmental and safety concerns relating to the hydraulic fracturing process that is used to extract the gas.
Mick Antoniw
13:31
You will know that parts of the Pontypridd constituency have been highlighted as potential areas for shale gas extraction. There are, naturally, concerns regarding this new energy development. Could you outline what the Government’s strategy will be over the next 12 to 18 months in terms of assurances to the population about any developments in this area?
Alun Davies
13:31
I hope that I can provide those assurances. As I said in my answer to your original question, our position is a precautionary one. We support a robust regulatory regime for unconventional gas exploitation, to ensure the highest standards of public safety and environmental protection. Furthermore, any exploratory operations will also be subject to strict monitoring and scrutiny by the relevant planning authority, as well as by the regulatory bodies that are responsible for public health and environmental protection, including the Health and Safety Executive and Natural Resources Wales. To ensure that Welsh interests are fully represented as this policy area develops, my officials are already in regular discussion with the UK Government’s Office of Unconventional Gas and Oil, which has been established to promote the safe and environmentally sound recovery of the UK’s unconventional gas and oil reserves.
Thank you Mick Antoniw AM
• Our Third Contributor
Leanne Wood (leader of Plaid Cymru Wales)
"Key issue for us is where the decision is taken. Wales should decide on all energy developments"
She ask me to ref this article - www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/fracking-could-resu...
• Our Fourth Contributor - Plaid Cymru
Jonathan Edwards MP for Carmarthen East
@JonathanPlaid - my position is to oppose the dash for Welsh gas as energy is not devolved. Otherwise the profits from exploitation are lost.
@nspugh So if energy was devolved to Wales you would exploit shale gas reserves & coal bed methane?
@nspugh I wouldn't rule it out. Energy resources our biggest economic asset. Coal bed methane licenses already issued from what I understand.
@JonathanPlaid renewables are our biggest asset. Energy devolved, shale/coalbed methane & Wales's carbon emisssion targets climate change?
@nspugh the party's energy policy clearly favours the promotion of renewables.
@JonathanPlaid yes - but if energy was devolved would you leave the gas underground?
@nspugh I wouldn't copy the UK Gov and ignore the potential of bio gas.
@nspugh wouldn't rule out unconventional gas if exploited by Welsh Gov for people of Wales.30% of our people live in fuel poverty.
@nspugh vehemently oppose Osbourne dash for gas. Profits going to a few people and communities left with the legacy of environmental damage
@JonathanPlaid as long as what is feeding the biomass plant is sustainable.
@JonathanPlaid fuel poverty can be alleviated by community renewable energy shares, energy should be delivered on your doorstep.
@JonathanPlaid I don't understand, vehemently oppose Osbourne dash for gas, yet you would do the same, with the same consequences?
• Our Fifth Contributor -
Antoinette Sandbach Conservative Assembly Member for North Wales Region, Shadow Minister for Rural Affairs in Assembly
@ASandbachAM Are you happy for #shalegas or #fracking to commence in North Wales? #FGBill #FutureGen flic.kr/p/fjRey9
@nspugh no indication that would happen. Most of the reserves are in South Wales.
@ASandbachAM www.greenpeace.org.uk/newsdesk/energy/data/fracking-map-w... N Wales borders under licence for #shalegas extraction, are you happy for it to commence?
@nspugh write to me as not something I can answer in 140 characters.
• Our Sixth Contributor -
Llyr Gruffydd AC/AM - Plaid Cymru The Part of Wales Assembly Member for North Wales & Shadow Minister for Environment, Energy & Agriculture.
@LlyrGruffydd If energy was devolved in Wales would you leave the gas underground?
@nspugh Yes I would. Too many unanswered questions at the moment
@LlyrGruffydd under what conditions would you let #shalegas - #fracking extraction happen in Wales; if any?
• Our Seventh Contributor -
Dafydd Elis-Thomas - AM for Dwyfor Meirionnydd
@ElisThomasD in relation to the #SDBillWales or #FGBill does @WelshGovernment sit back on #ShaleGas & #Fracking?
