View allAll Photos Tagged Extinct,
This Moa (bird) once roamed our country but became extinct about 500 years ago.
#16 strange 52in2018challenge
Mammut americanum (Kerr, 1792) - American mastodon skeleton (cast) from the Pleistocene of Florida, USA. (South Florida Museum, Bradenton, Florida, USA)
From museum signage:
Mammut americanum, the American Mastodon, is one of the most spectacular of the now extinct Ice Age mammals. Mastodons, belonging to the Order Proboscidea, were large elephant-like animals with heavy shaggy coats and two large upper tusks. The average mastodon’s shoulder height was 8 to 10 feet. Measuring 11 feet 4 inches at the shoulder, the South Florida Museum’s mastodon is one of the world’s largest and the largest ever recovered in North America. Massive size, on its last set of teeth, and arthritis in its backbone are contributing factors suggesting this giant proboscidean is probably an older male.
At Home in the Forest
Mastodons were forest-dwelling animals that browsed on twigs, leaves, shrubs, fruits, pinecones and needles, and mosses. Their teeth were rather primitive and characterized by rounded and pointed enamel-covered cones with close-spaced roots. Such teeth were well suited to clipping or crushing twigs, leaves, and stems. Their trunk not only functioned as a nose, but also as an appendage used to grab and manipulate objects.
Mastodons belong to the Order Proboscidea along with mammoths and modern elephants. Their closest living relatives are the Sirenia (dugongs and manatees). [Elephants] evolved in Africa about 35 million years ago and spread throughout Africa, Europe, and Asia. About 3.7 million years ago, [elephants] migrated to North America via the Bering Strait land bridge. A mastodon’s normal range was hundreds of miles, and individuals have been recovered from the Aucilla River, Ichetucknee River, Palm Beach County, and Wakulla Springs.
An Aucilla Giant
Our mastodon was found in 1967 by diver Don Serbosek on an isolated stretch of the Aucilla River in Jefferson County. The scattered bones were in a 20 ft. deep hole in the river bottom. This unique display is the only articulation done to date of this Aucilla mastodon. It is an exact and finely detailed cast of the fossil bones acquired by the Florida Museum of Natural History for research studies on the Pleistocene giant.
How did the Aucilla mastodon die? There are no recognizable butcher marks on the bones, but two projective points along with hundreds of carved bone needles were found in the immediate vicinity. This evidence implies human activity, but further analysis revealed the needles were more recent, probably ca. B.C. 300 to A.D. 200. Perhaps a hunt drove him into the river where he slipped into the deep hole and drowned.
The Aucilla Adventures
For Don Serbosek, the waterways of Florida have yielded a lifetime of adventure and discovery. One of the first underwater explorers of Florida’s rivers and springs, Don was used to finding an occasional ancient animal bone or early human artifact. However, a 1967 trip to north Florida’s Aucilla river turned a routine SCUBA dive into the find of a lifetime and nearly a lifetime of work.
Disciplined Discovery
There, scattered across the bottom of the isolated stretch of river bed where the Aucilla rises from an underground limestone caverns and soon sinks into another, were piles of bones. Mammoth and mastodon teeth littered the ground. The next weekend, equipped with SCUBA gear, Don and others set about to map the site. Bones, Indian artifacts, projectile points and bone needles were recovered and their locations noted. Then, 20 feet down at the bottom of a hole revealed by their underwater lamps, Serbosek saw the well-preserved skeleton of a huge mastodon with half of its lower jaw lying on top of a pile of bones. Many more trips were required to bring up the easily accessible bones, but no skull was found.
The Missing Skull
A dedicated search for the missing skull commenced. As he fanned away sand, searching with his fingers in the dark murky water, Don felt a large, flat rock. At first he passed it by, but something didn’t feel quite right. The rock was smooth and flat, not like the sharp, eroded limestone typical of the river bed. Retracing his progess, he eventually found it again and fanned away more and more sand. The rock grew bigger and bigger and began to curve downward. It was the skull, buried in a layer of blue clay.
Raising the 400 pound skull posed quite a challenge. A framework of steel pipe laced with a floor of heavy canvas and supported by eight inner tubes was designed to cradle the huge fossil. Four feet below the surface, the inner tubes were carefully inflated, and the skull emerged from the water.
On the surface, a large tank filled with water-soluble acrylic preservative was used to hold the precious fossils. As the bones soaked up the preservative, they slowly hardened.
A Lengthy Process
Meticulous paleontology takes a great deal of perseverance. Recovering the Aucilla mastodon took three years. Developing the techniques to make an accurate copy of of the fossilized bones took another ten years. Serbosek pooled his talents with Dr. Cliff Jeremiah of Jacksonville, a fellow member of the Florida Paleontological Society with a reputation for making remarkably fine replicas of fossils.
