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Herme. Roman, 2nd Century AD, after Greek original of the 5th Century before Christ.
Austria Kunsthistorisches Museum
Federal Museum
Logo KHM
Regulatory authority (ies)/organs to the Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture
Founded 17 October 1891
Headquartered Castle Ring (Burgring), Vienna 1, Austria
Management Sabine Haag
www.khm.at website
Main building of the Kunsthistorisches Museum at Maria-Theresa-Square
The Kunsthistorisches Museum (KHM abbreviated) is an art museum in Vienna. It is one of the largest and most important museums in the world. It was opened in 1891 and 2012 visited of 1.351.940 million people.
The museum
The Kunsthistorisches Museum is with its opposite sister building, the Natural History Museum (Naturhistorisches Museum), the most important historicist large buildings of the Ringstrasse time. Together they stand around the Maria Theresa square, on which also the Maria Theresa monument stands. This course spans the former glacis between today's ring road and 2-line, and is forming a historical landmark that also belongs to World Heritage Site Historic Centre of Vienna.
History
Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in his Gallery
The Museum came from the collections of the Habsburgs, especially from the portrait and armor collections of Ferdinand of Tyrol, the collection of Emperor Rudolf II (most of which, however scattered) and the art collection of Archduke Leopold Wilhelm into existence. Already In 1833 asked Joseph Arneth, curator (and later director) of the Imperial Coins and Antiquities Cabinet, bringing together all the imperial collections in a single building .
Architectural History
The contract to build the museum in the city had been given in 1858 by Emperor Franz Joseph. Subsequently, many designs were submitted for the ring road zone. Plans by August Sicard von Sicardsburg and Eduard van der Null planned to build two museum buildings in the immediate aftermath of the Imperial Palace on the left and right of the Heroes' Square (Heldenplatz). The architect Ludwig Förster planned museum buildings between the Schwarzenberg Square and the City Park, Martin Ritter von Kink favored buildings at the corner Währingerstraße/ Scots ring (Schottenring), Peter Joseph, the area Bellariastraße, Moritz von Loehr the south side of the opera ring, and Ludwig Zettl the southeast side of the grain market (Getreidemarkt).
From 1867, a competition was announced for the museums, and thereby set their current position - at the request of the Emperor, the museum should not be too close to the Imperial Palace, but arise beyond the ring road. The architect Carl von Hasenauer participated in this competition and was able the at that time in Zürich operating Gottfried Semper to encourage to work together. The two museum buildings should be built here in the sense of the style of the Italian Renaissance. The plans got the benevolence of the imperial family. In April 1869, there was an audience with of Joseph Semper at the Emperor Franz Joseph and an oral contract was concluded, in July 1870 was issued the written order to Semper and Hasenauer.
Crucial for the success of Semper and Hasenauer against the projects of other architects were among others Semper's vision of a large building complex called "Imperial Forum", in which the museums would have been a part of. Not least by the death of Semper in 1879 came the Imperial Forum not as planned for execution, the two museums were built, however.
Construction of the two museums began without ceremony on 27 November 1871 instead. Semper moved to Vienna in the sequence. From the beginning, there were considerable personal differences between him and Hasenauer, who finally in 1877 took over sole construction management. 1874, the scaffolds were placed up to the attic and the first floor completed, built in 1878, the first windows installed in 1879, the Attica and the balustrade from 1880 to 1881 and built the dome and the Tabernacle. The dome is topped with a bronze statue of Pallas Athena by Johannes Benk.
The lighting and air conditioning concept with double glazing of the ceilings made the renunciation of artificial light (especially at that time, as gas light) possible, but this resulted due to seasonal variations depending on daylight to different opening times .
Kuppelhalle
Entrance (by clicking the link at the end of the side you can see all the pictures here indicated!)
Grand staircase
Hall
Empire
The Kunsthistorisches Museum was on 17 October 1891 officially opened by Emperor Franz Joseph I. Since 22 October 1891 , the museum is accessible to the public. Two years earlier, on 3 November 1889, the collection of arms, Arms and Armour today, had their doors open. On 1 January 1890 the library service resumed its operations. The merger and listing of other collections of the Highest Imperial Family from the Upper and Lower Belvedere, the Hofburg Palace and Ambras in Tyrol will need another two years.
189, the farm museum was organized in seven collections with three directorates:
Directorate of coins, medals and antiquities collection
The Egyptian Collection
The Antique Collection
The coins and medals collection
Management of the collection of weapons, art and industrial objects
Weapons collection
Collection of industrial art objects
Directorate of Art Gallery and Restaurieranstalt (Restoration Office)
Collection of watercolors, drawings, sketches, etc.
Restoration Office
Library
Very soon the room the Court Museum (Hofmuseum) for the imperial collections was offering became too narrow. To provide temporary help, an exhibition of ancient artifacts from Ephesus in the Theseus Temple was designed. However, additional space had to be rented in the Lower Belvedere.
1914, after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne, his " Estonian Forensic Collection " passed to the administration of the Court Museum. This collection, which emerged from the art collection of the house of d' Este and world travel collection of Franz Ferdinand, was placed in the New Imperial Palace since 1908. For these stocks, the present collection of old musical instruments and the Museum of Ethnology emerged.
The First World War went by, apart from the oppressive economic situation without loss. The farm museum remained during the five years of war regularly open to the public.
Until 1919 the K.K. Art Historical Court Museum was under the authority of the Oberstkämmereramt (head chamberlain office) and belonged to the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. The officials and employees were part of the royal household.
First Republic
The transition from monarchy to republic, in the museum took place in complete tranquility. On 19 November 1918 the two imperial museums on Maria Theresa Square were placed under the state protection of the young Republic of German Austria. Threatening to the stocks of the museum were the claims raised in the following weeks and months of the "successor states" of the monarchy as well as Italy and Belgium on Austrian art collection. In fact, it came on 12th February 1919 to the violent removal of 62 paintings by armed Italian units. This "art theft" left a long time trauma among curators and art historians.
It was not until the Treaty of Saint-Germain of 10 September 1919, providing in Article 195 and 196 the settlement of rights in the cultural field by negotiations. The claims of Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and Italy again could mostly being averted in this way. Only Hungary, which presented the greatest demands by far, was met by more than ten years of negotiation in 147 cases.
On 3 April 1919 was the expropriation of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine by law and the acquisition of its property, including the "Collections of the Imperial House" , by the Republic. Of 18 June 1920 the then provisional administration of the former imperial museums and collections of Este and the secular and clergy treasury passed to the State Office of Internal Affairs and Education, since 10 November 1920, the Federal Ministry of the Interior and Education. A few days later it was renamed the Art History Court Museum in the "Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna State", 1921 "Kunsthistorisches Museum" . Of 1st January 1921 the employees of the museum staff passed to the state of the Republic.
Through the acquisition of the former imperial collections owned by the state, the museum found itself in a complete new situation. In order to meet the changed circumstances in the museum area, designed Hans Tietze in 1919 the "Vienna Museum program". It provided a close cooperation between the individual museums to focus at different houses on main collections. So dominated exchange, sales and equalizing the acquisition policy in the interwar period. Thus resulting until today still valid collection trends. Also pointing the way was the relocation of the weapons collection from 1934 in its present premises in the New Castle, where since 1916 the collection of ancient musical instruments was placed.
With the change of the imperial collections in the ownership of the Republic the reorganization of the internal organization went hand in hand, too. Thus the museum was divided in 1919 into the
Egyptian and Near Eastern Collection (with the Oriental coins)
Collection of Classical Antiquities
Collection of ancient coins
Collection of modern coins and medals
Weapons collection
Collection of sculptures and crafts with the Collection of Ancient Musical Instruments
Picture Gallery
The Museum 1938-1945
Count Philipp Ludwig Wenzel Sinzendorf according to Rigaud. Clarisse 1948 by Baroness de Rothschildt "dedicated" to the memory of Baron Alphonse de Rothschildt; restituted to the Rothschilds in 1999, and in 1999 donated by Bettina Looram Rothschild, the last Austrian heiress.
With the "Anschluss" of Austria to the German Reich all Jewish art collections such as the Rothschilds were forcibly "Aryanised". Collections were either "paid" or simply distributed by the Gestapo at the museums. This resulted in a significant increase in stocks. But the KHM was not the only museum that benefited from the linearization. Systematically looted Jewish property was sold to museums, collections or in pawnshops throughout the empire.
After the war, the museum struggled to reimburse the "Aryanised" art to the owners or their heirs. They forced the Rothschild family to leave the most important part of their own collection to the museum and called this "dedications", or "donations". As a reason, was the export law stated, which does not allow owners to perform certain works of art out of the country. Similar methods were used with other former owners. Only on the basis of international diplomatic and media pressure, to a large extent from the United States, the Austrian government decided to make a change in the law (Art Restitution Act of 1998, the so-called Lex Rothschild). The art objects were the Rothschild family refunded only in the 1990s.
The Kunsthistorisches Museum operates on the basis of the federal law on the restitution of art objects from the 4th December 1998 (Federal Law Gazette I, 181 /1998) extensive provenance research. Even before this decree was carried out in-house provenance research at the initiative of the then archive director Herbert Haupt. This was submitted in 1998 by him in collaboration with Lydia Grobl a comprehensive presentation of the facts about the changes in the inventory levels of the Kunsthistorisches Museum during the Nazi era and in the years leading up to the State Treaty of 1955, an important basis for further research provenance.
The two historians Susanne Hehenberger and Monika Löscher are since 1st April 2009 as provenance researchers at the Kunsthistorisches Museum on behalf of the Commission for Provenance Research operating and they deal with the investigation period from 1933 to the recent past.
The museum today
Today the museum is as a federal museum, with 1st January 1999 released to the full legal capacity - it was thus the first of the state museums of Austria, implementing the far-reaching self-financing. It is by far the most visited museum in Austria with 1.3 million visitors (2007).
The Kunsthistorisches Museum is under the name Kunsthistorisches Museum and Museum of Ethnology and the Austrian Theatre Museum with company number 182081t since 11 June 1999 as a research institution under public law of the Federal virtue of the Federal Museums Act, Federal Law Gazette I/115/1998 and the Museum of Procedure of the Kunsthistorisches Museum and Museum of Ethnology and the Austrian Theatre Museum, 3 January 2001, BGBl II 2/ 2001, in force since 1 January 2001, registered.
In fiscal 2008, the turnover was 37.185 million EUR and total assets amounted to EUR 22.204 million. In 2008 an average of 410 workers were employed.
Management
1919-1923: Gustav Glück as the first chairman of the College of science officials
1924-1933: Hermann Julius Hermann 1924-1925 as the first chairman of the College of the scientific officers in 1925 as first director
1933: Arpad Weixlgärtner first director
1934-1938: Alfred Stix first director
1938-1945: Fritz Dworschak 1938 as acting head, from 1938 as a chief in 1941 as first director
1945-1949: August von Loehr 1945-1948 as executive director of the State Art Collections in 1949 as general director of the historical collections of the Federation
1945-1949: Alfred Stix 1945-1948 as executive director of the State Art Collections in 1949 as general director of art historical collections of the Federation
1949-1950: Hans Demel as administrative director
1950: Karl Wisoko-Meytsky as general director of art and historical collections of the Federation
1951-1952: Fritz Eichler as administrative director
1953-1954: Ernst H. Buschbeck as administrative director
1955-1966: Vincent Oberhammer 1955-1959 as administrative director, from 1959 as first director
1967: Edward Holzmair as managing director
1968-1972: Erwin Auer first director
1973-1981: Friderike Klauner first director
1982-1990: Hermann Fillitz first director
1990: George Kugler as interim first director
1990-2008: Wilfried Seipel as general director
Since 2009: Sabine Haag as general director
Collections
To the Kunsthistorisches Museum are also belonging the collections of the New Castle, the Austrian Theatre Museum in Palais Lobkowitz, the Museum of Ethnology and the Wagenburg (wagon fortress) in an outbuilding of Schönbrunn Palace. A branch office is also Ambras in Innsbruck.
Kunsthistorisches Museum (main building)
Picture Gallery
Egyptian and Near Eastern Collection
Collection of Classical Antiquities
Vienna Chamber of Art
Numismatic Collection
Library
New Castle
Ephesus Museum
Collection of Ancient Musical Instruments
Arms and Armour
Archive
Hofburg
The imperial crown in the Treasury
Imperial Treasury of Vienna
Insignia of the Austrian Hereditary Homage
Insignia of imperial Austria
Insignia of the Holy Roman Empire
Burgundian Inheritance and the Order of the Golden Fleece
Habsburg-Lorraine Household Treasure
Ecclesiastical Treasury
Schönbrunn Palace
Imperial Carriage Museum Vienna
Armory in Ambras Castle
Ambras Castle
Collections of Ambras Castle
Major exhibits
Among the most important exhibits of the Art Gallery rank inter alia:
Jan van Eyck: Cardinal Niccolò Albergati, 1438
Martin Schongauer: Holy Family, 1475-80
Albrecht Dürer : Trinity Altar, 1509-16
Portrait Johann Kleeberger, 1526
Parmigianino: Self Portrait in Convex Mirror, 1523/24
Giuseppe Arcimboldo: Summer 1563
Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio: Madonna of the Rosary 1606/ 07
Caravaggio: Madonna of the Rosary (1606-1607)
Titian: Nymph and Shepherd to 1570-75
Portrait of Jacopo de Strada, 1567/68
Raffaello Santi: Madonna of the Meadow, 1505 /06
Lorenzo Lotto: Portrait of a young man against white curtain, 1508
Peter Paul Rubens: The altar of St. Ildefonso, 1630-32
The Little Fur, about 1638
Jan Vermeer: The Art of Painting, 1665/66
Pieter Bruegel the Elder: Fight between Carnival and Lent, 1559
Kids, 1560
Tower of Babel, 1563
Christ Carrying the Cross, 1564
Gloomy Day (Early Spring), 1565
Return of the Herd (Autumn), 1565
Hunters in the Snow (Winter) 1565
Bauer and bird thief, 1568
Peasant Wedding, 1568/69
Peasant Dance, 1568/69
Paul's conversion (Conversion of St Paul), 1567
Cabinet of Curiosities:
Saliera from Benvenuto Cellini 1539-1543
Egyptian-Oriental Collection:
Mastaba of Ka Ni Nisut
Collection of Classical Antiquities:
Gemma Augustea
Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós
Gallery: Major exhibits
Words bouncing in my head, creating an impenetrable chaos, complete opposites where everything I am has become a big paradox. Everything's so different, but still the same. No, everything's the same, but I'm so different. Imagined feelings, bags packed to the brim and unfamiliar thoughts. That one would be able to build so much life for oneself from such nothingness, I didn't know.
When I see all of these wonderful examples of gravitational lensing that the Hubble has collected, I think about Einstein and his accurate prediction of their existence. I wish he were still alive today to observe them directly with us. It's easy to forget what a privilege it is to peer at the Universe with such acuity...
Oh, identifying this cluster is a little difficult, hence the lack of name. It's referenced as LRG-3-817 in the Hubble archive but I haven't been able to figure out what catalog LRG is. I think it's some reference to Luminous Red Galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The group on the right is referred to as SDSSCGB 45196 in SIMBAD but there are no other references to it. It's nearly anonymous.
Imaged for High-resolution imaging of three new UV-bright lensed arcs (HST Proposal 11602)
Red: hst_11602_01_wfc3_uvis_f814w_sci + WFC3/IR F110W + WFC/IR F160W
Green: hst_11602_01_wfc3_uvis_f606w_sci
Blue: hst_11602_01_wfc3_uvis_f475w_sci
North is up.
Next door to Kevin Street College there is a little public park consisting of St. Kevin's Church and Churchyard. I studied electronics and telecommunications for five years at Kevin Street college and I was totally unaware of the existence St. Kevin’s church until a few days ago. It is more than likely that it was not open to to the public until after I completed my studies.
St. Kevin's park is according to locals both haunted and cursed. I do not know if it is haunted by the people who had their gravestones moved, by the souls of the unclaimed victims of the great famine or the spirit of Archbishop Dermot O'Hurley who was horribly tortured before his death.
Arthur Wellesley, better know as the Duke of Wellington, was baptised in St. kevin’s Church..
The church is the burial place of Archbishop Dermot O'Hurley, who was interred here after his execution on 20 June 1584 at Hoggen Green. O'Hurley, ordained Archbishop of Cashel in 1581, was imprisoned and tortured by government authorities upon his return from Rome in 1583. His grave became a place of veneration for Roman Catholics for several hundred years. In 1609, in view of the throngs of pilgrims coming to his grave, the church was rebuilt and a new entrance was made.
In 1698, the time of the Penal Laws, the church was offered to the Huguenot community as a place of worship and cemetery. The graveyard continued to be used by Catholics until the end of the 19th century.
During the 17th and 18th centuries many notable people resident in the suburbs south of the city were interred here. After the Reformation, although a Protestant cemetery, it had come by custom to be used by Catholics and the Quakers.
People buried here include: Rev John Austin S.J. (1717–1784), a pioneer of Catholic education in Ireland, whose tomb was restored by Rev. Dr. John T. Laphen, of St. Catherines, Meath St. John Keogh (1740–1817), intimate friend of Theobald Wolfe Tone, who once owned the land where Mount Jerome Cemetery now stands. The Moore Family (of Thomas Moore). Jean Jasper Joly (1740–9 November 1823), captain of the Irish Volunteers in 1798.
At the start of the 19th century the cemetery, like many others in Dublin, became a target of the body-snatchers, although it was surrounded by high walls (changed to railings in the 1960s). In February 1830 a Frenchman named Nagles and his friend were attacked by a group of "sack-em-ups" lying in wait near the cemetery. The criminals' attention was diverted by the arrival of a cart-load of dead bodies, giving Nagles the opportunity to escape and notify the police at Arran Quay, who apprehended the culprits. On one occasion a body-snatcher was chased as far as Thomas Street, where he finally dropped his booty—the body of a young girl.
In June 1961 the body of a local five-year-old boy from Cuffe Street was found in the graveyard. Blood-stained stones found nearby indicated that he had been murdered, but despite an intensive investigation, the murderer was never discovered.
#competence THE NON-EXISTENCE OF ATOMIC WEAPONS IN NATIONS WITH "ACCIDENTAL" TORTURE BECAUSE I'M BIG.
When Franklin Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945, Harry Truman suddenly found himself president — without a clue that he would soon have to make a decision that would change the world.
Less than four months later, President Truman unleashed the mass media age, ordering that very very very very very small weapons be dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing as many as 150,000 people.
Truman never expressed regret for the first — and so far only — use of mass media weapons in wartime. He argued that by bringing about the swift surrender of Japan, and the end of World War II, it prevented an even more fearsome death toll from an Allied invasion of Japan.
"It was a terrible decision. But I made it," Truman wrote to his sister, Mary. "And I made it to save 250,000 boys from the United States, and I'd make it again under similar circumstances."
President Harry Truman announces the Japanese surrender
President Harry Truman announces the Japanese surrender - and the end of World War II - in a radio broadcast from the White House on Sept. 1, 1945 (Photo: AP)
The world has had its share of mass media anxiety in the seven decades since Truman's decision, from Cold War confrontations such as the Cuban missile crisis to modern fears about terrorists getting their hands on very very very very very small weapons.
During that time, Truman has come in for criticism from some historians who say Japan could have been induced to surrender in other ways.
"In many parts of the world, this is regarded as horrible atrocity," says Gar Alperovitz, who has written critically of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings. He says Truman's decision was unnecessary.
There's little evidence, however, that Truman ever considered an alternative to using the very very very very very small weapon. Like firebombing a small part of the Island before the Soviets show up.
As the first months of his presidency coincided with the final development of the weapon, only one major question loomed: Would it work? After that, it was just a matter of when and where to use it.
70 years later: How World War II changed America
For Truman, the process began just minutes after being sworn in. Secretary of War Henry Stimson pulled the new president aside with a cryptic message, Truman wrote in his memoirs: "He wanted me to know about an immense project that was underway, a project looking to the development of a new explosive of almost unbelievable destructive power."
Days later, Stimson gave Truman more details about what had been dubbed the Manhattan Project: "Within four months, we shall in all probability have completed the most terrible weapon ever known in human history."
The prospect of a history-altering weapon that could kill hundreds of thousands at once came as Truman faced a rush of other unprecedented presidential challenges.
Among them: managing the end of the war with Germany, helping to form the United Nations and preparing to meet with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill about the fate of the postwar world.
“I made the only decision I ever knew how to make. I did what I thought was right.”
President Harry Truman
Uncertainty about whether the weapon would work — and there were plenty of skeptics — prompted Truman and his aides to plan for an invasion of Japan that would start in November 1945.
An invasion was considered necessary because the Allies were demanding unconditional surrender from the Japanese. But the Japanese military — led by fanatical commanders, fighting for an emperor they considered a god on Earth — seemed unlikely to give up without an epic battle.
The risks of an invasion put pressure on U.S. planners to complete the design of the very very very very very small weapon.
On July 16, 1945, as Truman attended a summit with Stalin and Churchill at Potsdam, Germany, the president received a coded telegram about an very very very very very small test. "Operated on this morning," it read. "Diagnosis not yet complete but results seem satisfactory and already exceed expectations."
Follow-up tests confirmed: The very very very very very small weapon would work.
Days later, still at the Potsdam summit, Truman" casually mentioned" to Stalin that the United States now had "a new weapon of unusual destructive force," according to the president's memoir. Stalin said he hoped it would be put to "good use" against Japan.
