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© Lance Bellers.
Published by the International Centre for Eye Health www.iceh.org.uk, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.
The Lockheed C-130 Hercules was originally designed as an assault transport capable of operating from unpaved,hadtily preparde airstrips.On August 23,1953,the Lockheed C-130 Hercules made its first flight.By 1976 more than 1,200 Lockheed C-130 Herculces had been ordered,including aircraft equipped for radar weather mapping and reconnaissance,mid-air space capsule recovery,search and rescue,ambulance service,drone launching,and mid-air refueling of helicopters.The C-130 Hercules could transport up to 92 combat troops and their gear or 45,000 pounds of cargo.Where Facilities were inadequate,the Lockheed C-130 Hercules could deliver its cargo by parachute or low altitude ground-cable extraction without landing.
Twenty-eight Lockheed C-130 Hercules were converted to side-firing gunships,primarily for night attacks against ground targets.This Lockheed AC-130A Hercules was modified at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base,Ohio,as the prototype for the gunship version and was intially equipped with four 20 milimter cannons and four 7.62 milimeter miniguns milti-barrel guns,a searchlight and target sensors.After testing in Southeast Asia in 1967,it was used as a test bed for addition armament sensor and fire control development.Later Lockheed AC-130 Hercules gunships mounted improved sensors,digital fire control computer and heavier armament.
Lockheed AC-130A
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With the success of the Douglas AC-47D Skytrain "Spooky" or "Puff the Magic Dragon" and "Puff" gunships in Southeast Asia,the U.S Air Force created two modification programs for improved and larger gunships.The Fairchild AC-119G Flying Boxcar "Shadows" and Fairchild AC-119K Flying Boxcar "Stingers" were developed under the Gunship III program and the Lockheed AC-130A Hercules was developed under the Gunship II program.
Compared to the Douglas AC-47D Skytran "Spooky" or "Puff the Magic Dragon" and "Puff",the Lockheed AC-130A Hercules "Spectre" gunship was equipped with more and bigger guns--four MUX-470 7.62 milimeter miniguns and four 20 milimeter cannons.Gunship II program was also equipped with a more sophisticated avionics suite including Night Observation Divice,Forwad Looking InfraRed,side looking radar,beacon tracking radar and fire control computer system.The Lockheed AC-130A Hercules was also equipped with a 20 kilowatt (1.5 million candlepower) illumnuation and a flare launcher.
On febuary 26,1967,the first aircraft (Lockheed JC-130A Hercules S/N 54-1626) was selected for conversion into the prototype Lockheed AC-130 Hercules gunship.The modificafion were done in April 1967 and May 1967 at Wright-Patterson Airforce Base,Ohio,by the Aeronultical Systems Division.Flight testing of the Lockheed AC-130 Hercules was done primarly at Eglin Air Force Base,Florida,and began on June 6,1967.Testing and addition modifications were done throughout the summer of 1967.By early September 1967,theaircraft Lockheed AC-130A Hercules was certifed ready for combat testing.The Lockheed AC-130 Hercules prototype was flown to Nha Trang Air Base,South Vietnam arriving on September 21,1967,for a 90-day test program.
Combat Test and Evaluation
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The prototype Lockheed AC-130 Hercules Gunship II program (inital designated Gunboat) was modified at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base,Ohio,in the spring of 1967.Inital flight testing was done during the summer of 1967,primarly at Eglin Air Force Base,Florida.The aircraft Lockheed AC-130 Hercules was flown to Southeast Asia for follow-on -flight testing under combat conitions.
The Lockheed AC-130A Hercules arrived at Nha Trang Air Base,South Vietnam on September 21,1967.The inital test of the Gunship II program involved Close Air Support in the southern region of South Vietnam in the Mekong River Delta area.Close Air Supprt was a critical mission since support of Troops in Contact always took precepence over gunship missions.The next of tests evaluated the aircraft's Lockheed AC-130 Hercules interdiction capabilities primarly against enemy trucks operating on the Ho Chi Minh Trail in the Tiger Hound (southern quadrant of the panhandle) aera of Laos.The final phase of test program involved flying armed reconnasissonce missions in the central highland of South Vietnam(2nd Army Corps area).Actual combat sorties flown between Septmber 24,1697 and December 1,1967.