@nspugh @AssemblyWales Environment and Sustainability Committee inquiry on energy and planning evidence www.senedd.assemblywales.org
Dear Nigel,
Dafydd Elis-Thomas AM has asked the clerking team of the Environment & Sustainability Committee to contact you regarding the Committee meeting on 7 March, which looked at shale gas and gasification. Please see below a link to the meeting agenda / minutes which allows you access Committee meeting papers and the meeting transcript.
www.senedd.assemblywales.org/ieListDocuments.aspx?CId=225... – English
www.senedd.cynulliadcymru.org/ieListDocuments.aspx?CId=22... - Welsh
@ElisThomasD thank you for your help! Would you leave shale gas in the ground? :)
@nspugh Yes. E&SCommittee favours low carbon energy both renewables, particulary hydro and marine, and existing nuclear sites, not gas,
@ElisThomasD why do you think the Welsh Gov has been so submissive on shale gas extraction? Imagine 300 plus wells on The Vale Of Glam.
@nspugh As to WG planning decisions, if you want a moratorium on exploration and/or exploitation then you need an Assembly motion.
@ElisThomasD how do you get a Assembly motion, proposing a moratorium on the exploration and/or exploitation of shalegas in Wales?
@nspugh approach E&SCommitte Colleagues @MickAntoniw @russ_george @LlyrGruffydd @WilliamPowell and you have a potential majority!
Asked so far on Twitter:
@fmwales
@WG_NatResMin
@vaughangething
@JulieMorganLAB
@AndrewRTDavies - Welsh Conservative leader
@IrrancaDaviesMP
@LeanneWood - sent
@ElisThomasD
@natalieben - already clear: greenparty.org.uk/news/2013/06/27/fracking-is-not-the-ans...
@bethanjenkins - sent
@WLGrassroots
@MarkDrakeford
@ElunedParrottAM
@JulieJamesAM
@WilliamPowellAM
@MickAntoniwAM - sent
@AngelaBurnsAM
@KeithDaviesAC
@RhunapIorwerth
@parkgirl59
@MohammadAsghar
@suzydaviesam
@KenSkatesAM
@Byron_Davies
@williamgrahamam
@AlunFfredPlaid
@ElinCeredigion
@cjharris85 - Press & Research Officer to Jonathan Edwards MP and Rhodri Glyn Thomas AM.
@RhodriGlynPlaid
@mabonapgwynfor
@MarkIsherwoodAM
@JFinchSaunders
@peterblackwales
@KevinBrennanMP
@OwenSmithMP
@ASandbachAM -
@LlyrGruffydd - Plaid
@russ_george - Conservative
@lesley4wrexham - Labour Assembly Member for Wrexham
@ElisThomasD Dafydd Elis-Thomas - AM for Dwyfor Meirionnydd -sent
To ask...plus a few more I'm sure.
@RosemaryButler - AM for Newport West in the National Assembly for Wales.
@SandyMewiesAM
@ann_jonesam
@JaneHutt - Labour Assembly Member for the Vale of Glamorgan.
@DavidReesAM
@carlsargeant1 - Labour
@HuwLewis
@LeightonCymraeg - Labour
@lesley4wrexham
@Gwendathomas- Labour
@JennyRathbone - Labour
@IeuanWynJones - Plaid
@derekvaughan MEP - Labour
@WG_CommunityMin @JeffCuthbert - Labour AM for Caerphilly Welsh Government Minister for Communities & Tackling Poverty and Deputy Minister for Tackling Poverty
Edwina Hart A.M - Labour -Gower
@AlunCairns Conservative MP for the Vale of Glamorgan
@DavidJonesMP Conservative Member of Parliament for Clwyd West
@GlynDaviesMP Conservative Member of Parliament for MONTGOMERYSHIRE
Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru - The National Assembly for Wales
Y Pwyllgor Amgylchedd a Chynaliadwyedd - The Environment and Sustainability Committee
Dydd Iau, 7 Mawrth 2013 - Thursday, 7 March 2013
Questions to UK Onshore Gas Ltd
www.senedd.assemblywales.org/documents/s15086/7%20March%2...
Twitter @nspugh twitter.com/nspugh
During DNA extraction, isopropanol is added to the samples to precipitate the DNA out of solution.
Photo credit: CIMMYT.
See the "DNA extraction" set that this photo is part of for more information and images.
© Lance Bellers.
Published by the International Centre for Eye Health www.iceh.org.uk, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.
Source: Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwmorthin_Quarry
Cwmorthin Quarry is a slate quarry west of the village of Tanygrisiau, north Wales. Quarrying on the site started in 1810. In 1860 it was connected to the Ffestiniog Railway. In 1900 it was acquired by the nearby Oakeley Quarry and the two were connected underground. In 1970 it closed along with Oakeley. There was small scale working in the 1980s and 1990s, the mine finally closed in 1997.
