View allAll Photos Tagged Extinct,
Extinct monsters and creatures of other days : a popular account of some of the larger forms of ancient animal life / by Rev. H. N. Hutchinson. With illustrations by J. Smit, Alice B. Woodward, J. Green, Charles Knight, and others.
London : Chapman & Hall, 1910.
Procreate on iPad 3
How to draw and paint
ipadforart.blogspot.jp/2012/12/procreate17.html
The Burning Tree Mastodon represents the most complete skeleton of American Mastodon ever found. The specimen was discovered on 12 December 1989 by a Flower Excavating Company drag line operator who was digging a new pond on the Burning Tree Golf Course grounds in Heath, southern Licking County, Ohio. The drag line’s shovel caught and damaged the skull. In the following three days, the fossil was excavated during relatively bitter winter cold and blowing winds. Excavation was conducted by the Ohio Historical Society and the Licking County Archaeology & Landmarks Society and volunteers from several organizations.
Locality: grounds of the Burning Tree Golf Course, southern side of Ridgley Tract Road, just west of Lake Drive, south side of Heath, southern Licking County, central Ohio, USA.
The American Mastodon is a extinct species of proboscidean mammal, Mammut americanum (Kerr, 1792) (Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Mammalia, Proboscidea, Mammutidae). The only living proboscideans are the African Elephant (Loxodonta africana) and the Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) (some researchers have proposed splitting the African Elephant population into two species, Loxodonta africana and Loxodonta cyclotis). Mammut americanum had a widespread distribution during the Pleistocene. Its fossil remains are found from Alaska to Florida, but are most commonly encountered in eastern America. Average statistics reported for the American Mastodon are: ~15 feet long, 9-10 feet tall at the shoulder, ~8,000-10,000 pounds. During life, mastodons were covered with coarse, brownish hair, unlike modern elephants. Thick body hair on Pleistocene proboscideans was an evolutionary adaptation to harsh wintery climates.
Remains of >150 mastodons have been reported in Ohio, but only about a dozen or so are semi-complete. The Burning Tree Mastodon is a ~30 year old male and is 90-95% complete, missing only the right rear leg, a few tail bones, two ribs, and all the toe bones. The lower spine and right rib cage have healed injuries which have been interpreted as the result of battles with other mastodons. Cut marks on some of the ribs indicate that this individual was butchered by early humans. Preserved stomach contents and intestinal contents were also recovered.
Isotopic dating of wood closely associated with the skeleton gives dates of 11,450 to 11,660 years. Isotopic dating of actual bone material gives an 11,390 year date (during the Wisconsinan Glacial Interval of the near-latest Pleistocene).
In addition to being near-complete, the Burning Tree Mastodon is remarkable in other ways. Preserved gut contents indicated a diet of moss, seeds, leaves, water lilies, and swamp grass. Before this discovery, American Mastodons were interpreted as having diets consisting principally of twigs & cones from evergreen trees. Additionally, 38 species of still-living gut bacteria were isolated from preserved intestinal contents. These ancient bacteria were, for a while, considered the oldest known living organisms anywhere on Earth. However, still-living gut bacteria have been isolated from insects in early Cenozoic amber and viable halobacteria have been recovered from Paleozoic and even late Precambrian rock salt.
The original Burning Tree Mastodon skeleton was sold in 1993 for over US$600,000 and now resides in a museum in Japan.
------------
Primary literature:
Fisher, D.C., B.T. Lepper & P.E. Hooge. 1991. Taphonomic analysis of the Burning Tree Mastodont. Current Research in the Pleistocene 8: 88-91.
Lepper, B.T., T.A. Frolking, D.C. Fisher, G. Goldstein, J.E. Sanger, D.A. Wymer, J.G. Ogden III & P.E. Hooge. 1991. Intestinal contents of a Late Pleistocene mastodont from midcontinental North America. Quaternary Research 36: 120-125.
Fisher, D.C. & B.T. Lepper. 1994. Paleobiology, taphonomy, and archaeology of the Burning Tree Mastodon. Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting Program with Abstracts 19: 36.
Goldstein, G. 1994. Isolation of living bacteria from the remains of an 11,000 year old mastodont. Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting Program with Abstracts 19: 42.
Fisher, D.C., B.T. Lepper & P.E. Hooge. 1994. Evidence for butchery of the Burning Tree Mastodon. pp. 43-57 in The First Discovery of America, Archaeological Evidence of the Early Inhabitants of the Ohio Area. Columbus. Ohio Archaeological Council.
Frolking, T.A. 1994. Late-Quaternary environments and landscape evolution of the Burning Tree Mastodon site, Licking County, Ohio. Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting Program with Abstracts 19: 39.
Lepper, B.T. & D.C. Fisher. 1994. Discovery, recovery, and stratigraphic context of the Burning Tree Mastodon, Licking County, Ohio, USA. Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting Program with Abstracts 19: 63.
Morgan, A.V. & J.J. Pilny. 1994. Fossil insects (Coleoptera) from the Burning Tree Mastodon site, Licking County, Ohio. Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting Program with Abstracts 19: 79.
Sanger, J.E. & D.S. Rutter. 1994. Paleolimnology of the Burning Tree Mastodont pond. Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting Program with Abstracts 19: 98.
Wymer, D.A. & L. Scott. 1994. The Burning Tree Mastodon paleobotany: gut contents and the peat matrix. Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting Program with Abstracts 19: 122.
Rhodes, A.N., J.W. Urbance, H. Youga, H. Corlew-Newman, C.A. Reddy, M.J. Klug, J.M. Tiedje & D.C. Fisher. 1998. Identification of bacterial isolates obtained from intestinal contents associated with 12,000-year-old mastodon remains. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64: 651-658.
-------------
Secondary literature:
Hansen, M.C. 1990. Mastodon skeleton discovered in Licking County. Ohio Geology Winter 1990: 1, 3-4.
Lepper, B.T. 1990. The Burning Tree Mastodon: a nearly complete skeleton from Licking County, Ohio. Mammoth Trumpet 6(1): 7.
Kaczmarek, S. 1991. Mastodon remains yield important discoveries. Echoes [Ohio Historical Society] 30(6): 2-3.
Lafferty, M.B. 1991. The great mastodon question. Columbus Dispatch 12 May 1991: D1.
Anonymous. 1992. The Burning Tree Mastodon - "A time machine into the Ice Age". Ward's Bulletin Spring 1992: 1, 11.
Folger, T. 1992. Oldest living bacteria tell all. Discover January 1992: 30-31.
Feldmann, R.M. and 23 others. 1997 (dated 1996). Fossils of Ohio. Ohio Division of Geological Survey Bulletin 70: xix, 299, 366-367.
Loer, D. 2001. Mastodon left only a memory. Columbus Dispatch 28 January 2001: B1.
Lepper, B.T. 2003. Mastodon bones yield telltale clues to beast's demise. Columbus Dispatch 18 November 2003.
Superdomain: Neomura
Domain: Eukaryota
(unranked): Unikonta
(unranked): Obazoa
(unranked): Opisthokonta
(unranked) Holozoa
(unranked) Filozoa
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
Clade: ParaHoxozoa
Clade: Bilateria
Clade: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Olfactores
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Clade: Eugnathostomata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Infraclass: Euselachii
Superorder: Galeomorphii
Order: Orectolobiformes
Family: Orectolobidae
Genus: Eucrossorhinus
Species: E. microcuspidatus†
A fossil Gilbertsocrinus typus -- an extinct crinoid -- on display in the Sant Hall of Oceans in the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History.
Crinoids are animals like sea lillies. They usually have a stalk, on top of which is a broad disk, from which arms extend. They sweep the sea for food particles.
This particular crinoid lived in the early Mississippian era, about 359 to 318 million years ago. This fossil was found in the Borden Formation in Kentucky.
The Sant Hall of Oceans is the largest exhibit space in the museum, with 674 specimens and models in a 23,000-square-foot (2,136 sq. m) exhibition space. The hall features a replica of a 45-foot (13.7 m) long North Atlantic right whale and two preserved giant squid (one an adult, one a juvenile).
The hall is named for Victoria and Roger Sant of Washington, D.C., who donated $15 million to create and endow the hall. It opened in 2008. The exhibits, displays, videos, and signage in the hall was created in partnership with the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to show the ocean as a global system.