The result of combat test program were very encouraging.The Gunship II program particularly good at interdiction of enemy supply vehicles.Of the 94 vehicles sighted,38 vehicles were destroyed (verified dircect hits and secondary explosions or sustained fire).During the combat evaluation,the Lockheed AC-130A Hercules fired more than 85,000 rounds of 20 milimeter cannon ammunition and more than 220,000 rounds of 7.62 milimeter miniguns ammunition.While the combat test program was suuccessful,there were some serious problems indentifed which would require fixing before the "production" Lockheed AC-130A Hercules modification program could begin.
After the prototype Lockheed AC-130A Hercules completed its inital combat evaluation in early December 1967,problems indentified during the test program were evaluated and integrated into an upgrade and overhaul plan expected to take until midsummer 1968.However,because of the success of first combat test,General William C. Westmoreland,Commander of the United States Military Assistance Command,Vietnam,requested the Lockheed AC-130A Hercules be returned to Southeast Asia as soon as possible,so it could be used befor the "wet" season Monsoon in late spring 1968.General Willim W. Momyer,Commander of the 7th Air Force,dircted the Lockheed AC-130A Hercules overhaul incude only essential fix and the gunship be returned to Southeast Asia by the begining of spring 1968.The overhaul was completed in early Febuary 1968 and the aircraft Lockheed AC-130 Hercules arrived back in Southeast Asia on Febuary 12,1968.During the second combat test,the Gunship II program was based at Ubon Royal Thai Air Force Base,Thailand,a forward operating location of the 14th Air Commando Wing based at Nha Trang Air Base,South Vietnam (location of the fist combat test).
The Lockheed AC-130A Hercules prototype conducted the second combat evaluation between Febuary 27,1968 and May 14,1968.Fouty-three combat missions were flown over Laos,primarily in the "Steel Tiger" area of the panhandle.Eight hundred 74 enemy vehicles were sighted--212 vehicles were destoyed and 107 vehicles were damaged.The Lockheed AC-130A Hercules gunship also destroyed one 37 milimeter antiaircraft artillery (AAA) and damaged four more 37 milimeter antiaircraft artillery (AAA) sites.
Because of some early problems with the gunship's fire control system and often heavy antiaircraft artillery (AAA),the Lockheed AC-130A Hercules teamed up with Cessna O-2 Skymaster "Covey" forward air controllers (FAC) and Lockheed C-130 Hercules "Blindbat" flare ships.The Lockheed C-130 Hercules "Blindbat" was verry effective detecting targets using its star light scope;however,it flew a predictable search pattern altitudes (right hana circular or race track at 8,000 feet -11,000 feet altitude).Enemy guners were quick to realized if they heard or saw the unarmed Lockheed C-130 Hercules "Blindbat" orbiting their psition,an attack strike was imminet and to hold fire waiting on the strike aircraft.The Lockheed AC-130A Hercules was highly vulnerable in this situation,so if a Lockheed C-130 Hercules "Blindbat" spotted a target,it would relay the information to the Lockheed AC-130 Hercules gunship and clear the area.This allowed the Lockheed AC-130 Hercules gunship to achive some amount of surprise when attacking defended ground targets,although most cases,the Lockheed AC-130A Hercules simply avoided areas known to contain heavy enemy antiaircraft artillery (AAA).
The Lockheed AC-130A Hercules worked well using the Cessna O-2 Skymaster "Covey" as a seeker aircraft.In general,the Cessna O-2 Skymaster "Covey" would fly slightly higher and inside the Lockheed AC-130A Hercules gunship's orbit.When an enemy antiaircraft artillery position was spotted,the Cessna O-2 Skymaster "Covey" marked the gun and called for a "fast mover" to attack it while the Lockheed AC-130A Hercules moved off to search for truck traffic in areas with little or no antiaircraft artillery (AAA) gun positions.