Slate extraction began at Cwmorthin in 1810, when a small quarry was opened on the site[1] by the Casson family who were also working the Diphwys Casson Quarry, further to the east. Two of the five Blaenau Ffestiniog slate veins outcropped near where the quarry started, and it is not known whether the early workings were on the Old Vein or the Back Vein, as all evidence has been destroyed by later workings. The veins sloped downwards at angles of between 20 and 45 degrees, and to avoid the expense of removing large volumes of the overlying rock, the quarry soon became a mine, as the chambers followed the vein below ground. This early quarrying lasted for about twenty years, but had ceased by 1830.[2] In 1840, working began again, when John Edwards and his partner Magnes obtained a lease, which was transferred to W B Chorley from London later that year. Chorley's involvement with the quarry continued until about 1860. He employed Allen Searell (possibly Seale) as an Agent for the quarry in 1844, and correspondence between the two men is held by the library at Bangor University, formerly the University of North Wales. In the late 1850s, Chorley began to lose interest in the enterprise, and Searell moved on to the Hafon y Llan Quarry near Beddgelert.[3]
From about 1859, the quarry appears to have been worked by a group of men under an informal arrangement. They leased a wharf at Porthmadog harbour in 1860, until the Cwmorthin Slate Company was formed in January 1861. This had an authorised capital of £100,000, and the company bought the Cwmorthin Isaf estate and part of Tanygrisiau village on 25 July 1861.[4] Work began on underground mining.[5] At some point, the 1 ft 11 1⁄2 in (597 mm) Cwmorthin Tramway was constructed to connect the quarry with the nearby Ffestiniog Railway at Tanygrisiau. Isherwood states that it was soon after the new company took over in 1861[4] but Boyd suggests that a survey was carried out in the mid-1840s, and that it was completed in 1850. It was mentioned in the 1850 edition of Cliffe's The Book of North Wales, and the Ffestiniog Railway accounts recorded the first passage of loaded slate wagons down the line in that year. An existing siding at Tanygrisiau, which had served horse-drawn wagons from the quarry, was removed shortly afterwards.[6]
The first dressing mill, where the blocks of slate were split and dressed to form roofing slates, was situated on the eastern shore of Llyn Cwmorthin, and was known as Lake Mill. A second mill, the Cross Mill, was built a little further down the valley, as a result of which water from Llyn Cwmorthin could be used to feed a water wheel, which powered the dressing machinery. Two rope-worked inclined planes allowed the tramway to negotiate the difference in level between the mill and the Ffestiniog Railway.[4] The connection of the final incline to the railway was deemed to be dangerous by a Board of Trade inspector in 1864, as there were no trap points to prevent runaway wagons running onto the main line. As a result, the Ffestiniog Railway had to install distant signals and a telegraph connection to the winding house at the incline summit. Trains were not allowed to run along the main line while the incline was in use.[7]
Output from the quarry steadily increased, from 350 tons in 1862, to 12,500 tons of finished slate in 1876. Some 96,000 tons of slates left the quarry between 1861 and 1876. Based on typical figures for the region, that 1 ton of finished material was produced from 10 tons of quarried rock, this would indicate that around 1 million tons of rock were extracted during this period. The waste rock was initially tipped around the edge of the two surface workings, known as the North and South Sinks, but was later tipped in a series of terraces to the east of the workings, which eventually covered up the South Sink.[8] The quarry gained a reputation for poor working conditions and was known locally as "The Slaughterhouse".[9] Between 1875 and 1893 there were 21 deaths in Cwmorthin out of a workforce of around 550.[10]Following the passing of the Metalliferous Mines Act 1872, all mines were required to keep records of their operations, and to report fatal injuries, some details of the men and boys employed, and the output of the mine. Like many slate mines, Cwmorthin argued that it was a quarry, and that the law did not apply to them. Following a fatal accident in 1875, a test case was brought against them, and the enterprise was deemed to be a mine under the terms of the Act. The company went into liquidation shortly afterwards.[7][8]
New Cwmorthin Company[edit]