Dugongs are related to manatees: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugong
This cave is most likely developed in the Oligocene age Lares Limestone. These fossils are one of two species of extinct dugongs, Caribosiren turneri or Halitherium antillensis.
The location of these fossils made for awkward photography. They are located about two foot above a sump pool. I had to hold my camera a couple of inches above the water then allow the camera to focus itself. I had to hold the camera level in one hand and a flash in the other. I also had two slaved flashes in either side. Tabby had her legs extended in a submerged passage.
For more information on Puerto Rican Karst: www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/karst.pdf
BIG 5. Rhino. Kruger National Park. South Africa. Oct/2019
Rhino
A rhinoceros, commonly abbreviated to 'rhino', is one of any five extant species of odd-toed ungulates in the family Rhinocerotidae, as well as any of the numerous extinct species. Two of the extant species are native to Africa and three to Southern Asia. The term "rhinoceros" is often more broadly applied to now extinct relatives of the superfamily Rhinocerotoidea.
Members of the rhinoceros family are some of the largest remaining megafauna, with all species able to reach or exceed one tonne in weight. They have a herbivorous diet, small brains (400–600 g) for mammals of their size, one or two horns, and a thick (1.5–5 cm) protective skin formed from layers of collagen positioned in a lattice structure. They generally eat leafy material, although their ability to ferment food in their hindgut allows them to subsist on more fibrous plant matter when necessary. Unlike other perissodactyls, the two African species of rhinoceros lack teeth at the front of their mouths, relying instead on their lips to pluck food.[1]
Rhinoceros are killed by some humans for their horns, which are bought and sold on the black market, and used by some cultures for ornaments or traditional medicine. East Asia, specifically Vietnam, is the largest market for rhino horns. By weight, rhino horns cost as much as gold on the black market. People grind up the horns and consume them, believing the dust has therapeutic properties. The horns are made of keratin, the same type of protein that makes up hair and fingernails. Both African species and the Sumatran rhinoceros have two horns, while the Indian and Javan rhinoceros have a single horn. The IUCN Red List identifies the Black, Javan, and Sumatran rhinoceros as critically endangered
The black rhinoceros or hook-lipped rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) is a species of rhinoceros, native to eastern and southern Africa including Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Although the rhinoceros is referred to as black, its colors vary from brown to grey.
The other African rhinoceros is the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). The word "white" in the name "white rhinoceros" is often said to be a misinterpretation of the Afrikaans word wyd (Dutch wijd) meaning wide, referring to its square upper lip, as opposed to the pointed or hooked lip of the black rhinoceros. These species are now sometimes referred to as the square-lipped (for white) or hook-lipped (for black) rhinoceros.
The species overall is classified as critically endangered (even though the South-western black rhinoceros is classified as vulnerable). Three subspecies have been declared extinct, including the western black rhinoceros, which was declared extinct by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 2011
Source: Wikipedia
Rinoceronte
Os rinocerontes são cocomamíferos perissodáctilos (ungulados de dedos ímpares) da família Rhinocerontidae, que ocorrem na África e na Ásia. Atualmente, existem cinco espécies distribuídas em quatro gêneros. Duas ocorrem na África, o rinoceronte-branco (Ceratotherium simum) e o rinoceronte-negro (Diceros bicornis); e três ocorrem na Ásia, o rinoceronte-de-sumatra (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis), o rinoceronte-de-java (Rhinoceros sondaicus) e o rinoceronte-indiano (Rhinoceros unicornis).
Vivem geralmente isolados, em savanas ou florestas onde possam encontrar água diariamente. São especialmente protegidos na África, por fazerem parte do grupo dos cinco grandes mamíferos selvagens de grande porte mais difíceis de serem caçados pelo homem, sendo então uma das grandes atrações turísticas do continente. Contudo, a caça furtiva continua afetando as populações de rinocerontes.
O rinoceronte-negro (nome científico: Diceros bicornis) é uma espécie de rinoceronte, nativa do leste, sul e centro da África, incluindo o Quênia, Tanzânia, Camarões, África do Sul, Namíbia, Zimbábue e Angola. Embora referido como "negro", sua cor varia do marrom ao cinza.
O outro rinoceronte africano é o rinoceronte-branco (Ceratotherium simum). A palavra "branco" no nome é frequentemente dita como um erro na tradução da palavra africâner wyd, que significa largo, referindo-se ao lábio superior em forma de quadrado, em oposição ao lábio pontudo do rinoceronte-negro.[3]
A espécie é classifica como criticamente em perigo, mas três subespécies já foram declaradas extintas, como declarado pela IUCN em 2011
Fonte: Wikipedia
Kruger National Park
Kruger National Park is one of the largest game reserves in Africa. It covers an area of around 20,000 square kilometres in the provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga in northeastern South Africa, and extends 360 kilometres (220 mi) from north to south and 65 kilometres (40 mi) from east to west.
Source: Wikipedia
Parque Nacional Kruger
O Parque Nacional Kruger é a maior área protegida de fauna bravia da África do Sul, cobrindo cerca de 20 000 km2. Está localizado no nordeste do país, nas províncias de Mpumalanga e Limpopo e tem uma extensão de cerca de 360 km de norte a sul e 65 km de leste a oeste.
Os parques nacionais africanos, nas regiões da savana africana são importantes pelo turismo com safári de observação e fotográfico.
O seu nome foi dado em homenagem a Stephanus Johannes Paul Kruger, último presidente da República Sul-Africana bôere. Foi criado em 31 de Maio de 1926
Fonte: Wikipedia
This Moa (bird) once roamed our country but became extinct about 500 years ago.
#16 strange 52in2018challenge
The Himalayas or Himalaya (/ˌhɪməˈleɪ.ə/ or /hɪˈmɑːləjə/) is a mountain range in the Indian subcontinent, which separates the Indo-Gangetic Plain from the Tibetan Plateau. Geopolitically, it covers the Himalayan states and regions. This range is home to nine of the ten highest peaks on Earth, including the highest above sea level, Mount Everest. The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of South Asia. Many Himalayan peaks are sacred in Dharmic religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism.
The Himalayas are bordered on the north by the Tibetan Plateau, on the south by the Indo-Gangetic Plain, on the northwest by the Karakoram and Hindu Kush ranges and on the east by the Indian states of Sikkim, the Darjeeling district of West Bengal, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur. The Hindu Kush, Karakoram and Himalayas together form the "Hindu Kush Himalayan Region" (HKH). The western anchor of the Himalayas, Nanga Parbat, lies just south of the northernmost bend of the Indus River; the eastern anchor, Namcha Barwa, is just west of the great bend of the Yarlung Tsangpo River. The Himalayas span five countries: Nepal, India, Bhutan, China (Tibet), and Pakistan, the first three countries having sovereignty over most of the range.
Lifted by the collision of the Indian tectonic plate with the Eurasian Plate, the Himalayan range runs northwest to southeast in a 2,400-kilometre-long arc. The range varies in width from 400 kilometres in the west to 150 kilometres in the east. Besides the Greater Himalayas, there are several parallel lower ranges. The southernmost, along the northern edge of the Indian plains and reaching 1000 m in altitude, is the Sivalik Hills. Further north is a higher range, reaching 2000–3000 m, known as the Lower Himalayan Range.
Three of the world's major rivers (the Indus, the Ganges and the Brahmaputra) arise in the Himalayas. While the Indus and the Brahmaputra rise near Mount Kailash in Tibet, the Ganges rises in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. Their combined drainage basin is home to some 600 million people.
ETYMOLOGY
The name Himālaya is from Sanskrit: hima (snow) + ālaya (dwelling), and literally means "abode of snow"
ECOLOGY
The flora and fauna of the Himalayas vary with climate, rainfall, altitude, and soils. The climate ranges from tropical at the base of the mountains to permanent ice and snow at the highest elevations. The amount of yearly rainfall increases from west to east along the southern front of the range. This diversity of altitude, rainfall and soil conditions combined with the very high snow line supports a variety of distinct plant and animal communities. The extremes of high altitude (low atmospheric pressure) combined with extreme cold favor extremophile organisms.
