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Our construction expertise and knowledge of the re-sale market makes us ideally placed to seek out modernisation and refurbishment projects.
“Think outside of the box” Old re-sale villas on bigger plots in better locations with title deeds may be a better proposition than an off-plan or new build. We can strip properties out completely or just change bathrooms and kitchens.
Although more difficult because of design constraints from the original structure, renovation can prove extremely rewarding and also a lot quicker and cheaper than building that custom design villa from new.
We have been trusted to deliver our expertise and efficiency to our valuable customer – HARLEY-DAVIDSON motorcycles - Harley-Davidson, Inc. (H-D), or Harley, is an American motorcycle manufacturer, founded in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1903. Source: Wikipedia
#compressedairsystemsdesign
DHL commits its expertise in international express, air and ocean freight, road and rail transportation, contract logistics and international mail services to its customers.
A global network composed of more than 220 countries and territories and 275,000 employees worldwide offers customers superior service quality and local knowledge to satisfy their supply chain requirements. DHL accepts its social responsibility by supporting climate protection, disaster management and education.
DHL is part of Deutsche Post DHL.
The Group generated revenue of more than 51 billion euros in 2010.
To cover all of your extensive service needs with the right level of focus and expertise, DHL operates under four specialised divisions:
"I am a recurrent client of Sean and once again his expertise and passion for photography shined through! He was extremely responsive to my request and was able to capture the essence of the professional photo shoot profile I was trying to achieve. I would not hesitate to recommend him anytime!" -- Testimonial from Corporate Portrait Client Daniella Balzan #yyc #calgary #headshots #photographer #calgaryheadshots #yycphotographer #corporate #commercial #commercialphotography #headshot via Instagram ocas.nl/2HqropF
Captured at Expertise Cosmotology Institute in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA — settings: Camera: ILCE-9, focal length: 24mm, SS: 1/160, Aperture: f/2, ISO: 2000, Flash: off — by Kevin Lowery
If your dream is to own a very mechanically and structurally sound ocean going yacht with enormous living spaces, this is your next acquisition. "Le Mirage" is a luxurious motoryacht with flawless style and class with an amazing history behind her. She was built in 1969 for a member of British royalty, who chose Benetti for their detailed craftsmanship and expertise as revered shipbuilders. This vessel was completely redone in 2006/2007 with work done on her hull and a total renovation of her interior. She has been fitted with the most up-to-date technology for smooth travels and beautiful interior style and decor. "Le Mirage" is truly a one-of-a-kind motoryacht that has only gotten better with age. - See more at: www.denisonyachtsales.com/boats-for-sale/boat-details.php...
Jornada “Presentación del Manufacturing Operations Management (MOM) Expertise Center” en las instalaciones de IK4-TEKNIKER.
Más información en www.tekniker.es
Our construction expertise and knowledge of the re-sale market makes us ideally placed to seek out modernisation and refurbishment projects.
“Think outside of the box” Old re-sale villas on bigger plots in better locations with title deeds may be a better proposition than an off-plan or new build. We can strip properties out completely or just change bathrooms and kitchens.
Although more difficult because of design constraints from the original structure, renovation can prove extremely rewarding and also a lot quicker and cheaper than building that custom design villa from new.
Our construction expertise and knowledge of the re-sale market makes us ideally placed to seek out modernisation and refurbishment projects.
“Think outside of the box” Old re-sale villas on bigger plots in better locations with title deeds may be a better proposition than an off-plan or new build. We can strip properties out completely or just change bathrooms and kitchens.
Although more difficult because of design constraints from the original structure, renovation can prove extremely rewarding and also a lot quicker and cheaper than building that custom design villa from new.
Believe in serendipity and happenstance, because you never know what might happen! That's because your greatest expertise may not be where you first planted your flag, but where curiosity led you to explore!
That's how ChatGPT summarized a profile article about me that just came out. And it's wonderful wisdom that very much seems to match my mindset!
The article, "The Accidental Oracle," appears in the spring issue of Pivot Magazine, which goes out to over 220,000 Canadian Chartered Professional Accountants. You can access the PDF here. A few comments: The Family Guide to the Internet is still available on YouTube, and yes, it's embarrassing. Unlike the article suggests, I did 'rock and roll and party all night' - while doing my stint as an auditor while on the road, I served as a DJ at the local pub. I don't know how I ever survived.
Enjoy! I did!
Pivot, Spring 2025
THE ACCIDENTAL ORACLE
Business leaders and politicians around the world look to Canadian Jim Carroll to help them make sense of what’s next. And his CPA training has been with him all the way. BY CHRIS POWELL
Somewhat unusually for an acclaimed futurist, Jim Carroll is looking back. It’s a chilly morning, just days into a year that’s already feeling like people who can predict what’s coming will be in demand.