A new Cwmorthin Company was formed in 1876 following the collapse of the original company. To the north of the quarry, on the other side of the Allt-fawr ridge, the Welsh Slate Company, the Rhiwbryfdir Slate Company and Holland's Slate Company were all working the same veins. They were on land owned by the Oakeley family, and worked under leases, which placed restrictions on how they could be worked, and the royalties they had to pay. Cwmorthin was not restricted in this way, because they owned the freehold. The waste tips eventually covered Cwmorthin Isaf farmhouse, and the company and some of its workers built houses in Dolrhedyn, just above Tanygrisiau.[11] On the surface, the boundary between the Oakeley's Tan-y-Bwlch estate and the Cwmorthin Isaf estate was marked by cast iron markers, which can still be seen,[12] but below ground, the boundary was less clearly defined, and there were disputes over whether the companies were encroaching on each other's territory. This was resolved by an agreement in 1876, which survived several changes of ownership for the Oakeley Quarries, but following the death of Mary Oakeley in 1880, William Edward Oakeley got into financial difficulties, and the Oakeley Slate Quarries Company Limited was formed in 1884 to manage the quarries. Although a new agreement was drawn up between the Oakeley and Cwmorthin companies in 1884, Cwmorthin plans showed workings described as "encroachments", and Oakeley plans showed "trespass chambers ceded to Oakeley".[13]
Relationships deteriorated later in 1884, when most of the Cwmorthin workings in the Back Vein collapsed. The ground above the workings was fractured, right up to the top of Allt-fawr, where Llyn Bach, which supplied water to Holland's workings, was drained as a result. The fall had disastrous consequences for Cwmorthin, with production falling from 11,600 tons in 1884 to 6,900 tons in 1886. About half of the mine became inaccessible. In order to develop the quarry further, they had to open new chambers below the level of Llyn Cwmorthin. This was costly, as development work produced little productive slate, and there were additional costs for pumping and for machinery to raise the rock up to the level of the mills. Between 1876 and 1888, 132,866 tons of slate were shipped, but the burden of development was too great, and led to the winding up of the company in 1888.[13]
During this period, another test case had been brought against the company in 1879. Again, the issue concerned whether the undertaking was a mine or a quarry, but in this instance, which related to the assessment of profits, it was deemed to be a quarry.[7] In 1882, the quarry employed over 500 men, and slates were produced in three mills, two of which were powered by water wheels and one by a steam engine. The mills contained around 50 rock saws and 50 dressing machines.[14]
New Welsh Slate Company[edit]
On the other side of Allt Fawr, the Welsh Slate Company workings were in a poor state in 1884, and a major fall, now called the Great Fall, occurred, when some 6.25 million tons of rock collapsed into the workings. A legal battle followed, to establish whether compensation was due to the Oakeley Estate or to the Oakeley Slate Quarries Company. Ultimately, the Welsh Slate Company lost the case, but rather than pay the compensation, they surrendered their lease, retaining their profits and quite a bit of their capital. When the Cwmorthin Company failed, they formed the New Welsh Slate Company in 1889 and bought the Cwmorthin freehold for £83,000.[15] Directors of the new company, which had an authorised capital of £65,000 included the Hon. Evelyn Ashley, formerly a director of the Welsh Slate Company, and the MP Joseph Howard.[7] The Agent was Robert Owen, who had held the same position in the previous company. This upset the Oakeley Company, as he had been blamed by them for the Great Fall, and his attempts to recruit workers from the old quarry to come to Cwmorthin did not help the relationship.[15]
The quarry was extended downwards, with five floors below the lake level. They finished building the inclines to serve them, started after the 1884 Cwmorthin fall, and used steam engines to power them and the pumps needs to keep the workings dry.[15] In 1897, the company employed 290 people, of which 153 worked underground.[7] However, the new company was soon in trouble. The long exit tramway pushed up the price of their finished slates, and by 1896, they were working as a co-operative. 10 per cent of the profits were shared amongst all workers who held £5 in shares, and a further 10 per cent was shared amongst those with £100 of shares. 77,367 tons of slates were produced under New Welsh Slate Company ownership, but debts gradually rose, and in 1900 the quarry was put up for auction, with a reserve price of £12,000. The peak demand for slate had passed and with the industry descending into recession, it did not reach its reserve.[16] The company went into voluntary liquidation, and was wound up in 1902.[7]
Oakeley ownership[edit]
The Oakeley Company had been concerned about the condition of the western end of their mine since 1889, as many of the pillars left between the chambers by the Cwmorthin workings were thinner than normal practice, and they feared another collapse, with the additional risk that the water from Llyn Cwmorthin might enter the workings, causing widespread flooding. In order to safeguard themselves, they bought the Cwmorthin operation for £10,000, with little intention of working it. The Lake Mill was demolished, and the others were shut up. In 1902 Oakeley stripped Cwmorthin of its machinery and allowed the workings to flood, despite the advice of its own consulting engineer. A connecting link was made between the two quarries on floor C in the South Vein. Water then drained into Oakeley's Middle Quarry. The workings in the North Vein flooded up to Lake level, and could no longer be inspected.[17]