After 11 years of collaborations, refining the process on countless other specimens, the two men were ready to work on the Aucilla mastodon. From the first sighting to final articulation, more than 20 years and thousands of hours have been dedicated to the magnificent mastodon. This painstaking paleontological work was performed with the utmost care and pride. All who worked on the project know that there may never be another mastodon of this size and significance found in Florida. The South Florida Museum is proud to exhibit this unique Pleistocene mammal.
Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Mammalia, Proboscidea, Mammutidae
Locality: Aucilla River, Jefferson County, northern Florida, USA
----------------------
See info. at:
Smilodon Belt Buckle, appropriate attire for the professional paleontologist or amateur fossil hunter. Smilodon is the genus of an extinct species of sabre-toothed cats. The Smilodon cats died out at the same time that most North and South American megafauna disappeared, about 10,000 years ago. The skull on this brass buckle is a fairly accurate replica of a Smildon skull.
New Zealand Quail, or koreke, bzw neuseeländische Schwarzbrustwachtel.
Until 1860 was this Quail species, endemic to New Zealand, quite common on both islands. 1869 it could only be recorded from 2 localities, around 1875 this species was extinct. Probably the introduction of predators, or an avian disease trasmitted by introduced pheasants contributed to the eradication of this bird species. Stuffed specimen photgraphed at the MNHN in Paris
Baltic amber - rare extinct male spider (Araneae Anapidae Balticorma sp.)
© Anders Leth Damgaard - www.amber-inclusions.dk
_____________________________
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3. If you alter, transform, or build upon the picture, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same license/copyrights as I have given my picture.
If you want to use the image in a book, brochure, poster or other printed media, please contact me and ask for an alternative copyright
TATA WAG5 23213 waits for the signal with the load of the evening TATA Barbil Passenger at Tatanagar Jn. Now, ELS TATA does not hold any WAG5s as they have been transferred to other sheds
_0329, 2007-11-07, 09:09 , 8C, 4040x5368 (1368+1403), 100%, 412E BetterLig, 1/80 s, R57.4, G44.8, B55.6
Mammut americanum (Kerr, 1792) - American mastodon skeleton (cast) from the Pleistocene of Florida, USA. (South Florida Museum, Bradenton, Florida, USA)
From museum signage:
Mammut americanum, the American Mastodon, is one of the most spectacular of the now extinct Ice Age mammals. Mastodons, belonging to the Order Proboscidea, were large elephant-like animals with heavy shaggy coats and two large upper tusks. The average mastodon’s shoulder height was 8 to 10 feet. Measuring 11 feet 4 inches at the shoulder, the South Florida Museum’s mastodon is one of the world’s largest and the largest ever recovered in North America. Massive size, on its last set of teeth, and arthritis in its backbone are contributing factors suggesting this giant proboscidean is probably an older male.
At Home in the Forest
Mastodons were forest-dwelling animals that browsed on twigs, leaves, shrubs, fruits, pinecones and needles, and mosses. Their teeth were rather primitive and characterized by rounded and pointed enamel-covered cones with close-spaced roots. Such teeth were well suited to clipping or crushing twigs, leaves, and stems. Their trunk not only functioned as a nose, but also as an appendage used to grab and manipulate objects.
Mastodons belong to the Order Proboscidea along with mammoths and modern elephants. Their closest living relatives are the Sirenia (dugongs and manatees). [Elephants] evolved in Africa about 35 million years ago and spread throughout Africa, Europe, and Asia. About 3.7 million years ago, [elephants] migrated to North America via the Bering Strait land bridge. A mastodon’s normal range was hundreds of miles, and individuals have been recovered from the Aucilla River, Ichetucknee River, Palm Beach County, and Wakulla Springs.
An Aucilla Giant
Our mastodon was found in 1967 by diver Don Serbosek on an isolated stretch of the Aucilla River in Jefferson County. The scattered bones were in a 20 ft. deep hole in the river bottom. This unique display is the only articulation done to date of this Aucilla mastodon. It is an exact and finely detailed cast of the fossil bones acquired by the Florida Museum of Natural History for research studies on the Pleistocene giant.
How did the Aucilla mastodon die? There are no recognizable butcher marks on the bones, but two projective points along with hundreds of carved bone needles were found in the immediate vicinity. This evidence implies human activity, but further analysis revealed the needles were more recent, probably ca. B.C. 300 to A.D. 200. Perhaps a hunt drove him into the river where he slipped into the deep hole and drowned.
The Aucilla Adventures
For Don Serbosek, the waterways of Florida have yielded a lifetime of adventure and discovery. One of the first underwater explorers of Florida’s rivers and springs, Don was used to finding an occasional ancient animal bone or early human artifact. However, a 1967 trip to north Florida’s Aucilla river turned a routine SCUBA dive into the find of a lifetime and nearly a lifetime of work.