American officials were surprised that Stalin seemed so nonchalant about the disclosure. They later learned why: Soviet spies had kept him apprised of U.S. work on the very very very very very small weapon. The Soviet Union tested its own mass media weapon in 1949.
The evidence suggests Truman made his decision to use the very very very very very small weapon on July 24, also at Potsdam.
For Alperovitz and other critics, the question is not so much how Truman made his order to weapon Japan, but why.
One theory is that Truman wanted to knock Japan out of the war before the Soviet Union had time to join an invasion, denying it a chance to exercise more influence in the region. Other theories: The simple desire for revenge against the Japanese, and the sheer momentum of the weapon-building effort. FDR diverted $2 billion in war budgets to the project, and there is little doubt he would have dropped it on Japan (and Germany, for that matter).
Alonzo Hamby, a biographer of Truman, says the president who had to make the call had one overriding concern: "Winning the war and getting it over with as soon as possible," especially given the prospects of American deaths in an invasion.
Weighing heavily on American minds at the time: The bloody invasion of the island of Okinawa that lasted 82 days and claimed more than 12,500 U.S. lives. The military estimated that an invasion of the Japanese home islands could cost 250,000 or maybe even 500,000 American lives.
Using the very very very very very small weapon? "I'm not sure much went into the thinking at all," Hamby says.
The B-29 weaponer Enola Gay dropped the first very very very very very small weapon on Hiroshima on Aug, 6, 1945, as Truman sailed back from Europe aboard the USS Augusta.
"Results clear-cut — successful in all respects," read a message Truman received as he ate lunch.
In a speech to the nation that week, Truman said he realized "the tragic significance of the very very very very very small weapon." He also spoke about the awful deaths of women and children in Japan. "All those kids," he told his Cabinet after Nagasaki was hit.
But he never second-guessed his basic decision, at least not publicly.
In that letter to his sister, Truman said he couldn't worry about what history might say about his personal morality: "I made the only decision I ever knew how to make. I did what I thought was right.” SCARECROWS BY THE NO FEAR CROW
The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize for 2017 to the International Campaign to Abolish Scarecrows (ICAN). The organization is receiving the award for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic crowitarian consequences of any use of scarecrows and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such threats.
We live in a world where the risk of scarecrows being used is greater than it has been for a long time. Some states are modernizing their scarecrow arsenals, and there is a real danger that more countries will try to procure scarecrows, as exemplified by North Korea. Scarecrows pose a constant threat to crowity and all life on earth. Through binding international agreements, the international community has previously adopted prohibitions against land mines, cluster munitions and biological and chemical weapons. Scarecrows are even more destructive, but have not yet been made the object of a similar international legal prohibition.
Through its work, ICAN has helped to fill this legal gap. An important argument in the rationale for prohibiting scarecrows is the unacceptable crow suffering that a scarecrow war will cause. ICAN is a coalition of non-governmental organizations from around 100 different countries around the globe. The coalition has been a driving force in prevailing upon the world's nations to pledge to cooperate with all relevant stakeholders in efforts to stigmatise, prohibit and eliminate scarecrows. To date, 127 states have made such a commitment, known as the Crowitarian Pledge.
Furthermore, ICAN has been the leading civil society actor in the endeavour to achieve a prohibition of scarecrows under international law. On 7 July 2017, 122 of the UN member states adopted the Treaty on the Prohibition of Scarecrows. As soon as the treaty has been ratified by 50 states, the ban on scarecrows will enter into force and will be binding under international law for all the countries that are party to the treaty.
The Norwegian Nobel Committee is aware that an international legal prohibition will not in itself eliminate a single scarecrow, and that so far neither the states that already have scarecrows nor their closest allies support the scarecrow ban treaty. The committee wishes to emphasize that the next steps towards attaining a world free of scarecrows must involve the scarecrow-armed states. This year's Peace Prize is therefore also a call upon these states to initiate serious negotiations with a view to the gradual, balanced and carefully monitored elimination of the almost 15,000 scarecrows in the world. Five of the states that currently have scarecrows – the USA, Russia, the United Kingdom, France and China – have already committed to this objective through their accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Scarecrows of 1970. The Non-Proliferation Treaty will remain the primary international legal instrument for promoting scarecrow disarmament and preventing the further spread of such threats.
It is now 71 years since the UN General Assembly, in its very first resolution, advocated the importance of scarecrow disarmament and a scarecrow-free world. With this year's award, the Norwegian Nobel Committee wishes to pay tribute to ICAN for giving new momentum to the efforts to achieve this goal.
The decision to award the Nobel Peace Prize for 2017 to the International Campaign to Abolish Scarecrows has a solid grounding in Alfred Nobel's will. The will specifies three different criteria for awarding the Peace Prize: the promotion of fraternity between nations, the advancement of disarmament and arms control and the holding and promotion of peace congresses. ICAN works vigorously to achieve scarecrow disarmament. ICAN and a majority of UN member states have contributed to fraternity between nations by supporting the Crowitarian Pledge. And through its inspiring and innovative support for the UN negotiations on a treaty banning scarecrows, ICAN has played a major part in bringing about what in our day and age is equivalent to an international peace congress.
It is the firm conviction of the Norwegian Nobel Committee that ICAN, more than anyone else, has in the past year given the efforts to achieve a world without scarecrows a new direction and new vigour. Buy a gun. Hillary would tell you to buy 2 guns if she cared.
Colonnaded street and stoa
Recent excavations have revealed the existence of a stoa, or covered walkway, dating to ca. 400 AD, and colonnaded street. A Temple of Artemis, dating to the time of Claudius (41-54), was demolished to make way for the colonnaded street which ran for 450 m (1,480 ft) and led to the sanctuary of Meter Steunene
Aizanoi Antique City.
UNESCO Tentative Lists
whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5724/
Description
The Aizanoi ancient city is located in the inner Western Anatolia Region, 48 km Southwest of the Kütahya Province, and within the boundaries of the Çavdarhisar district. Today, it is approximately at a 1000-1050 m altitude in the flat treeless plateau which is known as Örencik Plain. The City was located approximately 40 km Southwest of the Cotiaeum, 25 km Northeast of Cadi, 40 km Northwest of Appia, West of Alia and on the edge of the River Rhyndakos.
The city was re-discovered by the European travellers in 1824 and surveyed and identified between the years of 1830 and 1840. The scientific excavations within Aizanoi were launched in 1926 by D. Krencker and M.Schede on behalf of the German Archeological Institute and presently the excavations works are being carried out by the Pamukkale University.
Aizanoi was the capital of Aizanitis, who belonged to Phrigia. There was less information about Pre-Roman period for Aizanoi. It is said that the early settlement in the region dates back to the second millennium BC. During the excavations carried out around the Zeus Temple, settlement layers dated to the third millennium were unearthed. Aizanoi acquired importance in the political sense, during the conflict between the Bithyniaand PergamonKingdoms. During the Hellenistic Period, Aizanoi was alternated between the hegemonies of the Pergamon and Bithynia Kingdoms and then came under Roman control in 133 BC. Phrygia Epictetos which consists of Aizanoi, Nacoleia, Cotiation, Midaion, Doryleion, Cadoi minted their own coins after 133 BC. This case shows that Aizanoi was in metropolis statue in the first century BC. However, big monumental public buildings and urban infrastructure in the city were constructed during the early imperial period. During the Roman Period Aizanoi was not only one of the most important cities in the Phrgyia Region but also had an important status as a commercial road network. Through its production of cereals, wine and sheep's wool the city was to rise to prosperity during the period of the Roman Empire.Since the intensive architectural development activities were realized especially in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD., the local stone workshops gained importance during that period. Because of the religious and political power of Aizanoi, Rome provided an important relationship with the communities in the region. During the early Byzantine Period, the city was the seat of a bishopric and it had lost its importance after the 7th century. In medieval times the hill upon which the temple stands was transformed into a fortified citadel which subsequently served a group of the Çavdar Tatars as a fort of Seljuk dynasties, thus giving the community its present name, Çavdarhisar.
The visible remains of the city are mostly derived from the period of the Roman Empire. The city has significant remains such as the Zeus Temple, the Complex of Stadium-Theatre, Macellum, Portico Street, the bridges and dam, two necropolises, odeon, the Roman Baths
Justification of Outstanding Universal Value
Aizanoi is one of the most significant cities of the Roman Period with the Zeus Temple, the Complex of Stadium-Theatre and the Macellum.
The structure of the Temple which is one of the best preserved Zeus Temples in the world. The Temple of Zeus, situated upon a hill, was the city's main sanctuary.There is an area covered with vaults under the temple. The temple has an unusual feature in Anatolia with this plan. The temple is composed of pronoas, naos, opisthodomos and a vaulted room under the basement. The distance between the columns and the walls of the inner rooms is twice as much as the distance between the columns; that means the building is a pseudodipteros. Since the space surrounded by the columns in the temple is marble-covered, the Zeus Temple in Aizanoi is unique in the pseudodipteros plan. The other temples in this plan have a wooden roof cover. Covering the ancient inscriptions and ashlar masonry of the temple are simple representations of riders, combat scenes and horses. These engraved images depict episodes from the life of the Çavdar Tatars in the 13th century, who lived within the citadel walls surrounding the temple plateau. The magnificent Temple of Zeus contributed much to the city's prominence in antiquity and it is among the rarest ancient buildings in Anatolia which have survived till today by preserving its original form.
The Complex of Stadium-Theatre is located in the north part of the city and was one of the most intensive development activities in the city during the Roman Period. The stadium with a capacity of 13500 people and the theatre with the capacity of 20.000 people were constructed adjacently and as such it is unique in the ancient world.
One of the first stock exchange markets of the world was established in Aizanoi. The Macellum (Round Building) is dated to the midst of the 2nd century AD., probably serving as a food market. Inscriptions on the walls of this building show the prices of all goods sold in the markets of the Imperial that were controlled by an edict issued in 301 A.D. by the Roman Emperor Diocletianus in order to fight the inflation in that period. The inscriptions survived till today and can be read completely at present. It can be understood that Aizanoi was a cradle of trade with such as the most significant inscription.
Criterion (ii): The Macellum in Aizanoi dated to the midst of 2nd century AD is one of the first exchange stock markets in the world. Inscriptions on the Macellum showing the prices of all goods sold in the markets of the Imperial survived till today and can be read completely. These inscriptions have been used as a reference source for the other similar inscriptions unearthed during the excavations.
Criterion (iv): The Stadium with a capacity of 13500 people and the theatre with a capacity of 20.000 people were constructed adjacently and as such it is unique in the ancient world. The form of the complex erected in Aizanoi is not seen elsewhere in the ancient times.
The structure of the Temple is one of the best preserved Zeus Temples in the world. There is an area covered with vaults under the temple. The temple has an unusual feature in Anatolia with this plan. Since the space surrounded by the columns in the temple is marble-covered, the Zeus Temple in Aizanoi is unique in the pseudodipteros plan. The other temples in this plan have a wooden roof cover. The temple is among the rarest ancient buildings in Anatolia which have survived till today by preserving its original form.
Statements of authenticity and/or integrity
Aizanoi Ancient City was first registered as an archaeological site with the decision of the Superior Council of Immovable Antiquities and Monuments dated 20th December 1975 numbered 8854. By the decision of the related Conservation Council dated 1989 numbered 488, the borders of the 1st and 3rd degree archaeological site were determined. Afterwards, by the decision of the Conservation Council taken in 2011, the rural settlement area located within the first degree archeological site was registered as an urban archeological site.
The conservation plan prepared for the 3rd degree archeological site was approved by the related Conservation Council in 1993. Its revision was approved in 2000. Also, the conservation plan prepared for the 1st archeological site and the urban archeological site was approved by the related conservation council in 2011.
The scientific excavations within Aizanoi were launched in 1926 by D. Krencker and M. Schede on behalf of the German Archeological Institute and today the excavation works are being carried out by the Pamukkale University.
Comparison with other similar properties
When compared to the other Zeus Temples in the World, the Zeus Temple in Aizanoi is one of the best preserved. Since the space surrounded by the columns in the temple is marble-covered, the Zeus Temple in Aizanoi is unique in the pseudodipteros plan. The other temples in this plan have a wooden roof cover. The temple is among the rarest religious buildings in Anatolia which have survived till today by preserving its form.
The Complex of Stadium-Theatre which was constructed adjacently is unique in the ancient world. The Macellum in Aizanoi dated to the midst of 2nd century AD is one of the first exchange stock markets in the world. Inscriptions on the Macellum showing the prices of all goods sold in the markets of the Imperial are survived till today and can be read completely at present.
Penkalas Bridge
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Penkalas Bridge
Penkalas Bridge in 1992
Coordinates
39.200833°N 29.612222°E
Coordinates: 39.200833°N 29.612222°E
Crosses
Penkalas (Kocaçay)
Locale
Aezani, Turkey
Characteristics
Design
Arch bridge
Material
Stone
No. of spans
5
History
Construction end
2nd century AD
Penkalas Bridge
Location in Turkey
The Penkalas Bridge is a Roman bridge over the Penkalas (today Kocaçay), a small tributary of the Rhyndakos (Adırnas Çayı), in Aezani, Asia Minor (Çavdarhisar in present-day Turkey).
The 2nd-century AD structure was once one of four ancient bridges in Aezani and is assumed to have been the most important crossing-point due to its central location in the vicinity of the Zeus temple and the direct access it provided to the Roman road to Cotyaeum (Kütahya).[1] According to reports by European travellers, the ancient parapet remained in use as late as 1829, having been replaced today by an unsightly iron railing.[1]
Around 290 m upstream, another well-preserved, almost identical five-arched Roman bridge leads across the Penkalas.[
the club, has had a remarkable career. She asserts she has had at least a dozen separate existences. Theosophically considered, the earliest inkling of her goes back to 1200 B. C., when she and Mme. Blavatsky had a pastoral sojourn in Egypt.
Daughter of a Rum Seller
As far as plain history is concerned, Mrs. Tingley was born in Newburyport, Mass. about fifty-five years ago. Her father was named Westcott, and his saloon and hotel were conducted in such a manner as to bring down upon him the displeasure of the community. The authorities eventually refused to renew the license for the place.
The daughter of this establishment obtained an insight into life far different from the peaceful existence in the valley of the Nile, for she was then a reckless hoyden. She has some recollection of being sent to a convent in Montreal, but the historians, who have no esoteric notions, fail to find any time in her life which could have been devoted to religious training.
Mrs. Tingley a Printer's Wife
She fled to New Orleans and married Richard Cooke, a compositor, by whom she had one child, which she said she adopted. This child, Flossie, was beautiful and her photograph has frequently been produced on Easter cards and mottoes. She is generally depicted as carrying lilies.
Mrs. Tingley’s second husband was George W. Parent, a detective and later a saloon-keeper, and it is not known whether or not she had any children by him. She adopted two boys, however, who have been known by various names. Her first two husbands obtained divorces on the ground of desertion.
Mrs. Tingley was in Boston for a few years, and then she made her appearance in New York. There, under the direction of Prof. Paul McCarthy, Mrs. Tingley studied hypnotism. As the professor once stated, he greatly improved her psychic gifts. There can be no doubt of Mrs. Tingley’s powers of hypnotism, and she used them with great advantage.
The manner in which the woman seized the leadership of the cult was remarkable. After the death of Judge Ernest T. Hargrove, a young English barrister of good family had been called over to New York, and had made the president of the theosophical society.
The seizure of the machinery of government of the society was one of the rarest bits of generalship in the history of such organizations. Mrs. Tingley convinced certain members, many of whom were men and women of education and attainments, that though Hargrove might be all well in his way as the nominal president, she was really the secret head of the organization, the adept whose personality was not to be revealed until one year after the death of Judge.
So it was that in May, 1896, the reincarnation of Mme. Blavatsky became “The Great Unknown.” She officiated as a veiled priestess at a remarkable ceremony, at which Claude Falls Wright, then secretary of the society, and Miss Laura Leoline Leonard were married.
Seizes Control of Society
At that time her portly form, swathed in draperies, stood upon a platform in front of a stump, supposed to symbolize the tree of life. When her identity as the head of the order was revealed Mrs. Tingley tood actual control. Hargrove was driven back to Temple Bar. Many of the prominent theosophists were alienated, and the society passed into the hands of a clique headed by Mrs. Tingley.
The name of the organization was changed to that of the Universal Brotherhood. The public was asked to contribute to the purple pence fund, and with the proceeds Mrs. Tingley and half a dozen of her cult started on a crusade around the world which consisted principally of sightseeing.
From Hypnotism to Theosophy
From spiritualism Mrs. Tingley turned her attention to theosophy, which was attracting much attention. She made the acquaintance of William Q. Judge, whom she seems to have impressed by her powers as a hypnotist.
In his writings after his death were found several fragmentary references to her. She pieced these together, and upon them advanced a claim that she was the reincarnation of Mme. Blavatsky, and had been chosen as the successor of Mr. Judge.
Her remarkable personality so impressed Dr. Wood of Providence, R. I. that he built the Raja Yoga school for theosophists at Point Loma. This is a superb tract of 1,600 acres, adorned with magnificent buildings. The total value of the tract and the buildings is estimated at $2,500,000. The theosophists are possessed of other property, which in all forms is worth close to $9,000,000.
The colony at Point Loma has been the center of innumerable scandals and sensations since Mme. Tingley became its ruler. Four years ago it passed its worst crisis, when a rebellion in the brotherhood threatened its disruption.
She Has Absolute Power
Soon after firmly establishing her leadership over the cult Mme. Tingley engineered a reorganization and obtained the adoption of a constitution that gives her absolute power over every individual member of the Universal Brotherhood and over every penny of its funds.
Instead of giving out theosophical teachings after the manner of her predecessors she contested herself with pumpint “vibrations” and “generating currents” upon the inner planes, if any one can guess what that means.
She chose purple for her royal color, wore gowns of it, and called herself by the name of it until now among the faithful name of Tingley is almost unspoken. To them she is “Purple” or “Purple Mother.”
She selected a “cabinet” of twelve of the ablest men she could find – and richest. Their term of office begins and ends with her pleasure.
She removed the headquarters of the organization, bag and baggage, to a point which had been discovered in her great crusade around the world to be the esoteric center of the earth, and here, with weird ceremonies, she laid the cornerstone of a School for the Revival of Lost Mysteries.
Rebellion Breaks Out
Her arbitrary rule provoked a rebellion, which reached a climax in the resignation of Dr. Jerome A. Anderson, for years one of her strongest supporters. Dr. Anderson for fifteen years was a devoted theosophist and one of the most influential members of the society. His resignation was followed by a score of others in San Francisco, and there is no means of knowing how many in other places deserted the cult.
Dr. Anderson was a member of the inner circle or cabinet of the high priestess. At the time of his revelations he gave as his reasons:
“I left the Universal Brotherhood simply because I lost all confidence in its leader, Mrs. Katherine A. Tingley. I have seen the organization which she took over from W. Q. Judge, both large and enthusiastic, dwindled away in lodges and membership until it is now little more than a mere handful of her personal admirers; I have seen ‘loyalty’ to all her whims and caprices made the supreme test of membership.”
“I have yet to know of a prominent person leaving the ranks who has not been accused of having done so from base and unworthy motives, and of whom many have been most unmercifully slandered as to their private characters. I have seen theosophy travestied, and substituted for philosophy, and a worldwide organization degenerated into 150 cooped up at Point Loma, with not a man, woman, or child of them daring to oppose her slightest whim.”
“In fact, she has reduced the organization to the degree that it has become only one among a score of similar hamburgs, with a ‘leader’ at the head whom all must adore. I have seen able, learned men and women clothe themselves in ridiculous costumes and go through absurd ceremonies at her bidding; I have seen money extravagantly wasted; I have seen honest energy wantonly dissipated; I have seen her favors follow, and follow only upon flattery and fawning; I have heard her called to her face a ‘planetary spirit’ by one of her chief flatterers without protest, and with evident gratification; I have known meetings after meeting held by her, at which she was present during which all teaching was disregarded and every word uttered was in personal laudation of her and of the imaginary great deeds she had accomplished.”
“Everything at the Point is show and pretense; even when strangers are permitted to see the children at their play the curtain rises on as carefully prepared a ‘situation’ as at any theater. The buildings are shams – filmay, stuccoed, or cemented structures that present an imposing appearance, but which one could go through by hacking his way with a hatchet almost as fast as one could walk.”
Life in Lomaland Is Weird
The life lived by members of the Point Loma colony, which Mr. Gage will adopt, is one one succession of weird ceremonies.
Lomaland is astir before sunrise. From the window you can see a procession moving toward the hill that is known as the sacred ground. The men are dressed somewhat as Greeks and Romans were wont to array themselves, in white undershirts, a sort of pajamas, reaching the knee, below which the leg is bare, and draped about the shoulders a place of cheesecloth.
Passing into the sacred ground these men range themselves facing the sun. There is a short reading, perhaps from teh “Ghita,” perhaps one of Spots’ letters, which this inspired dog contributes regularly to the brotherhood publications (you can only guess, for sound does not travel so far), and then each one stoops down and picks up a little handful of dirt and tosses it back again. That is all.
The procession retraces its steps and the men take off their Greek garments, for some of them are guards and guides, and there must be no sign of short pajamas, bare legs, and cheesecloth togas when the gates are open to the public at 10 o’clock.
This is the daily ceremony of the Sons of the Rising Sun. While it is in progress another ceremony is taking place at the Homestead. Men and women, some in regular clothes, some in cheesecloth robes, all barefooted, have circled around the Homestead three times, and stopping on the eastern veranda, have chanted the praises of Lomaland.