The unique floral and faunal wealth of the Himalayas is undergoing structural and compositional changes due to climate change. The increase in temperature is shifting various species to higher elevations. The oak forest is being invaded by pine forests in the Garhwal Himalayan region. There are reports of early flowering and fruiting in some tree species, especially rhododendron, apple and box myrtle. The highest known tree species in the Himalayas is Juniperus tibetica located at 4,900 metres in Southeastern Tibet.
GEOLOGY
The Himalayan range is one of the youngest mountain ranges on the planet and consists mostly of uplifted sedimentary and metamorphic rock. According to the modern theory of plate tectonics, its formation is a result of a continental collision or orogeny along the convergent boundary between the Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The Arakan Yoma highlands in Myanmar and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal were also formed as a result of this collision.
During the Upper Cretaceous, about 70 million years ago, the north-moving Indo-Australian plate (which has subsequently broken into the Indian Plate and the Australian plate) was moving at about 15 cm per year. About 50 million years ago this fast moving Indo-Australian plate had completely closed the Tethys Ocean, the existence of which has been determined by sedimentary rocks settled on the ocean floor, and the volcanoes that fringed its edges. Since both plates were composed of low density continental crust, they were thrust faulted and folded into mountain ranges rather than subducting into the mantle along an oceanic trench. An often-cited fact used to illustrate this process is that the summit of Mount Everest is made of marine limestone from this ancient ocean.
Today, the Indian plate continues to be driven horizontally below the Tibetan Plateau, which forces the plateau to continue to move upwards. The Indian plate is still moving at 67 mm per year, and over the next 10 million years it will travel about 1,500 km into Asia. About 20 mm per year of the India-Asia convergence is absorbed by thrusting along the Himalaya southern front. This leads to the Himalayas rising by about 5 mm per year, making them geologically active. The movement of the Indian plate into the Asian plate also makes this region seismically active, leading to earthquakes from time to time.
During the last ice age, there was a connected ice stream of glaciers between Kangchenjunga in the east and Nanga Parbat in the west. In the west, the glaciers joined with the ice stream network in the Karakoram, and in the north, joined with the former Tibetan inland ice. To the south, outflow glaciers came to an end below an elevation of 1,000–2,000 metres. While the current valley glaciers of the Himalaya reach at most 20 to 32 kilometres in length, several of the main valley glaciers were 60 to 112 kilometres long during the ice age. The glacier snowline (the altitude where accumulation and ablation of a glacier are balanced) was about 1,400–1,660 metres lower than it is today. Thus, the climate was at least 7.0 to 8.3 °C colder than it is today.
HYDROLOGY
The Himalayas contain the third-largest deposit of ice and snow in the world, after Antarctica and the Arctic. The Himalayan range encompasses about 15,000 glaciers, which store about 12,000 km3 of fresh water. Its glaciers include the Gangotri and Yamunotri (Uttarakhand) and Khumbu glaciers (Mount Everest region), Langtang glacier (Langtang region) and Zemu (Sikkim).
Owing to the mountains' latitude near the Tropic of Cancer, the permanent snow line is among the highest in the world at typically around 5,500 metres. In contrast, equatorial mountains in New Guinea, the Rwenzoris and Colombia have a snow line some 900 metres lower. The higher regions of the Himalayas are snowbound throughout the year, in spite of their proximity to the tropics, and they form the sources of several large perennial rivers, most of which combine into two large river systems:
- The western rivers, of which the Indus is the largest, combine into the Indus Basin. The Indus begins in Tibet at the confluence of Sengge and Gar rivers and flows southwest through India and then through Pakistan to the Arabian Sea. It is fed by the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas, and the Sutlej rivers, among others.
- Most of the other Himalayan rivers drain the Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin. Its main rivers are the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Yamuna, as well as other tributaries. The Brahmaputra originates as the Yarlung Tsangpo River in western Tibet, and flows east through Tibet and west through the plains of Assam. The Ganges and the Brahmaputra meet in Bangladesh, and drain into the Bay of Bengal through the world's largest river delta, the Sunderbans.
The easternmost Himalayan rivers feed the Irrawaddy River, which originates in eastern Tibet and flows south through Myanmar to drain into the Andaman Sea.
The Salween, Mekong, Yangtze and Huang He (Yellow River) all originate from parts of the Tibetan Plateau that are geologically distinct from the Himalaya mountains, and are therefore not considered true Himalayan rivers. Some geologists refer to all the rivers collectively as the circum-Himalayan rivers. In recent years, scientists have monitored a notable increase in the rate of glacier retreat across the region as a result of global climate change. For example, glacial lakes have been forming rapidly on the surface of debris-covered glaciers in the Bhutan Himalaya during the last few decades. Although the effect of this will not be known for many years, it potentially could mean disaster for the hundreds of millions of people who rely on the glaciers to feed the rivers during the dry seasons.
LAKES
The Himalayan region is dotted with hundreds of lakes. Most lakes are found at altitudes of less than 5,000 m, with the size of the lakes diminishing with altitude. Tilicho Lake in Nepal in the Annapurna massif is one of the highest lakes in the world. Pangong Tso, which is spread across the border between India and China, and Yamdrok Tso, located in central Tibet, are amongst the largest with surface areas of 700 km², and 638 km², respectively. Other notable lakes include She-Phoksundo Lake in the Shey Phoksundo National Park of Nepal, Gurudongmar Lake, in North Sikkim, Gokyo Lakes in Solukhumbu district of Nepal and Lake Tsongmo, near the Indo-China border in Sikkim.
Some of the lakes present a danger of a glacial lake outburst flood. The Tsho Rolpa glacier lake in the Rowaling Valley, in the Dolakha District of Nepal, is rated as the most dangerous. The lake, which is located at an altitude of 4,580 metres has grown considerably over the last 50 years due to glacial melting.
The mountain lakes are known to geographers as tarns if they are caused by glacial activity. Tarns are found mostly in the upper reaches of the Himalaya, above 5,500 metres.
IMPACT ON CLIMATE
The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan Plateau. They prevent frigid, dry winds from blowing south into the subcontinent, which keeps South Asia much warmer than corresponding temperate regions in the other continents. It also forms a barrier for the monsoon winds, keeping them from traveling northwards, and causing heavy rainfall in the Terai region. The Himalayas are also believed to play an important part in the formation of Central Asian deserts, such as the Taklamakan and Gobi.
RELIGIOUS OF THE REGION
In Hinduism, the Himalayas have been personified as the god Himavat, father of Ganga and Parvati.
Several places in the Himalayas are of religious significance in Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism and Sikhism. A notable example of a religious site is Paro Taktsang, where Padmasambhava is said to have founded Buddhism in Bhutan. Padmasambhava is also worshipped as the patron saint of Sikkim.
A number of Vajrayana Buddhist sites are situated in the Himalayas, in Tibet, Bhutan and in the Indian regions of Ladakh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Spiti and Darjeeling. There were over 6,000 monasteries in Tibet, including the residence of the Dalai Lama. Bhutan, Sikkim and Ladakh are also dotted with numerous monasteries. The Tibetan Muslims have their own mosques in Lhasa and Shigatse.
RESOURCES
The Himalayas are home to a diversity of medicinal resources. Plants from the forests have been used for millennia to treat conditions ranging from simple coughs to snake bites. Different parts of the plants - root, flower, stem, leaves, and bark - are used as remedies for different ailments. For example, a bark extract from an abies pindrow tree is used to treat coughs and bronchitis. Leaf and stem paste from an arachne cordifolia is used for wounds and as an antidote for snake bites. The bark of a callicarpa arborea is used for skin ailments. Nearly a fifth of the gymnosperms, angiosperms, and pteridophytes in the Himalayas are found to have medicinal properties, and more are likely to be discovered.
Most of the population in some Asian and African countries depend on medicinal plants rather than prescriptions and such (Gupta and Sharma, vii). Since so many people use medicinal plants as their only source of healing in the Himalayas, the plants are an important source of income. This contributes to economic and modern industrial development both inside and outside the region (Gupta and Sharma, 5). The only problem is that locals are rapidly clearing the forests on the Himalayas for wood, often illegally (Earth Island Journal, 2). This means that the number of medicinal plants is declining and that some of them might become rarer or, in some cases, go extinct.