Disciplined Discovery
There, scattered across the bottom of the isolated stretch of river bed where the Aucilla rises from an underground limestone caverns and soon sinks into another, were piles of bones. Mammoth and mastodon teeth littered the ground. The next weekend, equipped with SCUBA gear, Don and others set about to map the site. Bones, Indian artifacts, projectile points and bone needles were recovered and their locations noted. Then, 20 feet down at the bottom of a hole revealed by their underwater lamps, Serbosek saw the well-preserved skeleton of a huge mastodon with half of its lower jaw lying on top of a pile of bones. Many more trips were required to bring up the easily accessible bones, but no skull was found.
The Missing Skull
A dedicated search for the missing skull commenced. As he fanned away sand, searching with his fingers in the dark murky water, Don felt a large, flat rock. At first he passed it by, but something didn’t feel quite right. The rock was smooth and flat, not like the sharp, eroded limestone typical of the river bed. Retracing his progess, he eventually found it again and fanned away more and more sand. The rock grew bigger and bigger and began to curve downward. It was the skull, buried in a layer of blue clay.
Raising the 400 pound skull posed quite a challenge. A framework of steel pipe laced with a floor of heavy canvas and supported by eight inner tubes was designed to cradle the huge fossil. Four feet below the surface, the inner tubes were carefully inflated, and the skull emerged from the water.
On the surface, a large tank filled with water-soluble acrylic preservative was used to hold the precious fossils. As the bones soaked up the preservative, they slowly hardened.
A Lengthy Process
Meticulous paleontology takes a great deal of perseverance. Recovering the Aucilla mastodon took three years. Developing the techniques to make an accurate copy of of the fossilized bones took another ten years. Serbosek pooled his talents with Dr. Cliff Jeremiah of Jacksonville, a fellow member of the Florida Paleontological Society with a reputation for making remarkably fine replicas of fossils.
After 11 years of collaborations, refining the process on countless other specimens, the two men were ready to work on the Aucilla mastodon. From the first sighting to final articulation, more than 20 years and thousands of hours have been dedicated to the magnificent mastodon. This painstaking paleontological work was performed with the utmost care and pride. All who worked on the project know that there may never be another mastodon of this size and significance found in Florida. The South Florida Museum is proud to exhibit this unique Pleistocene mammal.
Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Mammalia, Proboscidea, Mammutidae
Locality: Aucilla River, Jefferson County, northern Florida, USA
----------------------
See info. at:
Superdomain: Neomura
Domain: Eukaryota
(unranked): Opisthokonta
(unranked) Holozoa
(unranked) Filozoa
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
(unranked): Bilateria
(unranked): Protostomia
Superphylum: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Mollusca
Subphylum: Conchifera
Class: Cephalopoda
Subclass: †Orthoceratoidea
Order: †Orthocerida
Family: †Proteoceratidae
Genus: †Treptoceras
Species: †T. cincinnatiensis
Extinct land snails. All endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and now extinct.
Location found: Moʻomomi Dunes, Molokaʻi, Hawaiian Islands
Top three:
Amastra humilis moomomiensis
Molokaʻi. Extinct.
Bottom left:
Cycloamastra morticina
Lānaʻi, Molokaʻi, Kahoʻolawe. Extinct.
Bottom center & right:
Leptachatina dormitor
Molokaʻi. Extinct.
Found with an extinct land crab (Geograpsus severnsi) among "fossilized" tree roots.
www.flickr.com/photos/dweickhoff/5126880848/in/photolist-...
Identified by Mike Severns
'Endangered and Extinct' by creative recycling artist Val Hunt, an exhibition at Gloucester Cathedral, Saturday 26 September-Sunday 1 November 2020 in the Cloisters
From the Cathedral's website:
"This exhibition presents a subtle message about recycling and preservation, raising awareness of why the creatures on show are endangered or extinct...
Having worked for the past 29 years as a professional maker, Val Hunt continues to be amazed at the versatility of creative recycling. There is an enormous variety of discarded material just waiting to be reconstructed and given a new identity, especially Val's favourite material of drinks can metal. Intricate constructions and interesting textures are key elements found in her work, humour is also an added ingredient whenever possible.
Through experimentation, ingenuity and skill her work is always changing as she discovers new techniques and ways of constructing recycled materials to signal a new meaning. Her works recycles a diverse selection of throwaway material, from these she creates a fascinating selection of large and small sculptural pieces which are both appealing and informative.
Despite her use of manufactured materials, her main inspiration comes from the natural world. Val has a special interest in endangered and extinct species and most of her work reflects this. She makes animals, exotic birds, dinosaurs, insects and species of flora all on the edge or now extinct.
The increasing awareness of the effects of pollution, climate change, plastic in the Ocean and environment destruction on the habitat have influenced Val's work. She now dedicates her making to highlighting the plight of species that are on the edge or gone forever in her touring educational exhibition 'Endangered and Extinct'...
Val's work has been shown in exhibitions around the UK, Denmark, Japan, United Emirates, USA and toured overseas with the British Council. She has work in many permanent collections."