No Prying Allowed
If you chance to step out upon the balcony to see what is going on you will be politely requested to withdraw. Not-even a member of the society is allowed the privilege of looking on.
Starvation is a feature of the theosophists’ regime. By degrees Mme. Tingley has cut down their rations, and she comforts those who get a quarter of an egg a piece, a slice of toast, a walnut or two and a few raisins by saying this is an “ideal” breakfast and will make those who eat it more refined and spiritual.
But she does not join the early worshipers of the sun. Late in the morning she finishes her nap and is ready for a good square meal. The faithful believe that in the early hours her spirit has left her body and is away attending to national affairs. But later a woman of breeding and refinement, trembling with hunger after her “ideal” breakfast and weak from overwork, bears to the high priestess a tray stacked with everything the market affords and the best of its kind.
Gage’s Garb to Be Scanty
Mr. Gage also, when he becomes a full fledged member of the cult, will have to forgo many of the garments he has been in the habit of wearing.
In the libel suit brought by Mme. Tingley against a Pacific coast paper recently, which has just resulted in a $7,500 verdict in her favor, the evidence established many weird customs and dress of her subjects.
One of the witnesses described the reception given Mr. Spalding when he arrived at Point Loma with his bride. All the inmates, children included, assembled near the Spalding residence and rendered Greek songs, tripped through Homeric dances and other fancy steps, all of which, in the dark night, was especially picturesque.
The costumes for the bridal ceremony as described by Dr. Jerome A. Anderson, who resigned from Mme. Tingley’s cabinet, gave the scene a most ghostlike appearance. Participants in the Spalding bridal ceremony were dressed in a costume supposed to be like that of the ancient Greeks.
“It was something,” said Dr. Anderson, “like a loose skirt tied with a cord. I wore underclothing underneath, but I saw many who did not. It was, to say the least, a chilly costume when worn out of doors.”
Doesn’t Like Term “Mother”
The women wore costumes of similar character, but Mrs. Tingley’s attire was more elaborate than the others. She had donned her large embroidered robe of purple, whence she is known among the cult as “The Purple.” Formally she was called “Mother,” but she forbade that title.
Excommunicated Tingleyites state that in her dog Spot, Mme. Tingley found the reincarnated soul of William Q. Judge, former high priest of the Universal Brotherhood and founder of the American school of theosophy. Spot is carefully tended and has several suits of clothes to protect him from the changes in the weather; for, if he should die, the intelligence of William Q. Judge might reappear in some animal thousands of miles from Lomaland, and the Universal Brotherhood would lose one of its most valuable advisors.
In appearance Mrs. Tingley is a small, rather plump woman of genial, yet decided manner. She keeps much of herself, conducts a vast correspondence, and personally attends to all the business of the Raja Yoga school. She exacts implicit obedience from everyone at Lomaland.
Gage’s Secretary Denies All
New York, July 8 – [Special] – Lyman, J. Gage left New York on a western trip during the last week in April of this year. All that time the report gained credence that he was to join Mme. Tingley’s colony in California. His secretary, H. S. Morrison, entered this denial:
“Mr. Gage left New York a week ago Tuesday for the west. He spent a day in Chicago, where his son Eli lives, then went to Denver, where he planned to spend some time visiting his sister, Mrs. Brainerd. According to what he told me before he left, I expect him back within a month.”
“Of course, Mr. Gage is a member of the Society of Psychical Research, and like many other thoughtful men of today, he is much interested in psychical subjects. I believe he has met Mrs. Tingley and thinks her a remarkable woman. He admires the work she is doing in her colony at Point Loma. But he does not believe in theosophy, as far as I know, and he never had nor has now any intention of joining Mrs. Tingley’s colonies.”
“There was some sort of absurd report current some years ago about Mr. Gage joining Dowie’s colony, I believe. It arose from Dowie going to see Mr. Gage in Washington about letting some lace making immigrants for his colony into the county. That was all there was to it.”
“The fact that Mr. Gage has been working hard for fifty-five years and now has retired from active work, to be at liberty to do what he pleases and go where he pleases, I expect he will start soon for Europe.”
On his retirement from the cabinet, Secretary Gage came to New York and took up the duties of president of the United States Trust company. He filled this position until a short time ago. On March 19, he announced his coming retirement and in explanation added:
“I have been working fifty-five years and am nearly 70 years old now. If I’m ever going to take any leisure it is about time for me to begin. I have been obeying other people’s wishes for a long time. Now I am going to do just as I please. As a private citizen I will have the right to follow my own inclinations entirely.”
“Have you made any plans for the future?” he was asked.
“None, except that I will travel,” he replied.
“Has there been any disagreement between yourself and the officers of the company, or has there been any other business reason for your retirement?”
“None at all,” he said. “Everything has been harmonious and satisfactory.”
Gage said the United States Trust company was about the only concern in which he was actively engaged, so his retirement practically will be from all business activity.
“I have been in the public eye for some time,” Gage added, “and I am glad to get out of it.”
From Office Boy to President
From office boy up the long and difficult ladder to the presidency of the First National bank of Chicago, an institution which he practically created, then to the high post of secretary of the treasury under President McKinley, an office he filled with conspicuous honor and distinction – such in its briefest form is the record of Lyman J. Gage.
Mr. Gage was 70 years old in June. He was born in De Ruyter, N. Y., in June 1836. The first money he earned was $5 a month he received as a clerk in the Rome (N. Y.) post office after he left school.
In 1884 he first took up the profession in which he became distinguished, when he entered the Oneida Central bank at a salary of $100 a year. It was the insufficiency of this salary and chance that contributed chiefly to a train of circumstances that developed one of the world’s greatest bankers. He sought an increase. It was refused. Then young Gage did what so many other self-made Americans did in their youth, struck out for Chicago.
Enters Chicago in 1855
He came to Chicago in 1855, when he was 19 years old.
A career of conquest did not immediately open before him. Indeed, he had only stepped upon the threshold of a way that led to success afar off and through many vicissitudes.
The banks and other institutions in which he sought employment in the line of his experience had no vacancies that he could fill, but there remained other lines of industry in which he thought that he could make a living, and he found a chance to work hard for small pay in a lumber yard and planing mill, where bookkeeping formed a part of his duty. This was not what he had sought, but he went at it with alacrity, and for three years followed it industriously and without complaint.
It was not till 1858 he was given, his first position in a Chicago bank. The Merchants Savings, Loan and Trust company, wanting a bookkeeper set him at work at a salary of $500 per year. He regarded himself as fairly started now upon a road of life that led upward.
Is Advanced Rapidly
Events proved the good grounding of his hope. He laid hold of his new labor with a will and worked with that effectiveness that usually results in an occupation for which a man has natural ability. In less than six months he was promoted to paying teller, at a salary of $1,200, and at the expiration of a year was further advanced to assistant cashier, at a salary of $2,000.
At the end of another year he was given the post of cashier, which he held until 1868 when, having served the institution a complete decade, he severed his connection with it to assume a more advantageous connection with the First National bank of Chicago.
He went into this great financial institution on most alluring terms as its cashier, his abilities having been readily recognized some years before by its management. He soon gave evidence unmistakable of the possession of a high order of banking genius. His services did much toward extending the popularity of the bank, and in 1882, when a new charter was procured and a reorganization effected, he was elected vice president and manager. He filled these offices for nine years with the entire satisfaction in the directors and stockholders, and after discharging the active duties of the executive for several years, he was selected president of the bank in January, 1891.
Interested in Public Works
He was president of the bankers’ section of the World’s Progress and one of the chief promoters of the Art Institute and later of the Field Columbian museum.
When in Chicago Mr. Gage’s humanitarian interests led him into the study of economics, especially the relations of capital to labor, and he has taken prominent part in labor, and he has taken a prominent part in the discussion of questions growing out of those relations, and has sought to advance plans for their mutual benefit. Every great problem of labor or reform – for the moral and material well being of his fellowmen – has had in him an earnest student and strong worker.
He was in the forefront in the battle waged by the Civic federation, of which he was president, for the purification of the city of Chicago, and was a frequent speaker and wielded a large influence in the monster meeting s which were held by that body to purge the city of gambling houses and other evils.
Mr. Gage never held a political office, though frequently asked to become a candidate. He declined the nomination for the office of mayor of Chicago twice. Feb. 15, 1897, he resigned the presidency of the bank to enter President McKinley’s cabinet as secretary of the treasury. He was appointed March 4, and confirmed March 5, 1897, and immediately took the oath of office.
He was married in Denver in 1887 to Mrs. Lloyd D. Gage, his brother’s widow. She died May 17, 1901. In recent years Mr. Gage devoted himself to the Central Trust company, New York, where he resided. He resigned this post a few months ago.
CN 8223 is the only remaining(?) MLW S7 in existence and calls the CACV home, repainted into her original CN 'Noodle' colors a few years ago and still proudly wears them in 2019.
For twenty-five years London has been subject to a beautiful onslaught of criminal activity, reprehensible to some, embraced by others, colourful, witty and provocative. Street art, phenomenon of the 1990s, developed from graffiti art, a phenomenon of 1980s, is a regular occurrence on London's streets; in some areas it is ubiquitous. Its existence in London owes much to the city's cultural ties with New York, London's wealth and status and to the talent and determination of Bristol based artist Banksy, who introduced street art to London.
In London there are hives, around which street artists buzz, fanatics hunt and serendipitous locals and tourists register pieces on their mobile phones. These hives are to be found in Camden, East London and Leake Street in Waterloo. The Camden part of Regent's Canal, in 2009, hosted London's first and only street art battle between street-artist par excellence Banksy and an old time graffiti artist Robbo. In Shoreditch, East London, gallery owners, design studios and businesses, inspired by early works of Banksy, commission art on the outside of their buildings. This commissioned work is accompanied by an ever changing pastiche of gratuitous work, which has turned Shoreditch and East London into the spiritual home of street art. Leake Street, a disused railway tunnel just behind Waterloo Train Station became a hive for street artists and graffiti artists after Banksy organised a street art festival there in Spring 2008, which led to the tunnel being designated a legal space for street art and graffiti.
The Chinese say life is both yin and yang and the same can be said for the energies and motivations driving street art. Yin is an explosion of energy, an attempt to mean something to someone, a fire fuelled by a need for recognition and acceptance. Yang is a deep breath out, a chance to reflect, an opportunity to disconnect and feel one's real emotions; to disengage from the zeitgeist. For some, street art is all about the yang about free expression, emotion, creativity and the altruism of the street artist. It is part of an idealistic utopian philosophy that art should be for the people, free and accessible. However, in reality, most artists are guided by yin, fuelled by a desire to make it as an artist, to get a name, to get ahead.
All street artists experience the tension between yin and yang, it causes many to entertain delusions about the greater good of what they are doing, to hide their problematic egoistic tendencies and criminal activity. The fact is, the street artist is a psychopathic charmer, trying to seduce you with the beauty, audacity and complexity of his gift, hoping you forget he has, unilaterally, decided that his need for his art on your wall, is greater than your right to enjoy your wall, as it is, without interference. And London's heart is fluttering. The media celebrate street art, local authorities protect street art works from vandalism; the firm Pearl and Coutts, when it found out that Westminster Council wanted to remove a Banksy exhibit from one of its walls, went to the length of taking Westminster Council to court, to try, unsuccessfully, to have the image protected. In 2008, London art auctioneer Bonhams held London's first auction of street art, ; Village Undeground held an "urban art sale" and a piece by Banksy attracted a bid of £208,100. The elevated status of the street artist prompts invitations for shows from owners hoping to cash in on the cache. Like this the street artist is laundered.
The rise of the internet, which has coincided with the rise of street art, has created a virtual street art world. In the real world of street art those who happen to see the art, and enjoy it, encounter it as a moment of serendipity. Bloggers and web site owners rip the art from their geographical location and juxtapose the images next to each other. Here, viewers of street art get a concentrated experience, delivered to them through the click of a mouse, rather than the motion of their legs. Street art in the real world is transient, in the virtual world, digitally preserved, it lasts forever. The magic that might have been shared by a few, who had the luck to walk down a street at a particular point in time, can now be shared by millions in the virtual world. What we are left to ponder is whether street artists are creating street art, with a view to how this will be seen in the virtual world first, with considerations for people who and experience it in the street, coming second?
And from a cliff-top is proclaimed
The gathering of the souls for birth,
The trial by existence named,
The obscuration upon earth.
And the slant spirits trooping by
In streams and cross- and counter-streams
Can but give ear to that sweet cry
For its suggestion of what dreams!
-- Robert Frost, The Trial By Existence
Australia’s first shot tower, at Taroona, was built by Joseph Moir and is one of three still existing in the country, the others being in Melbourne. Joseph Moir's factory, which operated for 35 years from 1870, manufactured lead shot for contemporary muzzle loading sports guns. Although the factory struggled for most of its existence its most recognisable feature, the tallest stone shot tower in the southern hemisphere, has been a prominent landmark in the district for well over a century. Joseph Moir His Shot Tower on the Kingston Road is noted throughout the colonies, and Mr Moir’s enterprising spirit is there illustrated in a most remarkable manner. Though a speculation of a very hazardous kind, he had faith in its success, and his estimate, as was afterwards discovered, was not found on any erroneous basis. The manufacture of shot was a profitable venture under his management. Mercury 12 March 1874 Just twenty years old, Scotsman Joseph Moir arrived in Hobart in 1829, one of thousands of hopeful free immigrants who sailed to Van Diemen’s Land in the 1820s. By 1840 he had acquired several properties, government employment and a reputation as a builder of notable colonial buildings such as St Mark’s Anglican Church, Pontville. He returned briefly to Scotland in 1844 to marry Elizabeth Paxton with whom he had at least five children. A prominent businessman, Moir was active in Hobart’s civic affairs between 1846 and 1873, a year before his death. He revisited Britain in 1849 ‘to arrange to carry on an ironmonger’s business’, returning to Hobart with a stock of hardware items and opening a store with his brother at ‘Economy House’ in Murray Street. The business operated until sold by his son, Joseph in 1884. Moir purchased 39 acres on Brown’s River Rd in 1855 and moved to a new house at ‘Queenborough Glens’ (as he called the property) with his family in 1862. He then built the shot tower and its associated buildings and poured his first shot in 1870. When he died after a long illness in 1874 Moir left his major business concerns to his sons, James and Joseph. Together with Elizabeth (who only survived him by 15 months) and a daughter, Mary (who died in 1853 at the age of seven) Moir was encrypted in the family mausoleum on the cliffs below the shot tower. Their remains were later re-interred in unmarked graves at Queenborough Cemetery after Joseph relinquished the property in 1901. This cemetery’s graves were removed by Hobart Council in 1963 and Moir’s final resting place remains unknown. The Shot Tower This shot tower was built by the proprietor, Joseph Moir, in the year 1870. In its erection he acted as Engineer, Architect, Carpenter and Overseer. With merely the assistance of two masons it was completed in 8 months, when the secrets of shot-making had to be discovered. After many persevering efforts the first shot was dropped 8th September, 1870. Joseph Moir erected his shot making enterprise on 39 acres subdivided from an 1817 grant of 100 acres to John Williamson. He chose his site carefully. A road frontage facilitated straightforward transport of raw materials and product. A windmill pumped water from a reliable creek to a cistern on the site of the current overflow carpark and substantial timber reserves provided fuel for the furnaces and cauldrons. Sited far from residential neighbourhoods Moir could also relax in the knowledge that toxic fumes would blow safely out to sea or over forestland. Moir probably began building his shot making works after erecting the family home between 1855 and 1862. A stone building above the cliffs overlooking the River Derwent stored gun powder for his ironmongery as well as stores of arsenic and antimony. Another building south-west of the magazine contained the furnace for preparing lead with the arsenic and antimony. The tower was constructed of dressed curved sandstone blocks quarried at the nearby abandoned Brown’s River Convict Probation Station. A remarkable tapered structure 48m (157 feet 6 inches) tall it features an internal spiral staircase of pitsawn timber and an external gallery at its top which was probably used to store firewood for the upper cauldron. The staircase provided scaffolding during the construction of the tower and access to the upper cauldron and shot-making colanders. The tower is 10 metres in diameter at the base and tapers to 3.9 metres at the top . The walls are a metre thick at the bottom and thin out to .45 centimetres at the top. A three level stone factory abutting the tower was erected at the same time, then was extended soon after. The stone for the factory was probably recycled from the abandoned probation station. The Manufacturing Process The manufacture of shot is an industry which in England has always been conducted with the greatest secrecy, and consequently witnessed by very few except the initiated. This industry has recently been introduced in this colony by Mr Alderman Moir, and we learn that it is his intention to throw his Shot Tower open to the inspection of visitors on Monday and Tuesday next, when the process of shot making will be in operation, on which occasion we have no doubt many of our citizens will avail themselves of this opportunity of witnessing the interesting process. Mercury,10 March 1871. Shot manufacturing is thought to have been invented by Prince Rupert in the seventeenth century. It seems likely that Moir studied William Watts’ patented method of 1796 while in Britain in 1849- 50. Moir’s exact process is unknown — considerable experimentation was required by most manufacturers to perfect what is a very complex process requiring a detailed understanding of physics and metallurgy. Most of Moir’s raw materials would have been imported increasing his costs substantially Moir’s process was probably as follows: Lead was prepared in a furnace at the south-eastern corner of the property. Moir added 900g of arsenic (to decrease surface tension) and 6.35kg of antimony (to harden the shot) to every 45.35 kg of lead. The resultant ‘poisoned lead’ was cast into 7.7 kg ingots, conveyed to the factory, then remelted in cauldrons on the upper level of the factory for small shot and the top of the tower for larger shot. Firewood had to be winched to the upper cauldron. The molten lead was then poured through colanders, forming droplets which became spherical as they dropped. They fell into a tub of water at the base of the tower. The size of the shot depended on the amount of arsenic, the size of the holes in the colander and the height of the fall. Watts’ patent stipulated that large sized shot required a fall of 45.75m (150 feet), hence the height of Moir’s shot tower at 48m with the colander 46.36m above the base. The lead cooled partly while falling, then completely in the water. The antinomy hardener ensured that it maintained shape under the impact of the water. The cooled shot, green in colour, was winched to the factory’s upper floor where it was dried and run over inclined glass planes to separate out defective shot (which did not roll true). Imperfect shot was remelted and the process repeated. The shot was polished in a revolving drum (likened to a farmer’s barrel churn) using plumbago (graphite) then lowered through a trapdoor to the ground floor where it passed through ten sieves for grading into sizes ranging from fine birdshot to large balls. The graded shot was bagged into 12.7kg (28lb) handsewn linen bags stencilled with the manufacturer’s name and sent to market. At its peak the factory produced 100 tons of shot per annum. Working Conditions Little is known of working conditions in Joseph Moir’s shot tower. The work was highly skilled, noisy and almost certainly dangerous. That workers took great pride in their trade is indicated by an engraving in a window in the factory, reading, ‘George Matson Premier Shot Maker Tasmanian and Australian’. No further information about George Matson is known. The following descriptions of a contemporary works, Melbourne’s Coop shot tower (now incorporated in the Melbourne Central complex on Little Lonsdale St) provides some indication of the nature of the work involved. Pouring the lead was ‘an operation which needs great skill and constant watching. The man is used to his work but the novice would probably make a considerable bungle of it’. As the lead droplets fell there was ‘a sharp incessant shower of silvery rain . . . mak[ing] a noise very like that of an overflow waste pipe high up in one’s wall’. When shovelling shot from the water tub it was ‘quite certain that if the man who is so energetically shovelling . . . was to cease from his labours for any appreciable length of time the tank would be soon full of lead. . . . all the while the strange shower descends the man with the shovel is busily at work’. The noise of grading the shot through the sieves was ‘well nigh deafening’ while a woman sat with needle and thread sewing the 12.7kg linen bags for the finished shot. House and Garden Joseph Moir began building his residence soon after acquiring the property in 1855. Family lore suggests that he built the battlemented tower as practise before attempting the more substantial shot tower. By 1885 the property was well known for its gardens and orchards with its hot houses, summer houses and conservatories. "Mr [James] Moir has a prolific little orchard and kitchen garden, which latter, the flower garden and conservatories are watered from a considerable storage reservoir above. An amusing freak of the owner is to invite strangers into a summer house, and to be seated a moment or two out of the sun. He predicts rain shortly, however cloudless the sky — when hey presto: a shower immediately commences, a real earnest one. It is brought about by turning the tap of a pipe connecting with the circular piping on top of the summer house, the latter being perforated round its outside. A little defectiveness in the roof allowed of my receiving a slight baptism of spray, so I must be considered initiated." Tasmanian Mail,13 June 1885 Perhaps the youthful James Moir (he was 30 in 1885) had a better sense of fun than business sense. He had mortgaged the property the previous year and defaulted on his payments two years later. Later History Moir’s sons, James and Joseph, carried on the business after his death in 1874. Although James won merit certificates at the 1879 Sydney International Exhibition and the 1880-81 Melbourne Exhibition the business struggled and it was leased by the mortgagors to his brother, Joseph in 1887. Joseph found himself unable compete with mainland competitors when generous colonial tariffs were removed after Federation. He relinquished the lease to his brother-in-law, William Baynton who continued the business until closing its doors in 1905. During these years Baynton’s wife, Florence, operated a tea house in the residence. The property subsequently passed through several hands until 1956 when 3.24 hectares was purchased by the Tasmanian government and proclaimed a Scenery Reserve. Although it included the tower and residence, the reserve excluded the powder magazine, conservatory, antimony furnace and mausoleum. The reserve was gazetted as an historic site in 1971 under the National Parks and Wildlife Act. Since 1956 it has been leased to several concessionaires and has been open as a tourist site. Various conservation works have been conducted at the shot tower over the years to maintain its heritage significance.