The overhaul conclusion of the second test program was the Lockheed AC-130A Hercules would be extremly effective in interdicting supply lines if the antiaircraft artillery (AAA) defense were neutralized.Note:Becaused of the bombing halt in place during the spring of 1968,three Cessna O-2 Skymaster "Covey",one Lockheed C-130 Hercules "Blindbat",and three McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIs based at Ubon Royal Thai Air Force Base,Thailand were shot down over Laos (May 1968)--the enemy used that time to set-up many antiaircraft artillery (AAA) sites along the Ho Chi Minh Tral routes through southern Laos.
Following the second conbat evaluation,all major aircraft systems and component were critoqued on combat performance,ease of maintenance and relibility.The illuminator system was broken throughout the test period and was eventually removed from the aircraft Lockheed AC-130 Hercules.Problems with the system included lack of spare parts,poor repair manuals and xcontamination of the water cooling system.The LAU-74 semiautomatic flare launcher installed beside the illuminator on the aft ramp worked well throughout the tests.When the fire control computer was "down",the pilot sometimes resorted to Douglas AC-47D Skytrain "Spooky" or "Puff the Magic Dragon" and "Puff" style tactics--drop flares to light the target and manually site the gun and "walk" the tracer path to the target.The fire control radar (DPN-34) was broken much of the time and rquired extensive maintenance between flights.The evaluation team recommended an entire new system be used on all further Lockheed AC-130 Hercules gunship conversions.The infrared tracing tracking system was unable,but required a very exerienced operator to continuously track a ground target with the aircraft Lockheed AC-130 Hercules in attack mode (30 degree left bank).The guns all performed well and only miner jamming problems (fixable in flight by the guners) but was prone to problems otherwise.The fire control computer was subject to in-flight failure but worked well when it was functional.The Night Observation Device worked well and was among the most reliable pieces of equipment on the Gunship II program Lockheed AC-130 Hercules prototype.The navigation equipment worked well and most problems were associated with the Lockheed AC-130A Hercules attack tactics.Example,the search radar had a limited range of 30 miles and tended to have roll stabilzation problems during sustained bank flight.
The typical Lockheed AC-130A Hercules attack profile was flown at 5,000 feet above ground level (AGL) for armed reconnaissance missions and interdixtion missions.If moderate or heavy antiaircraft artillery (AAA) with attack from 6,500 feet or 8,000 feet above ground level (AGL) (in most cases,the Gunship II program would depart areas with heavy antiaircraft artillery (AAA) without attacking).For close air support of Troops In Contact (TIC) the aircraft Lockheed AC-130 Hercules would fly as low as 3,500 feet above ground level (AGL) to improve gun accuracy.THe standard speed was 145 knots.The aircraft Lockheed AC-130 Hercules while in a 30 degree left bank and guns were depressed 20 degrees (down).This combined with an approximate 10 degree ballistic arc caused the rounds to impact the target area at approximatley 60 degrees (from horizontal).This high angle of incidence produced good results even when penetrating the jungle canopy.The 20 milimeter "Vulcan" cannon were primary weapons used and a 2-second burst (75-100 rounds) from a single 20 milimeter cannon were usually sufficient to destroy an enemy truck.Whenfiring on a group of vehicles located close to one another,two 20 milimeter cannons fired simultaneously.The only time all eight guns (four 20 milimeter cannons and four 7.62 milimeter miniguns) were fired together was when attcking an enemy antiaircraft artillery (AAA) site.When the Gunship II program encountered an antiaircraft artillery (AAA) and didn't attack it (this was usually the case),a flare,timed to ignite when it hit the ground,was sometimes dropped on the site to mark it (and be avoided by the Lockheed AC-130 Hercules gunship and forward air controller (FAC) in the area).