Giraffe. Welgevonden Game Reserve. South Africa. Feb/2021
Giraffe
The giraffe (Giraffa) is a genus of African even-toed ungulate mammals, the tallest living terrestrial animals and the largest ruminants. The genus currently consists of one species, Giraffa camelopardalis, the type species. Seven other species are extinct, prehistoric species known from fossils. Taxonomic classifications of one to eight extant giraffe species have been described, based upon research into the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, as well as morphological measurements of Giraffa, but the IUCN currently recognises only one species with nine subspecies.
The giraffe's chief distinguishing characteristics are its extremely long neck and legs, its horn-like ossicones, and its distinctive coat patterns. It is classified under the family Giraffidae, along with its closest extant relative, the okapi. Its scattered range extends from Chad in the north to South Africa in the south, and from Niger in the west to Somalia in the east. Giraffes usually inhabit savannahs and woodlands. Their food source is leaves, fruits and flowers of woody plants, primarily acacia species, which they browse at heights most other herbivores cannot reach. They may be preyed on by lions, leopards, spotted hyenas and African wild dogs.
Source: Wikipedia
Girafa
A girafa é um gênero de mamíferos ungulados africanos, sendo os animais terrestres mais altos e os maiores ruminantes. O gênero atualmente consiste de uma espécie, Giraffa camelopardalis, a espécie-tipo. Sete outras espécies são espécies pré-históricas conhecidas de fósseis. Classificações taxonômicas de uma a oito espécies existentes de girafas foram descritas, baseadas em pesquisas com DNA nuclear e mitocondrial, bem como em medidas morfológicas de Giraffa, mas atualmente a IUCN reconhece apenas uma espécie com nove subespécies.
As principais características distintivas da girafa são seu pescoço e pernas extremamente longos, seus ossólones semelhantes a chifres e seus distintos padrões de pelagem. É classificada sob a família Giraffidae, junto com seu parente mais próximo, o okapi. Seu alcance disperso estende-se do Chade, no norte, até a África do Sul, no sul, e do Níger, no oeste, até a Somália, no leste. Girafas geralmente habitam savanas e bosques. Sua fonte de alimento são folhas, frutos e flores de plantas lenhosas, principalmente espécies de acácia. Eles podem ser predados por leões, leopardos, hienas dentre outros.
Fonte: Wikipedia
Welgevonden Game Reserve
Welgevonden Game Reserve, (Dutch for well found), is in the Waterberg District, of the Limpopo, province of South Africa. Welgevonden Game Reserve, (Dutch for "well found"), is a 38,200ha game reserve in the Waterberg District, of the Limpopo Province of South Africa.
It forms part of the Waterberg Biosphere Reserve which was officially declared by UNESCO in 2001 and currently covers an area in excess of 654,033 hectare.
The reserve comprises mountainous terrain that is dissected by deep valleys and kloofs while flat plateaus characterise most hilltops. Altitude varies from 1080 m in the north to ±1800 m in the southern section of the reserve.
Welgevonden is home to over 50 different mammals, including the Big Five. The diversity of habitat leads to a wide range of wildlife with grassy plains abounding with antelope from the largest eland to the diminutive duiker; and cheetah, lion and leopard are regularly seen close by. There are also numerous rare and unusual species such as brown hyena, aardwolf, pangolin and aardvark – all best seen at night. Over 300 bird species can be seen on the reserve, including rare blue cranes which breed in the southern section early in the year.
Source: Wikipedia
Reserva Welgevonden
A Welgevonden Game Reserve, (holandês para bem encontrado), fica no distrito de Waterberg, no Limpopo, província da África do Sul. Welgevonden Game Reserve, (holandês para "bem encontrado"), é uma reserva de safari de 38.200 hectares no distrito de Waterberg, na província de Limpopo da África do Sul.
Faz parte da Reserva da Biosfera de Waterberg que foi oficialmente declarada pela UNESCO em 2001 e atualmente cobre uma área superior a 654.033 hectares.
A reserva compreende terrenos montanhosos que são dissecados por vales profundos e kloofs, enquanto planaltos planos caracterizam a maioria dos topos das colinas. A altitude varia de 1080 m no norte a ± 1800 m na seção sul da reserva.
Welgevonden é o lar de mais de 50 mamíferos diferentes, incluindo os Big Five. A diversidade de habitat leva a uma grande variedade de vida selvagem com planícies gramíneas repletas de antílopes, desde o maior elã até o diminuto duiker; e chita, leão e leopardo são vistos regularmente por perto. Existem também numerosas espécies raras e incomuns, como hiena marrom, aardwolf, pangolin e aardvark - todos melhor vistos à noite. Mais de 300 espécies de pássaros podem ser vistas na reserva, incluindo o Grou-do-paraíso que se reproduzem na seção sul no início do ano.
