This locomotive has now been brought back into use by the volunteers at Atlantic Rail. It has been used on their steam special to Simons Town and I had hoped to see it in action during my recent visit to Cape Town. However, it is heavier on coal than the Class 24 and the latter tends to be used instead. It may be used this coming Sunday. Unfortunately, my recent stay did not extend to the 21st December 2014. Another time, maybe?

 

The following details have been taken from the Atlantic Rail website:

 

"CLASS 16DA no 879, is a 4-6-2 (Pacific), main line passenger locomotive.

 

In 1929, when Mr Allan G. Watson became the Chief Mechanical Engineer of the SAR, one of his earliest tasks was to provide additional motive power for express passenger traffic on the section Beaufort West - Kimberley - Johannesburg.

 

He decided to take an existing design as the basis for a new locomotive. The Pacific (4-6-2) type with its very large driver wheels was, at that stage, still regarded as a suitable type for fast passenger working over the easier graded sections. Thus the existing class 16DA served as the basis for the design of the new locomotives.

 

The major modification to the original design was changing to a wide firebox (just over 5½ square meters). To accomplish this, the main frame was shortened to end at the front of the firebox. This allowed a much larger ashpan and firegrate area. Apart from the wide fireboxes, the new locomotives were so similar to the original 16DA's that they were also classified 16DA, and numbered 874 - 879. Fitting wide fire-boxes to these engines was obviously a seen as a beneficial venture by Mr Watson as literally 100's of later main line locomotives of various classes had wide fire-boxes incorporated in their designs.

 

Had normal SAR conventions been followed, the Henschel build version of the 16DA should have been known as the 16DB. Later, when 879 was re-boilered, the naming convention would have required an addition of an 'R', so by rights 879 would have been classed as a 16DBR. This however did not happen, so the 16DA class has a wide variety of variations.

 

At that time, the price paid per locomotive was £7,445 0.0d. Of the six wide-box 16DA locomotives, five were provided with Walschaerts valve motion, but the sixth engine [879] was fitted with Caprotti valve gear, and ran with this until 1940, when she was converted at the Bloemfontein mechanical workshops to Walschaerts motion.

 

The 'wide-box' 16DA's all entered traffic with five foot coupled wheels and a boiler pressure of 195psi. Four of the six engines [No's 874,875,878 and 879] subsequently had their coupled wheels increased in size to five feet three inches. The boiler pressures of these locomotives were also increased to 205psi which resulted in a tractive effort to 33,570 lb at 75% boiler pressure.

 

Operation

 

Initially, these locomotives were stationed in Kimberley and worked fast passenger trains like 'The Union Limited' between Beaufort West, Kimberley and Johannesburg. Together with the earlier 16DA's and the later 16E's, the wide firebox 16DA's remained on the work already detailed until the arrival of air-conditioned stock for the 'Union Limited' in 1939. Together with their sister Pacifics, these engines were transferred to Bloemfontein to work passenger traffic in the Orange Free State, and up until 1953 they worked passenger trains through to Johannesburg. The 'wide-box' DA's also worked the Orange Express for quite a few years, particularly between Bloemfontein and Kimberly.

 

However, the 'Pacific' type locomotive lost favour on the SAR, as it could not be regarded as a general mixed traffic type with the accent on goods working. Being more of a passenger locomotive, the Class 16DA 'wide-box' was ultimately relegated to lesser and lesser duties such as 'pick-up' goods work until final retirement of the class in 1973.

 

Retirement and Preservation

 

Three of the wide-box 16DA have been preserved. 876 "Lettie Uys" and 879 "Theodora" (as she was called then) were restored as a 'Live Steam' exhibits of the Transnet Museum, while 878 is plinthed at the Transnet Rail Engineering workshops in Bloemfontein. 876 and 879 were operated as part of the Transnet Heritage Collection where 879 was given a blue "Union Limited" livery. As luck would have it, 879 was sent to Dal Josafat Depot and had undergone a full boiler refurbishment when the THF steam safaris were ended. 879 was towed to the Epping Market and left in the care of the Cape Western Railway Preservation Society.

 

After a few years at the Epping Market, Atlantic Rail took over the task to preserve/restore the locomotive. Since 879's boiler had been overhauled completely just before she was mothballed, re-certification of the boiler was a viable option. As luck would have it, at this point in time a major factory in the Cape was in desperate need of a steam boiler as theirs had to be shut down for maintenance. Previously, Atlantic Rail had been able to use SAR Class 24 #3655 to help out in such cases but she was scheduled for quite a few passenger trips and was not available. The factory agreed to help pay towards getting the 879 roadworthy while she was fired to produce steam for the factory. Initial work was completed at the factory site, but she was dangerously exposed to metal thieves at that site. Although the thieves did not get away with much metal. Their cutting and smashing caused considerable damage and it was with the help of crowd-sourcing donations that Atlantic Rail could afford to hire a security company and repair the damage done.

 

On the 3rd May 2013, Atlantic Rail finally managed to bring 879 to their home base station where she is now kept safe together with 3655. She has had extensive further repairs and tunings.

 

6 April 2014 saw her do her first test run on the open line, hauling a complete eight car 10M3 Metrorail set as a load. At the controls was Mr Frikkie Gerber and he was assisted by fireman Brett Radloff. The test was passed with flying colours. The same team took her on her first trip to Simon's Town on 27 April 2014. A ceremony was held where she was renamed "Katie" in honour of Atlantic Rail Director Ian Pretorius' grand-daughter and daughter of Atlantic Rail Director Sarah-Jane Nielsen.

 

879 is important as a preserved locomotive, as it is the only current running passenger main line steam locomotive in South Africa.

 

The focus can now shift to more cosmetic repair and maintenance and since the loan agreement with Transnet Freight Rail (the owners) has been signed she can now become one of the staple of regular engines that lead Atlantic Rail trips."

Canon EF 100-400mm @ F/8.0

 

Some more testing with the new Canon EOS Rebel T3i that just went on sale today in Canada. These are all full sized images to companion my blog.

 

A fellow photographer and I took some time today to also compare the 100-400L vs a 70-200 F/2.8L IS USM II + the new 2X III extender. More on my blog here: frontallobbings.blogspot.com/2011/02/canon-ef-100-400mm-v...

The road to Borden takes you through the outskirts of Sittingbourne, and very unpromising it is, until the road through a housing estate turns back into a country lane, and on a slight rise you glimpse the church through mature trees.

 

Borden is a fine village, full of interesting houses, pubs and an old forge, but it was the church I had my eyes on.

 

An impressive building, and in fine condition, though I found the porch door locked.

 

I was photographing a row of four fine looking grave stones when a voice asked,

 

"can I help you?"

 

I am photographing the church, but the porch was locked.

 

I have a key, he said.

 

I introduced myself, and my new friend introduced himself as Phil.

 

I told Phill over and over how kind he had been in coming over to let me in.

 

And in return he heard how much I loved his church, and loved hearing his stories. So much so I failed to photograph the large wall painting on the north wall.

 

As you do.

 

I fell in love with the font cover and the mechanism for lifting it up, quite unusual for Kent I think, though more common in East Anglia. I snap it several times.

 

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A wonderful Norman tower shows the typical think-set proportions of the period. It is set off well by a good rood loft staircase at the south junction of nave and chancel. Good twelfth-century west door and Norman arch from tower to nave. The chancel was later extended north and south by the addition of the chapels, with the original quoins being clearly visible on the outside of the east wall. The church was heavily restored in the nineteenth century - but its two outstanding features survive. One, a fifteenth-century wall painting of St Christopher opposite the south door, is typically found in churches on main routes of travel. The other feature, a monument to Robert Plot (d. 1671), father of the well-known seventeenth-century historian, is the finest memorial of its date in Kent and shows St Michael slaying the Devil.

 

www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Borden

 

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BORDEN

IS the next parish eastward from Newington. The name of which seems to be derived from the Saxon words Burg and dena, signifying a mansion or town among the woods.

 

THIS PARISH lies nearly midway between Newington and Sittingborne, and contains about 1550 acres of land, of which two hundred are wood. The high London road runs along the north side of it, whence the ground rises southward for about a mile, (leaving the house of Cryals at about half that distance) to the village of Borden, through which there is but little thoroughfare. It is plainly seen from the high road, encircled by orchards of fruit trees, with the church and Borden-hall standing within it, a little to the eastward is the vicarage, a neat pretty dwelling. The land about the village, and northward of it is very fertile, being mostly a hazely mould, the plantations of fruit here, though many are not so numerous as formerly, for being worn out, no new ones have been planted in their room, and several of them have been converted into hop-grounds. This part of the parish, though it may certainly be deemed pleasant, yet from the water from the wells not being good, is not accounted healthy; southward of the village the ground still rising, it grows very hilly, and the land poor and much covered with flint stones, and the soil chalky, which renders the water wholesome, and this part much more healthy; about half a mile southward from the village is the house of Sutton Barne, and a small distance eastward Wrens, now called Rains farm, and a small hamlet called Heart's Delight. On the opposite side from Sutton Barne is the hamlet of Wood, formerly, called Hode-street, situated on high ground; at a small distance eastward from which is a long tract of woodland, in which there is a great plenty of chesnut stubs, whence they are usually known by the name of chesnut woods. These woods reach down the side of the hill to the Detling road, and the western boundary of this parish.

 

In 1695, in the sinking of a cellar by Dr. Plot, at Sutton Barne, several Roman bricks were found, with their edges upward, much like those, he says, which had been turned up at the antient Roman Sullonicæ, near Ellestre, in Middlesex; (fn. 1) and near Hoadstreet was, about the same time, found an antient British coin.

 

In the fields southward of the village, the stones affect a globular form, where there are numbers of them, of different magnitudes; but the biggest of them was ploughed up at Sutton Barne, by Dr. Plot's tenant, exactly globular, and as big as the largest cannon ball.

 

In 1676, Dr. Thomas Taylor found in Fridwood, in this parish, belonging to his uncle Dr. Plot, an oak, which bore leaves speckled with white; such a one, Mr. Evelyn informs us, in his Discourse on Forest Trees, from Dr. Childrey, was found in Lanhadronpark, in Cornwall.

 

THE JURISDICTION of the paramount manor of Milton claims over this parish, subordinate to which is

 

THE MANOR OF SUTTON, alias SUTTON BARNE, as it is corruptly now called, its antient name being Sutton Baron, which addition it took, undoubtedly, from the court baron of the manor held for it. It is situated about a mile southward of the church and village of Borden, and in the reign of Richard II. was in the possession of Angelus Christopher, who with Margaret his wife, passed it away, in the 17th year of that reign, by fine then levied, to Henry Vanner, ci tizen of London, who paid them one hundred marcs of silver for the purchase of it. He sold it that year to John Wotton, clerk, master of the college of All Saints, in Maidstone, who reserving an annual rent of ten pounds from it, for the term of his life, conveyed it, in the 10th year of king Henry IV. to William Bereford, by whom it was alienated in the 19th year of king Henry VI. to Mr. John Grangeman, of this parish, whose son Nicholas Grangeman, in the 29th year of that reign, passed it away to Stephen and John Norton, one of whose descendants, Alexander Norton, esq. by his will, in the 4th and 5th year of king Philip and queen Mary, devised his estates here, among which this manor was included, to John Coty and Alice his wife, Thomas Plot and Elizabeth his wife, Thomas and Alexander Pettenden, Norton Greene, Thomas and Edward Norton, and their heirs, who being afterwards much at variance concerning their respective portions in them, they were divided, according to the judgment of Ambrose Gilberd, and Roger Manwood, as appears by their award.

 

But the manor of Sutton Barne, not being so conveniently to be divided among so many, they finally agreed that year, to pass it away to William Cromer, esq. and John Dryland; the former of whom, in the 2d year of queen Elizabeth, sold it, together with a wood, called Fridd-wood, in this parish, to Mr. Robert Plot, of Borden, one of the sons of Mr. Alexander Plot, of Stockbury, in which parish his ancestors had been settled in the reign of Edward IV. and bore for their arms, Vert, three quaterfoils, argent, each charged with a lion's head, erased, sable. His great grandson, of the same name, resided here, and made great additions to this seat. (fn. 2)

 

He was born here in 1641, and became a most learned antiquarian, and excellent natural historian, of which his histories of Oxfordshire and Staffordshire are sufficient proofs. Being educated at Oxford, he commenced LL. D. and became fellow, and afterwards secretary of the Royal Society, historiographer to king James II. Mowbray herald extraordinary, and lastly, register of the court of honor. He died in 1696, at Sutton Barne, and was buried in the church of Borden, where there is a handsome monument erected to his memory.

 

Dr.Plot left two sons, Robert and Ralph Sherwood, of Newington, the eldest of whom inherited this manor, and at his death gave it by his will to Mr. John Palmer, who had married his only daughter Rebecca. He survived her, and at his death devised it to his second wife, and Mr. John Lucas, of Milton, whose respective heirs, about the year 1767, joined in the sale of it to Abraham Chambers, esq. of London, who for some time resided at Sutton Barne, till he removed to Tonstall. He died in 1782, leaving by his wife, daughter of Mr.James, of London, four sons, and one daughter Maria Emely, who afterwards became jointly entitled to this manor, among his other estates in this county, and they, after some years possession of them, made a division of them, when this manor became the property of the eldest son, Samuel Chambers, esq. of Tonstall, who married one of the daughters of the hon. Philip Roper, and he is the present owner of this manor. A court baron is held for it.

 

CRIOLS, alias KYRIELLS, with an appendage to it, called Poyles, the very name of which has been long since forgotten, is a manor here, which in early times was in the possession of the eminent family of Criol, who fixed their name on it, as they did on other estates belonging to them in different parts of this county.

 

Bertram de Criol died possessed of it in the 23d year of king Edward I. anno 1294, whose son John de Criol dying in the 34th year of that reign, s. p. Joane his sister, married to Sir Richard de Rokesle, became his heir, and entitled her husband to this manor.

 

He left by her two daughters his coheirs, of whom Agnes, the eldest, married Thomas de Poynings, who in her right became possessed of it, and in his name and descendants it continued down to Sir Edward Poynings, governor of Dover-castle, and lord warden, and he died possessed of it in the 14th year of king Henry VIII. anno 1522, not only without legitimate issue, though he had several natural children, but without any collateral kindred, who could lay claim to his estates, so that this manor, among others, escheated to the crown. (fn. 3)

 

After which, king Henry VIII. granted this manor to Sir Thomas Wyatt, who in pursuance of an act passed for the purpose, in the 32d year of that reign, conveyed it back among other premises in the year following, in exchange to the king. After which it seems to have remained in the hands of the crown, till the year after the attainder and execution of his son Sir Thomas Wyatt, when queen Mary, in her second year, out of her royal bounty, granted it to his widow, the lady Jane Wyatt, to hold of her, as of her manor of Est Grenewich, by knight's service, and not in capite. This grant seems to have been only for the term of her life, and of her son George Wyatt, who was restored in blood in the 13th year of queen Elizabeth, during which time the reversion of it was granted by king James, in his 16th year, to Thomas Hooker and John Spencer, gent. who joining in a fine levied for that purpose, settled it on the heirs of Geo. Wyatt, esq. above-mentioned. He died in the possession of it in 1624, when Francis Wyatt, esq. of Boxley-abbey, was found to be his eldest son and heir, and accordingly succeeded to it. (fn. 4) He was afterwards knighted, and some years afterwards joining with lady Margaret his wife, conveyed it by sale to Mr. Isaac Seward, gent. from which name it afterwards passed into that of Baker, in which it remained till it was carried in marriage by Jane Baker to James Brewer, of West Farleigh, esq. who died in 1724, leaving an only daughter and heir Jane, who joined with her second husband, John Shrimpton, esq. in the conveyance of it, about the year 1750, to Mr. Robert Wollet, of Sheerness, who died in 1760, and his infant daughter, Sarah, afterwards marrying with Mr. Tho. March, entitled him to it. He rebuilt this seat, and afterwards resided in it. He died in 1797, leaving one son, Mr. Thomas Marsh, who is the present owner of it.

 

POSIERS is a small manor in this parish, which was antiently the inheritance of a family of that surname, who continued owners of it till the reign of king Henry VIII. about which time they became extinct here. After which it became the property of the family of Wolgate, whose seat was at Wolgate, now called Wilgate-green, in Throwley, where they resided for several generations. At length it became the property of Mr. Ralph Wolgate, who died possessed of it in 1642, leaving an only daughter and heir, who marrying with Mr. William Gennery, entitled him to the fee of this manor, with other estates in this parish. After which it was sold to Grove, of Tunstall, one of whom, John Grove, esq. of Tunstall, died possessed of it in 1755, leaving by Catherine his wife, daughter of Mr. Pearce, of Charing, two sons, Pearce and Richard, and a daughter Anne. He devised this manor to his second son Richard Grove, esq. of the Temple, London, and of St.John's college, Cambridge, who dying unmarried in 1792, devised it among the rest of his estates to W. Jemmet, gent. of Ashford, and W. Marshall, of London, and they joined in the sale of it to W. Wife, gent. of this parish, who is the present possessor of this manor, with that of Vigo, alias Gorts adjoining to it.