Carroll is ensconced in his home office in Guelph, Ontario, reminiscing about a career that has seen him go from self-described “accounting dude” to a speaker sought after by some of the world’s leading corporations.
“I never expected that I’d be living this strange life,” says Carroll, whose dozens of books have collectively sold more than one million copies in Canada, who shares booking agencies with the likes of Barack Obama and Richard Branson, and who has presented to organizations as disparate as NASA, Disney, the World Bank, and the PGA. “I’m 65, and I can’t believe I’ve had such a weird career.”
Looking back, there were some early indications that Carroll’s future might turn out to be something rather more extraordinary than 30 years with a respected accounting firm and a gold watch upon retirement.
Like, what about the time in July 1976 when he was briefly a roadie for 1970s hard rock legends Kiss and April Wine in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and Moncton, New Brunswick? “It was pretty wild,” he recalls. “I got to carry the red bell on-stage for [one of April Wine’s signature songs] ‘Oowatanite.’”
That was right after high school, just before he began his studies at Dalhousie University. He had yet to turn 16. Although someone thrust into university life as a young teen might have felt compelled to rock and roll all night and party every day, Carroll was different, quickly discovering an acumen for numbers.
“I didn’t have any grand plan to be an accountant, but the first year, I was getting straight As and I started hearing about accounting as a profession, I thought, Well, I’ll do that,” he says.
His stint as a “hard-core” accountant, spent in the nitty-gritty of auditing, finance and taxes with Halifax-based Thorne Riddell (later Thorne Ernst Whinney, then KMG Thorne Riddell, then Peat Marwick Thorne) was relatively short, from 1979 to about 1983, followed by roughly four years as a CA with Ernst & Whinney, a forerunner to Ernst & Young.
But then came the path he would never have predicted. Although today there are actual courses and schools dedicated to futurism, like the Futurist Institute, Carroll found his vocation quite by accident.
It began when he fell into the orbit of a Vancouver man named Frank Ogden, a renowned futurist who went by the name Dr. Tomorrow, and the two did some gigs together. Ogden’s career was winding down, and Carroll, who was already talking about future trends in the context of technology, saw an opportunity to pick up the mantle.
More than 36 years later, he has established himself as one of the world’s premier futurists, an in-demand speaker sought out by governments, trade organizations, and companies to provide insight into what lies ahead.
Things are a little quieter now, but at one time, there were book tours, best sellers, innumerable press interviews, and even autograph requests. There was a 1995 VHS tape called “The Family Guide to the Internet,” a hilariously cheesy guide to the nascent information superhighway, presented by IBM, in which Carroll, billing himself as a “global Internet consultant,” meets with the Newbie family to discuss things like how to connect and use newsgroups, and follow proper etiquette. It was, he says, 30 years later, “the most embarrassing thing I’ve ever done.”
He was the go-to guy for insight and commentary about the Internet when it was still in its infancy, even listed in Sources—a reference guide that was a must-have for journalists back in the day. Each week, his then-publisher, Prentice Hall, would send him a stack of press clippings that were inches thick. “To me, it’s just crazy to think about how wild it was,” he says.
There was an event at what was then the SkyDome in Toronto for his first book, Canadian Internet Handbook, in March 1994, where people were throwing money at him to secure a copy. “I went home, and my wife was feeding our baby, and I literally put a couple of thousand dollars on the bed in front of her and said, ‘Holy sh--, look what’s going on here,’” he says.
“I NEVER EXPECTED I’D BE LIVING THIS STRANGE LIFE. I’VE HAD SUCH A WEIRD CAREER.”
He could see even then just how much of a cultural force the Internet would become, but what he never predicted, he admits, is how destructive it would be. He still remembers the less-than-favorable reactions from publishers and broadcasters when he told them that their businesses as they existed were destined to become obsolete.
During those peak years, he was speaking at anywhere from 80 to 100 engagements annually. Now that he’s no longer “young and stupid,” he’s scaled that back to 20 to 25.
Yet the gigs keep coming. Two weeks after our conversation, he was scheduled to speak in the United Arab Emirates at the invitation of the prime minister’s office. Then it was back home to Canada for a few days of skiing at Georgian Peaks Club in Ontario’s Georgian Bay region before another gig in Costa Rica. “That’s my January,” he says with a laugh.
His presentations last anywhere from 30 to 90 minutes, with audiences of between 10 and 10,000. (“That’s when you’re backstage going, This is just weird,” he says). And while there are some common elements, like the humorous asides referencing the animated sitcom The Jetsons—which Smithsonian magazine once called “the single most important piece of 20th-century futurism”—each presentation is tailored to that day’s audience.
In Costa Rica, for example, he’ll be speaking to the National Association of Landscape Professionals about things like the use of “digital twin virtualization design technology” for landscape architecture and the acceleration of the science of horticulture.