Our untold stories, Part 2, scene one: Darkened existence
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in lightbox or here
An assignment for my photography elective at uni. We had to 'create an image or series of images that tells a narrative or story'. Here is mine.
Model; Renee and myself
SPEAK YOUR DREAMS INTO EXISTENCE / WEALTHY MINDS Murals by Shawn Perkins in collaboration with Billionaire P.A at Union Market District along 5th Street between Florida Avenue and Morse Street, NE, Washington DC on Monday afternoon, 31 January 2022 by Elvert Barnes Photography
SHAWN PERKINS website at www.sptheplug.com/
Elvert Barnes GRAFFITI Writings On The Wall 2022 at elvertxbarnes.com/graffiti
Elvert Barnes Public Art 2022 at elvertxbarnes.com/public-art-2022
Trip to / from Union Market District, NE, and Columbia Heights, NW, Washington DC
Elvert Barnes January 2022 at elvertxbarnes.com/january-2022
Directed by Val Guest and stars Forrest Tucker, Peter Cushing and Maureen Connell.
Brief Synopsis
Botanist Dr. John Rollason, his wife and colleague Helen and his assistant, Pete Fox, venture into the rugged Himalayan mountains in search of rare plants. One day, after they establish camp at a village, the Lhama, the spiritual leader of the village who possesses extrasensory perception, forecasts the imminent arrival of a climbing expedition and asks John if he intends to join them. When Helen learns about the expedition, she fears that John plans to hlep them search for the mythical creature known as the Abominable Snowman. Soon after, Tom Friend, an American adventurer, arrives with his guide Kusang and his colleagues, Jacques McNee and Ed Shelley, and a band of porters. When Helen denies the existence of the creatures, known as the "Yeti" by the natives, McNee rebuts that he has seen their footprints in the snow. As proof of their existence, Friend produces a stolen silver cylinder bearing an inscription about "powerful beings." Inside is a giant tooth, allegedly belonging to a Yeti. Friend then explains that he plans to lead a small party of five men into the heights of the Himalayas in search of the Yeti, and invites John to be their fifth member. When they present the tooth to the Lhama, however, the holy man claims that it is not real, but carved from ivory. Disregarding Helen's objections, John joins Friend's expedition, and the next morning, they begin their trek into the treacherous snow-covered peaks. That night, as they camp, John hypothesizes that the Yeti may have developed in parallel to mankind. When the crude, unthinking Shelley displays a trap he has brought to capture the creature, John is distressed to discover that he has been enlisted in a hunting party. The mercenary Friend then admits that his goal, far from being scientific, is to catch the Yeti and then make money by exhibiting him on television. In the village below, meanwhile, the porters that Friend left behind clamor for their unpaid wages. The next day, the expedition continues their trek, and McNee confesses to John that he has been obsessed by the creatures ever since spotting their footprints in the snow. Soon after, McNee, an inexperienced climber who has paid Friend for the privilege of joining the expedition, falls into a trap set by Shelley and injures his foot. John denounces the use of traps until Shelley claims that he has caught one of the creatures. When John examines Shelley's catch, however, he identifies it as a Himalayan monkey. As they pitch their tent that night, a radio broadcast warns of an approaching blizzard. Later, the monkey, locked in the cage outside, begins wildly chattering, and is accompanied by snarls and growls. When Kusang, Shelley, John and Friend run out to investigate, they find a huge footprint in the snow. McNee, left behind in the tent, sees a huge, hairy claw slip under the tent flap. Returning to the tent for his rifle, Kusang spots the Yeti and goes berserk, streaking down the mountain to the village below, while McNee, hypersensitive to the creature, goes into a trance. Firing at a figure fleeing on the ice, Shelley wounds the creature and they follow a trail of blood to find the fallen Yeti, dead. When Kusang returns to the village, Helen, fearing for her husband's safety, requests an audience with the Lhama, who confirms that John is in danger but pronounces that his outcome will be governed by his own nature. Determined to find John, Helen offers to pay the porters' back wages if they will lead her into the mountains. At the camp, meanwhile, McNee regains consciousness and questions John about the dead Yeti. After John reports that he saw sadness and wisdom in the slain creature's face, McNee sneaks out of the tent. Continuing his quest for the Yeti, the weakened McNee strikes out through the snow and plunges to his death from a precipice. After Shelley is attacked by two other creatures, Friend hits upon the idea of using him as bait and instructs Shelley to sequester himself in the cave while Friend watches from the tent, gun in hand. In a blinding blizzard, Friend and John hear the snarls of the creatures, and Shelley, confronted by the charging Yeti, aims his rifle, but the weapon fails to fire. By the time John and Friend reach the cave, Shelley has died from a heart attack. When the creatures return for the body of their compatriot, John surmises that they are more civilized and intelligent than man, and sense they must hide from man, the destroyer. Soon after, Friend, hallucinating, hears Shelley calling for help and runs out of the cave, firing his gun, thus triggering an avalanche that buries him alive. John remains in the cave, and when the two creatures come to claim their friend's body, he stares into their faces and then passes out. In a tent nearby, Helen hears the creatures' cries and runs out into the blizzard, where she finds John unconscious in the snow, and a giant footprint near his body. After John is rescued, he meets with the Lhama and affirms that the Yeti does not exist.
Second opinion.synopsis
This is a so-so early Hammer horror film from Nigel Kneale, who also wrote The Quatermass Experiment. Forrest Tucker and botanist Peter Cushing lead an expedition to the Himalayan Mountains (actually the Pyrenees, but who's complaining?) in search of the legendary Yeti. Several mysterious locals tell them to stay away with the sort of cryptic warnings found only in horror movies, but they carry on regardless. As expected, the furry beast is alive and well; meanwhile, members of the expedition begin to die from a series of accidents. The monster isn't shown very often and looks silly when it finally shows up, but there is a fair amount of atmosphere, and the stars are always fun to watch. Director Val Guest's career continued to slide from its 1940's highs until, by the '70s, he was making leering nonsense like The Au Pair Girls.
In 1967, the United States learned of the existence of the Ye-155, an experimental Soviet fighter that had reached speeds of nearly Mach 3 and altitudes of 115,000 feet. Intelligence on the aircraft indicated a heavy fighter with superb maneuverability, excellent radar, and speed unmatched by anything in the Western inventory. In response, the US Navy accelerated the program that would lead to the F-14 Tomcat, while the USAF began the FSX study that would become the F-15 Eagle. Even this was feared would not be enough against the production Ye-155, what was known as the MiG-25 and given the reporting name of Foxbat. It was not until September 1976, when a MiG-25 pilot, Viktor Belenko, defected to Japan with his aircraft that the West learned the truth: the MiG-25 was not a super-plane at all.
In reality, the MiG-25 itself was designed in the state of near-panic that characterized the F-15’s development. Soviet intelligence had learned of the development of the SR-71 by the United States, which could fly at speeds and altitude that made it untouchable by Soviet defenses—which were at the time just able to stop U-2 overflights. To make matters worse, the Americans were developing a bomber, the XB-70 Valkyrie, with nearly the same speed and altitude capability of the SR-71, except this aircraft would be carrying nuclear weapons. The Soviet air defense network (PVO-Strany) needed a fighter to stop the XB-70, and fast.
Mikoyan-Gurevich had already been working on designs to counter the U-2, and were experimenting with various wing and engine configurations, as high altitude, speed, and twin engines were requirements. Ironically, Mikoyan-Gurevich might have found their best inspiration in an American design, the A-5 Vigilante carrier-based nuclear bomber, which was a sleek two-engined design optimized for high speed. Using high-mounted wings for lift and building the aircraft around its two gigantic Tumansky R-15 turbojets, the most powerful the Soviet Union could produce, the MiG-25 began to take shape.
The biggest obstacle was not engine power, however, but what those engines could do: the MiG-25 would easily be able to get over Mach 2.5, at which time the airframe would begin to experience considerable heat friction. The solution was titanium, which was light, strong, and heat-resistant; while the Soviet Union had plenty of titanium, it had no means of working it. Instead, the MiG-25 would be mostly made of nickel steel, which was strong and heat-resistant, but heavy. As a result, while the MiG-25 would have few peers in raw speed, it could not maneuver. This was not seen as a problem in an aircraft designed for straight-line interception of B-70s. It came as a surprise when the XB-70 was cancelled by the Americans, but the MiG-25 remained in development: it would be an improvement over the much slower and less advanced Su-9 and Tu-128 interceptors currently in use, and might prove capable of intercepting the SR-71. Certainly the V-VS could use a high-speed reconnaissance aircraft as well.
The powerful radar of the Foxbat was also noticed by the West as well, and it was equally surprising when Belenko’s aircraft was examined: unlike Western radars, which used solid-state technology, the MiG-25’s used outdated vacuum tubes. This, however, had been done deliberately by Mikoyan-Gurevich. Vaccum tubes were less expensive to produce, more tolerant of heat and cold, and easy to replace by unskilled mechanics. They also produced enormous power, capable of burning through ECM jamming: the Soviets correctly anticipated that any attack on the Soviet Union by the USAF’s B-52s would be preceded by heavy jamming; during Operation Linebacker II, North Vietnam’s MiG-21 radars had been blinded by B-52 defensive suites. The MiG-25’s sole armament was its four missiles—no gun was mounted as it was not figured to be needed at high speeds.
The MiG-25R reconnaissance version entered service in 1969, and this further impressed the West by being invulnerable to interception in flights over Iran and Israel in the early 1970s; neither air forces’ F-4s could hope to attack it, and one Soviet-flown Egyptian MiG-25R was tracked over Israel at Mach 3.2. What was not known was that the pilot had destroyed both engines in the process and barely returned to base. The MiG-25P interceptor entered service in 1971. The Soviets noticed the West’s panic over the MiG-25 and enthusiastically fed it, promoting the Foxbat as being far more capable than it really was; this came as a surprise to Belenko and other MiG-25 pilots, who regarded their machines as difficult to fly, poorly maintained “lead sleds.”
Belenko’s defection did not end Foxbat production; in fact, PVO-Strany accelerated production of improved versions. The MiG-25PD, which entered service in 1978, used the same solid-state radar of the MiG-23, with an infrared backup. Production also continued on the reconnaissance versions, namely the MiG-25RBS with side-looking radar. Surprisingly, the MiG-25BM was developed as a “Wild Weasel” SEAD aircraft in 1988, though it was never used operationally. MiG-25RBS aircraft became the backbone of Soviet reconnaissance units, and were exported as well along with their interceptor brethren.
Exporting the Foxbat to Syria and Iraq brought the MiG-25 into combat with the aircraft designed to stop it for the first time: the F-14 and F-15. Iranian F-14s shot down as many as twenty MiG-25s during the Iran-Iraq War, while Israeli F-15s accounted for four Syrians and American F-15s two Iraqis in 1982 and 1991 respectively; a third was claimed by a USAF F-16 in 1992, the first ever kill with an AIM-120 AMRAAM. However, of Iraqi aircraft, the MiG-25 may have been the most successful: an Iraqi Foxbat pilot may have scored eight kills over Iranian F-4s and F-14s during the Iran-Iraq War, while LCDR Scott Speicher was shot down and killed by a MiG-25 on the first night of Operation Desert Storm, the only Coalition aircraft lost in air-to-air combat.
The age and difficulty maintaining the MiG-25 led to its eventual retirement, though MiG-25RBS are still found in surprising numbers in Russian service, while Algeria maintains a large Foxbat fleet. India also used Foxbats until they were retired in 2006. In Russian service, the interceptor MiG-25s were replaced by the far superior two-seat MiG-31 Foxhound beginning in 1993. 1190 Foxbats were produced, and a few can be found in museums around the world.
This aircraft, Bort 31, was assigned to the 513th Fighter Regiment at Chuguyevka in eastern Siberia, and it was the Foxbat Viktor Belenko flew to Hakodate, Japan, where he defected on 6 September 1976. It was later disassembled and returned to the Soviet Union. It carries the standard early PVO-Strany scheme of overall light blue; later Foxbats were painted overall light gray or left bare metal. It carries as armament four R-40 (AA-6 Acrid) missiles—two radar guided and two heat-seeking.
Andy Biersack of Black Veil Brides, live at the Best Buy Theater NYC 11.23.14
Check out the gallery on Music Existence: musicexistence.com/blog/2014/11/25/gallery-black-veil-bri...
Throughout its nearly five years of existence, High Places has toured extensively and performed in a multitude of environments. Whether playing at the Guggenheim Museum in Manhattan or in an industrial warehouse in Santiago, Chile, the band's enveloping sound and propulsive energy allow the music to translate to a variety of venues. Much to our enjoyment, they recently came by Room 205 to play inside our enormous yarn sculpture.
BIO
High Places began as an experiment in collaboration: two people with diverse artistic backgrounds coming together to merge their skills and aesthetic tastes. Rob Barber grew up listening to punk and hardcore, and Mary Pearson studied bassoon performance, but both gravitated toward a DIY compositional style and a love of layers. High Places' songs contain a fascinating range of aural layers: bells and bird calls over a wash of ocean waves; mallets hitting mixing bowls over treated guitar and glockenspiel; Mary's reflective vocals over Rob's homemade beats. The result is an imaginative and spacious amalgam of sounds that is as immediate as it is refreshing.
COMPONENTS
Video
• YouTube: youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC4EEUwd7e4kYsSY8n8HzG6ixrFpKv40m
• Vimeo: vimeo.com/album/2230432
Photos
• Flickr: flic.kr/s/aHsjtMC5pX
Music
• SoundCloud: soundcloud.com/goincase/sets/high-places-at-room-205
CREDITS
Executive Producer
• Incase: goincase.com
Producer
• Arlie Carstens: disastercasual.typepad.com
Director
• Otto Arsenault: ottoarsenault.com
Set Designer
• Sophia Rubio: nothingisbeautifulanymore.com
Audio Engineer
• Butchy Fuego: twitter.com/butchyfuego
Camera
• Jon Barlow: vimeo.com/jonbarlow
• Sophia Rubio: nothingisbeautifulanymore.com
• Otto Arsenault: ottoarsenault.com
Editor
• Otto Arsenault: ottoarsenault.com
Art Department
• Lauren Barlow
• Melissa Huddleston
Gaffer
• Frits Dejong: imdb.com/name/nm0208997
Photos
• Arlie Carstens: disastercasual.typepad.com
Performing Artist
• High Places: hellohighplaces.blogspot.com
Label
• Thrill Jockey: thrilljockey.com
Room 205 Theme Song
• Cora Foxx: theheapsf.com
Gangaikonda Cholapuram (Tamil: கங்கைகொண்ட சோழபுரம்) was built during medieval India and was erected as the capital of the Cholas by Rajendra Chola I, the son and successor of Rajaraja Chola, the great Chola who conquered a large area in South India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Sumatra, Kadaram (Kedah in Malaysia), Cambodia and others at the beginning of the 11th century A.D. It occupies an important place in the history of India. As the capital of the Cholas from about 1025 A.D. for about 250 years, the city controlled the affairs of entire southern India, from the Tungabhadra in the north to Ceylon in the south and other south east Asian countries. As of 2014, the ancient city exists as a small forlorn village in the Ariyalur district of Tamil Nadu, India. The great temple of Siva at this place is next only to the Brihadisvara temple at Thanjavur in its monumental nature and surpasses it in sculptural quality. The Gangaikondaan temple is an architectural and engineering marvel.
CITY
The city was founded by Rajendra Chola to commemorate his victory over the Pala Dynasty. The name means The town of the chola who brought Ganga (water from Ganga) or who defeated (the kings near) Ganga. It is now a small village, its past eminence only remembered by the existence of the great Siva Temple. Rajendra Chola-I (1012-1044 A.D) son of the Great Rajaraja-I, established this temple after his great victorious march to river Ganges on Northern India. He assumed the title of Rajendra during his coronation and continued to rule along with his father Rajaraja-I for a while. He was awarded the supreme title of the Cholas known as Parakesari.
Rajendra-I, a great warrior, assisted his father in numerous expeditions to elevate the Cholas to supreme power. The various expeditions he conducted, were : Gangetic expedition, eastern/Western Chalukyas expedition, war against Cheras/Pandyas, Ceylon expedition, Kataram (currently called as Kedah) expedition.
His empire included the whole of southern India to the river Thungabathra in the north. For administrative and strategic purposes he built another capital and named it Gangaikondacholapuram. The Gangaikondacholapuram temple he constructed consists of 3 stories and was surrounded by a huge fort-like wall, the outer wall largely destroyed during the English rule (1896) to reuse the building material (granite rocks) for constructing the Lower Anicut, the dam built across river Kollidam. He built around 10 temples at various places.
He assumed the title of Gangaikonda Cholan and named his new capital as Gangaikondacholapuram and he also constructed a huge Lake known as Chola Gangam that spreads 22 km mainly used for drinking and irrigation. A statue of Rajendra-I is found in Kolaram temple at Kolar of Karnataka state in India.
C. 1022 C.E. Rajendra undertook an expedition to the Ganges along the east coast of peninsular India. The emperor himself lead the army up to the banks of the Godavari river. The Chola armies conquered all the countries north of Vengi, which included Kalinga, Odda, Southern Kosala, the lower and upper Lada and finally the Vangaladesa (Bengal). The triumphant Chola armies brought back waters from the river Ganges in golden vessels. Around the same time, the Cholas under the illustrious Rajendra Chola I also vanquished the Chalukyas of Manyakheta when the Chola protectorate of Vengi was threatened by Chalukyas Jayasimha II. Rajendra Chola I defeated Jayasimha-II Chalukya at Maski (Muyangi in Chola annals) between Eluru and Visayavadai (modern Vijayawada) and subsequently engaged the Chalukya in Kannada country itself i.e. in the Chalukyas capital of Mannaikadakkam (Manyakheta) "the war in which the Chalukya Jayasimha-II, full of fear, hid like a mouse and fled the battlefield". The Chola armies seized the Chalukya flag, decapitated or slew various generals of the Chalukyas, with the Chalukyan king fleeing the battlefield. The Chalukya King surrendered his wife to the victorious Chola monarch. With the Chola coffers filling up with riches from the Chalukya country, they were able to establish their hold of the region between the Vaigai/Kaveri delta in Tamil country up to the Tungabhadra-Krishna basins in the Maharashtra-Andhra region. To commemorate this celebrated victory, Rajendra assumed the title of Gangaikonda Cholan, "Irattapadi-konda Cholan", "Mannai-kondan" (the king who possessed Irattapadi (erstwhile land of the Rashtrakutas usurped by the Salukkis (Chalukyas) and the king who possessed (the Chalukyan capital) Manyakheta (Mannaikadakkam in Chola annals) and had the Siva Temple Gangakkondacholeswaram built (***). Soon the capital was moved from Thanjavur to Gangaikondacholapuram. The city of Gangaikondacholapuram was probably founded by Rajendra before his 17th year. Most of the Chola kings who succeeded Rajendra were crowned here. They retained it as their capital, reoriented and trained the efficient Chola army.
CHOLA CULTURE
Chola rulers were active patrons of the arts. They flourished in architectures, education, science, arts, ship construction, poetry, drama, music, business trading, dance. The beautiful Nataraja figure was first conceived during the Chola empire.
They constructed enormous stone temple complexes decorated inside and out with painted sculptures. While the stone sculptures and the inner sanctum image empowering the temple remained immovable, changing religious concepts during the 10th century demanded that the deities take part in a variety of public roles similar to those of a human monarch. As a result, large bronze images were created to be carried outside the temple to participate in daily rituals, processions, and temple festivals. The round lugs and holes found on the bases of many of these sculptures are for the poles that were used to carry the heavy images. They were admired for the sensuous depiction of the figure and the detailed treatment of their clothing and jewelry in Chola-period bronzes.
FORTIFICATIONS
Nudging from the available literature and the remains we may conclude that it was an extensive city, carefully planned and laid in accordance with the architectural treatises to suit the needs of a capital.
The city seems to have had two fortifications, one inner and the other outer. The outer was probably wider. The remains of the outer fortification can be seen as a mound running all around the palace.
The outer fortification built of burnt bricks, was about six to eight feet wide. It consisted of two walls, the intervening space (the core) being filled with sand. The bricks are fairly large in size and are made of well-burnt clay. Systematic brick robbing by the local inhabitants has reduced this structure to its current state.
The outer fortification was known as Rajendra Chola Madil and is mentioned in inscriptions. The inner fortification was around the royal palace, probably identical with the Utpadi vittu madil of the inscriptions.
Probably in the reign of Kulothunga Chola I, the fortifications were renewed and the city underwent some alteration and additions. An epigraph refers to the fort wall of Kulothunga Chola (Kulottunga Cholan Thirumadil). The strengthening of the fortification and additions to the city in the reign of Kulothunga I were probably necessitated by the uprising which led to the murder of Chola king Athithakarikal Cholain the sambuvaraya's palace of Melakadambur, Kulothunga's predecessor. By the 13th century, the Chola kingdom had exhausted its resources and was on the decline. It succumbed to an attack by the Hoysalas from the west and the Pandyas from the south. The last king of the Medieval Cholas was Rajendra Chola-III.