 

THERE was antiently a family which took its name from their possessions in this parish. Philip de Borden is mentioned in the chartulary of the abbey of St. Radigund, as having given half a seam of peas yearly from his manor in Borden to that abbey, and Osbert de Borden is recorded in a charter of king Henry III. and another of Henry IV. as having given pasture for sixty sheep to the monastery of St. Sexburg, in the Isle of Shepey.

 

There is A HAMLET in this parish, called Woodstreet, but formerly HOADE STREET, corruptly for Oade-street, the yoke of which in 1653, was held by William Genery, already mentioned before.

 

The family of Allen was formerly of good account in Borden, and resided at Hoad, or Oade street. John Allen resided here in the very beginning of queen Elizabeth's reign, and then held among other premises in this parish, the yoke of Boxfield. His descendant John Allen, gent. Of Oade street, died in 1679, and was buried in this church, they bore for their arms, Or, a chevron, between three blood-bounds, passant, sable, collared of the first; which coat was granted to Christopher Allen, by Sir William Segar, bart. (fn. 5) The Allens of Rochester, descended of the same stock, bore Parted per fess, a pale ingrailed, and three blood-bounds, passant, collared and counter changed.

 

A younger branch of the family of Forster, of Eve leigh, in Shropshire, was settled in Borden in the reign of king James I. Thomas Forster then residing here; but this family have been long ago extinct here. They bore for their arms, Per fess, indented and pale, argent and sable, two bugle borns strung in the first and fourth quarters, counterchanged.

 

Thomas Seager held in this parish in 1653, the yoke of Corbett, containing a house, called Banfies, and other lands in this parish, lately belonging to Thomas Reader; which name of Seager remained here till of late years, one of them having but lately owned a house here, called Borden-hall, alias Borden-court belonging to the rectory, of which a further account will be given hereafter.

 

The family of Napleton, which was possessed of good estates in many parishes of this county, resided here for some generations; but they have been for some time extinct. Several of them lie buried in this church. They bore for their arms, Or, a squirrel sejant, gules.

 

There is an estate in this parish, formerly called WRENS, but now usually Rains farm, which in 1664 was held of Tunstall manor, by Richard, son of Christopher Allen, esq. from which name it was passed away to Mr. Butler Lacy, and his daughters now possess it.

 

Charities.

THOMAS EVERARD, formerly vicar of this parish, gave by will in 1619, two pieces of land, containing about six acres, in Borden and Stockbury, for the use of the poor, of the annual value of 1l. 10s. and a silver cup for the use of the communion service.

 

MICHEAL GOODLARD, of Borden, gave a house, with an orchard and garden, to the use of the poor, of the annual produce of 4l.

 

A PERSON UNKNOWN, gave five seams of barley, to be paid yearly on a Good Friday out of the parsonage; and two bushels of wheat yearly on Easter-day, for the use of the poor farmers of this parish.

 

Mr. JOHN KENWARD gave one seam of malt, to be paid yearly on Ascension Thursday, out of some tithe-free land belonging to a farm at Oade-street, late Mrs. Hendresse's.

 

A PERSON UNKNOWN, gave five groats-worth of bread, to be paid yearly on Easter day, out of a house and orchard called Iron-latche, late belonging to Mr. Stephen Chapman, of Sittingborne.

 

MR. RALPH SHERWOOD, citizen of London, in 1700 gave a cushion and pulpit-cloth, and a cloth for the reading-desk.

 

MR. JOHN NAPLETON, and Elizabeth his wife, of this parish, gave a very handsome silver slaggon for the use of the communion.

 

MR. JOHN BROMFIELD, of Borden, in 1776, gave to the value of 10l. towards erecting the altar-piece.

 

MR. WILLIAM BARROW, of Borden, who died in 1707, devised the greatest part of his estates in this and many other parishes in this county, to four trustees, to the use of the poor widows and poor men of this parish, not entitled to receive alms, directing the rents of them to be distributed half yearly, the annual amount of them now being 609l. 17s. 6d.

 

The distribution of this charity was settled and established by a decree of the court of chancery, in the 8th year of queen Anne; by which it was ordered, that the income of this estate should be distributed half yearly to the poor men and poor widows of this parish, the poorest of it next above those who ought to be entitled to relief by the poor's rate; that the proportion of the distribution ought to be equal to all, and not less than 5l. in one year to each; that the trustees should account annually to a vestry of this parish, who should pass and allow the same, and should be allowed their costs and expences in the managing of it. According to which decree this charity is now managed.

 

Two of the trustees act yearly, one of whom makes the Ladyday distribution, and the other that at Michaelmas. The total annual rents now amount to the sum of 584l. 16s. besides forty acres of woodland, and the clear sum distributed, after all payments and deductions, amounts to about 200l. per annum.

 

The poor relieved annually, (exclusive of those by Mr. Barrow's charity) are about 28, casually 30.

 

BORDEN is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Sittingborne.

 

The church, which is dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul, is a handsome building, consisting of three isles and three chancels, with a square tower at the west end of it, in which there is a clock, and six bells. It is built mostly of flint, but as a mark of its antiquity, it has a Roman brick or two interspersed among them, and the mortar is composed of cockle-shells. What is very remarkable, in the steeple there are the remains of a chimney, which seems coeval with it. The door-case on the western side of the steeple is of Saxon architecture, with zigzag ornaments, as is that on the opposite or inner side, but of a much larger size. It is kept exceedingly clean and neat, and the greatest part of it has been lately ceiled, that part of it over the high chancel, at the expence of the lay impropriator. In the high chancel is a brass plate and essigies for William Fordinall, vicar, obt. anno 1490. Several of the family of Plot lie buried in the south chancel, and there are monuments for Robert Plot, anno 1669, and his son Dr. Robert Plot, anno 1696; and there are among others in this church memorials for the Seagars, Barrows, Napletons, and Allens, all of whom have been mentioned before.

 

The church of Borden was part of the possessions of the priory of Leeds, to which it was appropriated before the 8th of king Richard II. (fn. 6) In which situation it continued at the dissolution of it in the 31st year of Henry VIII. when it was, together with the other possessions of the priory, surrendered up into the king's hands.

 

It appears by the bailiff's accounts in the Augmentation-office, of the revenues of the late priory of Leeds, that this rectory with the lands in this parish belonging to it, was then of the annual value of 41l. 14s. 5d. Soon after which it was granted by the king to Greene, but it seems to have been only for a term, for king Edward VI. in his 6th year, granted it, with all messuages and woods belonging to it, to Sir John Norton, of Northwood, to hold in capite by knight's service. He alienated it to Margaret Roch, who died in the 1st year of queen Elizabeth, and was succeeded in it by Elizabeth her daughter and heir, whose husband, Robert Colt, possessed it in her right. She survived him and died possessed of it, in the 13th year of that reign, at which time it appears to have been accounted a manor, and to have consisted of a house called Borden-hall, with its appurtenances, and three acres of land, with the rectory, tithes, and glebe belonging to it, in Borden. Her son Roger Colt died three years afterwards, leaving his widow Mary surviving, who afterwards married John Norris, esq. His grandson, Sir John Colt, bart. left three sons, John, Rowland, and Henry, who became entitled to this rectory and advowson, with the manor and lands appertaining to it, as coheirs to their father, in gavelkind; the eldest son, John Colte, esq. was of Rickmansworth, in Hertsordshire, and left an only daughter and heir, Gentilles, who entitled her husband, Sir Benjamin Titchborne, (a younger son of Sir Benjamin Tichborne, bart. of Hampshire) to his undivided third part of them, and his son Colte Tichborne, esq. of Woodoaks, in Hertfordshire, (which had been the antient seat of the Coltes) conveyed it jointly with his sister Frances in 1743, to Joseph Musgrave, esq. Rowland and Henry, the two younger sons of Sir John Colte above-mentioned, in 1676 conveyed their respective thirds to Mr. Charles Seager, gent. of Tunstall, whose son and heir of the same name was of Borden-hall, gent. and dying in 1758, was buried, with others of his family in this church. They bore for their arms, Or, a chevron between three mullets, azure. He devised them by will to his sister Mrs. Mary Seager, who in 1765 conveyed her two undivided thirds to Joseph Musgrave, esq. son of Joseph Musgrave, esq. above-mentioned, who having inherited the other third part from his father, became possessed of the entire see of this rectory and advowson, with the manor of Borden-hall, and the lands and appurtenances belonging to it, of which he is the present owner. Joseph Musgrave, is of Kypier, in the bishopric of Durham, and is descended from Joseph Musgrave, esq. of that place, the eldest son of George, the youngest son of Sir Christopher Musgrave, by his second wife Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John Frank lyn, which Sir Christopher, by his first wife, was ancestor of the present Sir Philip Musgrave, of Edenhall, in Cumberland, and of Kempton park, in Middlesex, bart. and was younger brother of Sir Richard Musgrave, bart. grandson of Sir Richard, who was created a baronet anno 9 James I. He bears for his arms, Azure, six annulets, three, two, and one, or.

 

The vicarage of Borden is valued in the king's books at 8l. 10s. and the yearly tenths at seventeen shillings. It is now of the yearly certified value of 67l. 14s. Sir John Norton, and Alice his wife, gave an annuity of forty shillings, to be paid yearly out of the parsonage, to the vicar of Borden and his successors. In 1578 there were fifty-three dwelling-houses in this parish. Communicants one hundred and sixty. In 1640 it was valued at eighty pounds. Communicants two hundred and seven.

 

A part of the portion of tithes, already mentioned in the description of the parish of Stockbury, called Ambry Tanton, extends into this parish.

 

¶There seems to have been continual disputes between the abbot and convent of St. Augustine's, and the prior and convent of Leeds, relative to the church of Borden, which at last was finally settled between them, about the year 1204; the prior agreeing to pay one marc of silver to the church of St. Augustine.

 

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol6/pp68-80

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Ganesha (Sanskrit: गणेश; IAST: Gaṇeśa; About this sound listen (help·info)), also spelled Ganesa or Ganesh, also known as Ganapati (Sanskrit: गणपति; IAST: gaṇapati), Vinayaka (Sanskrit: विनायक; IAST: Vināyaka), and Pillaiyar, is one of the deities best-known and most widely worshipped in the Hindu pantheon.[5] His image is found throughout India and Nepal.[6] Hindu sects worship him regardless of affiliations.[7] Devotion to Ganesha is widely diffused and extends to Jains, Buddhists, and beyond India.[8]

 

Although he is known by many other attributes, Ganesha's elephant head makes him easy to identify.[9] Ganesha is widely revered as the Remover of Obstacles[10] and more generally as Lord of Beginnings and Lord of Obstacles (Vighnesha (Sanskrit: विघ्नेश; IAST: Vighneśa), Vighneshvara (Sanskrit: विघ्नेश्वर; IAST: Vighneśvara)),[11] patron of arts and sciences, and the deva of intellect and wisdom.[12] He is honoured at the beginning of rituals and ceremonies and invoked as Patron of Letters during writing sessions.[13] Several texts relate mythological anecdotes associated with his birth and exploits and explain his distinct iconography.

 

Ganesha emerged a distinct deity in clearly recognizable form in the 4th and 5th centuries CE, during the Gupta Period, although he inherited traits from Vedic and pre-Vedic precursors.[14] His popularity rose quickly, and he was formally included among the five primary deities of Smartism (a Hindu denomination) in the 9th century. A sect of devotees called the Ganapatya, (Sanskrit: गाणपत्य; IAST: gāṇapatya), who identified Ganesha as the supreme deity, arose during this period.[15] The principal scriptures dedicated to Ganesha are the Ganesha Purana, the Mudgala Purana, and the Ganapati Atharvashirsa.

  

Ganesha has many other titles and epithets, including Ganapati and Vigneshvara. The Hindu title of respect Shri (Sanskrit: श्री; IAST: śrī; also spelled Sri or Shree) is often added before his name. One popular way Ganesha is worshipped is by chanting a Ganesha Sahasranama, a litany of "a thousand names of Ganesha". Each name in the sahasranama conveys a different meaning and symbolises a different aspect of Ganesha. At least two different versions of the Ganesha Sahasranama exist; one version is drawn from the Ganesha Purana, a Hindu scripture venerating Ganesha.[17]

 

The name Ganesha is a Sanskrit compound, joining the words gana (Sanskrit: गण; IAST: gaṇa), meaning a group, multitude, or categorical system and isha (Sanskrit: ईश; IAST: īśa), meaning lord or master.[18] The word gaņa when associated with Ganesha is often taken to refer to the gaņas, a troop of semi-divine beings that form part of the retinue of Shiva (IAST: Śiva).[19] The term more generally means a category, class, community, association, or corporation.[20] Some commentators interpret the name "Lord of the Gaņas" to mean "Lord of Hosts" or "Lord of created categories", such as the elements.[21] Ganapati (Sanskrit: गणपति; IAST: gaṇapati), a synonym for Ganesha, is a compound composed of gaṇa, meaning "group", and pati, meaning "ruler" or "lord".[20] The Amarakosha,[22] an early Sanskrit lexicon, lists eight synonyms of Ganesha : Vinayaka, Vighnarāja (equivalent to Vignesha), Dvaimātura (one who has two mothers),[23] Gaṇādhipa (equivalent to Ganapati and Ganesha), Ekadanta (one who has one tusk), Heramba, Lambodara (one who has a pot belly, or, literally, one who has a hanging belly), and Gajanana (IAST: gajānana) ; having the face of an elephant).[24]

 

Vinayaka (Sanskrit: विनायक; IAST: vināyaka) is a common name for Ganesha that appears in the Purāṇas and in Buddhist Tantras.[25] This name is reflected in the naming of the eight famous Ganesha temples in Maharashtra known as the Ashtavinayak (aṣṭavināyaka).[26] The names Vignesha (Sanskrit: विघ्नेश; IAST: vighneśa) and Vigneshvara (Sanskrit: विघ्नेश्वर; vighneśvara) (Lord of Obstacles)[11] refers to his primary function in Hindu mythology as the master and remover of obstacles (vighna).[27]

  

Ganesha has been represented with the head of an elephant since the early stages of his appearance in Indian art.[42] Puranic myths provide many explanations for how he got his elephant head.[43] One of his popular forms, Heramba-Ganapati, has five elephant heads, and other less-common variations in the number of heads are known.[44] While some texts say that Ganesha was born with an elephant head, in most stories he acquires the head later.[45] The most recurrent motif in these stories is that Ganesha was born with a human head and body and that Shiva beheaded him when Ganesha came between Shiva and Parvati. Shiva then replaced Ganesha's original head with that of an elephant.[46] Details of the battle and where the replacement head came from vary according to different sources.[47] In another story, when Ganesha was born, his mother, Parvati, showed off her new baby to the other gods. Unfortunately, the god Shani (Saturn), who is said to have the evil eye, looked at him, causing the baby's head to be burned to ashes. The god Vishnu came to the rescue and replaced the missing head with that of an elephant.[48] Another story says that Ganesha was created directly by Shiva's laughter. Because Shiva considered Ganesha too alluring, he gave him the head of an elephant and a protruding belly.[49]

 

Ganesha's earliest name was Ekadanta (One Tusked), referring to his single whole tusk, the other having been broken off.[50] Some of the earliest images of Ganesha show him holding his broken tusk.[51] The importance of this distinctive feature is reflected in the Mudgala Purana, which states that the name of Ganesha's second incarnation is Ekadanta.[52] Ganesha's protruding belly appears as a distinctive attribute in his earliest statuary, which dates to the Gupta period (fourth to sixth centuries).[53] This feature is so important that, according to the Mudgala Purana, two different incarnations of Ganesha use names based on it: Lambodara (Pot Belly, or, literally, Hanging Belly) and Mahodara (Great Belly).[54] Both names are Sanskrit compounds describing his belly (IAST: udara).[55] The Brahmanda Purana says that Ganesha has the name Lambodara because all the universes (i.e., cosmic eggs; IAST: brahmāṇḍas) of the past, present, and future are present in him.[56] The number of Ganesha's arms varies; his best-known forms have between two and sixteen arms.[57] Many depictions of Ganesha feature four arms, which is mentioned in Puranic sources and codified as a standard form in some iconographic texts.[58] His earliest images had two arms.[59] Forms with 14 and 20 arms appeared in Central India during the 9th and 10th centuries.[60] The serpent is a common feature in Ganesha iconography and appears in many forms.[61] According to the Ganesha Purana, Ganesha wrapped the serpent Vāsuki around his neck.[62] Other depictions of snakes include use as a sacred thread (IAST: yajñyopavīta)[63] wrapped around the stomach as a belt, held in a hand, coiled at the ankles, or as a throne. Upon Ganesha's forehead there may be a third eye or the Shaivite sectarian mark (IAST: tilaka), which consists of three horizontal lines.[64] The Ganesha Purana prescribes a tilaka mark as well as a crescent moon on the forehead.[65] A distinct form of Ganesha called Bhalachandra (IAST: bhālacandra; "Moon on the Forehead") includes that iconographic element. Specific colors are associated with certain forms.[66] Many examples of color associations with specific meditation forms are prescribed in the Sritattvanidhi, a treatise on Hindu iconography. For example, white is associated with his representations as Heramba-Ganapati and Rina-Mochana-Ganapati (Ganapati Who Releases from Bondage).[67] Ekadanta-Ganapati is visualized as blue during meditation in that form.[68]

[edit] Vahanas

 

The earliest Ganesha images are without a vahana (mount/vehicle).[69] Of the eight incarnations of Ganesha described in the Mudgala Purana, Ganesha has a mouse in five of them, uses a lion in his incarnation as Vakratunda, a peacock in his incarnation of Vikata, and Shesha, the divine serpent, in his incarnation as Vighnaraja.[70] Of the four incarnations of Ganesha listed in the Ganesha Purana, Mohotkata has a lion, Mayūreśvara has a peacock, Dhumraketu has a horse, and Gajanana has a rat.[71] Jain depictions of Ganesha show his vahana variously as a mouse, elephant, tortoise, ram, or peacock.[72]

Ganesha dancing on his mouse, 11th century, Bengal, musée d'art asiatique de Berlin.