Although locals are clearing out portions of the forests in the Himalayas, there is still a large amount of greenery ranging from the tropical forests to the Alpine forests. These forests provide wood for fuel and other raw materials for use by industries. There are also many pastures for animals to graze upon (Mohita, sec. Forest and Wealth). The many varieties of animals that live in these mountains do so based on the elevation. For example, elephants and rhinoceros live in the lower elevations of the Himalayas, also called the Terai region. Also, found in these mountains are the Kashmiri stag, black bears, musk deer, langur, and snow leopards. The Tibetan yak are also found on these mountains and are often used by the people for transportation. However, the populations of many of these animals and still others are declining and are on the verge of going extinct (Admin, sec. Flora and Fauna).
The Himalayas are also a source of many minerals and precious stones. Amongst the tertiary rocks, are vast potentials of mineral oil. There is coal located in Kashmir, and precious stones located in the Himalayas. There is also gold, silver, copper, zinc, and many other such minerals and metals located in at least 100 different places in these mountains (Mohita, sec. Minerals).
CULTURE
There are many cultural aspects of the Himalayas. For the Hindus, the Himalayas are personified as Himavath, the father of the goddess Parvati (Gupta and Sharma, 4). The Himalayas is also considered to be the father of the river Ganges. The Mountain Kailash is a sacred peak to the Hindus and is where the Lord Shiva is believed to live (Admin, sec. Centre of Religion). Two of the most sacred places of pilgrimage for the Hindus is the temple complex in Pashupatinath and Muktinath, also known as Saligrama because of the presence of the sacred black rocks called saligrams (Zurick, Julsun, Basanta, and Birendra, 153).
The Buddhists also lay a great deal of importance on the mountains of the Himalayas. Paro Taktsang is the holy place where Buddhism started in Bhutan (Admin, sec. Centre of Religion). The Muktinath is also a place of pilgrimage for the Tibetan Buddhists. They believe that the trees in the poplar grove came from the walking sticks of eighty-four ancient Indian Buddhist magicians or mahasiddhas. They consider the saligrams to be representatives of the Tibetan serpent deity known as Gawo Jagpa (Zurick, Julsun, Basanta, and Birendra, 153).
The Himalayan people’s diversity shows in many different ways. It shows through their architecture, their languages and dialects, their beliefs and rituals, as well as their clothing (Zurick, Julsun, Basanta, and Birendra, 78). The shapes and materials of the people’s homes reflect their practical needs and the beliefs. Another example of the diversity amongst the Himalayan peoples is that handwoven textiles display unique colors and patterns that coincide with their ethnic backgrounds. Finally, some people place a great importance on jewelry. The Rai and Limbu women wear big gold earrings and nose rings to show their wealth through their jewelry (Zurick, Julsun, Basanta, and Birendra, 79).
WIKIPEDIA
"Barber Shop" in the extinct town of McLean, Texas. Old Route 66.
Established in 1901, by Alfred Rowe, an Englishman turned cattle rancher. Having returned to Liverpool in 1910, Rowe would make twice-yearly visits to check operations at the ranch... The maiden voyage of the Titanic was one of these trips.
When the ship stopped in Ireland to board more passengers, Rowe posted a letter to his wife: "My dearest girl, she is too big, you can't find your way about, and it takes too long to get anywhere; she has no excessive speed to compensate for all of this and is a positive danger to all other shipping in port…"
Indeed, four days later, Rowe met his fate. A strong swimmer, he refused to enter a lifeboat until others were saved. Instead, he swam towards an ice floe, where he was later found, frozen to death, hugging his suitcase.
Scale: 1:40
Producer: Safari Ltd (Prehistoric Sea Life Toob)
Released: 2010
Time: Late Cretaceous
Commentary: dinotoyblog.com/forum/index.php?topic=3390.msg175912#msg1...
Baltic amber - rare extinct male spider (Araneae Anapidae Balticorma sp.)
© Anders Leth Damgaard - www.amber-inclusions.dk
_____________________________
If you are interested in using this picture (non-profit and non-commercial purposes), I will allow this under the following conditions :
1. For the license, give credits to: "© Anders Leth Damgaard" and create a link to this web page:"www.amber-inclusions.dk". Please note clearly on your web site that I hold the copyrights.
2. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by me (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).
3. If you alter, transform, or build upon the picture, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same license/copyrights as I have given my picture.
If you want to use the image in a book, brochure, poster or other printed media, please contact me and ask for an alternative copyright
How many extinct landmarks can you pick out? The entire block has been "improved" so that it is just as generic and boring as the stuff on the Interstate. And so the mother road once again takes a gut shot from the clueless.....
_0329, 2007-11-07, 09:09 , 8C, 4040x5368 (1368+1403), 100%, 412E BetterLig, 1/80 s, R57.4, G44.8, B55.6
A brand of beer, that had been extinct since 1935, which was revived in 1998.
I like how they incorporate the old, vintage label, into the new one.
Superdomain: Neomura
Domain: Eukaryota
(unranked): Opisthokonta
(unranked) Holozoa
(unranked) Filozoa
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
(unranked): Bilateria
(unranked): Protostomia
Superphylum: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Mollusca
Subphylum: Conchifera
Class: Cephalopoda
Subclass: †Orthoceratoidea
Order: †Orthocerida
Family: †Proteoceratidae
Genus: †Treptoceras
Species: †T. cincinnatiensis
Extinct fungus-growing ant, related to modern leafcutting ants, fossilized in Dominican Amber.
20,000,000 years old
Public Domain image by Christopher Johnson
Part of the “Insects Unlocked” Project
University of Texas at Austin
The road to Borden takes you through the outskirts of Sittingbourne, and very unpromising it is, until the road through a housing estate turns back into a country lane, and on a slight rise you glimpse the church through mature trees.
Borden is a fine village, full of interesting houses, pubs and an old forge, but it was the church I had my eyes on.
An impressive building, and in fine condition, though I found the porch door locked.
I was photographing a row of four fine looking grave stones when a voice asked,
"can I help you?"
I am photographing the church, but the porch was locked.
I have a key, he said.
-------------------------------------------
A wonderful Norman tower shows the typical think-set proportions of the period. It is set off well by a good rood loft staircase at the south junction of nave and chancel. Good twelfth-century west door and Norman arch from tower to nave. The chancel was later extended north and south by the addition of the chapels, with the original quoins being clearly visible on the outside of the east wall. The church was heavily restored in the nineteenth century - but its two outstanding features survive. One, a fifteenth-century wall painting of St Christopher opposite the south door, is typically found in churches on main routes of travel. The other feature, a monument to Robert Plot (d. 1671), father of the well-known seventeenth-century historian, is the finest memorial of its date in Kent and shows St Michael slaying the Devil.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Borden
-------------------------------------------
BORDEN
IS the next parish eastward from Newington. The name of which seems to be derived from the Saxon words Burg and dena, signifying a mansion or town among the woods.
THIS PARISH lies nearly midway between Newington and Sittingborne, and contains about 1550 acres of land, of which two hundred are wood. The high London road runs along the north side of it, whence the ground rises southward for about a mile, (leaving the house of Cryals at about half that distance) to the village of Borden, through which there is but little thoroughfare. It is plainly seen from the high road, encircled by orchards of fruit trees, with the church and Borden-hall standing within it, a little to the eastward is the vicarage, a neat pretty dwelling. The land about the village, and northward of it is very fertile, being mostly a hazely mould, the plantations of fruit here, though many are not so numerous as formerly, for being worn out, no new ones have been planted in their room, and several of them have been converted into hop-grounds. This part of the parish, though it may certainly be deemed pleasant, yet from the water from the wells not being good, is not accounted healthy; southward of the village the ground still rising, it grows very hilly, and the land poor and much covered with flint stones, and the soil chalky, which renders the water wholesome, and this part much more healthy; about half a mile southward from the village is the house of Sutton Barne, and a small distance eastward Wrens, now called Rains farm, and a small hamlet called Heart's Delight. On the opposite side from Sutton Barne is the hamlet of Wood, formerly, called Hode-street, situated on high ground; at a small distance eastward from which is a long tract of woodland, in which there is a great plenty of chesnut stubs, whence they are usually known by the name of chesnut woods. These woods reach down the side of the hill to the Detling road, and the western boundary of this parish.