The final reconnendation of evaluation team included the need for an upgrade fire control system which could minmize the time over the target,reliable maintain lock,and store multiple target locations.The need for larger caliber guns to deal with antiaircraft artillery (AAA) sites and armored vehicles was also included in the report.The evaluation team suggested a 25 milimeter cannons;however,follow-on Lockheed AC-130 Hercules gunships included 40 milimter cannons and some were equipped with a 105 milimeter howitzer!
M-102 105 MM Cannon
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Designed for easy transport by helicopter or light vehicles,the M-120 105 milimeter cannon first saw service in Southeast Asia with the U.S.Army in 1966.The M-102's light weight made it well-suited for use on Lockheed AC-130 Hercules gunships.One of the side-firing 40 milimeter guns on the Lockheed AC-130A Hercules was replaces with the modified M-102 105 milimeter cannon to increase firepower.
Other Lockheed AC-130A Hercules gunships,however used the powerful M-102 105 milimeter cannon effectively against enemy targets.
In the early part of 2011 I had the chance to visit Crich Tramway Village. Its some where I had been many years as a young boy and lets face it a local mecca to those with a lens :)
These are the few shots that made it from that day to give a flavour of whats on offer. I fully intend to go back later in the year but this time on a family trip rather than a tog day out.
Crich (pronounced /ˈkraɪtʃ/ ( listen), with a long I) is a village in Derbyshire in England. It is the home of the National Tramway Museum inside the Crich Tramway Village, and at the summit of Crich Hill above, a Memorial Tower for those of the Sherwood Foresters regiment who died in battle, particularly in World War I.
Built in 1923 on the location of an older tower called Crich Stand, the Memorial Tower is the destination of an annual pilgrimage on the first Sunday in July. Set 1,000 feet above sea level, it has 52 steps to the top, from which eight counties can be seen, including landmarks such as the Humber Bridge and Lincoln Cathedral.
In 1009 Æþelræd Unræd (King Ethelred the Unready) signed a charter at the Great Council which recognised the position and boundaries of Weston-on-Trent and several other manors including Crich.[2] The charter shows that Weston controlled the nearby crossings of the Trent. The land was listed as eight hides at Weston upon Trent, and a hide at Crich, Morley, Smalley, Ingleby and Kidsley. This land was then given to Morcar, the King's chief minister, and he was unusually given rights that were normally reserved for the King alone. He was given the responsibility for justice and exemption from the Trinoda necessitas, he alone could decide a fate of life or death without the need of the authority of the King or his sheriff. Morcar was given further lands in Derbyshire. Weston (and Crich?) again come under the control of Æþelræd Unræd, when Morcar and his brother were murdered by Eadric in 1015.
A workhouse was opened in 1734 on the edge of Nether Common. It could accommodate 40 inmates, and accepted paupers from other parishes, including Melbourne, Pentrich, Willington, Mercaston and Denby.
Crich was the setting for the ITV drama series Peak Practice (along with Ashover for a time). Crich is home to 'The Briars', a residential youth centre for the Catholic Diocese of Nottingham. It hosts approximately 5000 young people a year from across the East Midlands, working with them on personal, social and spiritual themes. Images of the village also appear in the 2007 film "And When Did You Last See Your Father" starring Colin Firth. In the film Firth is seen riding a motorbike up Chapel Lane.
Geologically, Crich lies on a small inlier of Carboniferous limestone (an outcrop on the edge of the Peak District surrounded by younger Upper Carboniferous rocks).
Quarrying for limestone probably began in Roman times. In 1791 Benjamin Outram and Samuel Beresford bought land for a quarry to supply limestone to their new iron works at Butterley. This became known as Hilt's Quarry, and the stone was transported down a steep wagonway, the Butterley Company Gangroad, to the Cromford Canal at Bullbridge. Near there they also built limekilns for supplying farmers and for the increasing amount of building work. Apart from a period when it was leased to Albert Banks, the quarry and kilns were operated by the Butterley Company until 1933.