After the First World War, Oakeley explored re-opening Cwmorthin. While the mine had been officially closed for over 20 years, local men had continued to remove slate from the upper workings, and an inspection in the 1920s revealed that much of this part of the mine had been wrecked by rock falls and was completely unsafe. The next plan was to remove the overburden covering the South Vein, so that the pillars could be quarried. In 1925 they renewed the tramway connecting the Ffestiniog Railway to the mill, and restored the surface inclines and the lower mills. A new magazine was built, but as the rock was removed, it became evident that there was little usable slate left.[17] The un-flooded underground levels were then investigated, and productive rock was found. Part of the South Vein incline and its connecting tramways was restored, and a previously unworked section of the North Vein was accessed by driving a new level to it.[18]
Although there were supplies of good rock, work in the Cwmorthin Quarry was hampered by the costs of transporting the finished slates, and by the lack of power. The Oakeley Quarries were powered by electricity and compressed air, and a plan to drain the flooded North Vein workings was drawn up in 1932, which would allow power supplies to be brought through from the Oakeley side. The Oakeley workings were by then underneath the lower Cwmorthin chambers, and so Cwmorthin could be drained in a controlled fashion. Surface work at Cwmorthin, which had stopped in 1932, resumed. The North Sink incline was electrified, and air compressors were installed. A new incline was constructed, descending below Cwmorthin's floor E, and one of the Oakeley inclines was extended to assist the extraction of quarried rock.[19]
During the Second World War the quarry was mothballed, with only the pumps kept running to prevent flooding. Afterwards, there was another attempt to remove the overburden from the upper workings, using earth moving machinery, but this was again unsuccessful. During the 1960s the machinery, where it was still accessible, was removed. In 1970 the main Oakeley Quarries closed, and Cwmorthin was sold off separately. Some local men worked it on a small scale, initially clearing the tunnels and getting rock from some of the falls.[20] They installed a saw in one of the chambers, and used a Land Rover for transport. Some outside capital enabled a mill to be rebuilt in the 1980s, but the scheme failed. A local company reopened the mine in 1995, but all work ceased in 1997
Visible strands of maize DNA precipitated out of solution.
Photo credit: CIMMYT.
See the "DNA extraction" set that this photo is part of for more information and images.
The DNA pellets are washed using two washes: ethanol and sodium acetate in distilled water, followed by ethanol and ammonium acetate in distilled water. They can then be resuspended in TE buffer for long-term storage (months or years) without degradation if required.
Photo credit: CIMMYT.
See the "DNA extraction" set that this photo is part of for more information and images.
COVID-19 Testing
William G. Dundon, Consultant, Molecular Biologist, Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture prepares the extraction of the virus genome.
Real time RT-PCR is the most accurate method to detect the COVID-19 virus. The FAO/IAEA Animal Protection and Health Laboratory has been helping countries use this technique to detect zoonotic (animal to human) diseases like COVID-19 and Ebola for decades. IAEA Seibersdorf, Austria. 7 May 2020
Photo Credit: Dean Calma / IAEA
© Lance Bellers.
Published by the International Centre for Eye Health www.iceh.org.uk, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.
© Lance Bellers.
Published by the International Centre for Eye Health www.iceh.org.uk, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.
There are several myths circulating about the extraction of shale gas, coal bed methane and other unconventional fossils, through different methods, notably hydraulic fracturing. These include: - that the extraction of such fuels will bring prosperity to Europe - that we can replicate the economic boom of the US, without repeating their environmental mistakes - that shale gas and other UFFs are necessary transition fuels - that they are good for the climate - that we do not need any extra legislation in Europe to regulate these technologies - that the risks to public health are minimal.
These are just some of the many myths which were discussed and debunked during the Greens/EFA Group's morning conference on unconventional fossil fuel extraction, alongside in-depth discussion of the legislative framework, and examples of "fracking-free" campaigns in Europe and the US. Speakers included researchers, academics, campaigners, economists, activists, NGOs, engineers and other stakeholders in this debate.
Watch the recorded livestream with full International Sign and Speech to Text interpretation, download the presentations and read the full transcript at