Asked if his brief stint in the accounting trenches has been helpful in his current role, he answers: “Unequivocally yes. I understand strategy, I understand finance, I understand balance sheets [and] I understand business.”
#Serendipity #Career #Pivot #Future #Opportunity #Journey #Expertise #Adaptability #Unexpected #Transformation
Original post: jimcarroll.com/2025/03/daily-inspiration-profile-article-...
The man, my mentor an accomplished soul who I look up to very much. Who knew the people I would work with would be such an inspiration. And yeah, above his finger, I'm pretty sure that is a bullet hole. Yo, we gonna throw down on some driveby shit at the new Hoober store. Peace.
Roof repair methods involve understanding a roof's lifespan, the damage it can sustain, and identifying and fixing leaks. Whether you are a homeowner or a business owner, knowing the different approaches to roof repair, including the types available, can save you time, money, and unnecessary headaches.
Each roof repair method offers unique benefits, from simple patching to complete replacement. Yet, poor installation can cause problems, highlighting the need for professional roofers. Their expertise ensures durable repairs, offering peace of mind. By exploring your options, you can select the most suitable repair method.
Patching
Patching is an essential method used for repairing roofs and preventing water intrusion. It involves fixing holes and cracks in the roof by applying suitable materials and techniques. Roof patching can be done using various materials such as asphalt cement, roofing cement, or rubberized patching compounds, depending on the severity of the damage and the type of roofing material used. To effectively patch a roof, one must follow a step-by-step process. This includes cleaning the damaged area, applying a primer if necessary, spreading the patching material evenly, and ensuring a secure and waterproof seal with excellent adhesion.
Regular inspections can help identify minor damage and other common signs of wear, such as broken shingles, water stains, and other apparent damage. These are indicators that minor repairs may be needed to prevent more extensive damage to roofs. Homeowners can avoid costly repairs by promptly addressing minor issues, such as a leaky roof.
It's important to note that improper installation and adverse weather conditions are common causes of roof damage. A professional roofer can ensure that repairs are done correctly and with high-quality materials, providing a durable material solution that extends the roof's life. When performed by a professional, simple and minor repairs can be particularly effective in maintaining the integrity of the roof surface.
Understanding the common types of damage and implementing regular maintenance, such as roof patching, can help protect homes from potential water damage. By carefully following these instructions and possibly seeking the assistance of a professional roofing company, individuals can successfully patch their roofs and extend their lifespan while avoiding further damage. Roof patching is a cost-effective and efficient way to address minor issues before they escalate, making it an essential practice for maintaining the integrity of roofs and protecting homes from potential water damage.
Re-flashing
Re-flashing is a crucial method in roof repair that significantly prevents roof leaks around roof joints and seams. Water infiltration can cause extensive damage to a building's structure, leading to costly roof repair costs and potential health hazards such as mold growth. Re-flashing involves the removal of any damaged or deteriorated flashing and the installation of new, properly sealed flashing to ensure a watertight seal. This process helps maintain proper water flow and protects roof penetrations, which are often vulnerable to leaks.
Re-flashing helps protect the roof joints and seams from water penetration by securing the flashing properly, ensuring the longevity and durability of various roof systems. It's important to monitor for signs of damage, such as minor leaks and mold growth, which are obvious signs that prompt repairs are needed.
Addressing damaged flashing promptly with a roof sealant or by re-flashing can prevent future leaks and maintain the overall integrity of the roof, whether it's residential or commercial. Proper flashing installation by a reputable contractor is essential to avoid improper sealing that could lead to future issues.
Additionally, understanding the specific roof type and its vulnerabilities to external elements can help implement the proper re-flashing techniques. Promptly addressing roof leaks and performing regular inspections to identify and repair minor leaks can significantly reduce roof repair costs. Engaging a reputable contractor ensures that the re-flashing is done correctly, preserving the roof's integrity and extending lifespan.
Re-coating
Re-coating is a commonly used method in roof repair that involves applying a fresh coating layer onto the roof surface. It is especially beneficial for flat roof repairs, as it provides a protective barrier against the elements and helps extend the roof's lifespan. This method is critical to regular roof maintenance, ensuring the roof remains in good condition over time.
The best time to use re-coating as a repair method is when the existing coating has deteriorated or shows signs of wear and tear. Regular roof inspections can help identify these signs early, allowing timely intervention. The re-coating process for a flat roof typically involves several steps, such as surface preparation to ensure proper adhesion, applying the roof coating system, and allowing the coating to cure. Surface preparation may include cleaning the roof, removing debris, and repairing damaged areas.