In 1695, in the sinking of a cellar by Dr. Plot, at Sutton Barne, several Roman bricks were found, with their edges upward, much like those, he says, which had been turned up at the antient Roman Sullonicæ, near Ellestre, in Middlesex; (fn. 1) and near Hoadstreet was, about the same time, found an antient British coin.
In the fields southward of the village, the stones affect a globular form, where there are numbers of them, of different magnitudes; but the biggest of them was ploughed up at Sutton Barne, by Dr. Plot's tenant, exactly globular, and as big as the largest cannon ball.
In 1676, Dr. Thomas Taylor found in Fridwood, in this parish, belonging to his uncle Dr. Plot, an oak, which bore leaves speckled with white; such a one, Mr. Evelyn informs us, in his Discourse on Forest Trees, from Dr. Childrey, was found in Lanhadronpark, in Cornwall.
THE JURISDICTION of the paramount manor of Milton claims over this parish, subordinate to which is
THE MANOR OF SUTTON, alias SUTTON BARNE, as it is corruptly now called, its antient name being Sutton Baron, which addition it took, undoubtedly, from the court baron of the manor held for it. It is situated about a mile southward of the church and village of Borden, and in the reign of Richard II. was in the possession of Angelus Christopher, who with Margaret his wife, passed it away, in the 17th year of that reign, by fine then levied, to Henry Vanner, ci tizen of London, who paid them one hundred marcs of silver for the purchase of it. He sold it that year to John Wotton, clerk, master of the college of All Saints, in Maidstone, who reserving an annual rent of ten pounds from it, for the term of his life, conveyed it, in the 10th year of king Henry IV. to William Bereford, by whom it was alienated in the 19th year of king Henry VI. to Mr. John Grangeman, of this parish, whose son Nicholas Grangeman, in the 29th year of that reign, passed it away to Stephen and John Norton, one of whose descendants, Alexander Norton, esq. by his will, in the 4th and 5th year of king Philip and queen Mary, devised his estates here, among which this manor was included, to John Coty and Alice his wife, Thomas Plot and Elizabeth his wife, Thomas and Alexander Pettenden, Norton Greene, Thomas and Edward Norton, and their heirs, who being afterwards much at variance concerning their respective portions in them, they were divided, according to the judgment of Ambrose Gilberd, and Roger Manwood, as appears by their award.
But the manor of Sutton Barne, not being so conveniently to be divided among so many, they finally agreed that year, to pass it away to William Cromer, esq. and John Dryland; the former of whom, in the 2d year of queen Elizabeth, sold it, together with a wood, called Fridd-wood, in this parish, to Mr. Robert Plot, of Borden, one of the sons of Mr. Alexander Plot, of Stockbury, in which parish his ancestors had been settled in the reign of Edward IV. and bore for their arms, Vert, three quaterfoils, argent, each charged with a lion's head, erased, sable. His great grandson, of the same name, resided here, and made great additions to this seat. (fn. 2)
He was born here in 1641, and became a most learned antiquarian, and excellent natural historian, of which his histories of Oxfordshire and Staffordshire are sufficient proofs. Being educated at Oxford, he commenced LL. D. and became fellow, and afterwards secretary of the Royal Society, historiographer to king James II. Mowbray herald extraordinary, and lastly, register of the court of honor. He died in 1696, at Sutton Barne, and was buried in the church of Borden, where there is a handsome monument erected to his memory.
Dr.Plot left two sons, Robert and Ralph Sherwood, of Newington, the eldest of whom inherited this manor, and at his death gave it by his will to Mr. John Palmer, who had married his only daughter Rebecca. He survived her, and at his death devised it to his second wife, and Mr. John Lucas, of Milton, whose respective heirs, about the year 1767, joined in the sale of it to Abraham Chambers, esq. of London, who for some time resided at Sutton Barne, till he removed to Tonstall. He died in 1782, leaving by his wife, daughter of Mr.James, of London, four sons, and one daughter Maria Emely, who afterwards became jointly entitled to this manor, among his other estates in this county, and they, after some years possession of them, made a division of them, when this manor became the property of the eldest son, Samuel Chambers, esq. of Tonstall, who married one of the daughters of the hon. Philip Roper, and he is the present owner of this manor. A court baron is held for it.
CRIOLS, alias KYRIELLS, with an appendage to it, called Poyles, the very name of which has been long since forgotten, is a manor here, which in early times was in the possession of the eminent family of Criol, who fixed their name on it, as they did on other estates belonging to them in different parts of this county.
Bertram de Criol died possessed of it in the 23d year of king Edward I. anno 1294, whose son John de Criol dying in the 34th year of that reign, s. p. Joane his sister, married to Sir Richard de Rokesle, became his heir, and entitled her husband to this manor.
He left by her two daughters his coheirs, of whom Agnes, the eldest, married Thomas de Poynings, who in her right became possessed of it, and in his name and descendants it continued down to Sir Edward Poynings, governor of Dover-castle, and lord warden, and he died possessed of it in the 14th year of king Henry VIII. anno 1522, not only without legitimate issue, though he had several natural children, but without any collateral kindred, who could lay claim to his estates, so that this manor, among others, escheated to the crown. (fn. 3)
After which, king Henry VIII. granted this manor to Sir Thomas Wyatt, who in pursuance of an act passed for the purpose, in the 32d year of that reign, conveyed it back among other premises in the year following, in exchange to the king. After which it seems to have remained in the hands of the crown, till the year after the attainder and execution of his son Sir Thomas Wyatt, when queen Mary, in her second year, out of her royal bounty, granted it to his widow, the lady Jane Wyatt, to hold of her, as of her manor of Est Grenewich, by knight's service, and not in capite. This grant seems to have been only for the term of her life, and of her son George Wyatt, who was restored in blood in the 13th year of queen Elizabeth, during which time the reversion of it was granted by king James, in his 16th year, to Thomas Hooker and John Spencer, gent. who joining in a fine levied for that purpose, settled it on the heirs of Geo. Wyatt, esq. above-mentioned. He died in the possession of it in 1624, when Francis Wyatt, esq. of Boxley-abbey, was found to be his eldest son and heir, and accordingly succeeded to it. (fn. 4) He was afterwards knighted, and some years afterwards joining with lady Margaret his wife, conveyed it by sale to Mr. Isaac Seward, gent. from which name it afterwards passed into that of Baker, in which it remained till it was carried in marriage by Jane Baker to James Brewer, of West Farleigh, esq. who died in 1724, leaving an only daughter and heir Jane, who joined with her second husband, John Shrimpton, esq. in the conveyance of it, about the year 1750, to Mr. Robert Wollet, of Sheerness, who died in 1760, and his infant daughter, Sarah, afterwards marrying with Mr. Tho. March, entitled him to it. He rebuilt this seat, and afterwards resided in it. He died in 1797, leaving one son, Mr. Thomas Marsh, who is the present owner of it.
POSIERS is a small manor in this parish, which was antiently the inheritance of a family of that surname, who continued owners of it till the reign of king Henry VIII. about which time they became extinct here. After which it became the property of the family of Wolgate, whose seat was at Wolgate, now called Wilgate-green, in Throwley, where they resided for several generations. At length it became the property of Mr. Ralph Wolgate, who died possessed of it in 1642, leaving an only daughter and heir, who marrying with Mr. William Gennery, entitled him to the fee of this manor, with other estates in this parish. After which it was sold to Grove, of Tunstall, one of whom, John Grove, esq. of Tunstall, died possessed of it in 1755, leaving by Catherine his wife, daughter of Mr. Pearce, of Charing, two sons, Pearce and Richard, and a daughter Anne. He devised this manor to his second son Richard Grove, esq. of the Temple, London, and of St.John's college, Cambridge, who dying unmarried in 1792, devised it among the rest of his estates to W. Jemmet, gent. of Ashford, and W. Marshall, of London, and they joined in the sale of it to W. Wife, gent. of this parish, who is the present possessor of this manor, with that of Vigo, alias Gorts adjoining to it.
THERE was antiently a family which took its name from their possessions in this parish. Philip de Borden is mentioned in the chartulary of the abbey of St. Radigund, as having given half a seam of peas yearly from his manor in Borden to that abbey, and Osbert de Borden is recorded in a charter of king Henry III. and another of Henry IV. as having given pasture for sixty sheep to the monastery of St. Sexburg, in the Isle of Shepey.