 

Ganesha is often shown riding on or attended by a mouse or rat.[73] Martin-Dubost says that the rat began to appear as the principal vehicle in sculptures of Ganesha in central and western India during the 7th century; the rat was always placed close to his feet.[74] The mouse as a mount first appears in written sources in the Matsya Purana and later in the Brahmananda Purana and Ganesha Purana, where Ganesha uses it as his vehicle only in his last incarnation.[75] The Ganapati Atharvashirsa includes a meditation verse on Ganesha that describes the mouse appearing on his flag.[76] The names Mūṣakavāhana (mouse-mount) and Ākhuketana (rat-banner) appear in the Ganesha Sahasranama.[77]

 

The mouse is interpreted in several ways. According to Grimes, "Many, if not most of those who interpret Gaṇapati's mouse, do so negatively; it symbolizes tamoguṇa as well as desire".[78] Along these lines, Michael Wilcockson says it symbolizes those who wish to overcome desires and be less selfish.[79] Krishan notes that the rat is destructive and a menace to crops. The Sanskrit word mūṣaka (mouse) is derived from the root mūṣ (stealing, robbing). It was essential to subdue the rat as a destructive pest, a type of vighna (impediment) that needed to be overcome. According to this theory, showing Ganesha as master of the rat demonstrates his function as Vigneshvara (Lord of Obstacles) and gives evidence of his possible role as a folk grāma-devatā (village deity) who later rose to greater prominence.[80] Martin-Dubost notes a view that the rat is a symbol suggesting that Ganesha, like the rat, penetrat

A prominent name for Ganesha in the Tamil language is Pille or Pillaiyar (Little Child).[28] A. K. Narain differentiates these terms by saying that pille means a "child" while pillaiyar means a "noble child".[29] He adds that the words pallu, pella, and pell in the Dravidian family of languages signify "tooth or tusk of an elephant", but more generally "elephant".[30] Anita Raina Thapan notes that the root word pille in the name Pillaiyar might have originally meant "the young of the elephant", because the Pali word pillaka means "a young elephant".[31]

   

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha

Longridge extend their lead at the top with a win against 2nd place Avro with all three goals coming from Richie Allen.

At Fairview, Oklahoma

I went out for lunch one day at work, and this was parked across the street, my first Ghost Extended Wheel Base!

 

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Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve is a U.S. national monument and national preserve in the Snake River Plain in central Idaho. It is along US 20 (concurrent with US 93 and US 26), between the small towns of Arco and Carey, at an average elevation of 5,900 feet (1,800 m) above sea level.

 

The Monument was established on May 2, 1924. In November 2000, a presidential proclamation by President Clinton greatly expanded the Monument area. The 410,000-acre National Park Service portions of the expanded Monument were designated as Craters of the Moon National Preserve in August 2002. It spreads across Blaine, Butte, Lincoln, Minidoka, and Power counties. The area is managed cooperatively by the National Park Service and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM).

 

The Monument and Preserve encompass three major lava fields and about 400 square miles (1,000 km2) of sagebrush steppe grasslands to cover a total area of 1,117 square miles (2,893 km2). The Monument alone covers 343,000 acres (139,000 ha). All three lava fields lie along the Great Rift of Idaho, with some of the best examples of open rift cracks in the world, including the deepest known on Earth at 800 feet (240 m). There are excellent examples of almost every variety of basaltic lava, as well as tree molds (cavities left by lava-incinerated trees), lava tubes (a type of cave), and many other volcanic features.

 

Craters of the Moon is in south-central Idaho, midway between Boise and Yellowstone National Park. The lava field reaches southeastward from the Pioneer Mountains. Combined U.S. Highway 20–26–93 cuts through the northwestern part of the monument and provides access to it. However, the rugged landscape of the monument itself remains remote and undeveloped, with only one paved road across the northern end.

 

The Craters of the Moon Lava Field spreads across 618 square miles (1,601 km2) and is the largest mostly Holocene-aged basaltic lava field in the contiguous United States. The Monument and Preserve contain more than 25 volcanic cones, including outstanding examples of spatter cones. The 60 distinct solidified lava flows that form the Craters of the Moon Lava Field range in age from 15,000 to just 2,000 years. The Kings Bowl and Wapi lava fields, both about 2,200 years old, are part of the National Preserve.

 

This lava field is the largest of several large beds of lava that erupted from the 53-mile (85 km) south-east to north-west trending Great Rift volcanic zone, a line of weakness in the Earth's crust. Together with fields from other fissures they make up the Lava Beds of Idaho, which in turn are in the much larger Snake River Plain volcanic province. The Great Rift extends across almost the entire Snake River Plain.

 

Elevation at the visitor center is 5,900 feet (1,800 m) above sea level.

 

Total average precipitation in the Craters of the Moon area is between 15–20 inches (380–510 mm) per year. Most of this is lost in cracks in the basalt, only to emerge later in springs and seeps in the walls of the Snake River Canyon. Older lava fields on the plain have been invaded by drought-resistant plants such as sagebrush, while younger fields, such as Craters of the Moon, only have a seasonal and very sparse cover of vegetation. From a distance this cover disappears almost entirely, giving an impression of utter black desolation. Repeated lava flows over the last 15,000 years have raised the land surface enough to expose it to the prevailing southwesterly winds, which help to keep the area dry. Together these conditions make life on the lava field difficult.

 

Paleo-Indians visited the area about 12,000 years ago but did not leave much archaeological evidence. Northern Shoshone created trails through the Craters of the Moon Lava Field during their summer migrations from the Snake River to the camas prairie, west of the lava field. Stone windbreaks at Indian Tunnel were used to protect campsites from the dry summer wind. No evidence exists for permanent habitation by any Native American group. A hunting and gathering culture, the Northern Shoshone pursued elk, bears, American bison, cougars, and bighorn sheep — all large game who no longer range the area. The most recent volcanic eruptions ended about 2,100 years ago and were likely witnessed by the Shoshone people. Ella E. Clark has recorded a Shoshone legend which speaks of a serpent on a mountain who, angered by lightning, coiled around and squeezed the mountain until liquid rock flowed, fire shot from cracks, and the mountain exploded.

 

In 1879, two Arco cattlemen named Arthur Ferris and J.W. Powell became the first known European-Americans to explore the lava fields. They were investigating its possible use for grazing and watering cattle but found the area to be unsuitable and left.

 

U.S. Army Captain and western explorer B.L.E. Bonneville visited the lava fields and other places in the West in the 19th century and wrote about his experiences in his diaries. Washington Irving later used Bonneville's diaries to write the Adventures of Captain Bonneville, saying this unnamed lava field is a place "where nothing meets the eye but a desolate and awful waste, where no grass grows nor water runs, and where nothing is to be seen but lava."

 

In 1901 and 1903, Israel Russell became the first geologist to study this area while surveying it for the United States Geological Survey (USGS). In 1910, Samuel Paisley continued Russell's work and later became the monument's first custodian. Others followed and in time much of the mystery surrounding this and the other Lava Beds of Idaho was lifted.

 

The few European settlers who visited the area in the 19th century created local legends that it looked like the surface of the Moon. Geologist Harold T. Stearns coined the name "Craters of the Moon" in 1923 while trying to convince the National Park Service to recommend protection of the area in a national monument.

 

The Snake River Plain is a volcanic province that was created by a series of cataclysmic caldera-forming eruptions which started about 15 million years ago. A migrating hotspot thought to now exist under Yellowstone Caldera in Yellowstone National Park has been implicated. This hot spot was under the Craters of the Moon area some 10 to 11 million years ago but 'moved' as the North American Plate migrated northwestward. Pressure from the hot spot heaves the land surface up, creating fault-block mountains. After the hot spot passes the pressure is released and the land subsides.

 

Leftover heat from this hot spot was later liberated by Basin and Range-associated rifting and created the many overlapping lava flows that make up the Lava Beds of Idaho. The largest rift zone is the Great Rift; it is from this 'Great Rift fissure system' that Craters of the Moon, Kings Bowl, and Wapi lava fields were created. The Great Rift is a National Natural Landmark.

 

In spite of their fresh appearance, the oldest flows in the Craters of the Moon Lava Field are 15,000 years old and the youngest erupted about 2000 years ago, according to Mel Kuntz and other USGS geologists. Nevertheless, the volcanic fissures at Craters of the Moon are considered to be dormant, not extinct, and are expected to erupt again in less than a thousand years. There are eight major eruptive periods recognized in the Craters of the Moon Lava Field. Each period lasted about 1000 years or less and were separated by relatively quiet periods that lasted between 500 and as long as 3000 years. Individual lava flows were up to 30 miles (50 km) long with the Blue Dragon Flow being the longest.

 

Kings Bowl Lava Field erupted during a single fissure eruption on the southern part of the Great Rift about 2,250 years ago. This eruption probably lasted only a few hours to a few days. The field preserves explosion pits, lava lakes, squeeze-ups, basalt mounds, and an ash blanket. The Wapi Lava Field probably formed from a fissure eruption at the same time as the Kings Bowl eruption. More prolonged activity over a period of months to a few years led to the formation of low shield volcanoes in the Wapi field. The Bear Trap lava tube, between the Craters of the Moon and the Wapi lava fields, is a cave system more than 15 miles (24 km) long. The lava tube is remarkable for its length and for the number of well-preserved lava cave features, such as lava stalactites and curbs, the latter marking high stands of the flowing lava frozen on the lava tube walls. The lava tubes and pit craters of the monument are known for their unusual preservation of winter ice and snow into the hot summer months, due to shielding from the sun and the insulating properties of basalt.

 

A typical eruption along the Great Rift and similar basaltic rift systems starts with a curtain of very fluid lava shooting up to 1,000 feet (300 m) high along a segment of the rift up to 1 mile (1.6 km) long. As the eruption continues, pressure and heat decrease and the chemistry of the lava becomes slightly more silica rich. The curtain of lava responds by breaking apart into separate vents. Various types of volcanoes may form at these vents: gas-rich pulverized lava creates cinder cones (such as Inferno Cone – stop 4), and pasty lava blobs form spatter cones (such as Spatter Cones – stop 5). Later stages of an eruption push lava streams out through the side or base of cinder cones, which usually ends the life of the cinder cone (North Crater, Watchmen, and Sheep Trail Butte are notable exceptions). This will sometimes breach part of the cone and carry it away as large and craggy blocks of cinder (as seen at North Crater Flow – stop 2 – and Devils Orchard – stop 3). Solid crust forms over lava streams, and lava tubes (a type of cave) are created when lava vacates its course (examples can be seen at the Cave Area – stop 7).

 

Geologists feared that a large earthquake that shook Borah Peak, Idaho's tallest mountain, in 1983 would restart volcanic activity at Craters of the Moon, though this proved not to be the case. Geologists predict that the area will experience its next eruption some time in the next 900 years with the most likely period in the next 100 years.

 

All plants and animals that live in and around Craters of the Moon are under great environmental stress due to constant dry winds and heat-absorbing black lavas that tend to quickly sap water from living things. Summer soil temperatures often exceed 150 °F (66 °C) and plant cover is generally less than 5% on cinder cones and about 15% over the entire monument. Adaptation is therefore necessary for survival in this semi-arid harsh climate.

 

Water is usually only found deep inside holes at the bottom of blow-out craters. Animals therefore get the moisture they need directly from their food. The black soil on and around cinder cones does not hold moisture for long, making it difficult for plants to establish themselves. Soil particles first develop from direct rock decomposition by lichens and typically collect in crevices in lava flows. Successively more complex plants then colonize the microhabitat created by the increasingly productive soil.

 

The shaded north slopes of cinder cones provide more protection from direct sunlight and prevailing southwesterly winds and have a more persistent snow cover (an important water source in early spring). These parts of cinder cones are therefore colonized by plants first.

 

Gaps between lava flows were sometimes cut off from surrounding vegetation. These literal islands of habitat are called kīpukas, a Hawaiian name used for older land surrounded by younger lava. Carey Kīpuka is one such area in the southernmost part of the monument and is used as a benchmark to measure how plant cover has changed in less pristine parts of southern Idaho.

 

Idaho is a landlocked state in the Mountain West subregion of the United States. It shares a small portion of the Canada–United States border to the north, with the province of British Columbia. It borders Montana and Wyoming to the east, Nevada and Utah to the south, and Washington and Oregon to the west. The state's capital and largest city is Boise. With an area of 83,570 square miles (216,400 km2), Idaho is the 14th largest state by land area. With a population of approximately 1.8 million, it ranks as the 13th least populous and the 6th least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states.

 

For thousands of years, and prior to European colonization, Idaho has been inhabited by native peoples. In the early 19th century, Idaho was considered part of the Oregon Country, an area of dispute between the U.S. and the British Empire. It officially became a U.S. territory with the signing of the Oregon Treaty of 1846, but a separate Idaho Territory was not organized until 1863, instead being included for periods in Oregon Territory and Washington Territory. Idaho was eventually admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890, becoming the 43rd state.

 

Forming part of the Pacific Northwest (and the associated Cascadia bioregion), Idaho is divided into several distinct geographic and climatic regions. The state's north, the relatively isolated Idaho Panhandle, is closely linked with Eastern Washington, with which it shares the Pacific Time Zone—the rest of the state uses the Mountain Time Zone. The state's south includes the Snake River Plain (which has most of the population and agricultural land), and the southeast incorporates part of the Great Basin. Idaho is quite mountainous and contains several stretches of the Rocky Mountains. The United States Forest Service holds about 38% of Idaho's land, the highest proportion of any state.

 

Industries significant for the state economy include manufacturing, agriculture, mining, forestry, and tourism. Several science and technology firms are either headquartered in Idaho or have factories there, and the state also contains the Idaho National Laboratory, which is the country's largest Department of Energy facility. Idaho's agricultural sector supplies many products, but the state is best known for its potato crop, which comprises around one-third of the nationwide yield. The official state nickname is the "Gem State."

 

The history of Idaho is an examination of the human history and social activity within the state of Idaho, one of the United States of America located in the Pacific Northwest area near the west coast of the United States and Canada. Other associated areas include southern Alaska, all of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, western Montana and northern California and Nevada.

 

Humans may have been present in Idaho for 16,600 years. Recent findings in Cooper's Ferry along the Salmon River in western Idaho near the town of Cottonwood have unearthed stone tools and animal bone fragments in what may be the oldest evidence of humans in North America. Earlier excavations in 1959 at Wilson Butte Cave near Twin Falls revealed evidence of human activity, including arrowheads, that rank among the oldest dated artifacts in North America. Native American tribes predominant in the area in historic times included the Nez Perce and the Coeur d'Alene in the north; and the Northern and Western Shoshone and Bannock peoples in the south.