Fonte: Wikipedia (tradução livre)
Superdomain: Neomura
Domain: Eukaryota
(unranked): Unikonta
(unranked): Obazoa
(unranked): Opisthokonta
(unranked) Holozoa
(unranked) Filozoa
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
(unranked): Bilateria
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclass: Osteichthyes
Clade: Sarcopterygii
Class: Dipnoi
Order: Ceratodontiformes
Family: †Gnathorhizidae
Genus: †Namatozodia
Species: †N. pitikanta
Extinct fungus-growing ant, related to modern leafcutting ants, fossilized in Dominican Amber.
20,000,000 years old
Public Domain image by Christopher Johnson
Part of the “Insects Unlocked” Project
University of Texas at Austin
Anodorhynchus Hyacinthinus
The Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) is one of 16 living species of macaws and the largest parrot in the world. There are six genera of macaws and the Hyacinth is one of three species of the genus Anodorhynchus. One of the other two species of this genus is thought to be extinct (A. glaucus, the Glaucus Macaw) and the other (A. leari, called either the Lear's or Indigo Macaw) is severely threatened.
A typical length for the Hyacinth Macaw is 100 centimeters, or about 40 inches. A typical weight of captive-bred adults is 1,250 grams (about 2 ¾ pounds). The plumage of these magnificent parrots is predominately a deep cobalt blue (see photos). In natural light, the head appears to be a lighter shade of blue and has an almost iridescent quality. Flight and tail feathers are dark gray on their undersurface. The huge, grey to black bill is deeply curved and sharply pointed. The bill's lack of the tooth-like ridges characteristic of other genera of macaws gave rise to the scientific name for the Anodorhynchus macaws (an=no, odo=tooth, rhynchus=nose). There are two bare areas of the face, a prominent and deeply golden colored eye ring and the peri-mandibular area making a beautiful contrast with the rich blue plumage.
Both observations in the wild and of captive-bred individuals confirm that immatures have similar plumage to adults and that they are very slow to reach independence.
The Hyacinth Macaw's historical range included a large area of northeastern, central and southwestern Brazil, eastern Bolivia and northeastern Paraguay. Today, it is know from the interior of northeastern Brazil, central and southwestern Brazil, easternmost Bolivia and, some claim, extreme northeastern Paraguay. The outline of the range has not contracted much, but the number of individuals is much reduced. Recent estimates of the number surviving in the wild have ranged from 2,500 to 5,000. Persecution has taken the form of illegal pet trade and hunting for food and feather (see photos of Indian crafts). The high value of these birds in captivity ($7,000-$10,000 in the United States) has driven illegal trade in Brazil long after they received legal "protection."
One of the common misconceptions about the Hyacinth Macaw is that it is primarily a rainforest bird. Over and over this has been repeated in books, magazine articles and on Internet web sites. One of the first things one learns when studying birds in their wild state is that most species are habitat specific. This is no less true for the parrot family.
The Hyacinth Macaw avoids heavily forested areas throughout most of its range. Only in a small part of its range, in southeastern Para, has it been recorded from a rainforest. Most of its range is lightly forested with the seasonally flooded grassland of Brazil's and Bolivia's Pantanal holding a major part of its population. The other living member of its genus, the Lear's Macaw occurs only in the arid caatinga (characterized by thorny scrub-brush and cacti) of northeastern Brazil, hundreds of miles from the nearest rainforest.
Other macaws that seem to prefer dry or savanna habitats include the Red-fronted, Spix's, Yellow-collared, Military, Blue-winged (Illiger's) and, in its Central American range, the Scarlet. Humid forest macaws include the Blue & Yellow, Red & Green (Green-winged), Red-bellied, Great-green (Buffon's), Red-shouldered (Nobil and Hahn's) and, in its South American range, the Scarlet.
In the Pantanal portion of its range, its diet seems to be largely the nuts of certain palms (Suagrus commosa & Attalea funifera). Click to see palm nts eaten by Hyacinth Macaws. I have also seen them eat the thick green covering of the palm nutshells and strips of palm fronds. Locals told me that they also eat some of the fruit from the few large trees that occur there. I have seen Blue & Yellow, Red & Green, Red-shouldered and Yellow-collared Macaws eating such fruit in the Pantanal, but have not observed Hyacinths doing so. There is a report of this species taking snails in the Pantanal. I have seen them eating palm nuts from the ground many times in areas where empty snail shells littered the same area, but have never witnessed their eating snails. I wonder if the report might have been based upon finding empty snail shells where Hyacinths had been feeding on the ground and an incorrect assumption made. Snail kites are common in the Pantanal and they leave empty snail shells scattered over the pastures.