There is A HAMLET in this parish, called Woodstreet, but formerly HOADE STREET, corruptly for Oade-street, the yoke of which in 1653, was held by William Genery, already mentioned before.
The family of Allen was formerly of good account in Borden, and resided at Hoad, or Oade street. John Allen resided here in the very beginning of queen Elizabeth's reign, and then held among other premises in this parish, the yoke of Boxfield. His descendant John Allen, gent. Of Oade street, died in 1679, and was buried in this church, they bore for their arms, Or, a chevron, between three blood-bounds, passant, sable, collared of the first; which coat was granted to Christopher Allen, by Sir William Segar, bart. (fn. 5) The Allens of Rochester, descended of the same stock, bore Parted per fess, a pale ingrailed, and three blood-bounds, passant, collared and counter changed.
A younger branch of the family of Forster, of Eve leigh, in Shropshire, was settled in Borden in the reign of king James I. Thomas Forster then residing here; but this family have been long ago extinct here. They bore for their arms, Per fess, indented and pale, argent and sable, two bugle borns strung in the first and fourth quarters, counterchanged.
Thomas Seager held in this parish in 1653, the yoke of Corbett, containing a house, called Banfies, and other lands in this parish, lately belonging to Thomas Reader; which name of Seager remained here till of late years, one of them having but lately owned a house here, called Borden-hall, alias Borden-court belonging to the rectory, of which a further account will be given hereafter.
The family of Napleton, which was possessed of good estates in many parishes of this county, resided here for some generations; but they have been for some time extinct. Several of them lie buried in this church. They bore for their arms, Or, a squirrel sejant, gules.
There is an estate in this parish, formerly called WRENS, but now usually Rains farm, which in 1664 was held of Tunstall manor, by Richard, son of Christopher Allen, esq. from which name it was passed away to Mr. Butler Lacy, and his daughters now possess it.
Charities.
THOMAS EVERARD, formerly vicar of this parish, gave by will in 1619, two pieces of land, containing about six acres, in Borden and Stockbury, for the use of the poor, of the annual value of 1l. 10s. and a silver cup for the use of the communion service.
MICHEAL GOODLARD, of Borden, gave a house, with an orchard and garden, to the use of the poor, of the annual produce of 4l.
A PERSON UNKNOWN, gave five seams of barley, to be paid yearly on a Good Friday out of the parsonage; and two bushels of wheat yearly on Easter-day, for the use of the poor farmers of this parish.
Mr. JOHN KENWARD gave one seam of malt, to be paid yearly on Ascension Thursday, out of some tithe-free land belonging to a farm at Oade-street, late Mrs. Hendresse's.
A PERSON UNKNOWN, gave five groats-worth of bread, to be paid yearly on Easter day, out of a house and orchard called Iron-latche, late belonging to Mr. Stephen Chapman, of Sittingborne.
MR. RALPH SHERWOOD, citizen of London, in 1700 gave a cushion and pulpit-cloth, and a cloth for the reading-desk.
MR. JOHN NAPLETON, and Elizabeth his wife, of this parish, gave a very handsome silver slaggon for the use of the communion.
MR. JOHN BROMFIELD, of Borden, in 1776, gave to the value of 10l. towards erecting the altar-piece.
MR. WILLIAM BARROW, of Borden, who died in 1707, devised the greatest part of his estates in this and many other parishes in this county, to four trustees, to the use of the poor widows and poor men of this parish, not entitled to receive alms, directing the rents of them to be distributed half yearly, the annual amount of them now being 609l. 17s. 6d.
The distribution of this charity was settled and established by a decree of the court of chancery, in the 8th year of queen Anne; by which it was ordered, that the income of this estate should be distributed half yearly to the poor men and poor widows of this parish, the poorest of it next above those who ought to be entitled to relief by the poor's rate; that the proportion of the distribution ought to be equal to all, and not less than 5l. in one year to each; that the trustees should account annually to a vestry of this parish, who should pass and allow the same, and should be allowed their costs and expences in the managing of it. According to which decree this charity is now managed.
Two of the trustees act yearly, one of whom makes the Ladyday distribution, and the other that at Michaelmas. The total annual rents now amount to the sum of 584l. 16s. besides forty acres of woodland, and the clear sum distributed, after all payments and deductions, amounts to about 200l. per annum.
The poor relieved annually, (exclusive of those by Mr. Barrow's charity) are about 28, casually 30.
BORDEN is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Sittingborne.
The church, which is dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul, is a handsome building, consisting of three isles and three chancels, with a square tower at the west end of it, in which there is a clock, and six bells. It is built mostly of flint, but as a mark of its antiquity, it has a Roman brick or two interspersed among them, and the mortar is composed of cockle-shells. What is very remarkable, in the steeple there are the remains of a chimney, which seems coeval with it. The door-case on the western side of the steeple is of Saxon architecture, with zigzag ornaments, as is that on the opposite or inner side, but of a much larger size. It is kept exceedingly clean and neat, and the greatest part of it has been lately ceiled, that part of it over the high chancel, at the expence of the lay impropriator. In the high chancel is a brass plate and essigies for William Fordinall, vicar, obt. anno 1490. Several of the family of Plot lie buried in the south chancel, and there are monuments for Robert Plot, anno 1669, and his son Dr. Robert Plot, anno 1696; and there are among others in this church memorials for the Seagars, Barrows, Napletons, and Allens, all of whom have been mentioned before.
The church of Borden was part of the possessions of the priory of Leeds, to which it was appropriated before the 8th of king Richard II. (fn. 6) In which situation it continued at the dissolution of it in the 31st year of Henry VIII. when it was, together with the other possessions of the priory, surrendered up into the king's hands.
It appears by the bailiff's accounts in the Augmentation-office, of the revenues of the late priory of Leeds, that this rectory with the lands in this parish belonging to it, was then of the annual value of 41l. 14s. 5d. Soon after which it was granted by the king to Greene, but it seems to have been only for a term, for king Edward VI. in his 6th year, granted it, with all messuages and woods belonging to it, to Sir John Norton, of Northwood, to hold in capite by knight's service. He alienated it to Margaret Roch, who died in the 1st year of queen Elizabeth, and was succeeded in it by Elizabeth her daughter and heir, whose husband, Robert Colt, possessed it in her right. She survived him and died possessed of it, in the 13th year of that reign, at which time it appears to have been accounted a manor, and to have consisted of a house called Borden-hall, with its appurtenances, and three acres of land, with the rectory, tithes, and glebe belonging to it, in Borden. Her son Roger Colt died three years afterwards, leaving his widow Mary surviving, who afterwards married John Norris, esq. His grandson, Sir John Colt, bart. left three sons, John, Rowland, and Henry, who became entitled to this rectory and advowson, with the manor and lands appertaining to it, as coheirs to their father, in gavelkind; the eldest son, John Colte, esq. was of Rickmansworth, in Hertsordshire, and left an only daughter and heir, Gentilles, who entitled her husband, Sir Benjamin Titchborne, (a younger son of Sir Benjamin Tichborne, bart. of Hampshire) to his undivided third part of them, and his son Colte Tichborne, esq. of Woodoaks, in Hertfordshire, (which had been the antient seat of the Coltes) conveyed it jointly with his sister Frances in 1743, to Joseph Musgrave, esq. Rowland and Henry, the two younger sons of Sir John Colte above-mentioned, in 1676 conveyed their respective thirds to Mr. Charles Seager, gent. of Tunstall, whose son and heir of the same name was of Borden-hall, gent. and dying in 1758, was buried, with others of his family in this church. They bore for their arms, Or, a chevron between three mullets, azure. He devised them by will to his sister Mrs. Mary Seager, who in 1765 conveyed her two undivided thirds to Joseph Musgrave, esq. son of Joseph Musgrave, esq. above-mentioned, who having inherited the other third part from his father, became possessed of the entire see of this rectory and advowson, with the manor of Borden-hall, and the lands and appurtenances belonging to it, of which he is the present owner. Joseph Musgrave, is of Kypier, in the bishopric of Durham, and is descended from Joseph Musgrave, esq. of that place, the eldest son of George, the youngest son of Sir Christopher Musgrave, by his second wife Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John Frank lyn, which Sir Christopher, by his first wife, was ancestor of the present Sir Philip Musgrave, of Edenhall, in Cumberland, and of Kempton park, in Middlesex, bart. and was younger brother of Sir Richard Musgrave, bart. grandson of Sir Richard, who was created a baronet anno 9 James I. He bears for his arms, Azure, six annulets, three, two, and one, or.