 

Idaho was one of the last areas in the lower 48 states of the US to be explored by people of European descent. The Lewis and Clark expedition entered present-day Idaho on August 12, 1805, at Lemhi Pass. It is believed that the first "European descent" expedition to enter southern Idaho was by a group led in 1811 and 1812 by Wilson Price Hunt, which navigated the Snake River while attempting to blaze an all-water trail westward from St. Louis, Missouri, to Astoria, Oregon. At that time, approximately 8,000 Native Americans lived in the region.

 

Fur trading led to the first significant incursion of Europeans in the region. Andrew Henry of the Missouri Fur Company first entered the Snake River plateau in 1810. He built Fort Henry on Henry's Fork on the upper Snake River, near modern St. Anthony, Idaho. However, this first American fur post west of the Rocky Mountains was abandoned the following spring.

 

The British-owned Hudson's Bay Company next entered Idaho and controlled the trade in the Snake River area by the 1820s. The North West Company's interior department of the Columbia was created in June 1816, and Donald Mackenzie was assigned as its head. Mackenzie had previously been employed by Hudson's Bay and had been a partner in the Pacific Fur Company, financed principally by John Jacob Astor. During these early years, he traveled west with a Pacific Fur Company's party and was involved in the initial exploration of the Salmon River and Clearwater River. The company proceeded down the lower Snake River and Columbia River by canoe, and were the first of the Overland Astorians to reach Fort Astoria, on January 18, 1812.

 

Under Mackenzie, the North West Company was a dominant force in the fur trade in the Snake River country. Out of Fort George in Astoria, Mackenzie led fur brigades up the Snake River in 1816-1817 and up the lower Snake in 1817-1818. Fort Nez Perce, established in July, 1818, became the staging point for Mackenzies' Snake brigades. The expedition of 1818-1819 explored the Blue Mountains, and traveled down the Snake River to the Bear River and approached the headwaters of the Snake. Mackenzie sought to establish a navigable route up the Snake River from Fort Nez Perce to the Boise area in 1819. While he did succeed in traveling by boat from the Columbia River through the Grand Canyon of the Snake past Hells Canyon, he concluded that water transport was generally impractical. Mackenzie held the first rendezvous in the region on the Boise River in 1819.

 

Despite their best efforts, early American fur companies in this region had difficulty maintaining the long-distance supply lines from the Missouri River system into the Intermountain West. However, Americans William H. Ashley and Jedediah Smith expanded the Saint Louis fur trade into Idaho in 1824. The 1832 trapper's rendezvous at Pierre's Hole, held at the foot of the Three Tetons in modern Teton County, was followed by an intense battle between the Gros Ventre and a large party of American trappers aided by their Nez Perce and Flathead allies.

 

The prospect of missionary work among the Native Americans also attracted early settlers to the region. In 1809, Kullyspell House, the first white-owned establishment and first trading post in Idaho, was constructed. In 1836, the Reverend Henry H. Spalding established a Protestant mission near Lapwai, where he printed the Northwest's first book, established Idaho's first school, developed its first irrigation system, and grew the state's first potatoes. Narcissa Whitman and Eliza Hart Spalding were the first non-native women to enter present-day Idaho.

 

Cataldo Mission, the oldest standing building in Idaho, was constructed at Cataldo by the Coeur d'Alene and Catholic missionaries. In 1842, Father Pierre-Jean De Smet, with Fr. Nicholas Point and Br. Charles Duet, selected a mission location along the St. Joe River. The mission was moved a short distance away in 1846, as the original location was subject to flooding. In 1850, Antonio Ravalli designed a new mission building and Indians affiliated with the church effort built the mission, without nails, using the wattle and daub method. In time, the Cataldo mission became an important stop for traders, settlers, and miners. It served as a place for rest from the trail, offered needed supplies, and was a working port for boats heading up the Coeur d'Alene River.

 

During this time, the region which became Idaho was part of an unorganized territory known as Oregon Country, claimed by both the United States and Great Britain. The United States gained undisputed jurisdiction over the region in the Oregon Treaty of 1846, although the area was under the de facto jurisdiction of the Provisional Government of Oregon from 1843 to 1849. The original boundaries of Oregon Territory in 1848 included all three of the present-day Pacific Northwest states and extended eastward to the Continental Divide. In 1853, areas north of the 46th Parallel became Washington Territory, splitting what is now Idaho in two. The future state was reunited in 1859 after Oregon became a state and the boundaries of Washington Territory were redrawn.

 

While thousands passed through Idaho on the Oregon Trail or during the California gold rush of 1849, few people settled there. In 1860, the first of several gold rushes in Idaho began at Pierce in present-day Clearwater County. By 1862, settlements in both the north and south had formed around the mining boom.

 

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints missionaries founded Fort Lemhi in 1855, but the settlement did not last. The first organized town in Idaho was Franklin, settled in April 1860 by Mormon pioneers who believed they were in Utah Territory; although a later survey determined they had crossed the border. Mormon pioneers reached areas near the current-day Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming and established most of the historic and modern communities in Southeastern Idaho. These settlements include Ammon, Blackfoot, Chubbuck, Firth, Idaho Falls, Iona, Pocatello, Rexburg, Rigby, Shelley, and Ucon.

 

Large numbers of English immigrants settled in what is now the state of Idaho in the late 19th and early 20th century, many before statehood. The English found they had more property rights and paid less taxes than they did back in England. They were considered some of the most desirable immigrants at the time. Many came from humble beginnings and would rise to prominence in Idaho. Frank R. Gooding was raised in a rural working-class background in England, but was eventually elected as the seventh governor of the state. Today people of English descent make up one fifth of the entire state of Idaho and form a plurality in the southern portion of the state.

 

Many German farmers also settled in what is now Idaho. German settlers were primarily Lutheran across all of the midwest and west, including Idaho, however there were small numbers of Catholics amongst them as well. In parts of Northern Idaho, German remained the dominant language until World War I, when German-Americans were pressured to convert entirely to English. Today, Idahoans of German ancestry make up nearly one fifth of all Idahoans and make up the second largest ethnic group after Idahoans of English descent with people of German ancestry being 18.1% of the state and people of English ancestry being 20.1% of the state.

 

Irish Catholics worked in railroad centers such as Boise. Today, 10% of Idahoans self-identify as having Irish ancestry.

 

York, a slave owned by William Clark but considered a full member of Corps of Discovery during expedition to the Pacific, was the first recorded African American in Idaho. There is a significant African American population made up of those who came west after the abolition of slavery. Many settled near Pocatello and were ranchers, entertainers, and farmers. Although free, many blacks suffered discrimination in the early-to-mid-late 20th century. The black population of the state continues to grow as many come to the state because of educational opportunities, to serve in the military, and for other employment opportunities. There is a Black History Museum in Boise, Idaho, with an exhibit known as the "Invisible Idahoan", which chronicles the first African-Americans in the state. Blacks are the fourth largest ethnic group in Idaho according to the 2000 census. Mountain Home, Boise, and Garden City have significant African-American populations.

 

The Basque people from the Iberian peninsula in Spain and southern France were traditionally shepherds in Europe. They came to Idaho, offering hard work and perseverance in exchange for opportunity. One of the largest Basque communities in the US is in Boise, with a Basque museum and festival held annually in the city.

 

Chinese in the mid-19th century came to America through San Francisco to work on the railroad and open businesses. By 1870, there were over 4000 Chinese and they comprised almost 30% of the population. They suffered discrimination due to the Anti-Chinese League in the 19th century which sought to limit the rights and opportunities of Chinese emigrants. Today Asians are third in population demographically after Whites and Hispanics at less than 2%.

 

Main articles: Oregon boundary dispute, Provisional Government of Oregon, Oregon Treaty, Oregon Territory, Washington Territory, Dakota Territory, Organic act § List of organic acts, and Idaho Territory

 

On March 4, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln signed an act creating Idaho Territory from portions of Washington Territory and Dakota Territory with its capital at Lewiston. The original Idaho Territory included most of the areas that later became the states of Idaho, Montana and Wyoming, and had a population of under 17,000. Idaho Territory assumed the boundaries of the modern state in 1868 and was admitted as a state in 1890.

 

After Idaho became a territory, legislation was held in Lewiston, the capital of Idaho Territory at the time. There were many territories acts put into place, and then taken away during these early sessions, one act being the move of the capital city from Lewiston to Boise City. Boise was becoming a growing area after gold was found, so on December 24, 1864, Boise City was made the final destination of the capital for the Territory of Idaho.

 

However, moving the capital to Boise City created a lot of issues between the territory. This was especially true between the north and south areas in the territory, due to how far south Boise City was. Problems with communicating between the north and south contributed to some land in Idaho Territory being transferred to other territories and areas at the time. Idaho’s early boundary changes helped create the current boundaries of Washington, Wyoming, and Montana States as currently exist.

 

In a bid for statehood, Governor Edward A. Stevenson called for a constitutional convention in 1889. The convention approved a constitution on August 6, 1889, and voters approved the constitution on November 5, 1889.

 

When President Benjamin Harrison signed the law admitting Idaho as a U.S. state on July 3, 1890, the population was 88,548. George L. Shoup became the state's first governor, but resigned after only a few weeks in office to take a seat in the United States Senate. Willis Sweet, a Republican, was the first congressman, 1890 to 1895, representing the state at-large. He vigorously demanded "Free Silver" or the unrestricted coinage of silver into legal tender, in order to pour money into the large silver mining industry in the Mountain West, but he was defeated by supporters of the gold standard. In 1896 he, like many Republicans from silver mining districts, supported the Silver Republican Party instead of the regular Republican nominee William McKinley.

 

During its first years of statehood, Idaho was plagued by labor unrest in the mining district of Coeur d'Alene. In 1892, miners called a strike which developed into a shooting war between union miners and company guards. Each side accused the other of starting the fight. The first shots were exchanged at the Frisco mine in Frisco, in the Burke-Canyon north and east of Wallace. The Frisco mine was blown up, and company guards were taken prisoner. The violence soon spilled over into the nearby community of Gem, where union miners attempted to locate a Pinkerton spy who had infiltrated their union and was passing information to the mine operators. But agent Charlie Siringo escaped by cutting a hole in the floor of his room. Strikers forced the Gem mine to close, then traveled west to the Bunker Hill mining complex near Wardner, and closed down that facility as well. Several had been killed in the Burke-Canyon fighting. The Idaho National Guard and federal troops were dispatched to the area, and union miners and sympathizers were thrown into bullpens.

 

Hostilities would again erupt at the Bunker Hill facility in 1899, when seventeen union miners were fired for having joined the union. Other union miners were likewise ordered to draw their pay and leave. Angry members of the union converged on the area and blew up the Bunker Hill Mill, killing two company men.

 

In both disputes, the union's complaints included pay, hours of work, the right of miners to belong to the union, and the mine owners' use of informants and undercover agents. The violence committed by union miners was answered with a brutal response in 1892 and in 1899.

 

Through the Western Federation of Miners (WFM) union, the battles in the mining district became closely tied to a major miners' strike in Colorado. The struggle culminated in the December 1905 assassination of former Governor Frank Steunenberg by Harry Orchard (also known as Albert Horsley), a member of the WFM. Orchard was allegedly incensed by Steunenberg's efforts as governor to put down the 1899 miner uprising after being elected on a pro-labor platform.

 

Pinkerton detective James McParland conducted the investigation into the assassination. In 1907, WFM Secretary Treasurer "Big Bill" Haywood and two other WFM leaders were tried on a charge of conspiracy to murder Steunenberg, with Orchard testifying against them as part of a deal made with McParland. The nationally publicized trial featured Senator William E. Borah as prosecuting attorney and Clarence Darrow representing the defendants. The defense team presented evidence that Orchard had been a Pinkerton agent and had acted as a paid informant for the Cripple Creek Mine Owners' Association. Darrow argued that Orchard's real motive in the assassination had been revenge for a declaration of martial law by Steunenberg, which prompted Orchard to gamble away a share in the Hercules silver mine that would otherwise have made him wealthy.

 

Two of the WFM leaders were acquitted in two separate trials, and the third was released. Orchard was convicted and sentenced to death. His sentence was commuted, and he spent the rest of his life in an Idaho prison.

 

Mining in Idaho was a major commercial venture, bringing a great deal of attention to the state. From 1860-1866 Idaho produced 19% of all gold in the United States, or 2.5 million ounces.

 

Most of Idaho's mining production, 1860–1969, has come from metals equating to $2.88 billion out of $3.42 billion, according to the best estimates. Of the metallic mining areas of Idaho, the Coeur d'Alene region has produced the most by far, and accounts for about 80% of the total Idaho yield.

 

Several others—Boise Basin, Wood River Valley, Stibnite, Blackbirg, and Owyhee—range considerably above the other big producers. Atlanta, Bear Valley, Bay Horse, Florence, Gilmore, Mackay, Patterson, and Yankee Fork all ran on the order of ten to twenty million dollars, and Elk City, Leesburg, Pierce, Rocky Bar, and Warren's make up the rest of the major Idaho mining areas that stand out in the sixty or so regions of production worthy of mention.

 

A number of small operations do not appear in this list of Idaho metallic mining areas: a small amount of gold was recovered from Goose Creek on Salmon Meadows; a mine near Cleveland was prospected in 1922 and produced a little manganese in 1926; a few tons of copper came from Fort Hall, and a few more tons of copper came from a mine near Montpelier. Similarly, a few tons of lead came from a property near Bear Lake, and lead-silver is known on Cassia Creek near Elba. Some gold quartz and lead-silver workings are on Ruby Creek west of Elk River, and there is a slightly developed copper operation on Deer Creek near Winchester. Molybdenum is known on Roaring River and on the east fork of the Salmon. Some scattered mining enterprises have been undertaken around Soldier Mountain and on Chief Eagle Eye Creek north of Montour.

 

Idaho proved to be one of the more receptive states to the progressive agenda of the late 19th century and early 20th century. The state embraced progressive policies such as women's suffrage (1896) and prohibition (1916) before they became federal law. Idahoans were also strongly supportive of Free Silver. The pro-bimetallism Populist and Silver Republican parties of the late 1890s were particularly successful in the state.

 

Eugenics was also a major part of the Progressive movement. In 1919, the Idaho legislature passed an Act legalizing the forced sterilization of some persons institutionalized in the state. The act was vetoed by governor D.W. Davis, who doubted its scientific merits and believed it likely violated the Equal Protection clause of the US Constitution. In 1925, the Idaho legislature passed a revised eugenics act, now tailored to avoid Davis's earlier objections. The new law created a state board of eugenics, charged with: the sterilization of all feebleminded, insane, epileptics, habitual criminals, moral degenerates and sexual perverts who are a menace to society, and providing the means for ascertaining who are such persons.

The Eugenics board was eventually folded into the state's health commission; between 1932 and 1964, a total of 30 women and eight men in Idaho were sterilized under this law. The sterilization law was formally repealed in 1972.

 

After statehood, Idaho's economy began a gradual shift away from mining toward agriculture, particularly in the south. Older mining communities such as Silver City and Rocky Bar gave way to agricultural communities incorporated after statehood, such as Nampa and Twin Falls. Milner Dam on the Snake River, completed in 1905, allowed for the formation of many agricultural communities in the Magic Valley region which had previously been nearly unpopulated.

 

Meanwhile, some of the mining towns were able to reinvent themselves as resort communities, most notably in Blaine County, where the Sun Valley ski resort opened in 1936. Others, such as Silver City and Rocky Bar, became ghost towns.

 

In the north, mining continued to be an important industry for several more decades. The closure of the Bunker Hill Mine complex in Shoshone County in the early 1980s sent the region's economy into a tailspin. Since that time, a substantial increase in tourism in north Idaho has helped the region to recover. Coeur d'Alene, a lake-side resort town, is a destination for visitors in the area.

 

Beginning in the 1980s, there was a rise in North Idaho of a few right-wing extremist and "survivalist" political groups, most notably one holding Neo-Nazi views, the Aryan Nations. These groups were most heavily concentrated in the Panhandle region of the state, particularly in the vicinity of Coeur d'Alene.

 

In 1992 a stand-off occurred between U.S. Marshals, the F.B.I., and white separatist Randy Weaver and his family at their compound at Ruby Ridge, located near the small, northern Idaho town of Naples. The ensuing fire-fight and deaths of a U.S. Marshal, and Weaver's son and wife gained national attention, and raised a considerable amount of controversy regarding the nature of acceptable force by the federal government in such situations.

 

In 2001, the Aryan Nations compound, which had been located in Hayden Lake, Idaho, was confiscated as a result of a court case, and the organization moved out of state. About the same time Boise installed an impressive stone Human Rights Memorial featuring a bronze statue of Anne Frank and quotations from her and many other writers extolling human freedom and equality.