The palm nuts that they eat from fields come via the digestive tract of cattle. The nuts are taken green by cattle. The thick green covering of the shells is digested, and the "cleaned" nuts are deposited in the pastures by the cattle. I have seen cattle feces with many dried palm nuts incorporated into the material and there are few, if any, other ways for the nuts to get to the pastures. Click to see Hyacinth Macaw foraging for Palm nuts in a cattle lot. Click here to see palm nuts with cattle feces barely adherent. The palms occur in stands on the slightly higher ground that prevents there being regularly flooded. The pastures surround these "palm islands."
Hyacinth Macaws tend to nest in cavities of large trees in the Pantanal portion of their range. However, in other areas, they are said to have adopted the practice of nesting in holes in cliff faces. Whether this is in reaction to persecution or a natural habit has not been determined with certainty. It is interesting to note that Glaucus Macaws were and the Lear's Macaws are cliff nesters. It may well be that both cliff nesting and tree cavity nesting are natural with local conditions of site availability and persecution dictating which is used by individual pairs.
What has been done, is being done and what else can be done to save the Hyacinth Macaw from extinction? Several research projects have been done by ornithologists, both professional and amateur, in the last few years. Population surveys have been done, nesting and feeding habits studied (two such studies by this foundation) and artificial nest boxes placed. Ecotourism has helped make them "real" to the public and encouraged locals to protect a profitable resource.
Among things that need to be done are the following:
1. Enforcement of laws that are designed to protect them from prosecution.
2. Education of indigenous peoples and missionaries that work with them that killing them to make decorative pieces to sell to tourists is not appropriate. Click to see Indian head dress from Macaw Feathers
3. Further basic information gathering regarding their habits, diet, nesting, etc.
4. Further work to provide artificial nest sites where suitable natural nest sites are a limiting factor on reproduction.
5. Redoubled efforts in captive breeding.
6. Encouraging breeders to sell their production as breeders, not as pets. Educate them to at least get a promise from buyers that the bird will eventually be put into a breeding program.
7. Insure that captive breeding is done with attention to stud books to ensure genetic diversity.
8. Education of the public.
Superdomain: Neomura
Domain: Eukaryota
(unranked): Unikonta
(unranked): Obazoa
(unranked): Opisthokonta
(unranked) Holozoa
(unranked) Filozoa
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
Clade: ParaHoxozoa
Clade: Bilateria
Clade: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Olfactores
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Clade: Eugnathostomata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Infraclass: Euselachii
Superorder: Galeomorphii
Order: Lamniformes
Family: Cetorhinidae
Genus: †Keasius
Species: †K. septemtrionalis
Paradoxides minor (Boeck, 1828) fossil trilobite from the Cambrian of Bohemia (labrum is 2.6 centimeters across at its widest)
Trilobites are extinct marine arthropods. They first appear in Lower Cambrian rocks and the entire group went extinct at the end of the Permian. Trilobites had a calcitic exoskeleton and nonmineralizing parts underneath (legs, gills, gut, etc.). The calcite skeleton is most commonly preserved in the fossil record, although soft-part preservation is known in some trilobites (Ex: Burgess Shale and Hunsruck Slate). Trilobites had a head (cephalon), a body of many segments (thorax), and a tail (pygidium). Molts and carcasses usually fell apart quickly - most trilobite fossils are isolated parts of the head (cranidium and free cheeks), individual thoracic segments, or isolated pygidia. The name "trilobite" was introduced in 1771 by Johann Ernst Immanuel Walch and refers to the tripartite division of the trilobite body - it has a central axial lobe that runs longitudinally from the head to the tail, plus two side lobes (pleural lobes).
Paradoxidids were some of the largest trilobites ever. They are relatively common large trilobites in Middle Cambrian rocks in many parts of the world. About 150 species and subspecies names are available for Paradoxides (sensu lato), which includes some junior synonyms (subjective & objective) and some homonyms. Generic-level taxonomy of paradoxidid trilobites continues to be in a state of confusion, despite the family treatment by Dean & Rushton (1997). Several genus-level or subgenus-level names are used by various authors to refer to groups of Paradoxides-like species that may or may not be morphologically distinctive (Examples: Paradoxides Brongniart, 1822, Bucephalites Thompson, 1834, Hydrocephalus Barrande, 1846, Phlysacium Corda in Hawle & Corda, 1847, Phanoptes Corda in Hawle & Corda, 1847, Plutonia, Hicks, 1871, Plutonides Hicks, 1895, Eccaparadoxides Šnajdr, 1957, Acadoparadoxides Šnajdr, 1957, Vinicella Šnajdr, 1957, Eoparadoxides Solovev, 1969, Baltoparadoxides Šnajdr, 1986, Macrocerca Pillet in Courtessole et al., 1988, Rejkocephalus Kordule, 1990; some of these are undisputed junior synonyms of other names on the list).
Shown above is a mouthplate (labrum; hypostome) of Paradoxides minor from the Middle Cambrian of Bohemia. Some workers refer to this species as Hydrocephalus minor or Paradoxides (Hydrocephalus) minor. It was first named & described & illustrated by Chris Boeck in 1828 as Trilobites minor (see Boeck, 1828, pp. 27-30, pl. 2, figs. 12-14).