The vicarage of Borden is valued in the king's books at 8l. 10s. and the yearly tenths at seventeen shillings. It is now of the yearly certified value of 67l. 14s. Sir John Norton, and Alice his wife, gave an annuity of forty shillings, to be paid yearly out of the parsonage, to the vicar of Borden and his successors. In 1578 there were fifty-three dwelling-houses in this parish. Communicants one hundred and sixty. In 1640 it was valued at eighty pounds. Communicants two hundred and seven.
A part of the portion of tithes, already mentioned in the description of the parish of Stockbury, called Ambry Tanton, extends into this parish.
¶There seems to have been continual disputes between the abbot and convent of St. Augustine's, and the prior and convent of Leeds, relative to the church of Borden, which at last was finally settled between them, about the year 1204; the prior agreeing to pay one marc of silver to the church of St. Augustine.
Superdomain: Neomura
Domain: Eukaryota
(unranked): Unikonta
(unranked): Obazoa
(unranked): Opisthokonta
(unranked) Holozoa
(unranked) Filozoa
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
Clade: ParaHoxozoa
Clade: Bilateria
Clade: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Olfactores
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Clade: Eugnathostomata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Infraclass: Euselachii
Superorder: Galeomorphii
Order: Lamniformes
Family: Cetorhinidae
Genus: †Keasius
Species: †K. septemtrionalis
Paradoxides minor (Boeck, 1828) fossil trilobite from the Cambrian of Bohemia. (13.9 centimeters long)
Trilobites are extinct marine arthropods. They first appear in Lower Cambrian rocks and the entire group went extinct at the end of the Permian. Trilobites had a calcitic exoskeleton and nonmineralizing parts underneath (legs, gills, gut, etc.). The calcite skeleton is most commonly preserved in the fossil record, although soft-part preservation is known in some trilobites (Ex: Burgess Shale and Hunsruck Slate). Trilobites had a head (cephalon), a body of many segments (thorax), and a tail (pygidium). Molts and carcasses usually fell apart quickly - most trilobite fossils are isolated parts of the head (cranidium and free cheeks), individual thoracic segments, or isolated pygidia. The name "trilobite" was introduced in 1771 by Johann Ernst Immanuel Walch and refers to the tripartite division of the trilobite body - it has a central axial lobe that runs longitudinally from the head to the tail, plus two side lobes (pleural lobes).
Paradoxidids were some of the largest trilobites ever. They are relatively common large trilobites in Middle Cambrian rocks in many parts of the world. About 150 species and subspecies names are available for Paradoxides (sensu lato), which includes some junior synonyms (subjective & objective) and some homonyms. Generic-level taxonomy of paradoxidid trilobites continues to be in a state of confusion, despite the family treatment by Dean & Rushton (1997). Several genus-level or subgenus-level names are used by various authors to refer to groups of Paradoxides-like species that may or may not be morphologically distinctive (Examples: Paradoxides Brongniart, 1822, Bucephalites Thompson, 1834, Hydrocephalus Barrande, 1846, Phlysacium Corda in Hawle & Corda, 1847, Phanoptes Corda in Hawle & Corda, 1847, Plutonia, Hicks, 1871, Plutonides Hicks, 1895, Eccaparadoxides Šnajdr, 1957, Acadoparadoxides Šnajdr, 1957, Vinicella Šnajdr, 1957, Eoparadoxides Solovev, 1969, Baltoparadoxides Šnajdr, 1986, Macrocerca Pillet in Courtessole et al., 1988, Rejkocephalus Kordule, 1990; some of these are undisputed junior synonyms of other names on the list).
Shown above is a nice large specimen of Paradoxides minor from the Middle Cambrian of Bohemia. It's a complete exoskeleton, but is lacking the librigenae (free cheeks). Some workers refer to this species as Hydrocephalus minor or Paradoxides (Hydrocephalus) minor. It was first named & described & illustrated by Chris Boeck in 1828 as Trilobites minor (see Boeck, 1828, pp. 27-30, pl. 2, figs. 12-14).
This species is often placed in the genus or subgenus Hydrocephalus, named by Joachim Barrande in 1846 for paradoxidid trilobites having noticeably inflated glabellas in early ontogenetic stages (hydrocephaly is a condition in some human fetuses or infants involving swelling of the head due to abnormal fluid buildup). This feature is not apparent in later holaspids, so many authors consider the use of Hydrocephalus at the genus level problematic.
Classification: Arthropoda, Trilobita, Polymerida, Paradoxididae
Stratigraphy: upper Jince Formation, Paradoxides gracilis zone, upper Middle Cambrian
Locality: Jince area, Stredocesky Region, Bohemia, Czech Republic
----------------
References cited:
Barrande, J. 1846. Notice Préliminaire sur le Système Silurien et les Trilobites de Bohême. Leipzig, Germany. J.B. Hisrschfeld. 97 pp.
Boeck, C. 1828 (not 1827). Notitser til Læren onm Trilobiterne. Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne 8: 11-44, pl. 2.
Brongniart, A. & A.-G. Desmarest. 1822. Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés Fossiles. Paris. F.-G. Levrault, Libraire. 154 pp. 11 pls.
Courtessole, R., J. Pillet & D. Vizcaino. 1988. Stratigraphie et Paleontologie du Cambrien Moyen Greseux de la Montagne Noire (Versant Meridional). Carcassonne, France. 55 pp. 8 pls.
Dean, W.T. & A.W.A. Rushton. 1997. Superfamily Paradoxidoidea. pp. 470-481 in Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part O, Arthropoda 1, Trilobita, Revised, volume 1: Introduction, Order Agnostida, Order Redlichiida. Boulder, Colorado & Lawrence, Kansas. Geological Society of America & University of Kansas.
Hawle, I. & A.J.C. Corda. 1847. Prodrom einer Monographie der Böhmischen Trilobiten. Prague. J.G. Calve'sche Buchhandlung. 176 pp. 7 pls.
Hicks, H. 1871. Descriptions of new species of fossils from the Longmynd rocks of St. David’s. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 27: 399-402, pls. 15-16.
Hicks, H. 1895. On the genus Plutonides (non Plutonia) from the Cambrian rocks of St. David’s. Geological Magazine, Series 4 2: 230-231.
Kordule, V. 1990. Rejkocephalus, a new paradoxid genus from the Middle Cambrian of Bohemia (Trilobita). Vestník Ústredniho Ústavu Geologického 65: 55-60, 2 pls.
Šnajdr, M. 1957. O novych trilobitech z ceskeho kambria. Vestník Ústredniho Ústavu Geologického 32: 235-244, 2 pls.
Šnajdr, M. 1986. Two new paradoxid trilobites from the Jince Formation (Middle Cambrian, Czechoslovakia). Vestník Ústredniho Ústavu Geologického 61: 169-174, pls. 1-2.
Solovev, I.A. 1969. Novye vidy Paradoxides (Trilobity) iz goryuchikh slantsev amginskogo yarusa severnoy Yakutii. Uchenye Zapiski Paleontologiya i Biostratigrafiya, Nauchno-Issledovatelskiy Insitut Geologii Arktiki 25: 9-20, 5 pls.
CABALLO FÓSIL SUDAMERICANO ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Cavalo fóssil sulamericano - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Skull of Southamerican extinct Horse ............................
Equus († Amerhippus) neogeus Lund, 1840
Orden: Perissodactyla (Perisodáctilos) ... Familia: Equidae (Équidos = Equinos)
Ejemplar que vivió en la formación Pampeana del pleistoceno de la
provincia de Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA.
Esta especie evolucionó en el sur de sudamérica, de equinos que formaron parte del último grupo de mamíferos invasores que ingresaron a la América del Sur, como consecuencia del levantamiento del istmo de Panamá, que generó la conexión entre ambas Américas a través de este "puente panameño", acontecimiento ocurrido aproximadamente unos 3 millones de años antes del presente, y que unió definitivamente las faunas de América del Norte con las del Sur.