 

The demographics of the state have changed. Due to this growth in different groups, especially in Boise, the economic expansion surged wrong-economic growth followed the high standard of living and resulted in the "growth of different groups". The population of Idaho in the 21st Century has been described as sharply divided along geographic and cultural lines due to the center of the state being dominated by sparsely-populated national forests, mountain ranges and recreation sites: "unless you're willing to navigate a treacherous mountain pass, you can't even drive from the north to the south without leaving the state." The northern population gravitates towards Spokane, Washington, the heavily Mormon south-east population towards Utah, with an isolated Boise "[being] the closest thing to a city-state that you'll find in America."

 

On March 13, 2020, officials from the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare announced the first confirmed case of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 within the state of Idaho. A woman over the age of 50 from the southwestern part of the state was confirmed to have the coronavirus infection. She contracted the infection while attending a conference in New York City. Conference coordinators notified attendees that three individuals previously tested positive for the coronavirus. The Idahoan did not require hospitalization and was recovering from mild symptoms from her home. At the time of the announcement, there were 1,629 total cases and 41 deaths in the United States. Five days beforehand, on March 8, a man of age 54 had died of an unknown respiratory illness which his doctor had believed to be pneumonia. The disease was later suspected to be – but never confirmed as – COVID-19.

 

On March 14, state officials announced the second confirmed case within the state. The South Central Public Health District, announced that a woman over the age of 50 that resides in Blaine County had contracted the infection.[44] Like the first case, she did not require hospitalization and she was recovering from mild symptoms from home. Later on in the day, three additional confirmed cases of COVID-19 were reported in the state by three of the seven health districts in the state, which brought the confirmed total cases of coronavirus to five in Idaho. Officials from Central District Health announced their second confirmed case, which was a male from Ada County in his 50s. He was not hospitalized and was recovering at home. South Central Public Health reported their second confirmed case in a female that is over the age of 70 who was hospitalized. Eastern Idaho Public Health reported a confirmed positive case in a woman under the age of 60 in Teton County. She had contracted the coronavirus from contact with a confirmed case in a neighboring state; she was not hospitalized. The South Central Public Health District announced that a woman over the age of 50 that resides in Blaine County had contracted the infection. Like the first case, she did not require hospitalization and she was recovering from mild symptoms from home.

 

On March 17, two more confirmed cases of the infection were reported, bringing the total to seven. The first case on this date was by officials from Central District Health reported that a female under the age of 50 in Ada County was recovering at home and was not hospitalized. The second confirmed case was a female over the age of 50 as reported by South Central Public Health officials.

 

On March 18, two additional confirmed cases were announced by South Central Public Health District officials. One is a male from Blaine County in his 40s and the other a male in his 80s from Twin Falls County. These cases were the first known community spread transmission of the coronavirus in South Central Idaho.

Aurora Aksnes (born 15.6.1996), is a Norwegian singer, songwriter and record producer. Born in Stavanger and raised in the towns of Høle and Os, she began writing her first songs and learning dance at the age of six. After some of her songs were uploaded online and became popular in Norway, she signed a recording contract with Petroleum Records, Decca and Glassnote Records in 2014. Aurora gained recognition with her debut extended play (EP), Running with the Wolves (2015), which contained the sleeper hit "Runaway". Later that year, she provided the backing track for the John Lewis Christmas advert, singing a cover of the Oasis song "Half the World Away".

 

Aurora's debut studio album, All My Demons Greeting Me as a Friend (2016) received generally positive reviews, charting in various European countries and earning platinum certification two times in Norway. Her second EP Infections of a Different Kind (Step 1) (2018) was the first part of a two-part album, while the second part was her second studio album, A Different Kind of Human (Step 2) (2019). Her third studio album The Gods We Can Touch was released on 21 January 2022.

 

Her music is primarily electropop, folk, and art pop with vocals referred to as "ethereal". She only played piano at the beginning of her career, but later involved herself in percussion and other aspects of music production. In addition to her solo work, Aurora has collaborated with and co-written songs for other artists, including Icarus, Askjell, Lena, Travis and the Chemical Brothers. She has also contributed to soundtracks for several films and television series, including Girls, Frozen II and Wolfwalkers.

 

She calls herself a "forest person" due to being surrounded by nature and her love to "climb trees", and being "isolated and hidden".[15] She has also shown interest in the ocean since she lived close to the sea, and her parents have a sailboat.[15][16] When she attended school, her sisters—Miranda (currently her makeup artist) and Viktoria Aksnes (currently her costume designer)—worried that she might be bullied due to her eccentric personality and style of dress.[17] Contrary to this, Aurora's classmates asked for more time than she was willing to give, and she instead preferred to spend time in the forest.[18] She also claimed that withdrawing into natural spaces gave her time to philosophize and discover the "power" of her own mind.[19] As a child, she was afraid of people who sought to hug her and disliked such a gesture in general: "I used to be terrified of people who wanted to hug me", she said. "I did not like to be hugged as a child. And I used to be terrified of one of my teachers at school, but then I met him a few months ago, and it was really nice. It’s weird how things change."[20]

 

At age nine, when she had a better handle of the English language, she began writing songs.[13] She has mentioned being influenced at that time by artists like Leonard Cohen, Bob Dylan, Enya, and the Chemical Brothers.[24][25]

  

According to Aurora, the first song she ever finished writing was titled "The Lonely Man".[33] Her first work before embarking on her music career was washing a pizza restaurant using a hose.[33] Songs from her early works were written in this early stage of her life.[34][35] Another of her early compositions was "I Had a Dream", which referred to how hard the world can be.[25][23] Although she considered it a "really long and boring song about world peace" she performed it once at her high school's leaving ceremony. The recording of her song "Puppet" (which was originally made as a Christmas gift for her parents) and a video filmed by a classmate of her school performance were uploaded online without her permission (which made her angry),[13][36] and was quickly discovered by a representative of the agency of Artists Made Management, a Norwegian management company, who invited Aurora to visit their office for a meeting in early 2013.[37][38] Aurora initially denied the proposal: "At first I thought no", she recalls, "but then my mum said I should think about the idea of sharing my music with the world because maybe there's someone out there who desperately needs it. And that could actually be a good thing".[36] In a few hours, both songs received thousands of visits in Norway, which earned Aurora some recognition in her country, in addition to a fan base on Facebook.[38][21][39]

 

2012–2016: Running with the Wolves and All My Demons Greeting Me as a Friend

Aurora self-released the song "Puppet" as her debut single in December 2012 under her birth name.[40] Aurora then set about working on her songwriting for around a year before giving her "first proper live performance" at Nabovarsel Minifestival in Bergen. About similar performances to that one she said: "I don’t think I was born to be an entertainer, I used to really be afraid of playing live on-stage. Obviously it’s terrifying! But now I’ve learned to, and I’ve learned to not focus on myself, cause it’s not about me. Now I only think about giving everyone the best experience. A magic moment."[20][41] Her second single, "Awakening", followed in March 2014, which became the first one released under the stage name Aurora.[42] Her third single "Under Stars" was the first one signed to her labels Glassnote Records and Decca Records, released in November 2014. Both songs established her as a "Promising Artist" of 2015 and attracted the attention of critics in Europe and the United States, especially for the artist's voice. Her next single "Runaway" was released in February 2015, which gained attention from singers Katy Perry and Troye Sivan.

 

Her next single, "Running with the Wolves" was released in April 2015, and its music video was released two months later. The song gained attention from BBC Radio station.[49] It was released alongside the announcement of the release of her debut EP Running with the Wolves.[50] Released in May 2015 on digital platforms, the EP received positive reviews from online music blogs and national press. To promote the EP, she appeared at summer festivals such as Way Out West, Wilderness, and Green Man Festival. Aurora's next single, "Murder Song (5, 4, 3, 2, 1)", was released in September 2015 and has received continued support in the national press, on national radio, and popular online music blogs.[51] Aurora also performed at the 2015 Nobel Peace Prize Concert,[52] saying that she and her family "have been following it from the living room at home for many years", and "it is an incredibly beautiful thing to be a part of."[53] Her presentation was praised by the concert's host Jay Leno.[54] She has played a sold-out headline show in London and supported Of Monsters and Men at Brixton Academy in November 2015.[55] Aurora recorded a cover of the Oasis song "Half the World Away" for the 2015 John Lewis Christmas advert.[56] Her next single, titled "Conqueror", was released in January 2016, and a music video was released the following month. Before the single release, the song appeared in the soundtrack of the videogame FIFA 16.[57]

 

In early 2016, Aurora featured on British band Icarus' song "Home" and released a cover of David Bowie's "Life on Mars" for the HBO Girls television series.[58][59][60] After a prolific start with her first musical productions, she released her debut album All My Demons Greeting Me as a Friend in March 2016,[61] receiving generally positive reviews from critics. After releasing the album, Aurora embarked on an international concert tour beginning in Australia that lasted more than a year.[62]

 

On 14 March 2016, Aurora made her American television debut on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, performing "Conqueror", which was later performed on Conan.[63] On 25 July 2016 she performed her cover of "Life on Mars" on The Howard Stern Show. The following night on 26 July, she performed "I Went Too Far" on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, which was later released as the album's fifth single. The album's sixth and final single "Winter Bird" was released on 20 December. Aurora became the first in a series of emerging artists to partner with YouTube for a creative content distribution program,[64] she also starred in her own short documentary directed by Isaac Ravishankara and produced by The Fader, titled "Nothing is Eternal."[65]

 

2017–2019: Infections of a Different Kind and A Different Kind of Human[edit]

When All My Demons Greeting Me as a Friend debuted, Aurora said that it was "the first album of many" she was planning to release.[66] As of 12 May 2016, after coming back from her European tour, the singer announced that she was ready to begin writing and producing more material, which will form her second studio album. She stated in a Facebook event that she has fifteen demo songs and has written a thousand songs/poems. Her next project consisted of covering the song "Scarborough Fair" for the Brazilian telenovela Deus Salve o Rei and filming the opening sequence for it.[67] Between April and August 2018, the singer released two singles, "Queendom" and "Forgotten Love",[68][69] which would be included in the first half of a two-part album divided into "steps".[70] Aurora recorded the album during her stay in France in January of that year, and the production included the producers Askjell Solstrand, Roy Kerr and Tim Bran, with Aurora herself also involved in this aspect.[15] Some of that new material was anticipated in live performances, including festivals like Lollapalooza and Coachella.[71][72]

 

While maintaining some of the themes and stories of the previous album, this production would mark the first time that Aurora has incorporated themes of politics and sexuality into her music.[73] Most of the new inspiration came from the interaction that she had with her fans during her first tour.[74] The music video for "Queendom" saw its release in May 2018, which presented themes of inclusivity and empowerment of "the underdog", particularly her LGBT fans. In the video, Aurora kisses one of her female dancers to convey that "every type of love is accepted and embraced" in her "queendom".[75]

 

On 28 September 2018, the singer released the first half of her second album on EP format,[70] under the title Infections of a Different Kind (Step 1). The EP features eight songs,[76] and the title itself comes from the eighth track included on it, which Aurora declared as "the most important song I've ever written".[77] A Different Kind of Human (Step 2) followed on 7 June 2019, with lead singles "Animal" and "The River".

 

On 12 April 2019, Aurora contributed with co-writing and vocals in the songs "Eve of Destruction", "Bango", and "The Universe Sent Me" for the Chemical Brothers' ninth album No Geography.[78] On 4 November 2019, the soundtrack to the Disney film Frozen II was released, with Aurora providing backing vocals on the song "Into the Unknown". On 9 February 2020, she performed the song on stage as part of the 92nd Academy Awards alongside Idina Menzel and nine singers that dubbed the song in their respective languages.[79] She released her solo version of "Into the Unknown" as a standalone single on 3 March 2020.[80]

Aurora released the single "Exist for Love" in May 2020, which was presented as her first love song ever with a self-directed music video.[81] The song was made during the COVID-19 lockdown in collaboration with Isobel Waller-Bridge, who composed the string arrangements.[81] It was the first glimpse into what she described as "a new era" in her career, with the upcoming release of a new album.[82] Under the musical direction of Gaute Tønder, she recorded the title track of the Christmas miniseries Stjernestøv [no] for Norwegian public broadcaster NRK; such contribution was made known in mid-November of the same year.[83] She also provided her vocals on the songs "Vinterens Gåte" and "Det Ev Ei Rosa Sprunge" (Norwegian version of the German song "Es ist ein Ros entsprungen"), from the album Juleroser by Herborg Kråkevik, in which the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra and other Norwegian artists.[84] She also re-recorded her track "Running with the Wolves" for the animated fantasy and adventure film Wolfwalkers.[85]

 

In early 2021, she released five compilation EPs in celebration of her song "Runaway" receiving over 100 million streams on Spotify: For the Humans Who Take Long Walks in the Forest, Music for the Free Spirits, Stories, For the Metal People and Music for the Fellow Witches Out There throughout February.[86] On 7 July 2021, Aurora released the single "Cure for Me" as the lead single for the forthcoming album.[87] On 14 October, "Giving in to the Love" was released as the album's third single, and The Gods We Can Touch was announced for release on 21 January 2022.[88] Aurora featured in Sub Urban's song "Paramour", released on 19 November as a single for the latter's upcoming debut album.[89] She also released the song "Midas Touch for the soundtrack of the third season of the Amazon Prime Video Hanna series. To promote The Gods We Can Touch, she announced a concert tour throughout the United States and Europe (with Sub Urban, Sei Selina and Metteson as supporting acts) in 2022.[90] "Heathens" was released on 3 December 2021 as the album's fourth single, and a virtual concert film was announced, which released exclusively to Moment House on 25 January 2022, a week later after the album's release.[91][92] A collaborative event with the video game Sky: Children of the Light was released on 17 October 2022, which included a virtual concert that premiered on 8 December after The Game Awards 2022 and reoccurred from 9 December until 2 January 2023.

Tatum, New Mexico 1939

As we had travelled to Eastwell, it only seemed right that we tried Westwell. This was locked on my only previous visit, so did not hold out much hope.

 

We park opposite the fine looking village pub, and I walk to the church, through the churchyard and find the door unlocked, and inside what caught my eye was a stunning triple arch mid-way down the nave, quite an unexpected feature.

 

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A particularly rewarding church which throughout the Middle Ages belonged to Christ Church, Canterbury, which spent large sums of money on it. The chancel, by far the most elaborate part of the building, is separated from the nave by a screen of three trefoil headed arches supported on very tall cylindrical pillars. That this was not the rood screen may be seen by the notches cut into it that originally carried the wooden screen set at a lower level in between. The chancel is vaulted in stone, held together today by essential iron tie-bars. The sedilia, of three seats, set under battlements, are unusual in having the two easternmost seats on the same level, with just the third a few inches lower. The east window contains some medieval glass depicting the Tree of Jesse, while in the north chapel is some heraldic glass of Richard II's reign. There are some plain poppy-head stalls in the arcaded panels. In 1967 two flagons were sold to the Goldsmiths' Company to raise money for essential repairs to save this church from total collapse.

 

www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Westwell

 

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WESTWELL

LIES the next parish westward from Eastwell, taking its name of Wells, by which only it is mentioned in Domesday, from the springs which rise in and near it, and the addition of West from its situation, and to distinguish it from the adjoining parish of Eastwell.

 

THE PARISH, though it lies in a healthy part of the county, yet from its situation, partly in a variety of barren soils, and the rest of it low and watry, among a continuance of moorish, brooks and meadow land, is far from being pleasant, the greatest part of it is situated below the upper range of chalk hills, called the Downhills, which here cross this parish, part of which extends above them, where it is covered with coppice woods, among which is that called Long Beech wood, further notice of which will be taken hereafter, where the soil is a poor reddish, earth, mixed with slint stones. At the foot of these hills is a long slip of barren pasture land, called Westwell downs, which is uninclosed, and full of road tracks, over which the chalk soil of the hills continues, and for some distance below them, at the north-east side of the parish, is Eastwell park, part of which is within the bounds of it; not far from which is the village of Westwell, having the church and vicarage within it, and not far from it the court-lodge and park-house. From the village southward the parish is watered by several streams, which run from hence into the river Stour below Hothfield and Great Chart, where the land consists mostly of meadow ground, a moorish but fertile soil. Towards the west is a heath, called Westwell leacon, round which there is a hamlet of houses, where, and on that side of the parish next to Hothfield heath, it is a barren soil, mostly a deep sand.

 

THE MANOR of WESTWELL was part of the antient possessions of the church of Canterbury, but by whom, or when given, I have not found; but in the division made by archbishop Lanfranc of the revenues of it, this manor was allotted to the share of the monks, and was by them appointed ad cibum eorum, i. e. for the use of their refectory; accordingly it is thus entered in the survey of Domesday, under the general title of their lands:

 

The archbishop himself holds Welle. In the time of king Edward the Confessor it was taxed at seven sulings, and now for five. The arable land is eighteen carucates, in demesne there are four, and twenty-one villeins, with five borderers having twelve carucates and an half. There are seven servants, and one mill of thirty pence, and twenty acres of meadow. Wood sussicient for the pannage of twenty hogs. In the time of king Edward the Confessor it was worth seventeen pounds and eleven shillings and four-pnece, when he received it as much, now twenty-four pounds and four-pence, and yet it pays forty pounds.