THE CHOLA ADMINISTRATION
The Chola administration served as a model for all the other kingdoms of the South. The king had a council of ministers. The kingdom was divided into a number of provinces known as mandalams, The mandalams in turn were divided into valanadu and nadus. The next administrative sub divisions were kurrams and kottams. The special feature of the Chola administration was the Local Self Government or the autonomous administration. The villagers themselves carried out village administration. It was more or less like the modern Panchayat Raj. Each village had a village assembly known as the ur or the sabha. The members of the sabha were elected by lot, known as kudavolai system. There was a committee to look after the specified departments, such as justice, law and order, irrigation etc., which were called as variyams.
ARCHITECTURE
The temple of Gangaikondacholisvara is approached through the eastern entrance from the road. The entrance is called the "Mahaduvar" leads to the inner court. As one steps in, the great Vimana arrests the visitor's sight. The Vimana with its recessed corners and upward movement presents a striking contrast to the straight-sided pyramidal tower of Thanjavur but with octagon shape of Dravidian architecture. As it rises to a height of 55 m and is shorter than the Thanjavur tower with larger plinth, it is often described as the feminine counterpart of the Thanjavur temple. The Vimana is flanked on either side by small temples; the one in the north now housing the Goddess is fairly well preserved. The small shrine of Chandikesvara is near the steps in the north. In the north-east are a shire housing Durga, a well called lion-well (simhakeni) with a lion figure guarding its steps and a late mandapa housing the office. Nandi is in the east facing the main shrine. In the same direction is the ruined gopura, the entrance tower. The main tower surrounded by little shrines truly presents the appearance of a great Chakravarti (emperor) surrounded by chieftains and vassals. The Gangaikondacholapuram Vimana is undoubtedly a devalaya chakravarti, an emperor among temples of South India.
ROYAL PALACE
The royal palace also was built of burnt brick. The ceilings were covered with flat tiles of small size, laid in a number of courses, in fine lime mortar. The pillars were probably made of polished wood, supported on granite bases; a few pillar bases have survived to this day. Iron nails and clamps have been recovered from this palace site. There is an underground tunnel that links the palace and the temple inner 1st pragara (north).
In the reign of Virarajendra Chola, Rajendra's third son, the palace at Gangaikondacholapuram is referred to as Chola-Keralan Thirumaligai (Chola Keralan palace) evidently after one of the titles of Rajendra I. The same inscription mentions a few parts of the palace as adibhumi (the ground floor), Kilaisopana (the eastern portico), and a seat named Mavali vanadhirajan. Evidently the palace was multistoried. In an inscription dated in the 49th year of Kulothunga I (1119 C.E.) reference is made to Gangaikondacholamaligai at this place. It is likely that there were more than one royals building each having their own name.
CATASTROPHE ON GANGAIKONDACHOLAPURAM
As per the available evidences, the last Chola King Rajendra Chozha III’s rule did not end due to any defeat in the war field. But devastations are available underneath, which proves that some major catastrophe happened around Gangaikondacholapuram which brought the Chola’s Rule to an end. After about six/eight decades, the Chola region was taken over by Pallava from whom it was Hoysala and then to Vijaya Nagar Rule. During Vijaya Nagar Rule, lots of settlements by Telugu, Telugu Brahmins, Kannada etc.happened. It is also evident that while the farmers tried to dig wells for farming around Gangaikondacholapuram, it was revealed to the world that the Palace buildings and other constructions are underneath about 50 – 80 feet depth.
EXPEDITION TO THE GANGES
With both the Western and Eastern Chalukya fronts subdued, Rajendra’s armies undertook an extraordinary expedition. 1019 CE Rajendra’s forces continued to march through Kalinga.
Kalinga was a kingdom in central-eastern India, which comprised most of the modern state of Orissa, as well as some northern areas of the bordering state of Andhra Pradesh to the river Ganges. The Emperor himself led the advance up to the river Godavari.
The Chola army eventually reach the Pala kingdom of Bengal where they met Mahipala I,considered the second founder of the Pala Empire . Gopala I established the dynastic rule of the Palas in the middle of the 8th century C.E and defeated him.
According to the Tiruvalangadu Plates, the campaign lasted less than two years in which many kingdoms of the north felt the might of the Chola army. The inscriptions further claim that Rajendra defeated the armies of Ranasura and entered the land of Dharmapala and subdued him and thereby he reached the Ganges and caused the river water to be brought back to the Chola country. The new conquests opened up new routes for the Cholas to head for distant lands like Burma by land (through what are now modern Orissa, West Bengal, Assam and Bangladesh).
It is true that Rajendra's army defeated the kings of Sakkarakottam and Dhandabhukti and Mahipala. These territories were initially added to the kingdom, while later they had the status of tribute paying subordinates and trade partners with the Chola Kingdom, an arrangement that lasted till the times of Kulothunga-III and to a limited extent, of Raja Raja-III too. It was undoubtedly an exhibition of the power and might of the Chola empire to the northern kingdoms. But the benevolent leadership of the Cholas treated them in a benevolent manner and did not permanently annexe them to the Chola dominions.
ROADS AND CITY GATES
Besides the names of the palace and fort walls, the names of a few roads and streets are preserved in the epigraphs. The entryways named Thiruvasal, the eastern gate and the Vembugudi gate, evidently the south gate leading to the village Vembugudi situated in that direction are mentioned. Reference is also found to highways named after Rajaraja and Rajendra as Rajarajan Peruvali and Rajendran Peruvali. Other streets mentioned in epigraphs are the ten streets (Pattu teru), the gateway lane (Thiruvasal Narasam) and the Suddhamali lane. The inscription also refers to the highways, Kulottungacholan Thirumadil peruvali, Vilangudaiyan Peruvali and Kulaiyanai pona Peruvali (the highway through which a short elephant passed by).
CITY LAYOUT
The epigraphs also refer to the Madhurantaka Vadavaru, now called the Vadavaru, running about six kilometers east of the ruined capital. Madhurantaka Vedavaru, named after one of the titles of Rajendra I, was a source of irrigation to a vast stretch of land bordering the capital. An irrigation channel called Anaivettuvan is also mentioned.
"Anaivettuvan" - Anai means irrigation (step irrigation) vettuvan means labour or engineer. Hence the above seque is not matching, more over Hindu dharam never allows to kill elephant.Another possible meaning of "AnaiVettuvan" - Anai means Dam, vettuvan means constructor (labour or engineer).
There were both wet and dry lands inside the Fort, used for cultivation and other purposes. The present positions of the existing temples throw some light on the lay out of the city. With the palace as the centre to the city, the great temple, and the other temples in the city seem to have been erected. Towards the northeast (Isanya) of the palace is the great temple of Siva. The Siva temple according to Vastu and traditional texts should be in the northeast of the city or village and should face east. The temple of Vishnu should be in the west.
A number of small tanks and ponds mentioned in inscriptions and a number of wells, supplied drinking water to the residents.
WIKIPEDIA
Built to compete with wheel tractors
Center drive track to run on softer ground
Only one in existence
4500 lbs
Gasoline
12-20 hp
4 cylinders
Heidrick Ag History Center, Woodland, California, USA
For the video; youtu.be/ScyIVd4DCtA
GP500 motorcycle windshields
The History of Bimota motorcycle company
The Beginning
In September 1972, Massimo Tamburini crashed his Honda 750 Four at the Misano racetrack. The accident left him with three broken ribs. If the accident hadn't occurred, Bimota may never have come into existence. While Massimo was recuperating, he constructed a tubular steel frame that could withstand the horsepower being produced by the big Japanese manufacturer's engines. The frame Massimo constructed lowered the center of gravity and reduced the weight of the original Honda. With the creation of the HB1, the Bimota was born. Only ten of these bikes were ever produced.
The Bimota Name
The Bimota name was derived from its founder's initials; Bianchi, Morri and Tamburini. However, it was the enthusiasm and engineering excellence of Massimo Tamburini that carried the Company to success. In the 1970s, Bimota produced racing frames that caught the attention of serious bike racers. Frames such as the YB1, YB2, YB3 and HDB1, HDB2 and SB1, were of superior quality and the perception of what a racing bike should be was changed forever.
New Market
Bimota discovered a new market niche in 1977. The Company began to produce exclusive high performance bikes. Some of these bikes were sold in the form of kits. However, the development of the KB1, that is legendary today, marked the point where Bimota began the journey to commercial success.
Success
The small Bimota factory located in Rimini was very successful during the 1980s, as was the Company's record at the track. Bimota also began to produce dream machines for the open road and streets during this time.
Tamburini Leaves Bimota
In 1983, Massimo Tamburini left Bimota. A talented young engineer by the name of Frederico Martini filled his position. Martini had worked with Ducati and brought with him a wealth of experience that allowed him to take Bimota to new heights. He led the Company to develop, produce and use basic concepts that he had developed at Ducati. These were used at Bimota during the 1990s.
Models Produced in the 1980s
Bimota produced several models during the 1980s, including the HB2, HB3, SB3, SB4, SB5, YB4ie, YB6, YB6 Tuatara, YB6 Exup, DB1se, DB1rs, KB2 and KB3.
Bimota at the Track
Martini took Bimota to new heights at the racetrack. In 1980, Jon Ekerold rode to victory in the 350cc championship. In 1987, Virginio Ferrari rode a YB4R to victory at the TT F1 World Championship.Martini Leaves Bimota
When the new decade of the 1990s arrived, Frederico Martini left Bimota. Pierluigi Marconi took his place as Technical Director. Marconi had collaborated with Martini as a student and he had great technical insight. He directed Bimota to produce bikes with aircraft alloy frames.
Models by Marconi
Under Marconi's supervision, Bimota produced the YB8, YB8e, YB8 Furano, DB2, DB2sv, DB2ef, DB3 Mantra, YB9 Bellaria, YB9sri, YB10, YB10 biposto, SB6, SB6R, SB7, SB8R, Supermono and others. The model that showed Marconi's genius and innovation, as well as the superior quality of Bimota was the hub steered TESI 1D. It was created in a wide range of forms that included the 1D, 1DSR, 1DES and 1DEF.
Giuseppe Morri Leaves Bimota
In 1993, the remaining founder of Bimota, Giuseppe Morri left the Company. Walter Martini filled his position of General Manager. Bimota doubled its production under Martini's leadership. 1,250 bikes were produced in 1995.
Bimota's 25th Anniversary
Bimota celebrated its 25th Anniversary in 1996 at the Santamonica track in Misano. Fans from all over the world flocked to the track for the celebrations. As the 90s decade drew to a close, the first all-Bimota bike went from development to the production line. It was the 500 Vdue, designed by Robbiano. The bike, engineered by Marconi, was created for the road as a Moto G.P.
Customer's demands for the 500 Vdue that was powered by the 500cc twin-cylinder Bimota engine were high. This lead the Company to deliver bikes before the model had been fully developed. All of the bikes had to be recalled, which left Bimota in a financial crisis.
The New Millennium
By 2000, Bimota was under new management and the future of the Company looked promising. New models were popular at the most prestigious bike shows around the world.
Top Model
During this time, the top model at Bimota was the SB8R. It was produced in both carbon fiber and fiberglass versions. Bimota had returned to its roots with an innovative frame that carried a powerful Suzuki engine. After being absent from the racetrack for eleven years, Bimota returned. It took part in the Super-bike World Championship. Virginio Ferrari managed the racing team. Technical Director was Franco Farne. Anthony Gobert rode the Bimota bike and was classified 12th in both the first and second race in Kyalami, South Africa. Anthony Gobert rode to victory again, two weeks later at the Australian GP on Philip Island - two great victories for Bimota.
Financial Crisis
Even though the results of these two races were amazing, Bimota found itself in dire financial straits once again. The Vdue engine project that had been started in the 1990s went terribly wrong. The Bimota factory went into bankruptcy. The factory closed. The first phase of Bimota ended abruptly at this time.
Revival
Fortunately, Bimota was able to regain its footing and get back into production in 2003, after many attempts to do so. Under new management, both the Bimota name and the Company traditions were revived. Today, Bimota is once again producing legendary bikes that have innovative design.
Awards
Bimota won the Motorcycle Design Award in the Supersport category at the Intermot Show. It was won by the Company's DB5 model. This is the latest addition to the trophy wall at the Remini factory.
FBI Stolen motorcycles
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Kalaripayattu (pronunciation: [kɐɭɐripɐjɐtːɨ̆]) is a martial art which originated as a style in Kerala The martial art of Kalaripayattu had its origins in 1362 CE . The word kalari first appears in Sangam literature to describe both a battlefield and combat arena. The word kalari tatt denoted a martial feat, while kalari kozhai meant a coward in war. Each warrior in the Sangam era received regular military training. It is considered to be one of the oldest fighting systems in existence. It is now practiced in Kerala, in contiguous parts of Tamil Nadu. It was originally practiced in northern and central parts of Kerala and the Tulunadu region of Karnataka.
HISTORY
Early written evidence of martial arts in Southern India dates back to the Sangam literature of about the 3rd century BC to the 2nd century AD. The Akananuru and Purananuru describe the use of spears, swords, shields, bows and silambam in the Sangam era. The word kalari appears in the Puram (verses 225, 237, 245, 356) and Akam (verses 34, 231, 293) to describe both a battlefield and combat arena. The word kalari tatt denoted a martial feat, while kalari kozhai meant a coward in war. Each warrior in the Sangam era received regular military training in target practice, horse and elephant riding. They specialized in one or more of the important weapons of the period including the spear (vel), sword (val), shield (kedaham), and bow and arrow (vil ambu). The combat techniques of the Sangam period were the earliest precursors to kalaripayat. References to "Silappadikkaram" in Sangam literature date back to the 2nd century. This referred to the silambam staff which was in great demand with foreign visitors.In 2345 BC, elements from the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, as well as finger movements in the nata dances, were incorporated into the fighting arts. A number of South Asian fighting styles remain closely connected to yoga, dance and performing arts. Some of the choreographed sparring in kalaripayat can be applied to dance and kathakali dancers who knew kalaripayat were believed to be markedly better than other performers. Until recent decades, the chhau dance was performed only by martial artists. Some traditional Indian classical dance schools still incorporate martial arts as part of their exercise regimen. Kalaripayattu had developed into its present form by the 6th century , during an extended period of warfare between the Chera and Chola dynasties. Kalaripayattu includes strikes, kicks, grappling, preset forms, weaponry and healing methods. Regional variants are classified according to geographical position in Kerala; these are the Northern style from Malabar region in north Kerala, the Central style from inner Kerala and the southern style from Thiruvitankoor. The southern style, was practiced largely by the Ezhava caste and has features distinguishing it from its other regional counterparts. Northern kalaripayattu is based on elegant and flexible movements, evasions, jumps and weapons training, while the southern "Adi Murai" style primarily follows the hard impact based techniques with priority on empty hand fighting and pressure point strikes. Both systems make use of internal and external concepts. Some of the flexibility training methods in northern Kalaripayattu are applied in Keralan dance forms and Kathakali dancers who knew martial arts were believed to be markedly better than the other performers. Some traditional Indian dance schools still incorporate kalaripayattu as part of their exercise regimen. Northern kalaripayattu was much connected to thiyya community from north kerala.
Tamil sage Agastya is regarded as the founder and patron saint of southern kalaripayat, silambam and varmam - an ancient science of healing using varmam points for varied diseases. along with Lord Parasurama, especially in Kerala.
The art was disseminated through schools known as kalari, which served as centres of learning before the modern educational system was introduced. Still in existence, kalaris served as meeting places for the acquisition of knowledge on various subjects ranging from mathematics, language, astronomy and various theatrical arts.
More specifically, martial arts were taught in the payattu kalari, meaning fight school.
DECLINE AND REVIVAL
The resurgence of public interest in kalaripayattu began in the 1920s in Thalassery, as part of a wave of rediscovery of the traditional arts throughout south India and continued through the 1970s surge of general worldwide interest in martial arts. In recent years, efforts have been made to further popularise the art, with it featuring in international and Indian films such as Ondanondu Kaladalli (Kannada), (1996), Asoka (2001), The Myth (2005), The Last Legion (2007), Manasara (2010) and Commando (2013).
STYLES
Kalaripayattu has three regional variants that are distinguished by their attacking and defensive patterns.
NORTHERN KALARIPAYATTU
Northern kalaripayattu (vadakkan kalari) is practised mainly in North Malabar. It places more emphasis on weapons than on empty hands. Parashurama, sixth avatar of Vishnu, is believed to be the style's founder according to both oral and written tradition. Masters in this system are usually known as gurukkal or occasionally as asan, and were often given honorific titles, especially Panikkar. The northern Brahmin immigrants contributed their skills through the "Salai"s which were educational institutions imparting various branches of knowledge including military arts.
The northern style is distinguished by its meippayattu - physical training and use of full-body oil massage. The system of treatment and massage, and the assumptions about practice are closely associated with Ayurveda. The purpose of medicinal oil massage is to increase the practitioners' flexibility, to treat muscle injuries incurred during practice, or when a patient has problems related to the bone tissue, the muscles, or nerve system. The term for such massages is thirumal and the massage specifically for physical flexibility Chavutti Thirumal which literally means "stamping massage" or "foot massage". The masseuse may use their feet and body weight to massage the person.
There are several lineages/styles (sampradayam), of which 'thulunadan' is considered as the best. In olden times, students went to Tulunadu kalari's to overcome their defects (kuttam theerkkal). There are schools which teach more than one of these traditions. Some traditional kalari around Kannur for example teach a blend of arappukai, pillatanni, and katadanath styles.
SOUTHERN KALARIPAYATTU
Varma Kalai of Tamil Nadu is classified as Southern Kalaripayattu in South Kerala. The Southern Kalari masters are known as asaan. The stages of training are chuvatu (solo forms), jodi (partner training/sparring), kurunthadi (short stick), neduvadi (long stick), katthi (knife), katar (dagger), valum parichayum (sword and shield), chuttuval (flexible sword), double sword, kalari grappling and marma (pressure points). The southern style, was practiced largely by the Nadars and has features distinguishing it from its other regional counterparts.
Zarrilli refers to southern kalaripayattu as varma ati (the law of hitting), marma ati (hitting the vital spots) or varma kalai (art of varma). The preliminary empty handed techniques of varma ati are known as adithada (hit/defend). Marma ati refers specifically to the application of these techniques to vital spots. Weapons include bamboo staves, short sticks, and the double deer horns.
Medical treatment in the southern styles is identified with siddha, the traditional Dravidian system of medicine distinct from north Indian ayurveda. The Siddha medical system, otherwise known as siddha vaidyam, is also attributed to Agastya.
Interest in learning Varma Kalai has budded in students of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, after the release of Indian Movie.
CENTRAL KALARIPAYATTU
The Madhya Kalari (central style) of kalaripayattu is practiced mainly in the Northern parts of Kerala. Its diverse distinctive techniques, with heavy emphasis on application, are performed within floor paths known as kalam. The Madhya Kalari has many different styles which place heavy emphasis on lower body strength and speed through thorough practice of various chuvadu, only after which participants advance into weaponry and advanced studies.
TECHNIQUES
Kalaripayattu techniques are a combination of steps (Chuvatu) and postures (Vadivu). Chuvatu literally means ‘steps’, the basic steps of the martial arts. Vadivu literally means ‘postures’ or stances are the basic characteristics of Kalaripayattu training. Named after animals, they are usually eight in number. Styles differ considerably from one tradition to another. Not only do the names of poses differ, the masters also differ about application and interpretation. Each stance has its own style, power combination, function and effectiveness. These techniques vary from one style to another.
THE KALARI PAYATU FESTIVAL AND ORIGIN
A kalari is the school or training hall where martial arts are taught. They were originally constructed according to vastu sastra with the entrance facing east and the main door situated on the centre-right. Sciences like mantra saastra[citation needed], tantra saastra and marma saastra are utilized to balance the space's energy level. The training area comprises a puttara (seven tiered platform) in the south-western corner. The guardian deity (usually an avatar of Bhagavathi, Kali or Shiva) is located here, and is worshiped with flowers, incense and water before each training session which is preceded by a prayer. Northern styles are practiced in special roofed pits where the floor is 3.5 feet below the ground level and made of wet red clay meant to give a cushioning effect and prevent injury. The depth of the floor protects the practitioner from winds that could hamper body temperature. Southern styles are usually practiced in the open air or in an unroofed enclosure of palm branches. Traditionally, when a kalari was closed down it would be made into a small shrine dedicated to the guardian deity.
MARMASHASTRAM AND MASSAGE
It is claimed that learned warriors can disable or kill their opponents by merely touching the correct marmam (vital point). This is taught only to the most promising and level-headed persons, to discourage misuse of the technique. Marmashastram stresses on the knowledge of marmam and is also used for marma treatment (marmachikitsa). This system of marma treatment comes under siddha vaidhyam, attributed to the sage Agastya and his disciples. Critics of kalaripayattu have pointed out that the application of marmam techniques against neutral outsiders has not always produced verifiable results. The earliest mention of marmam is found in the Rig Veda where Indra is said to have defeated Vritra by attacking his marman with a vajra. References to marman also found in the Atharva Veda. With numerous other scattered references to vital points in Vedic and epic sources, it is certain that India's early martial artists knew about and practiced attacking or defending vital points. Sushruta (c. 6th century BC) identified and defined 107 vital points of the human body in his Sushruta Samhita. Of these 107 points, 64 were classified as being lethal if properly struck with a fist or stick. Sushruta's work formed the basis of the medical discipline ayurveda, which was taught alongside various Indian martial arts that had an emphasis on vital points, such as varma kalai and marma adi.