Quarrying in the early 1900s
The gangroad, descending some 300 feet in about a mile, was at first worked by gravity, a brakeman "spragging" the wheels of the wagons, which were returned to the summit by horses. However, in 1812 the incline was the scene of a remarkable experiment, when William Brunton, an engineer for the company, produced his Steam Horse locomotive.
In 1840, George Stephenson, in building the North Midland Railway, discovered deposits of coal at Clay Cross and formed what later became the Clay Cross Company. He realised that burning lime would provide a use for the coal slack that would otherwise go to waste. He leased Cliff Quarry and built limekilns at Bullbridge. They were connected by another wagonway including a section known as "The Steep", a 550-yard self-acting incline at a slope of 1 in 5.
Cliff Quarry closed in 1957, although a small amount of limestone extraction still occurs at the western end; it was bought by the Tramway Museum in 1959.
Hilt's Quarry closed in 1933 and is derelict. For 38 years, Rolls-Royce used it for dumping low-level radioactive waste such as enriched uranium, cobalt-60 and carbon-14. Following a campaign and blockades by villagers in the Crich and District Environment Action Group, dumping ceased in 2002. In 2004 the Government backed an Environment Agency document banning further dumping, and Rolls-Royce will be required to restore and landscape the site
During DNA extraction, CTAB buffer is added to the finely ground leaf sample. This is a detergent, which facilitates the lysis of cell membranes, enabling cell contents to leak into the solution.
Photo credit: CIMMYT.
See the "DNA extraction" set that this photo is part of for more information and images.
Zainabad - Dasada - Gujarat - India
Salt extraction fields
Over het verdroogde land rijden we naar de zoutwinningsvelden. We zien er de vriendelijke mensen die daar leven met hun gezin, en daar dagelijks het harde werk doen om zout te winnen.
Interessant om te lezen:
www.toegankelijkopreis.be/content/gujarat-juweel-van-west...
In open jeep rijden we naar Zainabad, waar we het nationaal park Little Rann van Kutch bezoeken.
Onderweg spotten we de Wild Ass (wilde ezel) en de nijlgau. De nijlgau of nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is een grote antilope uit India. 'Nilgai' is Hindi voor "blauw rund".
Aan het meer spotten we kraanvogels , flamingo's, pelikanen, ibis, spoonbill of lepelaar, ooievaar of blue bill, eenden of ducks ...
We ontmoeten de Koli vrouwen met bundels houten takken op het hoofd.
...what's left of it, it's been ground and drilled into to get it off. I got it about 25 years ago, when a mouth full of gold seemed really funny. Now, I've opted for a more "mature" porcelain replacement. Will miss it...
Sorry I haven't posted anything in a while. Here's a work in progress MOC. This is called "Extraction", this is the last and the conclusion MOC on the "The Artifact"series of MOCs. I should have it ready within a few days.
A pellet of maize DNA, originally taken from a leaf sample, at the end of the DNA extraction process.
Photo credit: CIMMYT.
See the "DNA extraction" set that this photo is part of for more information and images.
From a super of ten frames we get about 20 lb (about 9 kg) of honey. It collects in the bottom of the extractor. We then pass it through two sieves to remove any bits of wax. The smell is amazing: a mixture of honey, wax and propolis (which is like resin).
Each hive this year has three supers on it. The bees will need a full one to get through the winter (you can also give them sugar, but I would rather they had their own stuff, it's more nutritious), so there's plenty to spare.
Extracting DNA from plants for the Barcode UK project at the National Botanic Garden of Wales.
The Barcode Wales Paper: dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0037945
During DNA extraction, isopropanol is added to the samples to precipitate the DNA out of solution.
Photo credit: CIMMYT.
See the "DNA extraction" set that this photo is part of for more information and images.
© Lance Bellers.
Published by the International Centre for Eye Health www.iceh.org.uk, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.