 

But their title to this manor seems to have been very precarious, for it was continually contested; till at length, in the 8th year of king Henry III. Peter de Bending, who laid claim to it, acknowledged it to be their right, for which they gave him a sum of money, and their manor of Little Chart in see-farm, as therein mentioned. (fn. 1) The original deed being in the Surrenden library, with the seal annexed, being a coat of three bars, the legend, Sigil Petri de Bondingies. And three years afterwards Stephen, son of John Heringod, for a consideration, released to them all his title to it, which he prosecuted by writ of right, in the king's court, the original of which is likewise in the above library, the seal appendant, a coat, being a bordure of six fishes, one in chief and in base fessways, and two on each side bendways; the legend, Sigill ni de Herengot. The large price paid for these releases shews, not only the value of this manor, but likewise the doubtful title by which the prior and convent held it, nor did they even after this remain quiet in their possession of it, till on a process before the justices itinerant, in the 25th year of that reign, the prior pleaded, that he had the manor by the gift of the king's predecessors, who gave it to his church, as free as they themselves held it, in pure and perpetual alms; so that it never afterwards was parted, not was it partible. And further, that the king, who gave it to his predecessors, did not hold it by the name of gavelkind. And the jury found for the prior, &c. (fn. 2) who after this seems to have remained in the uninterrupted possession of it, and in the 7th of the next reign of king Edward I. he claimed and had allowed, before J. de Reygate and associates, justices itinerant, among other liberties, that of a market in the parish of Westwell, on a Wednesday weekly throughout the year. In the 1st year of king Edward II. he obtained a charter of free-warren for his manor here. In the 6th year of it there appears to have been a park within the prior's manor here, for he was then presented before H. de Stanton and his sociates, justices itinerant, at Canterbury, for obstructing a common footpath, which led through the middle of his park, from Hothfield to the court of Elcheston, (useque ad forum de Elscheston). And the jury found, that a prior his predecessor at some time inclosed the park, and afterwards the inclosure of it being broken in the time of war, there was a passing of the neighbours through the middle of it, to the above court, by the prior's leave, for almost thirty years, until the prior that then was again inclosed it; and they say, that it was not a common pathway, and therefore, &c. (fn. 3) In which state it continued till the dissolution of the priory in the 31st year of king Henry VIII. when it came, with the rest of the possessions of the monastery, into the king's hands, where this manor remained, till, in the 34th year of his reign, when he by agreement that year, granted it, with its appurtenances, and the land and wood in this parish, commonly called Westwellpark, the parsonage appropriate, and the advowson of the church, and the wood called Long beech wood, in this parish and Challock, with the lodge built on it, all parcel of the late priory, in exchange for other premises, to archbishop Cranmer, to hold by knight's service. Which grant was afterwards confirmed by the king, under the great seal. At which time there appears to have been land here, parcel of this manor, called the Vyneyarde. (fn. 4) After which, the above premises remained with the see of Canterbury, till the 3d year of queen Elizabeth, when the queen, being enabled so to do by act of parliament, took into her hands this manor and park of Westwell, among others, and annexed them to the crown, and recompenced archbishop Parker with other estates in lieu of them. After which, she, in her 10th year, granted the manor to John Fletcher and William Atkinson, for a term of years. In which state it continued till king Charles I. in his 4th year, granted it, together with the park in see, to Edward Ditchfield, John Highlord, Humphry Clark, and Francis Moss, and they immediately afterwards vested their interest in them in Sir John Tuston, knight and baronet, of Hothfield, whose eldest son Sir Nicholas Tuston, knight and baronet, having been created Lord Tuston and Earl of Thanet, died possessed of this manor, with the lands formerly the park of Westwell, the farm of which, now called the Park, claims an exemption from the payment of small tithes, in the 8th year of that reign, anno 1635, and in his descendants, earls of Thanet, it has continued down to the right hon. Sackvile, earl of Thanet, the present owner of them.

 

A court leet and court baron is regularly held for this manor.

 

RIPLEY-COURT, now usually called Ripple, is a manor here, which was formerly made more eminent from its affording a surname to a family of good rank in these parts, who resided at it; one of which, Richard de Ripley, died possessed of it in the 30th year of king Edward I. and Philipott says, in an old deed he is called Miles Archiepi, as holding this manor of the archbishop by knight's service. But before the latter end of king Edward III.'s reign the Brockhulls were become possessors of it, and they were succeeded by the Idens, a family of great antiquity and good estate about Iden, in Sussex, and Rolvenden, in this county; and in them it continued down to Alexander Iden, esq. who resided here in the 28th year of Henry VI. the latter half of which year he was sheriff, being appointed on the death of William Cromer, esq. who had been put to death by the rebel John Cade, and his followers, on the 4th of July that year; (fn. 5) but Cade being at length deserted by them, was forced to fly alone, and concealed himself among the woods belonging to this estate, and the king promised by proclamation one thousand marcs reward, to any one who would bring him, dead or alive. A few days after which, he was discovered by Iden the sheriff there, who attempting to take him, on his resistance, flew him, and cutting off his head, carried that with the body up to London, to the king's council, who gave him thanks, and ordered the reward to be paid him. He afterwards married Elizabeth, daughter of James, lord Say and Seal, and widow of William Cromer, esq. above-mentioned, and was sheriff again in the 35th year of that reign, in whose descendant, who bore for their arms, Azure, a fess, between three closed helmets, or, this manor continued till it was at length alienated to Darell, of Calchill, whose descendant George Darell, esq. in the last year of king Edward VI. conveyed it to Baker, in which name it remained till Giles Baker passed it away to Christopher Towers, esq. who alienated it to Sackville, earl of Thanet, whose great-grandson the right hon. Sackville, earl of Thaner, is now entitled to it.

 

BEAMONSTON, usually called Beamston, and in Domesday, Betmonteston, is a manor, which lies partly in this parish, and partly in Challock, in the borough of its own name, and within the bounds of the hundred of Wye, the scite of the court-lodge of it, which has been many years down, being, as is supposed, in that part of Eastwell-park within this parish. At the time of taking the general survey of Domesday, this manor was part of the possessions of Odo, bishop of Baieux, under the general title of whose lands it is thus entered in it:

 

Ralf de Curbespine holds of the bishop, Betmontestun. It was taxed at one suling. The arable land is six carucates. In demesne there are two, and thirteen villeins, with one borderer having three carucates. There are thirty three acres of meadow, and wood for the pannage of forty hogs. Of this manor Hugo de Montfort holds, between wood and pasture, what was worth in the time of king Edward the Confessor six pounds, and afterwards and now, as much. Ailric held it of king Edward.

 

Four years afterwards the bishop was disgraced, and all his possessions were consiscated to the crown, of which it was afterwards held by a family who took their surname from it; one of whom, John, son of Roger de Beamston, held it of the honor of Say in the reign of king Henry III. but in the next reign of king Edward I. Stephen de la Hay held it by knight's service of that honor, and his descendant William de la Hay died possessed of it in the 8th year of Edward III. After which it came into the possession of Thomas at More, who owned it in the 20th year of that reign, holding it as above-mentioned, from which name it was sold to Laurance de Amias, whose descendant, J. Amyas alienated it, in the reign of king Henry VIII. to Sir Thomas Moile, of Eastwell, who dying in 1560, without male issue, Catherine his daughter and coheir carried it in marriage to Sir Thomas Finch, afterwards of Eastwell, in whose descendants, earls of Winchelsea, this manor continued down to Daniel, earl of Winchelsea and Nottingham, who dying in 1769, without male issue, gave it, together with his other estates in this county, to his nephew George Finch Hatton, esq. now of Eastwell, the present proprietor of it.

 

SHOTTENDEN is situated in the eastern part of this parish, in the borough of Shottenden, and within the bounds of the hundred of Wye. It was, in the beginning of the reign of Henry VI. become the property of cardinal archbishop Kempe, who in the 10th year of that reign settled it, among other premises, on his new-founded college of Wye, with which it staid till the dissolution of that foundation in the 36th year of Henry VIII. when it came into the hands of the crown, where it remained till queen Elizabeth, in her 1st year, granted it, with the royal manor of Wye, and other premises, to her kingsman Henry, lord Hunsdon, to hold in capite by knight's service, and his grandson, Henry, earl of Dover, soon after 1628, alienated it to Sir Thomas Finch, of Eastwell, afterwards earl of Winchelsea, whose descendant Daniel, earl of Winchelsea and Nottingham, in 1769, devised it to his nephew George Finch Hatton, esq. of Eastwell, the present owner of it.

 

NASH-COURT is a manor here, lying at a small distance westward from Shottenton, which, as appears by old deeds, was once in the possession of a family who were at first written At-Nash, and afterwards Nash only. (fn. 6) They were extinct here before the 32d year of king Edward III. for it appears by the close-roll of that year, that Alanus de Hanekin then held it, but before the latter end of the next reign of Richard II. one of this family had alienated it to Thomas Brockhull, esq. of Calehill, whose son Henry Brockhull, in the beginning of king Henry IV's reign, passed it away to John Darell, esq. afterwards of Calehill, steward to archbishop Chicheley, and younger brother of Sir William Darell, of Littlecete, in Wiltshire, in whose descendants it continued down to George Darell, esq. of Calehill, who in the last year of king Edward VI. sold it to Sharpe, of Ninhouse, in Great Chart, whose descendants afterwards constantly resided here, many of whom, as appears by their wills in the Prerogative-office, Canterbury, lie buried in the north chancel of this church; and it is now in the possession of one of them, Mr. William Sharpe, gent. of Westwell. A court baron is held for this manor.

 

At a small distance northward from Nash, is a house and lands called Gig-Nash, formerly the property of Giles Baldock, who resided at it in 1531. It afterwards passed into the name of Bourne, and was sold by the heirs of Nicholas Bourne, of Westwell, to William Sharpe, of Nash, above-mentioned, who now owns it.

 

DEAN-COURT is a manor, in the north-east part of this parish, above the hill, next to Challock, in which parish most of the demesne lands belonging to it lie. It was, at the time of taking the survey of Domesday, in the year 1080, part of the possessions of Odo, bishop of Baieux, the Conqueror's half-brother, under the general title of whose lands it is entered in it as follows:

 

Adelold held Dene of the bishop. It was taxed at one suling. The arable land is two carucates. In demesne there is one carucate, and four borderers, and two servants, ana one acre of meadow, and wood for the pannage of nine hogs. Of this suling Ralph de Curbespine holds one yoke and an half, which is and was worth separately ten shillings. Adelold had half a suling and half a yoke, and in the time of king Edward the Confessor it was worth forty shillings, and afterwards twenty shillings, now forty shillings. This land is in the king's hands. Ulnod and Wana and Aluuard and Ulueron held this land of king Edward, and it was divided in three places.

 

Four years afterwards the bishop was disgraced, and all his estates were consiscated to the crown. After which, this manor was held by the family of Hoese, afterwards called Hussey, one of whom, Henry de Hoese, died possessed of it in the 18th year of king Edward I. and his son Henry did homage for it in the 30th year of that reign, to John Peckham, archbishop of Canterbury, of whom he then held it, together with lands in Sturmouth, and in his descendants it continued down to Henry Hussey, who in the reign of king Henry VIII. sold it to Sackville; after which it came into the possession of William Herbert, earl of Pembroke, who in the 7th year of king Edward VI. exchanged it with the king for other premises, and it remained in the crown till the 4th and 5th of Philip and Mary, when it was granted to Thomas and John White, and others, to hold in capite by knight's service, (fn. 7) who joined in the sale of it to Millen, in which name it remained in the reign of king Charles II. and from one of them it was afterwards alienated to Young, of Charing, who by deed settled it on Elizabeth Poole, daughter of Mr. Poole, of Charing, who marrying Dr. John Ludwell, M.D. late of Oriel college, Oxford, entitled him to it for his life, and surviving him she became again possessed of it in her own right, and at her death in 1765, by her last will, devised it to her kinsman George Carter, esq. of Kennington, whose son, the Rev. George Carter, now of Kenningston, is the present possessor of this manor.

 

DIGS-COURT, usually called Digges, lies about three-quarters of a mile westward from the church, which was so called from the eminent family of Digge, or Digges, as they were afterwards called, who were owners of it, and frequently resided here, being stiled sometimes of Barham, where their principal seat was, and sometimes of Westwell, as appeared by several of their antient evidences; and in the reign of king Edward III. there was one of them, Adomarus de Digge, who frequently wrote himself of Westwell, but whether the same person who was a judge in the preceding reign of king Edward II. I am not certain; soon after which, by Elizabeth, daughter of his descendant John Digge, of Barham, this seat went in marriage to Henry Anchor, esq. of Losenham, whose descendant of the same name, had two sons, Thomas, who succeeded him at Losenham, and Robert, who was afterwards of this seat of Digges-court; of which he died possessed in 1512, and was buried in Westwell church; (fn. 8) and in his descendants, who constantly resided here, it continued till it was, at the latter end of the last century, sold by one of them to Godden, and he, in the year 1700, alienated it to William Bokenham, esq. of Rochester, whose representatives, in 1719, joined in the sale of it to Henry May, esq. recorder of Chichester, who by will devised it to his kinsman Thomas May, esq. of Godmersham, who afterwards took the name of Knight, and died possessed of it in 1781, as did his son of the same name in 1794, s.p. and by his will devised it to his widow Mrs. Catherine Knight, now of Canterbury, the present owner of it.

 

LEYTON, alias LEYTON, is a small manor here, situated at a small distance northward from Diggscourt, which was part of the possessions of the see of Canterbury, and remained so till archbishop Cranmer, in the 31st year of king Henry VIII. conveyed it to the king, which sale was ratisfied by the prior and convent of Christ-church; but it did not remain long in the crown, for the king, in his 23d year, afterwards confirmed under his great sea, exchanged it again with the archbishop for other premises; and the king discharged the archbishop from all tenths, and all other outgoings whatever, payable to him from it. Since which this manor has continued parcel of the possessions of the see of Canterbury to this time.

 

The family of Honywood have been lesses of this manor for a considerable length of time. Filmer Honywood, esq. now of Markshall, is the present lessee of it.

 

PERRINTON, or as it is now vulgarly called, Perrytown, is another manor in this parish, of which I find no mention till the reign of king Edward I. in the 5th year of which, Philip de Columbers died possessed of it, holding it of the king in capite. After which it became the property of the family of Aldon; one of whom, Thomas de Aldon, died possessed of it in the 43d year of Edward III. How long it continued in that name, I have not found; but it most probably afterwards came into the possession of the Pyries, afterwards called and written Perry, from whom this manor, as well as Perry-court, in Wye, both assumed their names. Of the heirs of Geossire de Pyire, this manor seems to have been purchased by cardinal archbishop Kempe, in the beginning of king Henry VI's reign, who, in the 10th year of it, settled it, among other premises, on his new founded college of Wye, with which it said till the dissoultion of it, in the 36th year of Henry VIII, when this manor came into the hands of the crown, whence it was immediately afterwards granted, with the small adjoining manor of Broke, and other premises, to Thomas Cawarden, to hold in capite by knight's service; (fn. 9) from him they passed to Moyle, and from thence again to Sir John Baker of Sissinghurst. and his descendant Sir John Baker, knight and baronet, in 1657, alienated the manor of Peryton to Nathaniel Powell, esq. of Eweherst, in Sussex, afterwards, in 1661, created a baronet, one of whose descendants passed it away to Kingsford, from which name it was sold to Chapman, and it is now the property of Mr. William Chapman, of this parish.

 

WOLTON, alias WODITON, is a place here, which was originally parcel of the inheritance of a family called Wolton, or Woditon. Ivo de Woditon held it in the year 1236, and left it to his son John de Wolton, who had a son Richard, who in the 20th year of king Edward III. held both this manor and that of Wootton by Barham, and in his successor of that name this estate remained till the latter end of king Henry VI.'s reign, and then some part of it was sold to John Hampton, and he, about the beginning. of king Edward IV.'s reign, passed it away to Richard Rasel, who resided here, and died possessed of it, as appears by his will, in the 23d year of that reign; but there was some part of it which remained unsold, until William Wolton, at his death in 1540, ordered it to be vested in seossees, in trust, to discharge his debts; and they accordingly conveyed it to Rasel, who then became possessed of the entire fee of it; in whose descendants it remained at the restoration of king Charles II. But whereabouts it is situated, and who have been the proprietors of it since, I have not been able, after the most diligent enquiries, to find out.