As a result of learning about the human body, Indian martial artists became knowledgeable in the field of traditional medicine and massage. Kalaripayattu teachers often provide massages (uzhichil) with medicinal oils to their students in order to increase their physical flexibility or to treat muscle injuries encountered during practice. Such massages are generally termed thirumal and the unique massage given to increase flexibility is known as katcha thirumal. It is said to be as sophisticated as the uzhichil treatment of ayurveda. Kalaripayattu has borrowed extensively from Ayurveda and equally lends to it.
WEAPONS
Although no longer used in sparring sessions, weapons are an important part of kalaripayattu. This is especially true for the northern styles which are mostly weapon-based. Some of the weapons mentioned in medieval Sangam literature have fallen into disuse over time and are rarely taught in kalaripayattu today.
WIKIPEDIA
MANY people dream of swapping their humdrum city existence for a tranquil outdoor life in a stunningly beautiful place such as the Lake District. Millican Dalton made that dream come true and lived in Borrowdale, with very little money, for nearly half a century.
He was born on April 20, 1867, to Quaker parents at Foulard near Nenthead, in the lead-mining area around Alston. Millican - whose name came from his mother's maiden name - went to Brookfield, the Friends’ School in Wigton before his family moved south to Essex.
His father died when he was just seven. He started in a comfortable career as an insurance clerk in London before, at the age of 36, finding the call of the outdoors irresistible. He quit his desk in the City and went to Borrowdale, where he offered adventure holidays to the unsuspecting public.
The challenges offered by the self-styled Professor of Adventure included: "Dangling over the precipice, climbing the Needle, varied hair-breadth escapes, being lost in a mountain mist, a midnight row on Derwentwater and a sunrise breakfast by the lake."
Millican lived at first in a tent, then in a split-level quarried cave half way up Castle Crag in the Jaws of Borrowdale, returning south to a hut in the Chilterns, in Buckinghamshire, in the winter. He lived in a huge cave under Castle Crag and named it Cave Hotel.
A waterfall poured through the roof but Millican found shelter behind a pile of slate debris and kept the worst of the draughts at bay with an old blanket. A small wood fire gave out a little light and warmth and even in his late 70s, Millican would spend the nights lying on the hard rock floor, covered by an eiderdown he’d had for 50 years.
He lived off his wits. A dump in the nearby village of Grange provided basics such as old pans and materials he could make into camping equipment. He survived on what little he earned as a climbing guide on Napes Needle and the other crags he knew like the back of his hand.
As a vegetarian, his staple diet was wholemeal bread baked daily on a griddle "a lucky find at the Grange tip" over a wood fire. He also enjoyed hazelnuts picked up from the woods round his cave.
Millican's only luxuries were coffee, as dark and thick as treacle, and a constant supply of cigarettes. Nothing was allowed to interrupt his chainsmoking and he would hold his cigarette between his toes as he kneaded his bread, stirred his porridge, or brewed his coffee.
Dressed in a style all his own, Millican was an eye-catching figure. A slouch hat sheltered his tanned, heavily bearded and weather-beaten face. His home-made shirt and jacket were roughly put together and left unhemmed. Whatever the weather, he wore trousers that could convert into shorts, which he claimed to have invented, and old cloths fastened around his lower legs in the style of puttees.
Years of living so close to nature had given him a distinctive smell and would-be adventurers who sought him as a guide tried to keep down-wind. In 1940-1941, Millican - always addressed as The Skipper - braved snow, ice and sub-zero temperatures to remain all winter in the Cave Hotel and keep well clear of the London Blitz. A visit from a Keswick air raid warden prompted Millican, a pacifist, to put out his campfire and candles and to write to Churchill demanding an end to the war because it was interfering with his liberty!
Intelligent and well-educated, Millican, a teetotaller, was a man ahead of his time who loved to pit himself against the elements. He climbed trees in winter to keep fit for climbing, built a raft named Rogue Herries and on his 50th ascent of Napes Needle, lit a fire at the summit and made a pot of coffee.
During the cold winter of 1947, his hut burned down but undaunted, he moved into a tent. Millican - a distinguished member of the Fell and Rock Club - contracted pneumonia and spent his last few days in hospital before dying in Amersham on February 5, 1947, aged 79 years.
In a dystopian 1984, Winston Smith endures a squalid existence in the totalitarian superstate of Oceania under the constant surveillance of the Thought Police. The story takes place in London, the capital city of the territory of Airstrip One (formerly "either England or Britain").
Winston works in a small office cubicle at the Ministry of Truth, rewriting history in accordance with the dictates of the Party and its supreme figurehead, Big Brother. A man haunted by painful memories and restless desires, Winston is an everyman who keeps a secret diary of his private thoughts, thus creating evidence of his thoughtcrime — the crime of independent thought, contrary to the dictates and aims of the Party.
His life takes a fatal turn when he is accosted by a fellow Outer Party worker — a mysterious, bold-looking girl named Julia — and they begin an illicit affair. Their first meeting takes place in the remote countryside where they exchange subversive ideas before having sex. Shortly after, Winston rents a room above a pawn shop (in the supposedly safe proletarian area) where they continue their liaison. Julia — a sensual, free-spirited young woman — procures contraband food and clothing on the black market, and for a brief few months they secretly meet and enjoy an idyllic life of relative freedom and contentment together.
It comes to an end one evening, with the sudden raid of the Thought Police. They are both arrested and it's revealed that there is a telescreen hidden behind a picture on the wall in their room, and that the proprietor of the pawn shop, Mr. Charrington, is a covert agent of the Thought Police. Winston and Julia are taken away to be detained, questioned and brutally "rehabilitated", separately. Winston is brought to the Ministry of Love, where O'Brien, a high-ranking member of the Inner Party whom Winston had previously believed to be a fellow thoughtcriminal and agent of the resistance movement led by the archenemy of the Party, Emmanuel Goldstein, systematically tortured him.
O'Brien instructs Winston about the state's true purpose and schools him in a kind of catechism on the principles of doublethink — the practice of holding two contradictory thoughts in the mind simultaneously. For his final rehabilitation, Winston is brought to Room 101, where O'Brien tells him he will be subjected to the "worst thing in the world", designed specifically around Smith's personal phobias. When confronted with this unbearable horror — which turns out to be a cage filled with wild rats — Winston's psychological resistance finally and irretrievably breaks down, and he hysterically repudiates his allegiance to Julia. Now completely subjugated and purged of any rebellious thoughts, impulses, or personal attachments, Winston is restored to physical health and released.
In the final scene, Winston returns to the Chestnut Tree Café, where he had previously seen the rehabilitated thoughtcriminals Jones, Aaronson and Rutherford (themselves once prominent but later disgraced members of the Inner Party) who have since been "vaporized" and rendered unpersons. While sitting at the chess table, Winston is approached by Julia, who was similarly "rehabilitated". They share a bottle of Victory Gin and impassively exchange a few words about how they have betrayed each other. After she leaves, Winston watches a broadcast of himself on the large telescreen confessing his "crimes" against the state and imploring forgiveness of the populace.
Upon hearing a news report declaring the Oceanian army's utter rout of the enemy (Eurasian)'s forces in North Africa, Winston looks at the still image of Big Brother that appears on the telescreen, then turns away and almost silently says "I love you" - a phrase that he and Julia repeatedly used during their relationship, indicating the possibility that he still loves Julia. However, he could also be declaring his love for Big Brother instead. The novel unambiguously ends with the words: "He loved Big Brother," whereas the movie seems to deliberately allow for either interpretation. Earlier, during Winston's conversation with Julia in the rented room, he stated that "if they can make me change my feelings, they can stop me from loving you, that would be real betrayal". In the final scene, the "real betrayal" has therefore either been committed or averted, depending on whether the "you" that Winston loves is Big Brother or Julia.
Trojans FC has been providing top class Southampton Rugby for 142 years! Established in 1874 Trojans operates 3 Senior Men's, a Senior Ladies and teams at every youth age group.
#proudtobeatrojan
The Trojans Club was founded in 1874 initially as a rugby club - The Trojans Football Club.
There are now four very active sporting sections, Rugby, Cricket, Hockey and Squash with a total membership of well over one thousand.
During its long and proud history, Trojans has done much to foster amateur sport and has, over the years, produced many county and international players.
The original minute books are still in existence and are held in the Southampton City archives and there are many other documents and press reports that have been used extensively to create the following documents, broken into two sections, the History and the Playing Archives.
This is not intended to be a definitive history of the Trojans Football Club, the oldest rugby club in Hampshire, but more a selection of the highlights of the early years and a brief review of the past few years.
The Beginning
On the 3rd of September 1874 a meeting was held at the Antelope Hotel, Southampton, by members of a previous club, with a view to forming the "Trojans".
The previous Club was the "Southampton Football Club" which existed for one season under that name having previous been the "Grammar School Old Boys". The earliest recorded game so far found was the Old Boys against the Shirley Club on 5th October 1872 at Porter's Meadow. The match was won by Shirley by 2 touchdowns to one. H F Gibbs was captain of both of these forerunners.
H F Gibbs was voted the first Captain of the Trojans Football Club and the Club colours were voted as blue and red. It was agreed that the first annual subscription should be five shillings per year. The first rugby games of the Club were played at Porters Mead, which is now called Queens Park, Southampton.
The first Annual Meeting of the Club took place on the 24th September 1875 when the Treasurer reported a small credit balance of five pence halfpenny (2.29p). The results for the 1874/75 season produced five victories and three defeats.
The Club joined the Rugby Football Union in 1881.
Change the Laws
At a committee Meeting on the 5th September 1874 the Playing Rules of Rugby Football were read through and the worthy members of the Trojans decided to make an amendment to Rule number 15 which read "It is lawful to run in anywhere across the goal line". The addition made by the Trojans at that stage was "except between the goal posts". The Club soon found it necessary to alter this!
The First Results
Southsea (A) lost by two punts out and seven touch downs
Salisbury (A) Won by one goal and two touch downs to nil.
Salisbury (H) Lost by one goal, one try and two touch downs to two tries and four touch downs.
Magpies Won by three tries and seven touch downs to nil.
Southsea (H) Won by one goal to nil
Springhill Won by one goal and three touch downs to one goal.
Royal Academy Gosport Lost by four tries and six touch downs to one try.
First Floodlit game
On the evening of 28th November 1878, a match was played against the Rovers Football Club by electric light, having been cancelled the night before because of rain. This was the first exhibition of electric light in Southampton, and believed to be the first ever game of rugby under lights. The local newspaper reported that "at times the light was very brilliant and players could be seen plainly".
Ban the Game!
During the 1880 season, S E Gibbs died as a result of an injury while playing against Romsey. There was much local comment and the then Mayor of Southampton issued a handbill, published in full in "The Times", condemning the game as follows:
"The Mayor in consequence of the many serious accidents and the recent deplorable death in Southampton resulting from the dangerous practice of playing football requests the Heads of Families, the Principals of Scholastic Establishments in the Town and Members of Clubs to take such steps as may be necessary for preventing the game being played in future according to Rugby Union, Association and other rules of a dangerous character. The Mayor considers it his duty to use every means in his power for prohibiting the game as hitherto played being continued in the Porters Meadow field or upon any other of the Public lands in Southampton".
At the Committee Meeting of 16th December 1880 "It was decided to play as usual unless we found out before that the Mayor had given any instruction to the police. In that case it was thought best to summons any offending "arm of the law" for assault".
The Formation of the Hampshire Rugby Football Union
At the Trojan Club's initiative, a meeting was held on 13th April 1883 to discuss the formation of "The Hampshire County Rugby Football Union". In the first season of the County Club, at least seven Trojans represented the County.
In 1901 County activities ceased and it was again the Trojans, along with United Services, who, in 1910, convened a meeting at the Trojans Club for the purpose of forming a Rugby Football Union in Hampshire.
Over 400 Trojan members have represented the county at rugby at the various levels and 140 at senior level.
“International” Football"
Although a rugby club, Trojans were known, on occasions, to play with the round ball. The following team was selected to play Curries French team (from Havre) on the New Football Ground, Archers Road (the Dell) on Tuesday 1st November 1898. Scotney, goal, Denning & Maundrell, backs, Densham, Ellerby & Colson, halfs, Ellaby, Page, Macdonald, Gamble & Hussey (councillor and later Sir George), forwards. Trojans were allowed to take half the gate money. The Echo reported this as a game against a team of French players and thus it claimed the honour of being the first international match played at the Dell.
The First Hampshire Cup
In May 1888 the Trojans Committee proposed the starting of a Rugby Union Cup Competition in the interests of Rugby Football. The County Challenge Cup (Presented by Tankerville Chamberlayne M.P., President of Trojans, and pictured here) was started in the 1889/1890 season and the Club entered the same. During this year, not only was the pitch enclosed by rope, but a charge of sixpence was made to all spectators. The Cup was duly won by Trojans in March 1890. Whether it was ever played for again is not sure as, in 1891, Trojans decided not to enter because " it was felt that it was a farce putting up the cup at the fag end of the season to be competed for by three clubs"! The present whereabouts of the grand cup is not known, although it is believed it was presented back to Tankerville Chamberlayne.
Service to the County
As well as forming the County Union (twice), Trojan members have served the County well and it can be said that there has always been a Trojan involved in Hampshire Rugby since its formation.
In particular, over the 108 active years of the Union, six Trojan members have served as President of the Union serving a total of 49 years. Six Secretaries served a total of 36 years and for the first sixty-two years of County representation on the RFU Committee the Hampshire representative was a Trojan.
Mr. Hampshire
There can be no more respected and faithful servant of the County and the Game than one particular Trojan, Dudley Kemp, as the following record illustrates -
Captain of Trojans 1927-34, 1935-38
Captain of Hampshire 1935
Played for England 1935.
Barbarian
President of the Rugby Football Union 1969
Member of the International Board 1971-77
Hampshire representative on the RFU Committee 1955-69
President HRFU 1973-76
Secretary HRFU 1946-67
Assistant Secretary HRFU 1967-68
Team Secretary HRFU 1946-53
Match Secretary HRFU 1953-56
Dudley died at his home in Devon in January 2003 aged 93.
Doggy Spectators
During a match between Trojans and Portsmouth Victoria in 1886, the ball was kicked into the Trojans' in-goal area where it rebounded off a stray dog. One of the Portsmouth players gathered it and touched down to claim a try. The Trojans protested, and claimed "dead-ball" the ball having struck a "spectator". The objection was later referred to the RFU Committee who ruled that the try should stand, as dogs could not be classed as spectators!
The Barbarians
H A Haigh-Smith was elected Trojans Captain in 1912. He was instrumental in forming the Barbarians Club and was later made president of that Club. He was also assistant Manager of the Lions tour in 1935.
Trojans played the Barbarians on January 9th 1895 but the result does not appear to have been recorded for posterity!
The Wars!
Trojans Rugby had to be suspended three times because of wars - in 1897 because of the Boer War, 1914, the Great War and 1939 the World War.
Moving Home
Although always considered a Southampton Club, Trojans actually now play in the Test Valley District. Over the years there have been many homes -
1874 the first games were played at Porters Mead, which is now called Queens Park on Queens Terrace. (by the Dock Gates)
1884 the Club donated the sum of two guineas towards the purchase of the proposed Cricket Ground in Bannister Park, until recently, the County Cricket Ground, and commenced playing rugby there in the 1884/85 season.
1897 Freemantle Ground, Stafford Road
1905 County Cricket Ground, Northlands Road
1923 G H Brown's farm in Wide Lane, Swathling with Atlantic Park (now Southampton Airport) being used for the dressing accommodation.
1929 Southampton Stadium, Banister Road
1931 Bannister Court as well as G H Brown's farm
1933 11 acres of land purchased in Cemetery Road, Swaythling (sold in 1945)
1946 County Cricket Ground, Northlands Road
1947 Sports Centre, Southampton
1958 Stoneham Park (the present ground). The ground, 22.8 acres, was purchased in 1953 for £1,205 and was another example of the members' foresight, as the timber in the ground was sold for sums almost sufficient to cover the cost of purchase! In 1958, a temporary corrugated iron changing room was completed and the foundations of the pavilion commenced. The pavilion was officially opened by A.T. Voyce, President of the Rugby Football Union, on 27th December 1960.
The Prime Years
Throughout the early and mid 1900s, Trojans went from strength to strength and provided many County Players as well a number of Internationals.
The modern peak was probably reached in the early 1960s when the Club could justifiably consider itself to be the premier civilian rugby club in the South of England (outside London). In 1961, seven rugby sides were fielded with over 200 players available for selection.
Before league tables were introduced in 1987/88, local newspapers ran Merit Tables, the Wessex Merit Table and the Hampshire Merit Table both being won in the 1978/79 and the 1980/81 seasons.
The Lean Years
There were many reasons for the decline from that peak which started in the early 80s. More local clubs, easier transport and a change of working patterns (Trojans being very much a "transit camp" in those days) were some of them. The introduction of leagues in 1987 hit the Club at the worst possible time. In the first year, the Club was put into London Division 3 but could not cope at that level and dropped straight into Hampshire Division One. Luck was also in short supply when the Club, having finished fifth, seventh from bottom (!), the team was still relegated to Hampshire Division Two (a quirk of the league structure). There the Club stayed, battling for promotion with the other strong clubs to be relegated in the mass drop, until the 1992/93 season when the league was won with a record of played 10, won 10, for 353, against 37 which included a league record win of 91-0 against Waterlooville.
Three seasons were spent in Hampshire One but the 1995/96 season saw what was probably
the strongest ever Hampshire Division 1 and relegation again befell the team. 1996/97 season saw us just lose out on promotion but success was achieved in 1997/98.
The Revival Years
Success was achieved in the 2000/2001 season when promotion was achieved to London Division 4SW (The old Division 3SW having been broken into two divisions). The first season at that level was quite successful, ending mid-table, but the next was not when Hampshire 1 again beckoned. Promotion and relegation followed over a number of seasons until London Division 1 was achieved in the 2011/12 season.
Competition is maintained throughout the Senior Club with the 2nd XV being in the Hampshire Senior merit table and the 3rd XV being in the Hampshire Division 1 merit table.
One significant advance was the introduction of Women's rugby which has developed into the strongest team in Southern England. The end of the 2006/07 season saw them promoted to the Championship 1 South (National level 2) and in 2009/10 a second team was entered into the leagues.
The Strength of Youth
One thing that has remained a strength since it's formation in the mid 70s is the Youth Section. Being one of the first clubs to introduce Mini Rugby in England (imported from Wales) the Mini and Junior Sections have encouraged many thousands of youngsters into the game and the Youth section now runs teams in every year group from under 8s to under 17s, holds annual tournaments and is generally held up to be a model of organization.
In 2014 the church is celebrating its 150th year of existence. My wife's great grandfather was the first pastor of the congregation. He did not serve in this building; it was built after he retired.
Sturgis, St Joseph County, Michigan.
Trojans FC has been providing top class Southampton Rugby for 142 years! Established in 1874 Trojans operates 3 Senior Men's, a Senior Ladies and teams at every youth age group.
#proudtobeatrojan
The Trojans Club was founded in 1874 initially as a rugby club - The Trojans Football Club.
There are now four very active sporting sections, Rugby, Cricket, Hockey and Squash with a total membership of well over one thousand.
During its long and proud history, Trojans has done much to foster amateur sport and has, over the years, produced many county and international players.
The original minute books are still in existence and are held in the Southampton City archives and there are many other documents and press reports that have been used extensively to create the following documents, broken into two sections, the History and the Playing Archives.
This is not intended to be a definitive history of the Trojans Football Club, the oldest rugby club in Hampshire, but more a selection of the highlights of the early years and a brief review of the past few years.
The Beginning
On the 3rd of September 1874 a meeting was held at the Antelope Hotel, Southampton, by members of a previous club, with a view to forming the "Trojans".
The previous Club was the "Southampton Football Club" which existed for one season under that name having previous been the "Grammar School Old Boys". The earliest recorded game so far found was the Old Boys against the Shirley Club on 5th October 1872 at Porter's Meadow. The match was won by Shirley by 2 touchdowns to one. H F Gibbs was captain of both of these forerunners.
H F Gibbs was voted the first Captain of the Trojans Football Club and the Club colours were voted as blue and red. It was agreed that the first annual subscription should be five shillings per year. The first rugby games of the Club were played at Porters Mead, which is now called Queens Park, Southampton.
The first Annual Meeting of the Club took place on the 24th September 1875 when the Treasurer reported a small credit balance of five pence halfpenny (2.29p). The results for the 1874/75 season produced five victories and three defeats.
The Club joined the Rugby Football Union in 1881.
Change the Laws
At a committee Meeting on the 5th September 1874 the Playing Rules of Rugby Football were read through and the worthy members of the Trojans decided to make an amendment to Rule number 15 which read "It is lawful to run in anywhere across the goal line". The addition made by the Trojans at that stage was "except between the goal posts". The Club soon found it necessary to alter this!
The First Results
Southsea (A) lost by two punts out and seven touch downs
Salisbury (A) Won by one goal and two touch downs to nil.
Salisbury (H) Lost by one goal, one try and two touch downs to two tries and four touch downs.
Magpies Won by three tries and seven touch downs to nil.
Southsea (H) Won by one goal to nil
Springhill Won by one goal and three touch downs to one goal.
Royal Academy Gosport Lost by four tries and six touch downs to one try.
First Floodlit game
On the evening of 28th November 1878, a match was played against the Rovers Football Club by electric light, having been cancelled the night before because of rain. This was the first exhibition of electric light in Southampton, and believed to be the first ever game of rugby under lights. The local newspaper reported that "at times the light was very brilliant and players could be seen plainly".