There's a reason the guys in a platoon call the medic "Doc." Most of the time, he's the closest thing they have to a doctor (or in this case, to a dentist). One very cold morning (the very same one featured in the REFORGER Cold Morning shots) at the end of our REFORGER field time, Doc had to yank one an impacted tooth from Smitty's mouth.
The DNA pellets are washed using two washes: ethanol and sodium acetate in distilled water, followed by ethanol and ammonium acetate in distilled water. They can then be resuspended in TE buffer for long-term storage (months or years) without degradation if required.
Photo credit: CIMMYT.
See the "DNA extraction" set that this photo is part of for more information and images.
Prior to World War II and the invention of radar, acoustic mirrors were built as early warning devices around the coasts of Great Britain, with the aim of detecting incoming enemy aircraft by the sound of their engines. The most famous of these devices still stand at Denge on the Dungeness peninsula and at Hythe in Kent. Other examples exist in other parts of Britain (including Sunderland, Redcar, Boulby, Kilnsea) and Selsey Bill, and Baħar iċ-Ċagħaq in Malta. The Maltese sound mirror is known locally as "the ear" (il-Widna) and appears to be the only sound mirror built outside Great Britain.
Acoustic mirrors at Denge
The Dungeness mirrors, known colloquially as the "listening ears", consist of three large concrete reflectors built in the 1920s–1930s. Their experimental nature can be discerned by the different shapes of each of the three reflectors: one is a long, curved wall about 5 m high by 70 m long, while the other two are dish-shaped constructions approximately 4–5 m in diameter. Microphones placed at the foci of the reflectors enabled a listener to detect the sound of aircraft far out over the English Channel. The reflectors are not parabolic, but are actually spherical mirrors.[1] Spherical mirrors may be used for direction finding by moving the sensor rather than the mirror; another unusual example is the Arecibo Observatory.
Acoustic mirrors had a limited effectiveness, and the increasing speed of aircraft in the 1930s meant that they would already be too close to deal with by the time they had been detected. The development of radar put an end to further experimentation with the technique. Nevertheless, there were long-lasting benefits. The acoustic mirror programme, led by Dr William Sansome Tucker, had given Britain the methodology to use interconnected stations to pin point the position of an enemy in the sky. The system they developed for linking the stations and plotting aircraft movements was given to the early radar team and contributed to their success in World War II; although the British radar was less sophisticated than the German system, the British system was used more successfully.
There are three acoustic mirrors in the complex, each consisting of a single concrete hemispherical reflector.
The 200 foot mirror is a near vertical, curved wall, 200 feet (60m) long. It is one of only two similar acoustic mirrors in the world, the other being in Magħtab, Malta.
The 20 foot mirror is similar to the 30 foot mirror, with a smaller, shallower dish 6 m (20 ft) across. The design is close to that of an acoustic mirror in Kilnsea, East Riding of Yorkshire.
Acoustic mirrors did work, and could effectively be used to detect slow moving enemy aircraft before they came into sight. They worked by concentrating sound waves towards a central point, where a microphone would have been located. However, their use was limited as aircraft became faster. Operators also found it difficult to distinguish between aircraft and seagoing vessels. In any case, they quickly became obsolete due to the invention of radar in 1932. The experiment was abandoned, and the mirrors left to decay. The gravel extraction works caused some undermining of at least one of the structures.
© Lance Bellers.
Published by the International Centre for Eye Health www.iceh.org.uk, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.
© Lance Bellers.
Published by the International Centre for Eye Health www.iceh.org.uk, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.
during the ~45 minute extraction, the top of my wisdom tooth broke off, then the roots had to be drilled apart, the right root was extracted, and then while wrenching the left root out, the barb at the end broke off and had to be left behind because it was so close to the nerve (indicated at the bottom). i was awake the whole time, yet highly numbed.
© Lance Bellers.
Published by the International Centre for Eye Health www.iceh.org.uk, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.