 

LONGBEECH wood is a large tract of woodland, lying above the hill, on the north side of this parish, partly in it, and partly in Challock. It contains about 1100 acres, and was formerly part of the possessions of the priory of Christ-church, and on the dissolution of it, in the 31st year of king Henry VIII.'s reign, came into the hands of the crown, where it remained till the king, in his 34th year, granted it, by the description of all the wood and underwood, commonly called Long-beech, in Westwell and Challock, with the lodge there upon builded, and the soil and ground of the same wood, called Longbeech wood, parcel of the late monastery of Christ-church, (fn. 10) among other premises, in exchange to archbishop Carnmer; notwithstanding which, archbishop Parker, in the year 1570, was sued in the exchequer, for selling some part of this wood, under pretence of its being the queen's and though it was determined in his favour, yet the archbishop was obliged to relinquish his right to it, and Sir James Crosts, comptroller of the queen's household, had a grant of it from her, in her 17th year, and continued in the possession of it till archbishop Whitgist, on his first advancement to the see found, such favour with the queen, as to recover the possession of it. Since which it has remained parcel of the estates belonging to the archbishopric, and does so at this time. In 1643 it was rented of the archbishop by John Boys, gent. at the yearly rent of forty pounds. Since which the lease of it has been for some time in the family of Dering, of Surrenden. Sir Edward Dering, bart, is the present lessee of it.

 

Charities.

STEPJHEN HULES, rent. of Westwell, by will in 1678, gave to the poor of this parish for ever, two acres of land, and two tenements at Gignash, in this parish, which are not let, but are appropriated to the poor; supposed to be worth six pounds per annum.

 

JAMES TAYLOR, gent. by will in 1699, gave to the poor of this parish a parcel of land in Little Chart and Westwell, containing one acre, and now called Poor's meadow, which is not let, but is applied to the poor, and is supposed to be worth 1l. per annum.

 

The poor constantly relieved are about thirty-three, casually twenty-five.

 

WESTWELL is within the ECCESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Charing, and is exempt from the jurisdiction of the archdeacon.

 

The Church, which is dedicated to St. Mary, is a large handsome building, consisting of three isles, two small chancels, and a high chancel, having a tall spire steeple shingled, at the west end of it. The pillars on each side the middle isle are slim and very beautiful, and between this isle and the chancel they are uncommonly elegant. In the middle window of the high chancel are good remains of painted glass, being four ovals, in each a figure sitting, crowned, with a scepter, and the rest filled with a bordure, &c. Within the altar-rails is a memorial for John Tucker, A. M. rector of Ringwold, and under master of the king's school, Canterbury; a man of a most worthy character, who died in 1776, universally esteemed and lamented. Without the rails are two stones, robbed of their brasses, one having had the figure of a priest, with his mitre and robes; the other, the stem of a cross, and at top, the half-figure of a priest. There are six stalls at the west end of the chancel, for the use of the members of the priory of Christ-church, during their residence here, and others of the clergy who might be present at divine service. On the south side is a confessionary-seat of stone, and one beside it, and a rich for holy water. At the east end of the south isle are four inches for statues. In the north chancel is a memorial for Mary Wolgate, virgin, daughter of John Woltage, of Borden, obt, 1634; and an inscription on brass on a gravestone, for John Sharp, of Nash, obt. 1607. In a window on the north side of the north isle, in a chancel, is a shield of arms, Azure, a cross, between four martlets, or, impaling, Azure, three crowns, or; another, Quarterly, azure, a cross between four martlets, or; and gules, a lion rampant, argent; and in another window are some good remains of figures. In a window of the north isle are the arms of the priory of Canterbury, and a shield, Argent, a cross, gules. In the south chancel is a stone, coffinshaped, about two feet long, with a cross flory on it. Robert at Ligh, by will in 1525. devised for a pair of organnys in this church, ten marcs; and Roger Baker, of this parish, by his will proved in 1553, devised forty marcs towards the reparation of the steeple of Westwell.

 

This church was antiently an appendage to the manor of Westwell, and as such was part of the possessions of the priory of Christ church, to which it was appropriated in the 21st year of king Richard II. towards the support of the sabric of that church, to which archbishop Arundel consented; for which the prior gave up to him the patronage of St. Mary Aldermary church, London; (fn. 11) and the same was confirmed by Henry IV. in his 2d year. After which this parsonage appropriate, together with the advowson of the vicarage, remained part of the possessions of that pirory till the dissoultions of it, in the 31st year of king Henry VIII. when it came, with the manor, into the king's hands, where it staid but a small time, for the king, in his 34th year, confirmed afterwards under his great seal, granted in exchange, among other premises. the manor of Westwell, with other lands here, and the parsonage of Westwell appropriate to the above late monastery, and the advowson to the archbishop of Canterbury. And the king exonarated and discharged the archbishop from the tenth part of the yearly value of the said premises, which he was entitled to by the act, made in the 26th year of his reign, In which state it has continued ever since, the archbishop being the present owner of the parsonage appropriate, and of the advowson of the vicarage of this church.

 

In 1643 John, earl of Thanet, was lessee of this parsonage. It was afterwards in the name of Gurney, and since, partly by purchase and partly by marriage, the lease became vested in the Rev. John Tucker, late of Canterbury, deceased, whose son, of the same name, is now entitled to it.

 

The vicarage of Westwell was endowed in the year 1298, the year after the appropriation of the church, with the consent of Henry de Northwode, then rector of this church, and yet no vicar seems to have been inducted for some years afterwards, though a portion had been before assigned to the vicar by the rector, of which the prior of Christ-church, the see of Canterbury being then vacant, granted his letters testimonial in 1293. (fn. 12)

 

It is valued in the king's books at thirteen pounds, and the yearly tenths at 1l. 6s. 14s. In 1588 it was va yearly certified value of 691. 14s. In 1588 it was valued at fifty pounds. Communicants three hundred and ninety-eight. In 1640 it was valued at sixtynine pounds. Communicants the same. In 1661, archbishop Juxon augmented this vicarage ten pounds per annum out of the great tithes. Archbishop Tenison gave fifty pounds towards putting the vicaragehouse, which was then much gone to ruin, in better repair. There is only half an acre of glebe to it.

 

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol7/pp412-429

Windsor Exchange - note that there is a "staff present" light for the remote locations - presumably connected to the doors of the remote buildings.

... querer aceptar ?

primero se debe saber que es lo que se aceptará...

#920 - 365 2010 Day 189: A view along the South Downs from Truleigh Hill to Wolstonbury Hill.

 

The day was hot and sharp, and my initial processing of this image went for the Velvia look ... but then I got carried away!

Aurora Aksnes (born 15.6.1996), is a Norwegian singer, songwriter and record producer. Born in Stavanger and raised in the towns of Høle and Os, she began writing her first songs and learning dance at the age of six. After some of her songs were uploaded online and became popular in Norway, she signed a recording contract with Petroleum Records, Decca and Glassnote Records in 2014. Aurora gained recognition with her debut extended play (EP), Running with the Wolves (2015), which contained the sleeper hit "Runaway". Later that year, she provided the backing track for the John Lewis Christmas advert, singing a cover of the Oasis song "Half the World Away".

 

Aurora's debut studio album, All My Demons Greeting Me as a Friend (2016) received generally positive reviews, charting in various European countries and earning platinum certification two times in Norway. Her second EP Infections of a Different Kind (Step 1) (2018) was the first part of a two-part album, while the second part was her second studio album, A Different Kind of Human (Step 2) (2019). Her third studio album The Gods We Can Touch was released on 21 January 2022.

 

Her music is primarily electropop, folk, and art pop with vocals referred to as "ethereal". She only played piano at the beginning of her career, but later involved herself in percussion and other aspects of music production. In addition to her solo work, Aurora has collaborated with and co-written songs for other artists, including Icarus, Askjell, Lena, Travis and the Chemical Brothers. She has also contributed to soundtracks for several films and television series, including Girls, Frozen II and Wolfwalkers.

 

She calls herself a "forest person" due to being surrounded by nature and her love to "climb trees", and being "isolated and hidden".[15] She has also shown interest in the ocean since she lived close to the sea, and her parents have a sailboat.[15][16] When she attended school, her sisters—Miranda (currently her makeup artist) and Viktoria Aksnes (currently her costume designer)—worried that she might be bullied due to her eccentric personality and style of dress.[17] Contrary to this, Aurora's classmates asked for more time than she was willing to give, and she instead preferred to spend time in the forest.[18] She also claimed that withdrawing into natural spaces gave her time to philosophize and discover the "power" of her own mind.[19] As a child, she was afraid of people who sought to hug her and disliked such a gesture in general: "I used to be terrified of people who wanted to hug me", she said. "I did not like to be hugged as a child. And I used to be terrified of one of my teachers at school, but then I met him a few months ago, and it was really nice. It’s weird how things change."[20]

 

At age nine, when she had a better handle of the English language, she began writing songs.[13] She has mentioned being influenced at that time by artists like Leonard Cohen, Bob Dylan, Enya, and the Chemical Brothers.[24][25]

  

According to Aurora, the first song she ever finished writing was titled "The Lonely Man".[33] Her first work before embarking on her music career was washing a pizza restaurant using a hose.[33] Songs from her early works were written in this early stage of her life.[34][35] Another of her early compositions was "I Had a Dream", which referred to how hard the world can be.[25][23] Although she considered it a "really long and boring song about world peace" she performed it once at her high school's leaving ceremony. The recording of her song "Puppet" (which was originally made as a Christmas gift for her parents) and a video filmed by a classmate of her school performance were uploaded online without her permission (which made her angry),[13][36] and was quickly discovered by a representative of the agency of Artists Made Management, a Norwegian management company, who invited Aurora to visit their office for a meeting in early 2013.[37][38] Aurora initially denied the proposal: "At first I thought no", she recalls, "but then my mum said I should think about the idea of sharing my music with the world because maybe there's someone out there who desperately needs it. And that could actually be a good thing".[36] In a few hours, both songs received thousands of visits in Norway, which earned Aurora some recognition in her country, in addition to a fan base on Facebook.[38][21][39]

 

2012–2016: Running with the Wolves and All My Demons Greeting Me as a Friend

Aurora self-released the song "Puppet" as her debut single in December 2012 under her birth name.[40] Aurora then set about working on her songwriting for around a year before giving her "first proper live performance" at Nabovarsel Minifestival in Bergen. About similar performances to that one she said: "I don’t think I was born to be an entertainer, I used to really be afraid of playing live on-stage. Obviously it’s terrifying! But now I’ve learned to, and I’ve learned to not focus on myself, cause it’s not about me. Now I only think about giving everyone the best experience. A magic moment."[20][41] Her second single, "Awakening", followed in March 2014, which became the first one released under the stage name Aurora.[42] Her third single "Under Stars" was the first one signed to her labels Glassnote Records and Decca Records, released in November 2014. Both songs established her as a "Promising Artist" of 2015 and attracted the attention of critics in Europe and the United States, especially for the artist's voice. Her next single "Runaway" was released in February 2015, which gained attention from singers Katy Perry and Troye Sivan.

 

Her next single, "Running with the Wolves" was released in April 2015, and its music video was released two months later. The song gained attention from BBC Radio station.[49] It was released alongside the announcement of the release of her debut EP Running with the Wolves.[50] Released in May 2015 on digital platforms, the EP received positive reviews from online music blogs and national press. To promote the EP, she appeared at summer festivals such as Way Out West, Wilderness, and Green Man Festival. Aurora's next single, "Murder Song (5, 4, 3, 2, 1)", was released in September 2015 and has received continued support in the national press, on national radio, and popular online music blogs.[51] Aurora also performed at the 2015 Nobel Peace Prize Concert,[52] saying that she and her family "have been following it from the living room at home for many years", and "it is an incredibly beautiful thing to be a part of."[53] Her presentation was praised by the concert's host Jay Leno.[54] She has played a sold-out headline show in London and supported Of Monsters and Men at Brixton Academy in November 2015.[55] Aurora recorded a cover of the Oasis song "Half the World Away" for the 2015 John Lewis Christmas advert.[56] Her next single, titled "Conqueror", was released in January 2016, and a music video was released the following month. Before the single release, the song appeared in the soundtrack of the videogame FIFA 16.[57]

 

In early 2016, Aurora featured on British band Icarus' song "Home" and released a cover of David Bowie's "Life on Mars" for the HBO Girls television series.[58][59][60] After a prolific start with her first musical productions, she released her debut album All My Demons Greeting Me as a Friend in March 2016,[61] receiving generally positive reviews from critics. After releasing the album, Aurora embarked on an international concert tour beginning in Australia that lasted more than a year.[62]

 

On 14 March 2016, Aurora made her American television debut on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, performing "Conqueror", which was later performed on Conan.[63] On 25 July 2016 she performed her cover of "Life on Mars" on The Howard Stern Show. The following night on 26 July, she performed "I Went Too Far" on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, which was later released as the album's fifth single. The album's sixth and final single "Winter Bird" was released on 20 December. Aurora became the first in a series of emerging artists to partner with YouTube for a creative content distribution program,[64] she also starred in her own short documentary directed by Isaac Ravishankara and produced by The Fader, titled "Nothing is Eternal."[65]

 

2017–2019: Infections of a Different Kind and A Different Kind of Human[edit]

When All My Demons Greeting Me as a Friend debuted, Aurora said that it was "the first album of many" she was planning to release.[66] As of 12 May 2016, after coming back from her European tour, the singer announced that she was ready to begin writing and producing more material, which will form her second studio album. She stated in a Facebook event that she has fifteen demo songs and has written a thousand songs/poems. Her next project consisted of covering the song "Scarborough Fair" for the Brazilian telenovela Deus Salve o Rei and filming the opening sequence for it.[67] Between April and August 2018, the singer released two singles, "Queendom" and "Forgotten Love",[68][69] which would be included in the first half of a two-part album divided into "steps".[70] Aurora recorded the album during her stay in France in January of that year, and the production included the producers Askjell Solstrand, Roy Kerr and Tim Bran, with Aurora herself also involved in this aspect.[15] Some of that new material was anticipated in live performances, including festivals like Lollapalooza and Coachella.[71][72]

 

While maintaining some of the themes and stories of the previous album, this production would mark the first time that Aurora has incorporated themes of politics and sexuality into her music.[73] Most of the new inspiration came from the interaction that she had with her fans during her first tour.[74] The music video for "Queendom" saw its release in May 2018, which presented themes of inclusivity and empowerment of "the underdog", particularly her LGBT fans. In the video, Aurora kisses one of her female dancers to convey that "every type of love is accepted and embraced" in her "queendom".[75]

 

On 28 September 2018, the singer released the first half of her second album on EP format,[70] under the title Infections of a Different Kind (Step 1). The EP features eight songs,[76] and the title itself comes from the eighth track included on it, which Aurora declared as "the most important song I've ever written".[77] A Different Kind of Human (Step 2) followed on 7 June 2019, with lead singles "Animal" and "The River".