Once the surface is prepared, the coating is applied using specific techniques, such as spraying or rolling. The curing time will vary depending on the type of roof material and coating used. Still, generally, the coating can take a few hours to a few days to fully cure and form a seamless and waterproof barrier. This extra layer of protection safeguards the roof membrane and improves energy efficiency by reflecting sunlight and reducing heat absorption, which can lower energy bills.
Re-coating provides a practical and cost-efficient repair solution, protecting the roof and prolonging its lifespan. It contributes to a healthy roof by preventing leaks and other damage. For more complex issues or when an underlying problem is suspected, professional intervention by experienced roofers is advisable. Professional roofing services ensure the job is done correctly, providing an extra layer of security and peace of mind.
Regular roof maintenance, including re-coating, helps maintain the roof's integrity and functionality. Engaging professional roofing services for regular roof inspections and re-coating can significantly enhance the roof's durability, ensuring it remains a robust layer of protection for the building. This proactive approach preserves the roof's lifespan and contributes to overall energy efficiency, making it a wise investment for any property owner.
Replacement
When it comes to the maintenance and longevity of your roof, there may come a time when roof replacement is necessary. Roof replacement is essential, whether due to roof leaks, structural issues, or the impact of harsh weather conditions and natural disasters. However, before making this decision, it is crucial to consider several factors to ensure the best outcome for your property.
The type of roofing material, such as metal roofs or traditional shingles, plays a crucial role in determining the longevity and durability of the roof. Additionally, the extent of damage, whether it involves minor repairs or extensive structural issues, influences the feasibility of roof replacement. Factors such as the roof's age and environmental factors, including exposure to extreme weather conditions, also contribute to the decision-making process.
For residential buildings or commercial structures, the complexity of the roof and potential issues with roofing systems must be carefully evaluated. While minor repairs can address immediate concerns, significant repairs may indicate underlying problems requiring a more comprehensive solution. In such cases, roof replacement may be the most cost-effective and practical approach in the long run.
Furthermore, the quality of materials used in the replacement process is paramount. Choosing higher-quality materials ensures greater durability and longevity, reducing the likelihood of future issues and minimizing the cost of repairs over time. Conversely, opting for low-quality materials may result in recurring problems and additional expenses, affecting material costs significantly.
Before embarking on a roof repair project or considering roof replacement, it is advisable to consult with a professional roofing contractor. An experienced contractor can assess the roof's condition, provide expert recommendations, and comprehensively understand the cost of repairs versus roof replacement.
Proper repair and maintenance are essential for preserving the integrity of your roof and safeguarding your property against damage. By carefully evaluating the abovementioned factors and seeking professional guidance, homeowners and property managers can make informed decisions, ensuring their buildings' continued protection and structural integrity.
Ensure Long-Lasting Roof Protection with Us
Roof repair methods are essential for maintaining the longevity and integrity of your property. Whether patching, re-flashing, re-coating, or considering a full replacement, understanding the various approaches can help you make informed decisions. To ensure the best results and avoid unnecessary costs, contact Sky Roofing Construction & Remodeling to schedule an appointment and get an estimate. Call us today and let the professionals handle your roof repair needs.
Learn more about roof repair methods and the services we offer:
An impressive bunch of expertise help student teams to think about value, product offering, market...
Read the blog post on this session: blogs.helsinki.fi/toimintaa/2013/02/04/aim-high-but-don%C...
Kuva on otettu Hyvä yritys -viikolla Tiedekulmassa. Kuvaaja Outi Kuittinen.
Serbian delegation visited UK West Midlands region to get acquinted with British know-how in the field of waste management, recycling, environmental protection and renewable resources. The visit has been organised by the British Embassy Belgrade UK Trade and Investment Department.
Captured at Expertise Cosmotology Institute in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA — settings: Camera: ILCE-9, focal length: 24mm, SS: 1/160, Aperture: f/2, ISO: 800, Flash: off — by Kevin Lowery
SK-Touch has expertise in Commercial projects gives us an edge on any other firm by choosing the best products in the market in a cost effective way. SK-Touch Interior is committed on achieving the highest Design levels with a turn-key approach through our services.
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Global Health Engagement shares medical expertise between Navy Medicine and host nation of Honduras
SAN PEDRO SULA, HONDURAS
02.27.2024
Video by Petty Officer 2nd Class Justin Woods
Naval Medical Center Camp Lejeune
U.S. Navy Capt. Jamie Fitch, officer-in-charge for Expeditionary Medical Unit (EMU) 10 G Rotation 16, speaks about the unit's involvement with a Global Health Engagement in Honduras. Fitch, a general surgeon with Expeditionary Resuscitative Surgical System (ERSS) 11 from Navy Medicine Readiness and Training Command Camp Lejeune, discusses the trauma cases and what her teams have gained from this opportunity. EMU 10 G worked alongside medical staff and students at Hospital Nacional Mario Catarino Rivas in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. The Global Health Engagement served as an opportunity to strengthen allied partnerships and share valuable medical expertise with health care professionals in a limited resource environment.