This species is often placed in the genus or subgenus Hydrocephalus, named by Joachim Barrande in 1846 for paradoxidid trilobites having noticeably inflated glabellas in early ontogenetic stages (hydrocephaly is a condition in some human fetuses or infants involving swelling of the head due to abnormal fluid buildup). This feature is not apparent in later holaspids, so many authors consider the use of Hydrocephalus at the genus level problematic.
Classification: Arthropoda, Trilobita, Polymerida, Paradoxididae
Stratigraphy: upper Jince Formation, Paradoxides gracilis zone, upper Middle Cambrian
Locality: Jince area, Stredocesky Region, Bohemia, Czech Republic
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References cited:
Barrande, J. 1846. Notice Préliminaire sur le Système Silurien et les Trilobites de Bohême. Leipzig, Germany. J.B. Hisrschfeld. 97 pp.
Boeck, C. 1828 (not 1827). Notitser til Læren onm Trilobiterne. Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne 8: 11-44, pl. 2.
Brongniart, A. & A.-G. Desmarest. 1822. Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés Fossiles. Paris. F.-G. Levrault, Libraire. 154 pp. 11 pls.
Courtessole, R., J. Pillet & D. Vizcaino. 1988. Stratigraphie et Paleontologie du Cambrien Moyen Greseux de la Montagne Noire (Versant Meridional). Carcassonne, France. 55 pp. 8 pls.
Dean, W.T. & A.W.A. Rushton. 1997. Superfamily Paradoxidoidea. pp. 470-481 in Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part O, Arthropoda 1, Trilobita, Revised, volume 1: Introduction, Order Agnostida, Order Redlichiida. Boulder, Colorado & Lawrence, Kansas. Geological Society of America & University of Kansas.
Hawle, I. & A.J.C. Corda. 1847. Prodrom einer Monographie der Böhmischen Trilobiten. Prague. J.G. Calve'sche Buchhandlung. 176 pp. 7 pls.
Hicks, H. 1871. Descriptions of new species of fossils from the Longmynd rocks of St. David’s. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 27: 399-402, pls. 15-16.
Hicks, H. 1895. On the genus Plutonides (non Plutonia) from the Cambrian rocks of St. David’s. Geological Magazine, Series 4 2: 230-231.
Kordule, V. 1990. Rejkocephalus, a new paradoxid genus from the Middle Cambrian of Bohemia (Trilobita). Vestník Ústredniho Ústavu Geologického 65: 55-60, 2 pls.
Šnajdr, M. 1957. O novych trilobitech z ceskeho kambria. Vestník Ústredniho Ústavu Geologického 32: 235-244, 2 pls.
Šnajdr, M. 1986. Two new paradoxid trilobites from the Jince Formation (Middle Cambrian, Czechoslovakia). Vestník Ústredniho Ústavu Geologického 61: 169-174, pls. 1-2.
Solovev, I.A. 1969. Novye vidy Paradoxides (Trilobity) iz goryuchikh slantsev amginskogo yarusa severnoy Yakutii. Uchenye Zapiski Paleontologiya i Biostratigrafiya, Nauchno-Issledovatelskiy Insitut Geologii Arktiki 25: 9-20, 5 pls.
CABALLO FÓSIL SUDAMERICANO ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Cavalo fóssil sulamericano - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Skull of Southamerican extinct Horse ............................
Equus († Amerhippus) neogeus Lund, 1840
Orden: Perissodactyla (Perisodáctilos) ... Familia: Equidae (Équidos = Equinos)
Ejemplar que vivió en la formación Pampeana del pleistoceno de la
provincia de Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA.
Esta especie evolucionó en el sur de sudamérica, de equinos que formaron parte del último grupo de mamíferos invasores que ingresaron a la América del Sur, como consecuencia del levantamiento del istmo de Panamá, que generó la conexión entre ambas Américas a través de este "puente panameño", acontecimiento ocurrido aproximadamente unos 3 millones de años antes del presente, y que unió definitivamente las faunas de América del Norte con las del Sur.
La especie de la que esta evolucionó ingresa al subcontinente en una etapa posterior a la primera oleada de equinos, de la cual se originó el género Hippidion.
Otra rama migra desde Norteamérica rumbo a Eurasia, de la cual más tarde descenderá el Caballo doméstico.
A diferencia de Hippidion, Equus migra al neotrópico y al viejo mundo, ya diferenciado como género aparte, hecho acaecido en América del Norte, en el Plioceno.
A las distintas especies fósiles del género Equus halladas en América se las ha agrupado en el subgénero Amerhippus.
Este subgénero se caracteriza por contar con una mandíbula robusta, miembros monodáctilos relativamente cortos y macizos, cráneo con cresta supraoccipital ancha, y una flexión craneal acusada.