 

On 12 April 2019, Aurora contributed with co-writing and vocals in the songs "Eve of Destruction", "Bango", and "The Universe Sent Me" for the Chemical Brothers' ninth album No Geography.[78] On 4 November 2019, the soundtrack to the Disney film Frozen II was released, with Aurora providing backing vocals on the song "Into the Unknown". On 9 February 2020, she performed the song on stage as part of the 92nd Academy Awards alongside Idina Menzel and nine singers that dubbed the song in their respective languages.[79] She released her solo version of "Into the Unknown" as a standalone single on 3 March 2020.[80]

Aurora released the single "Exist for Love" in May 2020, which was presented as her first love song ever with a self-directed music video.[81] The song was made during the COVID-19 lockdown in collaboration with Isobel Waller-Bridge, who composed the string arrangements.[81] It was the first glimpse into what she described as "a new era" in her career, with the upcoming release of a new album.[82] Under the musical direction of Gaute Tønder, she recorded the title track of the Christmas miniseries Stjernestøv [no] for Norwegian public broadcaster NRK; such contribution was made known in mid-November of the same year.[83] She also provided her vocals on the songs "Vinterens Gåte" and "Det Ev Ei Rosa Sprunge" (Norwegian version of the German song "Es ist ein Ros entsprungen"), from the album Juleroser by Herborg Kråkevik, in which the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra and other Norwegian artists.[84] She also re-recorded her track "Running with the Wolves" for the animated fantasy and adventure film Wolfwalkers.[85]

 

In early 2021, she released five compilation EPs in celebration of her song "Runaway" receiving over 100 million streams on Spotify: For the Humans Who Take Long Walks in the Forest, Music for the Free Spirits, Stories, For the Metal People and Music for the Fellow Witches Out There throughout February.[86] On 7 July 2021, Aurora released the single "Cure for Me" as the lead single for the forthcoming album.[87] On 14 October, "Giving in to the Love" was released as the album's third single, and The Gods We Can Touch was announced for release on 21 January 2022.[88] Aurora featured in Sub Urban's song "Paramour", released on 19 November as a single for the latter's upcoming debut album.[89] She also released the song "Midas Touch for the soundtrack of the third season of the Amazon Prime Video Hanna series. To promote The Gods We Can Touch, she announced a concert tour throughout the United States and Europe (with Sub Urban, Sei Selina and Metteson as supporting acts) in 2022.[90] "Heathens" was released on 3 December 2021 as the album's fourth single, and a virtual concert film was announced, which released exclusively to Moment House on 25 January 2022, a week later after the album's release.[91][92] A collaborative event with the video game Sky: Children of the Light was released on 17 October 2022, which included a virtual concert that premiered on 8 December after The Game Awards 2022 and reoccurred from 9 December until 2 January 2023.

extended version

post - metamorphosis

DADA turbo haute-couture knittwear

new joint via crocheted wind wheel

joyful avantguarde

for playful individuals

offering multiple wearing options

as usual

An actual image of the Penomet Penis pump in original packaging www.penometextender.com

1993 Chevrolet Astro LT Extended-Body Minivan

Picture from the late Charles Wilson's Collection

Embedded Electronics Starter Kit from GHI Electronics

 

FEZ Spider Starter Kit

www.ghielectronics.com/catalog/product/297

 

FEZ Spider Starter Kit is the first commercially available .NET Gadgeteer-compatible kit. it includes everything necessary for educators, hobbyists and even professionals. Embedded development is fast & easy (FEZ) thanks to .NET Micro Framework, .NET Gadgeteer and the numerous GHI value added features such as WiFi and USB Host.

 

The kit includes:

 

FEZ Spider Mainboard

Display T35 Module (3.5" with touchscreen)

USB Client DP Module (with USB cable)

Camera Module

2x Multicolor LED Module (DaisyLink)

2x Button Module

Ethernet J11D Module

SD Card Module

USB Host Module

Extender Module

Joystick Module

10cm IDC cables (included with modules).

Assorted IDC Cable Pack:

4x 5cm IDC cables

3x 20cm IDC cables

1x 50cm IDC cable

Reusable Plastic Storage Box

 

FEZ Spider Mainboard is a .NET Gadgeteer-compatible mainboard based on GHI Electronics' EMX module. This makes FEZ Spider Mainboard the most feature-full .NET Gadgeteer compatible device in the market. It contains all of .NET Micro Framework core features and adds many exclusive features, such as USB host, WiFi and RLP (loading native code). All these features combine to provide a rapid prototyping platform.

 

Key Features:

 

14 .NET Gadgeteer compatible sockets that include these types: X, Y, A, C, D, E, F, H, I, K, O, P, S, T, U, R, G, B and Z.

Configurable on-board LED

Configuration switches.

Based on GHI Electronics EMX module

72MHz 32-bit ARM7 processor

4.5 MB Flash

16 MB RAM

LCD controller

Full TCP/IP Stack with SSL, HTTP, TCP, UDP, DHCP

Ethernet, WiFi driver and PPP ( GPRS/ 3G modems) and DPWS

USB host

USB Device with specialized libraries to emulate devices like thumb-drive, virtual COM (CDC), mouse, keyboard

76 GPIO Pin

2 SPI (8/16bit)

I2C

4 UART

2 CAN Channels

7 10-bit Analog Inputs

10-bit Analog Output (capable of WAV audio playback)

4-bit SD/MMC Memory card interface

6 PWM

OneWire interface (available on any IO)

Built-in Real Time Clock (RTC) with the suitable crystal

Processor register access

OutputCompare for generating waveforms with high accuracy

RLP allowing users to load native code (C/Assembly) for real-time requirements

Extended double-precision math class

FAT File System

Cryptography (AES and XTEA)

Low power and hibernate support

In-field update (from SD, network or other)

Dimensions: W 2.25" x L 2.05" x H 0.5"

 

Power

 

Low power and hibernate modes

Active power consumption 160 mA

Idle power consumption 120 mA

Hibernate power consumption 40 mA

 

Enviromental:

 

Requires .NET Gadgeteer standard red power modules.

RoHS compliant /Lead-free compliant

 

Most EMX software features are GHI exclusive, see software documentation for details.

 

For more information about .NET Gadgeteer visit:

www.netmf.com/gadgeteer/

 

Photograph taken by Michael Kappel

www.MichaelKappel.com

 

Aerial view of Selinsgrove extending from Bough Street north to Spruce Street. Water Street is on the far right. The row houses of Orange Street are seen in the upper left.

Buildings identified are: 01 - First Lutheran Church, 02 - Trinity Lutheran Church, 03 - U,S, Post Office, 04 -Pine Street School,

05 - Snyder County Trust Company, 06 - J.G. Ott box factory,

07 -Rhoads Mill, 08 - Noetling Building, former Susquehanna Female College, 09 -Episcopal Church, 10 - Hotel Governor Snyder, now BJ's.

Old photographs of my extended family - I'm not really sure who's who except for my grandparents and my mother.

The Dodge Dart is an automobile originally built by Dodge from 1960 to 1976 in North America, with production extended to later years in various other markets. The Dart nameplate was resurrected for a Fiat-derived compact car introduced in 2013.

 

The Dart name originally appeared on a 1957 show car featuring a body designed by the Italian coachbuilder Carrozzeria Ghia. The production Dart was introduced as a lower-priced, shorter wheelbase, full-size Dodge in 1960 and 1961, became a mid-size car for 1962, and finally was a compact from 1963 to 1976.

 

The 1970 Dart's dual taillamps were given over to the badge-engineered Plymouth Valiant Scamp, while the 1971 Dart received new smaller quad taillamps that would be used through 1973. The Custom 2-door hardtop coupe became the Swinger, and the standard Swinger became the Swinger Special. Dodge gained a version of Plymouth's popular Valiant-based fastback Duster and was to be named the Beaver, but when Chrysler's marketing department learned that "beaver" was CB slang for vagina, the vehicle was renamed the "Dart Demon".

 

As was the case with previous Dodge rebadges of Plymouth Valiants, such as the 1961–1962 Lancer, sales of the Demon lagged behind those of the Duster. With optional hood scoops and blackout hood treatment, the car was advertised a performance car. The Demon's Dart-type front fender wheel lips and Duster-type rear wheel fender lips reveal the car was essentially a Duster with Dart front sheetmetal and other minor styling changes. A new audio option became available for 1971: Chrysler's cassette-recorder. Unlike the 8-track tapes, the cassette player was relatively compact, and it was mounted on the console or on its own floor-mount casing. This unit offered an available microphone in which one could record their own dictation.

 

The Swinger 340, Dart's performance model, was replaced by the Demon 340 with optional hood scoops and blackout hood treatment. In 1971, Chrysler abandoned their longstanding corporate practice of installing left-hand-threaded wheel studs on the left side of the vehicle; all-wheel studs on the Dart thenceforth used conventional right-hand threads.

VIDEO: youtu.be/2a-XBbvHhxw

 

Out in Events Announces Gays Gone Wild! at Fairgrounds X, Gay and Lesbian Day At Six Flags Great Adventure.

 

New York, NY: Out in Events announced this week that Fairgrounds X, better known as 'Gay and Lesbian Day at Six Flags', will take place Saturday, September 7 at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson, NJ. Fairgrounds is the largest private LGBT event in the United States. This year, to accommodate the growing number of LGBT families, the hours have been extended and even kiddie rides will be open! The new hours are 10:30am till midnight. At 8pm, the park will be closed to the public and remain open exclusively to Fairgrounds X ticket holders. In addition, for the first time in its ten year history, Fairgrounds guests will have access to Great Adventure's Wild Safari! DJ Hector Fonseca, DJ Eddie Baez, DJ Steve Sidewalk, Meg Live (Bad Boy Records, MTV - Puff Daddy's "Making His Band), Bex (Billboard Top 10 Dance Charts), Cheer New York, and www.LaserLightShow.ORG - will provide the musical entertainment. A portion of the net proceeds will benefit the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Action Fund, The Gay Lesbian Center of NY and The Imperial Court of NY.

 

"In celebration of ten years of Fairgrounds, we are going wild," says co-founder Mark Nelson, the events planner and producer who helped found the annual LGBT celebration. "The all-new Safari Off Road Adventure will take guests on an intense, up-close animal experience unlike anything they have ever encountered. Guests will splash through ponds, climb hills, cross bridges and venture over rugged terrain - and it's all included with Fairgrounds X admission!"

 

Since the Safari attraction is a 90-minute tour, and closes at 5pm, producers recommend arriving to the park early.

 

Also open for the first time at Fairgrounds will be the Sky Way, a ride that transports guests from Lakefront to Frontier Adventures while offering a bird's-eye-view of the park in a personal cable car.

 

Six Flags' Fairgrounds launched ten years ago at Six Flags Great Adventure. "It was wildly successful from the start", explains co-founder Gage Kristofer.

 

Organizers estimate ten thousand gay men and women (and their friends and families) will attend Fairgrounds X. "We welcome gay communities from Washington DC, Boston, Pittsburg and the entire tri-state area to join the fun. Fairgrounds is truly a coming together of all the area's LGBT communities, uniting with pride."

 

"Last year saw an influx of gay newlyweds and gay families with their children," he adds.

 

Six Flags Great Adventure is world renown for its award-winning roller coasters. Amusement Today awarded El Toro coaster with its Golden Ticket for being the #2 top wooden coaster in the country. At a record-breaking 76 degree incline, El Toro features the steepest drop of any wooden roller coaster in the USA. They also awarded a Golden Ticket to the Nitro coaster, ranking it the #3 steel coaster in the country. Nitro blasts riders 230 feet in the air with a 215-foot drop at speeds approaching 80 mph.

 

There is also Green Lantern, a stand-up coaster that delivers a smooth, white-knuckled adventure, upside down on a 15-story ride of twisting steel!

 

Other maximum thrill rides are Batman, Bizzaro, Dare Devil Dive, Kingda Ka, Rolling Thunder, Slingshot, Superman:Ultimate Flight, The Twister and SkyScreamer, a towering swing ride that climbs twenty-four stories off the ground and then spins around at 40mph. All will be open at Fairgrounds X.

 

Even with the anticipated record crowd this year, the park can handle 60,000. Six Flags Great Adventure is prepared to keep ride lines moving swiftly at Fairgrounds X. Plus, this year's VIP pass insures quicker ride access after 8pm.

 

At 8pm, Fairgrounds X will be a closed private event. Season passes will not be honored. It is the one night each year when LGBT attendees can walk hand-in-hand and enjoy the open-air thrill rides without fear of harassment.

 

"With the recent supreme court rulings, we have a lot to celebrate this year," continues Nelson. "Come out to Six Flags and let's get wild."

 

For more information on Fairgrounds X, please visit www.outinevents.com or www.gaysixflags.com

 

Recorded by:

 

Louis Capet XXVI Laser Shows + Music Publishing - www.LaserLightShow.ORG

-----------------------------------

SoundCloud - www.SoundCloud.com/Kings-Recordings

Spotify - open.spotify.com/user/louiscapetxxvi

FaceBook - www.FaceBook.com/KingCapetxxvi

Twitter - www.Twitter.com/LaserLightShow

Google+ - plus.google.com/+LaserLightShowORG

Instagram - www.instagram.com/king_recordings

YouTube - www.youtube.com/LaserLightShowORG

E-Mail - MF@LaserLightShow.ORG

Telephone - (215) 888-8080

Extending magnet -- you will likely need this to get the spark plugs out.

Day #1: Leaving SG for Perth. Extended Family Trip to Western Australia from 7 to 16 Jun 2016. (photo by Ben Cho)

Kolbenenten / Red-crested Pochards

Ismaninger Speichersee, Bayern

Singapore

Extended Routemaster KGJ603D

Cobham Bus Rally Wisley Airfield

April 11th 2010

© Copyright PD3

The Chrysalis Alien is capable of extending its actual head far past its armor plating.

Just another day...

Our four dogs, and the other poochies that are also regularly in our lives.

The Great Patriotic War (Russian: Вели́кая Оте́чественная война́, romanized: Velikaja Otečestvennaja vojna) is a term used in Russia and some other former republics of the Soviet Union to describe the conflict fought during the period from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945 along the many fronts of the Eastern Front of World War II, primarily between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. For some legal purposes, this period may be extended to 11 May 1945 to include the end of the Prague offensive.

 

History

The term Patriotic War refers to the Russian resistance to the French invasion of Russia under Napoleon I, which became known as the Patriotic War of 1812. In Russian, the term отечественная война originally referred to a war on one's own territory (otechestvo means "the fatherland"), as opposed to a campaign abroad (заграничная война), and later was reinterpreted as a war for the fatherland, i.e. a defensive war for one's homeland. Sometimes the Patriotic War of 1812 was also referred to as the Great Patriotic War (Великая отечественная война); the phrase first appeared in 1844 and became popular on the eve of the centenary of the Patriotic War of 1812.

 

After 1914, the phrase was applied to World War I. It was the name of a special war-time appendix to the magazine Theater and Life (Театр и жизнь) in Saint Petersburg, and referred to the Eastern Front of World War I, where Russia fought against the German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The phrases Second Patriotic War (Вторая отечественная война) and Great World Patriotic War (Великая всемирная отечественная война) were also used during World War I in Russia.

 

The term Great Patriotic War re-appeared in the official newspaper of the CPSU, Pravda, on 23 June 1941, just a day after Germany invaded the Soviet Union. It was found in the title of "The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet People" (Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voyna Sovetskogo Naroda), a long article by Yemelyan Yaroslavsky, a member of Pravda editors' collegium. The phrase was intended to motivate the population to defend the Soviet fatherland and to expel the invader, and a reference to the Patriotic War of 1812 was seen as a great morale booster. During the Soviet period, historians engaged in huge distortions to make history fit with Communist ideology, with Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov and Prince Pyotr Bagration transformed into peasant generals, Alexander I alternatively ignored or vilified, and the war becoming a massive "People's War" fought by the ordinary people of Russia with almost no involvement on the part of the government. The invasion by Germany was called the Great Patriotic War by the Soviet government to evoke comparisons with the victory by Tsar Alexander I over Napoleon's invading army.

 

The term Отечественная война (Patriotic War or Fatherland War) was officially recognized by establishment of the Order of the Patriotic War on 20 May 1942, awarded for heroic deeds.

 

The term is not generally used outside the former Soviet Union, and the closest term is the Eastern Front of World War II (1941–1945). Neither term covers the initial phase of World War II in Eastern Europe, during which the USSR, then still in a non-aggression pact with Germany, invaded eastern Poland (1939), the Baltic states (1940), Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina (1940) and Finland (1939–1940). The term also does not cover the Soviet–Japanese War (1945) nor the Battles of Khalkhin Gol (1939).

 

In Russia and some other post-Soviet countries, the term is given great significance; it is accepted as a representation of the most important part of World War II. Until 2014, Uzbekistan was the only nation in the Commonwealth of Independent States that had not recognized the term, referring to it as World War II on the state holiday - the Day of Remembrance and Honour.

 

On 9 April 2015, the Ukrainian parliament replaced the term Great Patriotic War (1941–1945) (Velyka vitchyzniana viina) in the country's law with the "Second World War (1939–1945)" (Druha svitova viina), as part of a set of decommunization laws. Also in 2015, Ukraine's "Victory Day over Nazism in World War II" was established as a national holiday in accordance with the law of "On Perpetuation of Victory over Nazism in World War II 1939–1945". The new holiday was celebrated on May 9 and replaced the Soviet-Russian Victory Day, which is celebrated on May 9. These laws were adopted by the Ukrainian parliament within the package of laws on decommunization. In 2023 Ukraine abolished the 2015 9 May "Victory Day over Nazism" holiday and replaced it with the new public holiday "Day of Remembrance and Victory over Nazism in World War II 1939 – 1945" which is celebrated on 8 May annually.

Extending up the slopes of Mt. Hood from Timberline Lodge (elev. 600 ft.) for a distance of one mile an elevation of 7000 ft. is reached. Oregon's Mt. Hood District is one of the really great Ski Areas of the nation.

 

J. Boyd Ellis

Dextone by Dexter

50160

CAPA-021031

This Ford hood was cut down the middle, removing the center raised crease, then a reinforced section of a blue Chevy truck was put into the middle to acheive a completely flat surface that was longer than what the original Ford hood would have made.

 

This piece will be used as a small countertop along side the long blue countertop.