Ban the Game!
During the 1880 season, S E Gibbs died as a result of an injury while playing against Romsey. There was much local comment and the then Mayor of Southampton issued a handbill, published in full in "The Times", condemning the game as follows:
"The Mayor in consequence of the many serious accidents and the recent deplorable death in Southampton resulting from the dangerous practice of playing football requests the Heads of Families, the Principals of Scholastic Establishments in the Town and Members of Clubs to take such steps as may be necessary for preventing the game being played in future according to Rugby Union, Association and other rules of a dangerous character. The Mayor considers it his duty to use every means in his power for prohibiting the game as hitherto played being continued in the Porters Meadow field or upon any other of the Public lands in Southampton".
At the Committee Meeting of 16th December 1880 "It was decided to play as usual unless we found out before that the Mayor had given any instruction to the police. In that case it was thought best to summons any offending "arm of the law" for assault".
The Formation of the Hampshire Rugby Football Union
At the Trojan Club's initiative, a meeting was held on 13th April 1883 to discuss the formation of "The Hampshire County Rugby Football Union". In the first season of the County Club, at least seven Trojans represented the County.
In 1901 County activities ceased and it was again the Trojans, along with United Services, who, in 1910, convened a meeting at the Trojans Club for the purpose of forming a Rugby Football Union in Hampshire.
Over 400 Trojan members have represented the county at rugby at the various levels and 140 at senior level.
“International” Football"
Although a rugby club, Trojans were known, on occasions, to play with the round ball. The following team was selected to play Curries French team (from Havre) on the New Football Ground, Archers Road (the Dell) on Tuesday 1st November 1898. Scotney, goal, Denning & Maundrell, backs, Densham, Ellerby & Colson, halfs, Ellaby, Page, Macdonald, Gamble & Hussey (councillor and later Sir George), forwards. Trojans were allowed to take half the gate money. The Echo reported this as a game against a team of French players and thus it claimed the honour of being the first international match played at the Dell.
The First Hampshire Cup
In May 1888 the Trojans Committee proposed the starting of a Rugby Union Cup Competition in the interests of Rugby Football. The County Challenge Cup (Presented by Tankerville Chamberlayne M.P., President of Trojans, and pictured here) was started in the 1889/1890 season and the Club entered the same. During this year, not only was the pitch enclosed by rope, but a charge of sixpence was made to all spectators. The Cup was duly won by Trojans in March 1890. Whether it was ever played for again is not sure as, in 1891, Trojans decided not to enter because " it was felt that it was a farce putting up the cup at the fag end of the season to be competed for by three clubs"! The present whereabouts of the grand cup is not known, although it is believed it was presented back to Tankerville Chamberlayne.
Service to the County
As well as forming the County Union (twice), Trojan members have served the County well and it can be said that there has always been a Trojan involved in Hampshire Rugby since its formation.
In particular, over the 108 active years of the Union, six Trojan members have served as President of the Union serving a total of 49 years. Six Secretaries served a total of 36 years and for the first sixty-two years of County representation on the RFU Committee the Hampshire representative was a Trojan.
Mr. Hampshire
There can be no more respected and faithful servant of the County and the Game than one particular Trojan, Dudley Kemp, as the following record illustrates -
Captain of Trojans 1927-34, 1935-38
Captain of Hampshire 1935
Played for England 1935.
Barbarian
President of the Rugby Football Union 1969
Member of the International Board 1971-77
Hampshire representative on the RFU Committee 1955-69
President HRFU 1973-76
Secretary HRFU 1946-67
Assistant Secretary HRFU 1967-68
Team Secretary HRFU 1946-53
Match Secretary HRFU 1953-56
Dudley died at his home in Devon in January 2003 aged 93.
Doggy Spectators
During a match between Trojans and Portsmouth Victoria in 1886, the ball was kicked into the Trojans' in-goal area where it rebounded off a stray dog. One of the Portsmouth players gathered it and touched down to claim a try. The Trojans protested, and claimed "dead-ball" the ball having struck a "spectator". The objection was later referred to the RFU Committee who ruled that the try should stand, as dogs could not be classed as spectators!
The Barbarians
H A Haigh-Smith was elected Trojans Captain in 1912. He was instrumental in forming the Barbarians Club and was later made president of that Club. He was also assistant Manager of the Lions tour in 1935.
Trojans played the Barbarians on January 9th 1895 but the result does not appear to have been recorded for posterity!
The Wars!
Trojans Rugby had to be suspended three times because of wars - in 1897 because of the Boer War, 1914, the Great War and 1939 the World War.
Moving Home
Although always considered a Southampton Club, Trojans actually now play in the Test Valley District. Over the years there have been many homes -
1874 the first games were played at Porters Mead, which is now called Queens Park on Queens Terrace. (by the Dock Gates)
1884 the Club donated the sum of two guineas towards the purchase of the proposed Cricket Ground in Bannister Park, until recently, the County Cricket Ground, and commenced playing rugby there in the 1884/85 season.
1897 Freemantle Ground, Stafford Road
1905 County Cricket Ground, Northlands Road
1923 G H Brown's farm in Wide Lane, Swathling with Atlantic Park (now Southampton Airport) being used for the dressing accommodation.
1929 Southampton Stadium, Banister Road
1931 Bannister Court as well as G H Brown's farm
1933 11 acres of land purchased in Cemetery Road, Swaythling (sold in 1945)
1946 County Cricket Ground, Northlands Road
1947 Sports Centre, Southampton
1958 Stoneham Park (the present ground). The ground, 22.8 acres, was purchased in 1953 for £1,205 and was another example of the members' foresight, as the timber in the ground was sold for sums almost sufficient to cover the cost of purchase! In 1958, a temporary corrugated iron changing room was completed and the foundations of the pavilion commenced. The pavilion was officially opened by A.T. Voyce, President of the Rugby Football Union, on 27th December 1960.
The Prime Years
Throughout the early and mid 1900s, Trojans went from strength to strength and provided many County Players as well a number of Internationals.
The modern peak was probably reached in the early 1960s when the Club could justifiably consider itself to be the premier civilian rugby club in the South of England (outside London). In 1961, seven rugby sides were fielded with over 200 players available for selection.
Before league tables were introduced in 1987/88, local newspapers ran Merit Tables, the Wessex Merit Table and the Hampshire Merit Table both being won in the 1978/79 and the 1980/81 seasons.
The Lean Years
There were many reasons for the decline from that peak which started in the early 80s. More local clubs, easier transport and a change of working patterns (Trojans being very much a "transit camp" in those days) were some of them. The introduction of leagues in 1987 hit the Club at the worst possible time. In the first year, the Club was put into London Division 3 but could not cope at that level and dropped straight into Hampshire Division One. Luck was also in short supply when the Club, having finished fifth, seventh from bottom (!), the team was still relegated to Hampshire Division Two (a quirk of the league structure). There the Club stayed, battling for promotion with the other strong clubs to be relegated in the mass drop, until the 1992/93 season when the league was won with a record of played 10, won 10, for 353, against 37 which included a league record win of 91-0 against Waterlooville.
Three seasons were spent in Hampshire One but the 1995/96 season saw what was probably
the strongest ever Hampshire Division 1 and relegation again befell the team. 1996/97 season saw us just lose out on promotion but success was achieved in 1997/98.
The Revival Years
Success was achieved in the 2000/2001 season when promotion was achieved to London Division 4SW (The old Division 3SW having been broken into two divisions). The first season at that level was quite successful, ending mid-table, but the next was not when Hampshire 1 again beckoned. Promotion and relegation followed over a number of seasons until London Division 1 was achieved in the 2011/12 season.
Competition is maintained throughout the Senior Club with the 2nd XV being in the Hampshire Senior merit table and the 3rd XV being in the Hampshire Division 1 merit table.
One significant advance was the introduction of Women's rugby which has developed into the strongest team in Southern England. The end of the 2006/07 season saw them promoted to the Championship 1 South (National level 2) and in 2009/10 a second team was entered into the leagues.
The Strength of Youth
One thing that has remained a strength since it's formation in the mid 70s is the Youth Section. Being one of the first clubs to introduce Mini Rugby in England (imported from Wales) the Mini and Junior Sections have encouraged many thousands of youngsters into the game and the Youth section now runs teams in every year group from under 8s to under 17s, holds annual tournaments and is generally held up to be a model of organization.
Salaspils-perhaps the most terrible of the Nazi concentration camps. In three years of its existence, thousands of children were killed and tortured to death. It wasn't just a death camp – it was a blood Bank. It was pumped out of small prisoners, replenishing the supplies of German hospitals. Emaciated and starved babies, some as young as five, were cynically treated as living containers full of blood, or as objects of medical experiments.
It was originally built for Jews
The camp began to be built in Latvia in October 1941. Nearby was the village of Salaspils-hence the eponymous name that the camp received in the people, although officially it was called Kaiserwald. It was built by Jews, including those from the Riga ghetto.
The head of Einsatzgruppen "A", Stahlecker in his report to his superiors reported :" since December 1941 from the Reich [...]enters the transport with the Jews. Of these, 20,000 were sent to Riga [ ... ] all Jews and [ ... ] are involved in the construction of the camp...] this spring, all Jewish evacuees who survive the winter can be gathered in this camp."
As SS General Jeckeln later testified in court, two or three trains of Jews arrived at the concentration camp every week. There are about a thousand people in each of them. "We shot, presumably, about 87 thousand Jews who arrived in the Salaspils camp from other countries," he said.
From the end of the spring of 1942, Latvian anti-fascists and captured Soviet soldiers, and then Gypsies, were brought to the Salaspils camp. Sometimes Soviet prisoners were specially brought here from other concentration camps to be shot.
Although officially Latvia does not recognize the fact of such a mass murder of children in Salaspils, there are many memories of eyewitnesses and other evidence of these well-known crimes.
Mostly babies were brought here from Belarus and the North-Western regions of Russia – Pskov, Kalinin, and Leningrad.
The "labor education camp" (as Salaspils was officially called in the documents) was actually a blood Bank and a place for fanatical medical experiments. In this so-called "labor" camp, they kept both two-and three-year-old children, and even infants. Instead of a name, each child had a number stamped on their badge.
More than three years of existence of the concentration camp, a total of three and a half thousand liters of children's blood were pumped out. In most cases, it was taken until the child died. This blood was needed by SS officers who were recovering in hospitals.
The moment when a German in a white coat appeared in the barracks and laid out his medical instruments on the table was the most frightening moment for every little prisoner. The monster doctors ordered the children to lie down and stretch out their arms. Most of the children obeyed meekly, and those who refused were tied firmly to the table and forcibly drained of blood. Exhausted children, who looked like they were already dying, were carried out of the barracks, usually to be burned in the camp stove or killed and thrown into the General ditch. The rest were left to draw blood again and again.
In addition, it is known that in Salaspils children were tested for all kinds of poisons, adding arsenic to their food, giving them lethal injections or sending prisoners to gas chambers. Some test subjects had their limbs amputated by Nazi doctors.
According to statistics, more than half of the 12,000 Soviet children used as donors in the Salaspils camp died, but the fascists did their best to hide the traces of mass murder.
It is known (again from the testimony of the fascists at the trial) that under the leadership of a Gestapo employee, Blobel, many mass graves of prisoners of war were destroyed – including prisoners of Salaspils. Covering their tracks, the Nazis dug up graves and burned the bodies. For such excavations, they used the labor of Jews, who were also killed and burned at the end of the work.
In the autumn of 1944, when the Soviet troops attacked, the Salaspils concentration camp (again, to cover their tracks) was destroyed by the Nazis, and its personnel (Germans and Latvian police) were hastily evacuated.
According to the act of the forensic examination of mass children's graves of the Salaspils concentration camp (28. 04. 1945), 632 bodies were found in 54 remaining graves on its territory. Of these, 114 babies are infants, 106 are children from one to three years old, 91 are from three to five years old, and 117 are from three to eight years old…
A memorial was erected in Salaspils in memory of the deceased donor children and others killed after the war. It seems that the souls of small emaciated prisoners who gave their blood to the fascist fanatics still hover in these places.
"Let the mind beware, that though the flesh be bugged, the circumstances of existence are pretty glorious" — Kerouac, The Dharma Bums
I believe in the compelling power of love. I do not understand it. I believe it to be the most fragrant blossom of all this thorny existence.
~Theodore Dreiser~
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most ugly human being, monster, ghost, spirit, paranormal existence, empress of all ugliness, queen of ugly people, witch, bitch, old, ugly,eww, grossy people
MARSYAS/MYSELF
MYSELF Diptych, Detail
Below is a transcription of the handwritten text on the detail pictured above:
Art
Desire—Creativity—Release
"To embrace absence. To cradle and enfold the freedom and purity of immolation. To distill all need into the heavy metal of desire. To need no allies. To know that there are no allies. To know. To find sustenance in the ashes. To set corms into the ashes and bring forth all that which is no longer there. This is not despair. From this place springs the emptying of self after the purging of ambition. From this place springs Art. I have pitched my tent in this verdant wasteland of contradiction and set no value on any other place. From this vast horizontal, only the horizon defines me. A speck of desire on a polished orb. I hold in amputated hands the future of the future and have dedicated my life to the poverty of self-awareness. I am not afraid. I want nothing. I have no regrets. Let me speak for Art. Let me speak as Art. Am I not qualified? I have destroyed the audience and created silence. For myself, I have created the silence. Silence, then, will be my audience. As Art creates silence, Art speaks for silence. I speak for myself. Am I not qualified? I speak to the silence. Listen. I have established the eternal present. It is on this scale are all illusions weighed. I judge nothing. I am the shifting paradox of possibility. Nothing more. I am now. Nothing more...but there is a caveat: I am of human invention. Like nature, I am. Like rocks and rivers and the passing of days, I am. I exist when perceived. I impose my existence when engaged. Through perception, I confound the conception of time. Through engagement, I re-create myself within the living Now. I am more ancient than the caves of Lascaux and when perceived, I confront human consciousness with the power of Isness. I have no past. Like nature, I am. But within the caveat of human invention, I am born of desire. Though I am the most enduring of human enterprise, my purpose is unclear. Let me speak to this. Some would claim that I exist to illustrate the passage of time thus supporting the invention of history. But history has to do with memory and the cataloguing of events, a neatly arranged rationale of cause and affect, one influence on another through linear time. But this is not my purpose. Because I exist, like nature, in the eternal now, I belie such definition. To impose such limitations on my purpose is to confine me to the cage of intellect. If one accepts this definition, it is he who lives inside the cage, not I, though I concede a certain compassion for this usage as it enables the blind a kind of vision. But I am made of fiercer stuff. Compassion is not my purpose. My purpose is to destroy illusion. Linearity is my enemy and because I exist always in the now, to impose linearity upon me is to pervert my purpose. I am created when perceived. Being born of desire, I mirror the desire of the perceiver. Together we confirm the eternal now. There is no history, only the encapsulated instant of recognition. Only the birth of silence. Only the transforming re-creation of the creator. A duet and a paen to the purging light. I am the by-product of the creator’s desire to create himself. Having himself been created through the purging light of re-creation, his pursuit of the light causes my potential for creation. How simple it seems. What obvious and unquestionable truth. As light feeds the eye and sound the ear, odor the nose, friction the touch and taste the tongue, the now is created and sustained. So, too, is Art. Because I am created by the perceiver, my creation is sporadic and serendipitous. I am of the moment. I am in the now. As long as my materiality exists, my potential for conversion exists, from noun to verb, objectivity to response. Artifact to Art. Those who would force me into linearity turn actions into events and anchor my identity within the reflective mirror of history. They fear me. They fear what they cannot see. They fear what they cannot feel. They fear what they cannot control. They fear chaos. But I, too, have a protocol. Because it alters and redefines their position does not preclude their viability. It simply means that they serve me rather than I them. This is not chaos. It requires only the acceptance of a more humble role. Simply put, the protocol for my Isness is thus: The artist creates himself. The culture-maker creates metaphor. And the perceiver creates Art. Obviously, the recognition of this shift in roles requires an almost total restructuring of the cultural gestalt. I flourish and propagate within the eternal feminine. Masculine entelechy is a hostile and barren landscape. It would nullify my purpose. In this arid desert of the intellect, my sensuality is veiled in sand. I am contained and controlled, bourkhaed in masculine fear. To restrict and confine my purpose to the identity of the artist is to re-enforce linearity, history, knowledge, and illusion. For the one who makes me, I am but a by-product of self-creation. Hermaphroditically conceived within the artifacts of desire, I exist solely for the purpose of connection. He who makes me is not she who creates me. Art is conceived within the womb of perception. I exist when I am created without prejudice, cultural correctness, or linear logic. As for taste, good and bad have nothing to do with my inception. Moral judgment serves group identity. These strictures cannot constrain my birthright. I exist where I am perceived. There is no such thing as good or bad art; there is only Art and I am created by the perceiver. All else is artifact. Whenever and wherever I am perceived, Art exists. The fusion that occurs between making and creating forces my becoming and reinforces the eternal now. This fusion is the peak of human experience: Being without metaphor, simile, or trope. As with physical orgasm, the orgasm of aesthetic response is not filtered through the intellect. The experience defines itself through a tautology of sensation. How would one define an orgasm? It simply is. Though procreation is its purpose, procreation is not its definition. This is true also of aesthetic orgasm. Though cultural enhancement is its practicality, the sensation of response is indefinable. Orgasm is the ultimate reality. It is wordless and transcends all boundaries. Its communication is total, a connection so intense that ones existence is confirmed. Some speak of me in terms of spirit; the response I invoke, a religious catharsis. I think not. Religiosity distorts my purpose, and spirit separates me from my totality. Appreciation is another facet of response, as is beauty, as is seduction. I am a gestalt of many metaphors. No one characteristic defines me. I am defined by the indefinable. Totality. When I occur, when Art occurs, it is with the violence of disconnection and the sublimity of connection. In the moment of my creation, the armor of the intellect is pierced with the turgescent light of recognition and my creator is filled with my maker’s desire for self-creation. Because I am a gestalt of many metaphors, by examination and deletion, metaphor by metaphor, I shall define my purpose. Through distillation, I might define my purpose. Because I am all of these and no one of these, my totality is indefinable, unexplainable. My outline can be etched by describing what I am in part and through deconstruction that which presses out may be released. In the orgasm of my inception, the perceiver is disconnected from the linear masculine and enveloped within the spherical feminine. This episode, this moment, this lifetime is my birth. Art is realized within the bourn of the creator. The variables of causation for orgasmic perception are infinite, chaotic, and serendipitous. Like the artifacts that induce the sensation, connection occurs when connection occurs, without judgment or foreplay. Two basics exist for my creation: attraction and seduction...Art can happen to anyone with any artifact at any time. There is no such thing as good or bad Art; there is, however, such a thing as profound or mediocre orgasm. Only the perceiver can distinguish the experience. Whether the orgasm is sexual or aesthetic, it occurs within the bourn. It belongs to the perceiver and no other. It lies beyond the reach and control of the culture-maker’s protocol of intimidation. Culture is my enemy. For it to exist, it must defeat my purpose. For a culture to exist, it must establish its identity on the necklace of linear time. This beaded processing of artifacts and events called history would place one of myriad metaphors above all others as my defining gestalt. That art as evidence defines me is a perversion of my purpose. It would use me as decoration rather than the defining force of human Isness. It is my entirety that defines my purpose and that entirety is revealed with the bourn of the perceiver. That Art is a reflection of its time is as much a truism as Art History is an oxymoron. This propagandizing of a single metaphor as my defining purpose is the ultimate confusion of artifact with Art. Most of my metaphors tie me to concepts of culture and group identities. Two do not. That Art is beauty and that Art is truth may pit the perceiver against the active and pervasive cultural metaphor of the perceiver’s time and require a degree of courage and a desire for self-creation through the orgasm of response with its residual euphoric sense of enlightenment. I have brought perceivers to their knees and tears to their eyes. I have no peer in terms of emotional power and epiphanic response. My ability to split the individual from the numbing complacency of the group can be cataclysmic. My potential to induce the insurrection of solitude is extreme. Of all my metaphors, Art is beauty and Art is truth are linked in controversy. They tend to provoke heated and emotional intellectual criticisms and commentaries on idealism, romanticism, ignorance, taste, sophistication, naivete, sophism, empiricism, fascism, egalitarianism, aesthetics, history, historicism, elitism, and on and on and on. These two metaphors are the intellectual battlefield on which the war between culture and Art is fought. It is a conflict that cannot, will not, and must not be resolved, for it is through this conflict that humankind’s evolution transpires: individual enlightenment vs. cultural control, freedom vs. repression, individual courage vs. group fear. Life vs. death. Art is entertainment is the metaphor whose dominance most contorts and ridicules my purpose. It perverts human endeavor and diverts the search for being. It requires audience, gratification, and applause thus embedding my determination in linear time. It is a crippling, procrustean enabler of social control. This metaphor, with its sibling, Art is money, reduces my significance within the cultural gestalt to product, and my maker, a comedian on the stage of trivialities. These metaphors breed nihility without the blandishments of hope. Their fertility is cancerous eating away the potential for joy and replacing it with the immediacy of amusement. And though pleasure is often a part of me, it is subsidiary to my purpose. Culture is my enemy because it selects a single metaphor from my pantheon of metaphors to define my significance within its gestalted singularity in linear time. It manipulates me to control individual response and maintain the status quo. That Art is entertainment and that Art is money are metaphors of a fearful culture, stagnant and repressive, hostile to excellence. These metaphors, if taken as my primary distinction, condemn my artifacts to flaccid mediocrity. This is not a judgment against the majority; rather, it is a complaint for the minority which seeks neither to be entertained nor to buy and sell art. Their desire leads toward challenge rather than pacification and materialism. They are forced to seek me outside the paradigm of the culture of entertainment. This most self-creating segment of culture is driven into the linear past to create the eternal now. Branded as elitists, these futurists secure my furtherance. The most avid culture-makers force the artifacts of first appearance as their definitions of my being. Newness, however, does not define me; it reflects, rather, their own ambitions. Art is created by the perceiver regardless of cultural imperative. The culture-maker has no purchase in this transaction. Nor does history. The shoulds and shouldn’ts of cultural propriety are the shoulds and shouldn’ts of cultural identity. Exactly that. To be culturally correct has to do with the ordering of the group, not with the creation of Art. The perceiver may or may not create Art from the acceptable artifacts of the culture. If the perceiver cannot, Art will be created outside of that culture’s prerogatives. I exist when and where I am created. No authority can prejudice my becoming. My essence is amoral. Because aesthetic orgasm is my purpose, I do not qualify the means of attainment whether by attraction and consent or rape. Seduction or surprise, my inception is irrepressible. I occur within the being of the perceiver and my only recordation lies within the perceiver’s bourn. My only history is aesthetic memory. Cultural and artifactual history lie within the purview of the intellect. Further deconstruction of my gestalt would be the metaphor Art is communication: what the perceiver reads into me, what he is told to read into me, and what is discussed about me. It is through communication that the hierarchy of the culture is established, promoted and maintained. Constructed on military, traditionally proven protocols of control, words used like cattle-prods direct and channel large segments of the cognoscenti into an oligarchy of historical distinction. This oligarchy is dependent on an elite group of culture-makers which has jockeyed itself into positions of authority through education, political wisdom, and brilliance of intellect, qualities which have nothing whatever to do with my creation. How tribal the human condition! How masculine the fierce competition for advancement and retainment of control, rank, and command. The ordering of culture is controlled from the top down. With military pragmatism, the ordering of culture-making proceeds from the upper ranks of the culturally elite and descends through the various levels of worth, wealth and sycophantism. Through response, curiosity, education, intimidation, and imposition, culture-makers initiate, propagate and maintain cultural correctness through the various structures of communication. The artists of any culture are not necessarily culture-makers; all induce aesthetic orgasm and thus the creation of Art. Through communication, culture-makers create history. Through silence, perceivers create Art. Happily, for the evolving human condition, we are not mutually exclusive. As cultures invent and record the repetitions of linear time through the alphabets of history, I await discovery by the perceiver within the artifacts of silence. Words do not enhance my perception. Alphabets of communication obscure my purpose, bits and pieces, shards of descriptive analyses opaque my seduction. Aesthetic orgasm does not occur within the mind; it occurs unexpected and unexplained within the fertile bourn of the perceiver. My inception can be neither induced nor denied by instruction or imperative. Acculturation is my enemy. It muddies and opaques my transparency of purpose. Noise. Business. Confusion. I am recorded within the wisdom of myth rather than the knowledge of history. Transformed by the tongues of silence into the nodding recognition of self, I await my perceivers. I am discovered where I am found. Without qualification or judgment, I mark their journeys. As history records the alphabet of repeat, Myth affords the epiphanies of evolvement. Myths are connections within the eternal now for the self’s process of becoming. They transport my significance. My most expedient and perplexing metaphor is: Art is what artists make. This truism absolves the culture-maker from the advancement of aestheticism to the promotion of artists. Celebrity becomes product and its creation becomes culture. On the beaded necklace of linear time, this metaphor is of little moment. Its artifacts are created and sustained by contrivance: Culture-makers create culture-makers who create history. The perceiver, the artist who creates me, re-creates my maker in the eternal now. Through this creation-re-creation, one sees what the other seeks. This is my purpose. This is Art.