(Disclaimer: Video shows graphic imagery of human anatomy)
Date Taken:02.27.2024
Date Posted:03.01.2024 16:15
Category:Interviews
Video ID:914372
VIRIN:240301-N-FB730-1001
Filename:DOD_110154660
Length:00:01:21
Location:SAN PEDRO SULA, HN
www.dvidshub.net/news/465590/expeditionary-medical-units-...
A historic win for Israel. For the first time ever, Israel will chair a permanent UN committee – and will be sharing its expertise in combatting terrorism with the world.
Iran, Muslim states and the Palestinians tried to stop Israel – but Israel won!
Our construction expertise and knowledge of the re-sale market makes us ideally placed to seek out modernisation and refurbishment projects.
“Think outside of the box” Old re-sale villas on bigger plots in better locations with title deeds may be a better proposition than an off-plan or new build. We can strip properties out completely or just change bathrooms and kitchens.
Although more difficult because of design constraints from the original structure, renovation can prove extremely rewarding and also a lot quicker and cheaper than building that custom design villa from new.
Wie hänge ich meine Bilder gerade an die Wand? Bilder an den Wänden verschönern das Gesamtbild in Deiner Wohnung und geben Deiner Einrichtung eine individuelle Note. Doch egal um welchen Bildertyp es sich handelt: Du solltest den Platz an Deiner Wand mit Bedacht wählen und Dir vorher genau überlegen an welcher Stelle Dein Bild die größte Wirkung erzielt. gaekko.de/bilder-gerade-aufhaengen/
Jornada “Presentación del Manufacturing Operations Management (MOM) Expertise Center” en las instalaciones de IK4-TEKNIKER.
Más información en www.tekniker.es
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My six year old cousin actually took this picture during a birthday celebration! She is quite the little photographer!
Our expertise in modular kitchen designing using cheaper and easily available alternatives will prove handy to help you choose a kitchen of your choice.
wowkitchensdelhi.blogspot.com/2022/05/readymade-modular-k...
ARO email 4/12/2016
Overall 16 of the specimens that I sent him were new to me that that was also a great return from my perspective and a pretty good strike rate on the things I gave him. I do try to be very selective in what I send him. Two of the specimens I sent him were from a mixed batch of carabids etc that you had handed to me live having been taken from your moth trap 01 July 2015. The batch also included Tenebrio molitor which was identified for you soon after and a click beetle Melanotus castanipes or villosus
which Dave Buckingham still has - id not yet forthcoming. I don't think you had photographed any of them but I photographed three of the Carabids I thought interesting on 05 & 6th July 2015 so presumably given to me either that day or the day before. The three all turned out to be new ones for me and they were indeed all ones that need careful id from the specimens. They were:
Bembidion varium (I may have previously suggested B. semipunctatum to you as a possible id for this - the two have somewhat similar markings) top 2 images
Ophonus ardiosiacus (there are quite a lot of species from various genera with this colour combination of red legs and blackish body!) x 2 images
Ophonus rufibarbis (as indicated above there are quite a lot of species with this colour combination of red legs and blackish body!) x 1 image i.e. the last oneMT21 1st-2nd July 2015 TL005287
Hello John
Toddington is obviously producing more talent than Liverpool! I have now managed to take some images of the superb collection of beetles from your moth trap and I attach two of each of these.
They are numbered for my records as JP 1-6 and this should be the sequence in which they appear here.
I did not re-photograph Harpalus rufipes [Carabidae] so include 2 images of this at the end taken if one of my specimens as caught the day before your six of this. I have retained one specimen of each species to be checked except this one.
1. This is a lively little devil and reluctant to pose for more than a few seconds at a time. I am still hoping to get some side-on shots. I think it is probably a Bembidion sp poss B.semipunctatum but the species in this genus are not easily distinguished. [Carabidae]
2. Perhaps a Nebria / Harpalus or Leistes sp!? but don[t quote me on that please! [Carabidae]
3. I initially thought this was going to be another Carabid but no so! I think it might be Tenebrionidae and possibly Tenebrio molitor which is the adult of a mealworm and often attracted to light, but again please do not quote me on this!
4. Perhaps a Nebria / Harpalus or Leistes sp!? but don't quote me on that please! [Carabidae]
5. As indicated there are no flea beetles specifically associated with Primula. Nonethless in the absence of any actual associate one did pose on this for me a few times before leaping away! [Chrysomelidae].
6. If I had to speculate I would think possibly Cidnopus pilosus for the Click Beetle [Elateridae] but no more than speculation. I really do not claim any expertise on beetles I am afraid!