La especie de la que esta evolucionó ingresa al subcontinente en una etapa posterior a la primera oleada de equinos, de la cual se originó el género Hippidion.
Otra rama migra desde Norteamérica rumbo a Eurasia, de la cual más tarde descenderá el Caballo doméstico.
A diferencia de Hippidion, Equus migra al neotrópico y al viejo mundo, ya diferenciado como género aparte, hecho acaecido en América del Norte, en el Plioceno.
A las distintas especies fósiles del género Equus halladas en América se las ha agrupado en el subgénero Amerhippus.
Este subgénero se caracteriza por contar con una mandíbula robusta, miembros monodáctilos relativamente cortos y macizos, cráneo con cresta supraoccipital ancha, y una flexión craneal acusada.
Los dientes superiores muestran protocono triangular y más largo en el extremo distal que en el sector mesial, y con plegamiento interno en algunos casos.
Las fosetas anteriores y posteriores no están muy desarrolladas.
A diferencia de Hippidium, eran caballos bastante grandes.
Un gran número de sus restos se hallaron en sitios arqueológicos, y se corroboró su utilización como fuente de alimento, aunque este caballo primitivo no llegó a ser domesticado por los aborígenes.
Los aborígenes amerindios convivieron con los équidos durante más 4.000 años, cazándolos tan intensamente que las especies no soportaron semejante presión de captura y terminaron por extinguirse.
Fueron abundantes, especialmente en las pampas y otros lugares abiertos.
Este subgénero fue colectado en sudamérica desde el norte de Colombia hasta el sur de la provincia de Buenos Aires y el norte de la patagonia.
La primera aparición del género en el registro fósil corresponde probablemente a la edad Mamífero Ensenadense de Tarija Bolivia (Pleistoceno temprano), y se extiende hasta el Lujanense tardío de Buenos Aires.
Dentro de él se han descripto varias especies bien definidas, con clara diferenciación geográfica y adaptativa.
En América del Sur: el género Equus estubo representado por cinco especies:
--- Equus (Amerhippus) andium Branco, 1883, ex A. Wagner, 1860
Era más pequeño, y estaba restringido al corredor interandino en los Andes ecuatorianos durante el Pleistoceno tardío, formación Cancagua; y posiblemente también en la sabana colombiana.
--- Equus (Amerhippus) santaelenae (Spillman, 1938)
Era mayor que el anterior, y se lo encontraba en las llanuras costeras de la península de Santa Elena, Ecuador, durante el Pleistoceno tardío, formación Pichilingue.
--- Equus (Amerhippus) insulatus C. Ameghino, 1904
Esta especie mediana vivió en la actual zona boliviana de Tarija durante el Pleistoceno Medio; posiblemente también en el Río Chiche del altiplano ecuatoriano (según restos encontrados); y en el extremo norte argentino.
--- Equus (Amerhippus) lasallei,
restringido a la sabana de Bogotá, Colombia, durante el Pleistoceno Tardío.
--- Equus (Amerhippus) neogeus Lund, 1840
El cual fue reportado en varias localidades paleontológicas de la región pampeana argentina, en Buenos Aires (Sierras Bayas, Río Luján, Paso Otero, Río Quequén Salado, Arroyo Camet, Arroyo Seco, Tapalqué, Lobería, Bahía Blanca, etc.), Córdoba; en el Uruguay, y en el sudeste del Brasil, durante el Pleistoceno Tardío.
En las proximidades de las Sierras Bayas de Olavarría, se hallaron fósiles de esta especie con una antigüedad de los estratos portadores de una edad de 120 mil años (Formación Esperanza).
Esta última especie es la que ha logrado sobrevivir por más tiempo durante la invasión paleoindia al subcontinente.
En Argentina, sólo ha sido hallado Equus (Amerhippus) neogeus, que es la especie de mayor tamaño y gracilidad del género y la más parecida al caballo criollo local, aunque con teórica progenie europea...
Su cráneo es grande, y presenta la región preorbital y nasal ensanchadas.
Su distribución estratigráfica está restringida al Lujanense.
Las edades geológicas Ensenadense y Lujanense, junto a la Bonaerense, corresponden a las 3 etapas de la época del Pleistoceno, de la siguiente manera:
1.Pleistoceno Inferior (Ensenadense): 1.8 millones de años a 500 mil años A.P
2.Pleistoceno Medio (Bonaerense): 500 mil años - 130 mil años A.P.
3.Pleistoceno Superior (Lujanense): 130 mil años - 10 mil años A.P.
A.P.: Antes del Presente
Fósiles recientemente encontrados en la zona del Bajo del Tala, cercana a la ciudad bonaerense de San Pedro tienen 500 mil años, lo cual indicaría que no sería la única especie de Equus que habitó en la Argentina, sino que habría existido una especie predecesora que llegó antes de lo que se pensaba, y que podría corresponder con alguna de las otras que habitaron Sudamérica, o una especie aún no descripta todavía.
SINONIMIA:
Amerhippus neogaeus , Equus (Amerhippus) neogaeus , Equus neogaeus , Equus neogeus , Amerhippus neogeus , Hippidion neogaeus , Hippidion neogeus , Equus rectidens , Equus curvidens ,
( 1 de febrero de 2010 )
Museo de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia,
ciudad de Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA.
◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘◘
fotografía fotografías foto fotos photo photos imaje imajes imágenes imagen imajenes imajen picture pictures , Fauna de Argentina , Fauna de la Argentina , Fauna argentina , Mamíferos de Argentina , Mamíferos de la Argentina , Mamíferos argentinos , Animales argentinos , Animales de Argentina , Animales de la Argentina , Mammals of Argentina , Argentina's mammals , Argentine mammals , Argentinian mammals , Argentine mammalians , Argentina´s animals , Argentine animals , Argentinian animals , Animals of Argentina , Pleistocene megafauna , Mammals of Pleistocene , Pleistocene mammals , Pleistocene mammalians , Pleistocene extinctions , Mamíferos del Pleistoceno , Mamíferos do Pleistoceno , Prehistoric mammals of South America , Animais pré-históricos , Extinct mammals , Extinct animals , Mammifère préhistorique , pampas sud-américaines , Prehistoric mammals of South America , Prehistoric mammals of Argentina , Argentina´s Prehistoric mammals , Argentinian , Argentine Prehistoric mammals , Animales extinguidos de Argentina , Animales extinguidos de la Argentina , Mamíferos extintos de Argentina , Especies extintas en la prehistoria , Quaternary Extinctions , Prehistoric sloths , Zahnarme , Ausgestorbenes Säugetier , Pelosi , Fósseis do Brasil , Fósseis brasileiros , Mammiferi fossili , Mammifère préhistorique , Luiaarden en miereneters , Uitgestorven zoogdier , Pleistoceen , Megafauna estinta , Cavalo Cavalos , Equini , Equidi , konji , lihoprsti kopitarji , 奇蹄目 , 马科 , കുടുംബം ,നിര, 奇蹄目 , ウマ科, Onevenhoevigen , Paardachtigen , Uddatåiga hovdjur , Hästdjur , Tek toynaklılar , Uparrettåede hovdyr , hestefamilien , Atgiller , Unpaarhufer , Perissodactylaren , Pferde , Koňovité , Nepárnokopytníky , Neporakanopiai , Arkliniai , Heste , équidé , équidés , Caballos de Argentina , Argentina´s horses , horses of Argentina , Argentinian Horses , Argentine Horses , Razas de Equinos , argentinischer , Animales argentinos , Animales de Argentina , Animales de la Argentina , Argentina´s animals , Argentine animals , Argentinian animals , Animals of Argentina , Horse breed , List of horse breeds , Horse breeding , Razas equinas , Razas de caballos , Raças de cavalo , Pferderasse , Razze equine , Race chevaline , Arklių veislių sąrašas , över hästraser , paardenrassen , hynsterassen , lófajták , Породи коне , Luettelo hevosroduista , Seznam plemen koní , 馬の品種の一覧 , 馬品種 , Subgenus Equus , Equus andium , Equus insulatus , Equus santaeelenae , Equus neogeus , Equus lasallei , subg. Amerhippus , , Prehistoric horses , Prehistoric mammals of South America , Argentine Pleistocene mammals , Pleistocene extinctions" "Megafauna of South America , Pampas Pleistocene Horses ,