Los dientes superiores muestran protocono triangular y más largo en el extremo distal que en el sector mesial, y con plegamiento interno en algunos casos.
Las fosetas anteriores y posteriores no están muy desarrolladas.
A diferencia de Hippidium, eran caballos bastante grandes.
Un gran número de sus restos se hallaron en sitios arqueológicos, y se corroboró su utilización como fuente de alimento, aunque este caballo primitivo no llegó a ser domesticado por los aborígenes.
Los aborígenes amerindios convivieron con los équidos durante más 4.000 años, cazándolos tan intensamente que las especies no soportaron semejante presión de captura y terminaron por extinguirse.
Fueron abundantes, especialmente en las pampas y otros lugares abiertos.
Este subgénero fue colectado en sudamérica desde el norte de Colombia hasta el sur de la provincia de Buenos Aires y el norte de la patagonia.
La primera aparición del género en el registro fósil corresponde probablemente a la edad Mamífero Ensenadense de Tarija Bolivia (Pleistoceno temprano), y se extiende hasta el Lujanense tardío de Buenos Aires.
Dentro de él se han descripto varias especies bien definidas, con clara diferenciación geográfica y adaptativa.
En América del Sur: el género Equus estubo representado por cinco especies:
--- Equus (Amerhippus) andium Branco, 1883, ex A. Wagner, 1860
Era más pequeño, y estaba restringido al corredor interandino en los Andes ecuatorianos durante el Pleistoceno tardío, formación Cancagua; y posiblemente también en la sabana colombiana.
--- Equus (Amerhippus) santaelenae (Spillman, 1938)
Era mayor que el anterior, y se lo encontraba en las llanuras costeras de la península de Santa Elena, Ecuador, durante el Pleistoceno tardío, formación Pichilingue.
--- Equus (Amerhippus) insulatus C. Ameghino, 1904
Esta especie mediana vivió en la actual zona boliviana de Tarija durante el Pleistoceno Medio; posiblemente también en el Río Chiche del altiplano ecuatoriano (según restos encontrados); y en el extremo norte argentino.
--- Equus (Amerhippus) lasallei,
restringido a la sabana de Bogotá, Colombia, durante el Pleistoceno Tardío.
--- Equus (Amerhippus) neogeus Lund, 1840
El cual fue reportado en varias localidades paleontológicas de la región pampeana argentina, en Buenos Aires (Sierras Bayas, Río Luján, Paso Otero, Río Quequén Salado, Arroyo Camet, Arroyo Seco, Tapalqué, Lobería, Bahía Blanca, etc.), Córdoba; en el Uruguay, y en el sudeste del Brasil, durante el Pleistoceno Tardío.
En las proximidades de las Sierras Bayas de Olavarría, se hallaron fósiles de esta especie con una antigüedad de los estratos portadores de una edad de 120 mil años (Formación Esperanza).
Esta última especie es la que ha logrado sobrevivir por más tiempo durante la invasión paleoindia al subcontinente.
En Argentina, sólo ha sido hallado Equus (Amerhippus) neogeus, que es la especie de mayor tamaño y gracilidad del género y la más parecida al caballo criollo local, aunque con teórica progenie europea...
Su cráneo es grande, y presenta la región preorbital y nasal ensanchadas.
Su distribución estratigráfica está restringida al Lujanense.
Las edades geológicas Ensenadense y Lujanense, junto a la Bonaerense, corresponden a las 3 etapas de la época del Pleistoceno, de la siguiente manera:
1.Pleistoceno Inferior (Ensenadense): 1.8 millones de años a 500 mil años A.P
2.Pleistoceno Medio (Bonaerense): 500 mil años - 130 mil años A.P.
3.Pleistoceno Superior (Lujanense): 130 mil años - 10 mil años A.P.
A.P.: Antes del Presente
Fósiles recientemente encontrados en la zona del Bajo del Tala, cercana a la ciudad bonaerense de San Pedro tienen 500 mil años, lo cual indicaría que no sería la única especie de Equus que habitó en la Argentina, sino que habría existido una especie predecesora que llegó antes de lo que se pensaba, y que podría corresponder con alguna de las otras que habitaron Sudamérica, o una especie aún no descripta todavía.
SINONIMIA:
Amerhippus neogaeus , Equus (Amerhippus) neogaeus , Equus neogaeus , Equus neogeus , Amerhippus neogeus , Hippidion neogaeus , Hippidion neogeus , Equus rectidens , Equus curvidens ,
( 1 de febrero de 2010 )
Museo de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia,
ciudad de Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA.
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This photograph shows a close up of the leaf shape of the diamond-petaled California poppy (Eschscholzia rhombipetala). The photo was taken at Site 300, the 7,000 acre experimental test facility operated by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the rolling hills of rural San Joaquin County. Photo by Lisa Paterson/LLNL