I will see what I can do about getting these identified by specilaists as and when I can but as you hopefully saw in my previous e-mail about these it may take a bit especially before all are done!
Incidentally you might be interesed to know that I had an e-mail from Jon Cole today in which he happens to mention that he is 86! What stamina and how impressive that he can still work at the level he does. I hope I can in twenty years time but fear I may be over optimistic in view of all the problems that I already have!
Best wishes
Alan
Captured at Expertise Cosmotology Institute in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA — settings: Camera: ILCE-9, focal length: 24mm, SS: 1/160, Aperture: f/2.8, ISO: 1600, Flash: off — by Kevin Lowery
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CAVE 15
(DASAVATARA OR TEN INCARNATIONS OF VISNU)
Probably for the first time at Ellora, the architects had gained enough expertise; they experimented by carving out a monolith structure out of the solid rock mass. This led to the finishing of the front mandapa of this cave which is two storeyed. This mandapa also has a historical record of the Rashtrakuta king Dantidurga, which is mentioned above. The inscription mentions the genealogy of some of the kings of the Rashtrakuta dynasty. They are Dantivarma I (c. A.D. 600-630), his son Indraraja I (630-650), his son Govindaraja (650-675), his son Karkaraja I (675-700), his son Indraraja II (700-725), his son Dantidurga Khadgavaloka (725-757). Interestingly, the sculptural representations on the pillars of top storey are Buddhist, while the lower part is Brahmanical.
The first storey is reached by a flight of steps, which has eleven sunken compartments in which huge bas-reliefs of various gods and goddesses are carved. They are Ganapati, Parvati, Surya, Siva and Parvati, Mahisasuramardini, Ardhanarisvara, Bhavani or Durga, Ganapati, Uma in penance attitude, Ardhanarisvara and Kali.
The second storey measures 109 feet by 95 feet inclusive of a shrine of linga and an antechamber. The side walls of the front chamber have deep recesses adorned with huge sculptural reliefs. The sculptural representations are of Gajasamharamurti, Nataraja, Bhavani or Durga, Siva and Parvati playing the game of chausar, Kalyanasundara murti, Ravanugraha murti on the north wall. The back wall has Markandeya anugraha murti, Gangadhara murti, Ganapati, Parvati, Gajalakshmi, Vishnu, Lingodhbhava Siva and Tripurantaka murti. The south wall has the representations of Govardhanadhari Vishnu, Sheshasayi Vishnu, Vishnu on garuda, Varaha, the boar incarnation of Vishnu, Vamana Trivikrama avatara of Vishnu, Narasimha avatara of Vishnu.
(Archaeological Survey of India)
___________________________________
Ellora (\e-ˈlȯr-ə\, Marathi: वेरूळ Vērūḷa), is an archaeological site, 29 km North-West of the city of Aurangabad in the Indian state of Maharashtra built by the Rashtrakuta dynasty. It is also known as Elapura (in the Rashtrakuta literature-Kannada). Well known for its monumental caves, Ellora is a World Heritage Site. Ellora represents the epitome of Indian rock-cut architecture. The 34 "caves" are actually structures excavated out of the vertical face of the Charanandri hills. Buddhist, Hindu and Jain rock-cut temples and viharas and mathas were built between the 5th century and 10th century. The 12 Buddhist (caves 1–12), 17 Hindu (caves 13–29) and 5 Jain (caves 30–34) caves, built in proximity, demonstrate the religious harmony prevalent during this period of Indian history. It is a protected monument under the Archaeological Survey of India.
ETYMOLOGY
Ellora, also called Verula or Elura, is the cave form of the Ancient name Elapura.
HISTORY
Ellora is known for Hindu, Buddhist and Jain cave temples built during (6th and 9th centuries) the rule of the Kalachuri, Chalukya and Rashtrakuta dynasties. The Jagannatha Sabha a group of five Jain cave temples of 9th century built by Rashtrakuta.
THE BUDDHIST CAVES
These caves were built during the 5th-7th century. It was initially thought that the Buddhist caves were one of the earliest structures, created between the fifth and eighth centuries, with caves 1-5 in the first phase (400-600) and 6-12 in the later phase (mid 7th-mid 8th), but now it is clear to the modern scholars that some of the Hindu caves (27,29,21,28,19,26,20,17 and 14) precede these caves.[citation needed] The earliest Buddhist cave is Cave 6, followed by 5,2,3,5 (right wing), 4,7,8,10 and 9. Caves 11 and 12 were the last. All the Buddhist caves were constructed between 630-700.
These structures consist mostly of viharas or monasteries: large, multi-storeyed buildings carved into the mountain face, including living quarters, sleeping quarters, kitchens, and other rooms. Some of these monastery caves have shrines including carvings of Gautama Buddha, bodhisattvas and saints. In many of these caves, sculptors have endeavoured to give the stone the look of wood.
Most famous of the Buddhist caves is cave 10, (refer map) a chaitya hall (chandrashala) or 'Vishvakarma cave', popularly known as the 'Carpenter's Cave'. Beyond its multi-storeyed entry is a cathedral-like stupa hall also known as chaitya, whose ceiling has been carved to give the impression of wooden beams. At the heart of this cave is a 15-foot statue of Buddha seated in a preaching pose. Amongst other Buddhist caves, all of the first nine (caves 1–9) are monasteries. The last two caves, Do Tal (cave 11) and Tin Tal (cave 12) have three stories.
CAVE 10
Cave 10 is a vihara with eight cells, four in the back wall and four in the right wall. It had a portico in the front with a cell. Possibly served as a granary for other viharas.
THE VISHWAKARMA
The Vishwakarma (Cave 10) is the only chaitya griha amongst the Buddhist group of caves. It is locally known as Vishwakarma or Sutar ka jhopda "carpenter's hut". It follows the pattern of construction of Caves 19 and 26 of Ajanta. On stylistic grounds, the date of construction of this cave is assigned to 700 A.D. The chaitya once had a high screen wall, which is ruined at present. At the front is a rock-cut court, which is entered through a flight of steps. On either side are pillared porticos with chambers in their back walls. These were probably intended to have subsidiary shrines but not completed. The pillared verandah of the chaitya has a small shrine at either end and a single cell in the far end of the back wall. The corridor columns have massive squarish shafts and ghata-pallava (vase and foliage) capitals. The main hall is apsidal on plan and is divided into a central nave and side aisles by 28 octagonal columns with plain bracket capitals. In the apsidal end of the chaitya hall is a stupa on the face of which a colossal 3.30 m high seated Buddha in vyakhyana mudra (teaching posture) is carved. A large Bodhi tree is carved at the back. The hall has a vaulted roof in which ribs have been carved in the rock imitating the wooden ones.
THE HINDU CAVES
The Hindu caves were constructed between the middle of sixth century to the end of the eighth century. The early caves (caves 17–29) were constructed during the Kalachuri period. The work first commenced in Caves 28, 27 and 19. These were followed by two most impressive caves constructed in the early phase - Caves 29 and 21. Along with these two, work was underway at Caves 20 and 26, and slightly later at Caves 17, 19 and 28. The caves 14, 15 and 16 were constructed during the Rashtrakuta period. The work began in Caves 14 and 15 and culminated in Cave 16. All these structures represent a different style of creative vision and execution skills. Some were of such complexity that they required several generations of planning and co-ordination to complete.
THE KAILASANATHA TEMPLE
Cave 16, also known as the Kailasa temple, is the unrivaled centerpiece of Ellora. This is designed to recall Mount Kailash, the abode of Lord Shiva – looks like a freestanding, multi-storeyed temple complex, but it was carved out of one single rock, and covers an area double the size of Parthenon in Athens. Initially the temple was covered with white plaster thus even more increasing the similarity to snow-covered Mount Kailash.
All the carvings are done in more than one level. A two-storeyed gateway resembling a South Indian Gopura opens to reveal a U-shaped courtyard. The courtyard is edged by columned galleries three storeys high. The galleries are punctuated by huge sculpted panels, and alcoves containing enormous sculptures of a variety of deities. Originally flying bridges of stone connected these galleries to central temple structures, but these have fallen.
Within the courtyard are three structures. As is traditional in Shiva temples, the first is a large image of the sacred bull Nandi in front of the central temple. The central temple - Nandi Mantapa or Mandapa - houses the Lingam. The Nandi Mandapa stands on 16 pillars and is 29.3 m high. The base of the Nandi Mandapa has been carved to suggest that life-sized elephants are holding the structure aloft. A living rock bridge connects the Nandi Mandapa to the Shiva temple behind it. The temple itself is a tall pyramidal structure reminiscent of a South Indian Dravidian temple. The shrine – complete with pillars, windows, inner and outer rooms, gathering halls, and an enormous lingam at its heart – carved from living stone, is carved with niches, pilasters, windows as well as images of deities, mithunas (erotic male and female figures) and other figures. Most of the deities at the left of the entrance are Shaivaite (followers of Shiva) while on the right hand side the deities are Vaishnavaites (followers of Vishnu). There are two Dhvajastambhas (pillars with the flagstaff) in the courtyard. The grand sculpture of Ravana attempting to lift Mount Kailasa, the abode of Lord Shiva, with his full might is a landmark in Indian art. The construction of this cave was a feat of human genius – it entailed the removal of 200,000 tonnes of rock, and took 100 years to complete.
The temple is a splendid achievement of Rashtrakuta Karnata architecture. This project was started by Krishna I (757–773) of the Rashtrakuta dynasty that ruled from Manyakheta in present day Karnataka state. His rule had also spread to southern India, hence this temple was excavated in the prevailing style. Its builders modelled it on the lines of the Virupaksha Temple in Pattadakal. Being a south Indian style temple, it does not have a shikhara common to north Indian temples. – The Guide to the Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, 1996, Takeo Kamiya, Japan Architects Academy and archaeological Survey of India.
THE DASHAVATARA
The Dashavatara (Cave 15) was begun as a Buddhist monastery. It has an open court with a free-standing monolithic mandapa at the middle and a two-storeyed excavated temple at the rear. The layout of the temple is closely related to caves 11 and 12. Large sculptural panels between the wall columns on the upper floor illustrate a wide range of themes, which include the ten avatars of Vishnu. An inscription of grant of Dantidurga is found on the back wall of the front mandapa. According to Coomaraswamy, the finest relief of this cave is the one depicting the death of Hiranyakashipu, where Vishnu in man-lion (Narasimha) form, emerges from a pillar to lay a fatal hand upon the shoulder of Hiranyakashipu.
OTHER HINDU CAVES
CAVE 21
Other notable Hindu caves are the Rameshvara (Cave 21), which has figurines of river goddesses Ganga and Yamuna at the entrance and the Dhumar Lena (Cave 29) whose design is similar to the cave temple on Elephanta Island near Mumbai. Two other caves, the Ravan ki Khai (Cave 14) and the Nilkantha (Cave 22) also have several sculptures. The rest of the Hindu caves, which include the Kumbharvada (Cave 25) and the Gopilena (Cave 27) have no significant sculptures.
The five Jain caves at Ellora belong to the ninth and tenth centuries. They all belong to the Digambara sect. Jain caves reveal specific dimensions of Jain philosophy and tradition. They reflect a strict sense of asceticism – they are not relatively large as compared to others, but they present exceptionally detailed art works. The most remarkable Jain shrines are the Chhota Kailash (cave 30), the Indra Sabha (cave 32) and the Jagannath Sabha (cave 33). Cave 31 is an unfinished four-pillared hall and a shrine. Cave 34 is a small cave, which can be approached through an opening on the left side of Cave 33. Amongst other devotional carvings, a place called samvatsarana can be found in Elora caves. Samvatsarana is of special interest to Jains, as it is a hall where the tirthankara preaches after attaining omniscience.
THE INDRA SABHA
The Indra Sabha (Cave 32) is a two storeyed cave with one more monolithic shrine in its court. It has a very fine carving of the lotus flower on the ceiling. It got the appellation "Indra Sabha" probably it is significantly ornate and also because of the sculpture of the yaksha (dedicated attendant deity) Matanga on an elephant, which was wrongly identified as that of Indra. On the upper level of the double-storied shrine excavated at the rear of the court, an U image of Ambika, the yakshini of Neminath, is found seated on her lion under a mango tree, laden with fruits.
OTHER JAIN CAVES
All other Jain caves are also characterized by intricate detailing. Many of the structures had rich paintings in the ceilings - fragments of which are still visible.
GEOLOGY OF ELLORA
Ellora occupies a relatively flat region of the Western Ghats. Ancient volcanic activity in this area created many layered basalt formations, known as Deccan Traps. During the Cretaceous, one such volcanic hill formed on the southwest-facing side of Ellora. Its vertical face made access to many layers of rock formations easier, enabling architects to pick basalt with finer grains for more detailed sculpting.
INSCRIPTIONS AT ELLORA
Several inscriptions at Ellora range from 6th century to 15th century. The best known of them is an inscription of Rashtrakuta Dantidurga (c. 753-57 A.D.) on the back wall of the front mandapa of Cave 15, which gives an account of his conquests. Inscriptions on the Kailash temple itself range from 9th to 15th century. Jain cave Jagannatha Sabha has 3 inscriptions that give the names of monks and donors. A Parshvanth temple on the hill has a 11th-century inscription that gives the name of the donor from Vardhanapura.
The Great Kailasa (Cave 16) is attributed to Krishna I (c. 757-83 A.D.), the successor and uncle of Dantidurga. A copper plate grant by Karka II (c. 812-13 A.D.) narrates that a great edifice was built on a hill by Krishnaraja at Elapura (Ellora).
The Ellora caves, unlike Ajanta, were never lost. There have been several written records that indicate that these caves were visited regularly. The earliest is that of the Arab geographer Al-Mas‘udi of the 10th century A.D. In 1352 A.D. Sultan Hasan Gangu Bahmani, who camped at the site and visited the caves. The others are by Firishta, Thevenot (1633–67), Niccolao Manucci (1653-1708), Charles Warre Malet (1794), and Seely (1824)
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