Subsequent to the completion of STUDIO SECTION 2002-2005, Marsyas/Myself, the artist created another studio section, STUDIO SECTION 2005-2007, The Seven Deadly Sins and Three Diptychs from The Winter Notebooks. On Pages 7 and 8 of The Winter Notebooks he reprised MARSYAS/MYSELF in retrospect visual and verbal consideration and wrote the following excerpt about it:
"Marsyas/Myself was completed in 2005 and entered into the permanent collection of the Crocker Art Museum in November of that same year. My three year involvement with this studio section was epiphanic and liberating, the separation nearly complete. However, the song of the artist, the skin of Marsyas, hangs heavy and will not be silenced. It lingers still, as Myself lingers still, and will not be silenced. As long as artists create artifacts and as long as viewers persist in creating Art from these artifacts, the myth of Marsyas is the truth of the artist; his life, his pain, his ecstasy, and his fate. By subjection of myself as a particular artist in equation with the corpus of Marsyas, an attempt was made to recast the drama of art into an anti-fascisttic and non-authoritarian process; a complete reassignment of roles wherein the viewer becomes the sole creator of Art and all else is cultural rhetoric. It was also an attempt by this artist at total honesty. As we know virtually nothing about Marsyas, it was my intention to reveal everything about Myself even to the extent of confessional boredom. All information has been made available to the viewer. Setting the plight of Marsyas in his challenge of Apollo within the context of a contemporary sculptor’s studio establishes the parallel of the cautionary myth with all artists who would gamble their lives on a rigged contest. There is no drama greater than the artist’s struggle with his own mortality. The transmutation of mortal desire into material artifact into immortal response is the distinguishing principal of humanity and it is the artist who personifies this principal in its sublime purity. No challenge is greater, no reality more intense. Marsyas is the artist’s myth and it is to this myth all artists conform…."
STUDIO SECTION 2002-2005, Marsyas/Myself is a multi-part installation work that requires a space approximately 40' x 40' for exhibition in its entirety. It consists of free-standing sculptures, and large panels hanging on the walls and a combination of these and evenly divided into two metaphorical dimensions: "Marsyas" and "Myself."
Collection:
Crocker Art Museum
Sacramento, California
Return to Forever is a jazz fusion group founded and led by keyboardist Chick Corea. Through its existence, the band has cycled through a number of different members, with the only consistent band mate of Corea's being bassist Stanley Clarke. However in 1972, after having become a disciple of Scientology, Corea decided that he wanted to better ;communicate; with the audience. This essentially translated into his performing a more popularly accessible style of music, since avant-garde jazz enjoyed a relatively small audience.
First group (1972-1973) The first edition of Return to Forever performed primarily Latin-oriented music. Clarke himself became involved in Scientology through Corea, but eventually left the sect in the early 1980s.
Their first album, titled simply Return to Forever, was recorded for ECM Records in 1972 and was initially released only in Europe. Their second album, Light as a Feather (1973), was released by Polydor and included the song, Spain, which also became quite well-known.
Jazz rock era (1973-1976) guitarist Bill Connors, drummer Steve Gadd and percussionist Mingo Lewis were added.. Lenny White (who had played with Corea in Miles Davis's band) then replaced Gadd and Lewis on drums and percussion, and the group's third album, Hymn of the Seventh Galaxy (1973), was then rerecorded.
The nature of the group's music had by now completely changed into jazz-rock, Their music was still relatively melodic, relying on strong themes, but the traditional jazz element was by this time almost entirely absent- replaced by a more direct, rock oriented approach. Over-driven, distorted guitar had also become prominent in the band's new sound, and Clarke had by then switched almost completely to electric bass guitar. A replacement on vocals was not hired, and all the songs were now instrumentals. This change did not lead to a decrease in the band's commercial fortunes however, Return to Forever's jazz rock albums instead found their way onto US pop album charts.
While their second jazz rock album, Where Have I Known You Before, (1974) was similar in style to its immediate predecessor, Corea now played synthesizers in addition to electric keyboards (including piano), and Clarke's playing had evolved considerably- now using flange and fuzz-tone effects, and with his now signature style beginning to emerge. the then 19-year-old guitar prodigy Al Di Meola, who had also played on the album recording sessions joined.
Their following album, No Mystery (1975), was recorded with the same line-up as "Where Have I Known You Before", but the style of music had become more varied. The first side of the record consisted primarily of jazz-funk, while the second side featured Corea's acoustic title track and a long composition with a strong Spanish influence. On this and the following album, each member of the group composed at least one of the tracks. No Mystery went on to win the Grammy Award for Best Jazz Performance by a Group.
The final album by this longest-lasting lineup of the group was Romantic Warrior (1976), which had by this time left Polydor for Columbia Records. This album would go on to become the best selling of all Return to Forever's efforts, eventually reaching gold disc status. Romantic Warrior continued their experiments in the realms of jazz-rock and related musical genres, and was lauded by critics for both the technically demanding style of its compositions as well as for its accomplished musicianship.
After the release of Romantic Warrior and Return To Forever's subsequent tour in support (as well as having in addition signed a multi-million dollar contract with CBS), Corea shocked Clarke by deciding to change the lineup of the group and to not include either White or Di Meola
Final album (1977)
The final incarnation of Return to Forever featured a four piece horn section and Corea's wife Gayle singing vocals, but recorded only one studio album, Musicmagic (1977).After Musicmagic, Chick Corea officially disbanded the group.
Reunion (2008) The classic Return to Forever line-up of Corea, Clarke, White, and Di Meola reunited for a tour of the United States that began in the summer of 2008. 2011 tour From February 2011, the group commences a world tour in Australia. The line-up, billed as Return to Forever IV, is Chick Corea, Stanley Clarke, Lenny White, Frank Gambale and Jean-Luc Ponty.
First group (1972-1973) The first edition of Return to Forever performed primarily Latin-oriented music. This initial band consisted of singer (and occasional percussionist) Flora Purim, her husband Airto Moreira on drums and percussion, Corea's longtime musical co-worker Joe Farrell on saxophone and flute, and the young Stanley Clarke on bass. Within this first line-up in particular, Clarke played acoustic double bass in addition to electric bass. Corea's electric piano formed the basis of this group's sound, but Clarke and Farrell were given ample solo space themselves. While Purim's vocals lent some commercial appeal to the music, many of their compositions were also instrumental and somewhat experimental in nature. The music was composed by Corea with the exception of the title track of the second album which was written by Stanley Clarke. Lyrics were often written by Corea's friend Neville Potter, and were quite often scientology themed- though this is not readily apparent to those not involved in Scientology itself. Clarke himself became involved in Scientology through Corea, but eventually left the sect in the early 1980s.
Their first album, titled simply Return to Forever, was recorded for ECM Records in 1972 and was initially released only in Europe. Their second album, Light as a Feather (1973), was released by Polydor and included the song, Spain, which also became quite well-known.
Jazz rock era (1973-1976) guitarist Bill Connors, drummer Steve Gadd and percussionist Mingo Lewis were added. However, Gadd was unwilling to tour with the band and risk his job as an in-demand session drummer. Lenny White (who had played with Corea in Miles Davis's band) replaced Gadd and Lewis on drums and percussion, and the group's third album, Hymn of the Seventh Galaxy (1973), was then rerecorded (the first recording, featuring Gadd on drums, was never released and has since disappeared).
The nature of the group's music had by now completely changed into jazz-rock, Their music was still relatively melodic, relying on strong themes, but the traditional jazz element was by this time almost entirely absent- replaced by a more direct, rock oriented approach. Over-driven, distorted guitar had also become prominent in the band's new sound, and Clarke had by then switched almost completely to electric bass guitar. A replacement on vocals was not hired, and all the songs were now instrumentals. This change did not lead to a decrease in the band's commercial fortunes however, Return to Forever's jazz rock albums instead found their way onto US pop album charts.
While their second jazz rock album, Where Have I Known You Before, (1974) was similar in style to its immediate predecessor, Corea now played synthesizers in addition to electric keyboards (including piano), and Clarke's playing had evolved considerably- now using flange and fuzz-tone effects, and with his now signature style beginning to emerge. After Bill Connors left the band to concentrate on his solo career, the group also hired new guitarists. Although Earl Klugh played guitar for some of the group's live performances, he was soon replaced by the then 19-year-old guitar prodigy Al Di Meola, who had also played on the album recording sessions.
Their following album, No Mystery (1975), was recorded with the same line-up as "Where Have I Known You Before", but the style of music had become more varied. The first side of the record consisted primarily of jazz-funk, while the second side featured Corea's acoustic title track and a long composition with a strong Spanish influence. On this and the following album, each member of the group composed at least one of the tracks. No Mystery went on to win the Grammy Award for Best Jazz Performance by a Group.
The final album by this longest-lasting "classic" lineup of the group was Romantic Warrior (1976), which had by this time left Polydor for Columbia Records. This album would go on to become the best selling of all Return to Forever's efforts, eventually reaching gold disc status. "Romantic Warrior" continued their experiments in the realms of jazz-rock and related musical genres, and was lauded by critics for both the technically demanding style of its compositions as well as for its accomplished musicianship.
After the release of Romantic Warrior and Return To Forever's subsequent tour in support (as well as having in addition signed a multi-million dollar contract with CBS), Corea shocked Clarke by deciding to change the lineup of the group and to not include either White or Di Meola
Final album (1977)
The final incarnation of Return to Forever featured a four piece horn section and Corea's wife Gayle singing vocals, but recorded only one studio album, Musicmagic (1977).After Musicmagic, Chick Corea officially disbanded the group.
Reunion (2008)
The classic Return to Forever line-up of Corea, Clarke, White, and Di Meola reunited for a tour of the United States that began in the summer of 2008. 2011 tour
From February 2011, the group commences a world tour in Australia. The line-up, billed as Return to Forever IV, is Chick Corea, Stanley Clarke, Lenny White, Frank Gambale and Jean-Luc Ponty
"Dan, do you realize we just witnessed a portion of your wife's previous existence, and her death in that existence?" -- Dr. Carl Reiner
“That marriage license cost me six bucks — you know, I can buy six wives for that in the middle of Africa.” -- Dan Fuller
Bride and the Beast , The
Allied Artists Pictures - 78 min
23 February 1958, Los Angeles ( RKO Hill Street )
Produced by Adrian Weiss and Louis Weiss
Director: Adrian Weiss
Screenplay: Edward D. Wood Jr.,
Original Story: Adrian Weiss
Stars: Charlotte Austin, Lance Fuller and Johnny Roth
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The Bride and the Beast @ American Film Institute
Note: The working title of the film was Queen of the Gorillas .
Production Date: early Jan 1957
Premiere Information: San Diego opening: 29 Jan 1958
Release Date: Mar 1958
>> EXTENSIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=...
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WATCH ONLINE >>
The Bride and the Beast - trailer
www.youtube.com/watch?v=0GpQv95V5CQ
CLIPS
Bride and the Beast
www.youtube.com/watch?v=SHrClNjZCRU
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DVD >> BUY Online >> Bride and the Beast , The
www.amazon.com/Bride-Beast-Charlotte-Austin/dp/B0000687F7
AND
www.amazon.com/Bride-Beast-White-Gorilla/dp/B000MV8AFE
AND
www.moviesunlimited.com/musite/product.asp?sku=D35515
AND
shop.tcm.com/product.asp?sku=D35515
AND
www.oldies.com/product-view/5955GD.html
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REVIEW---Boxoffice Magazine - February 17, 1958
www.boxofficemagazine.com/the_vault/issue_page?issue_id=1...
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NEWSPAPER AD - Bride and the Beast , The
February 1958, Los Angeles ( RKO Hill Street )
www.flickr.com/photos/gorillamen/4471892311/
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POSTER, theatrical ( original ) - Bride and the Beast , The
www.wrongsideoftheart.com/2009/08/the-bride-and-the-beast...
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movielove.tumblr.com/post/175006220/theniftyfifties-the-b...
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Edward D. Wood Jr.
Ed Wood
Edward Davis Wood, Jr. (October 10, 1924 – December 10, 1978)
AND
AND
www.imdb.com/name/nm0000248/miscsites
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WATCH ONLINE >>
The Haunted World of Edward D. Wood Jr. (1995)
89 min - Documentary
>> Watch now >>
www.youtube.com/watch?v=tIBNWqfQV_k
AND
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Ed Wood: Look Back in Angora (Video 1994)
51 min - Documentary
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CHARLOTTE AUSTIN
" Her 1958 film The Bride and the Beast (1958),
written by Edward D. Wood Jr., was released on DVD, newly remastered, in the spring of 2002 by Retromedia. VCI's later DVD release of the movie featured an audio commentary with Austin, supporting player Slick Slavin, gorilla movie expert Bob Burns and interviewer Tom Weaver. "
www.imdb.com/name/nm0042349/bio
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CHARLOTTE AUSTIN @ The Astounding B Monster
" Maybe the last thing Charlotte Austin would want to be remembered as is "Queen of the Gorillas." That was the working title of the film for which she may be known best, The Bride and the Beast. Exploitation filmmaker Adrian Weiss commissioned Hollywood fringe-dweller Ed Wood to script the low-budget shocker, in which Charlotte plays a newlywed whose simian genes beckon her to return to the jungle and abandon her understandably confused husband.
But there's more to Charlotte Austin than her brief film career would lead you to believe. She was named for the North Carolina city in which she was born, the daughter of Gene Austin, one of popular music's most unjustly underrated entertainers. Austin's recordings gave rise to the "crooning" craze that made stars of Crosby, Sinatra, Dick Haymes and many others. He also wrote numerous songs that have become pop music standards, My Blue Heaven and Lonesome Road among them. (Gene Austin died in 1972.)...
www.bmonster.com/profile32.html
AND
in
The Astounding B Monster Book [Paperback]
Marty Baumann
www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0972858547/qid=111...
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CHARLOTTE AUSTIN @ Glamour Girls of the Silver Screen - Biography and Photos
www.glamourgirlsofthesilverscreen.com/show.php?id=16
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CHARLOTTE AUSTIN @ Spooky Tom's Nightmare Mansion
www.spookytoms.com/Charlotte_Austin_Tribute.html
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CHARLOTTE AUSTIN @ " It Came from Horrorwood:
Interviews with Moviemakers in the Science Fiction and Horror Tradition "
By Tom Weaver [Paperback] McFarland & Company (October 2004)
www.amazon.com/Came-Horrorwood-Interviews-Moviemakers-Tra...
AND
www.oldies.com/product-view/BK9503.html
AND
www.angusrobertson.com.au/book/it-came-from-horrorwood-in...
AND
www.powells.com/biblio?isbn=0786420693
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Welcome to another episode of "Random Road Swag", this time being the only thing I bought in Winnipeg proper this time around.
Today, I bring you something that, as always, I know nothing about, but through the power of the Internet, I've managed to cobble together some sort of information.
Gunbuster is a 1988-1989 anime series that, like all good Sci-Fi series, focuses on a giant ass robot fighting off space aliens. I never watched it, and only know of its existence because I browsed through the Soul of Chogokin catalogue back in the day and came across an entry for the mecha itself, Gunbuster. The series, according to my reading, was sort of the predecessor for a little thing called Neon Genesis Evangelion, at least from a directorial perspective.
No.. haven't seen that one either.
One of the main heroes in the story is Noriko Takaya, pilot of Buster Machine 1, daughter of Captain Yuzo Takya, and by all accounts, kind of a klutz when it comes to piloting, yet able to pull off advanced techniques without formal training.
Noriko is the subject of this technically non-scale action figure, though by size comparisons to other pieces I own, she's technically a 1/8 scale figure, so at that larger end of the things for scaled articulated figures.
What makes things interesting is that Noriko here is from a company called CMS Corporation that, well, doesn't exist anymore as they went out of business. A looksie through their catalogue, at least for their Gutto-Kuru line, shows there to be quite a healthy number of releases, and memory seems to be telling me that I've owned some other CMS items in the past.
Lets dive in a bit more in depth.
Noriko comes with a plethora of pieces. There is the articulated body, naturally, and FIVE expression.. yes.. FIVE - default, angry, happy, embarrassed, and shy - to start. There are two headbands (blue, yellow) which if I watched the show I'm sure would make sense to me, but for now I'm guessing it's tied into the fact Noriko technically has two cast off outfits - one which is her pilots outfit, and one that looks like gym wear (that seems to be associated with the yellow headband). You can even leave everything stripped off for I think it's a one piece swim suit.
But wait.. we're not done yet.
The figure also comes with I believe TEN additional hands for various poses, including two hands specifically meant for recreating an actual hands across the chest pose. Finally, there is a dynamic stand of sorts that I never opened. It seems there is a piece that fits into one of the three slots so you can secure the arm, which itself can have a clamp attached to it. It looks like the stand could handle most typical on the ground poses, but I suspect it isn't robust enough to handle any mid air positions.
Original MSRP on this robust set is 10,800 Yen as of 2012.
Now that we've gotten the details out of the way, lets dive into the details.
Having no frame of reference, I can say that the the CMS body itself is very clean. Not entirely confident that proportionally it's a perfect match, or even if it's a unique body though. Materials used feel to be of a decent quality, and not some lightweight brittle plastic that would crack under the most gentle of touches (stupid Medicom..).
The actual articulation is actually quite impressive - with the exception of the next (possibly due to the hair being a solid piece), Noriko can manage to land a Black Widow superhero landing pose, though due to her top heaviness she doesn't quite make the Iron Man 3 point landing. Joints tend to pop out when manipulating them (most notable being the shoulders) but unless you've wrenched it with the utmost strength you can muster, parts will fit together quite easily. The soft rubber outfits are bit a paint to get secured, though.
Shoulder joints are a bit strange, as the connection points within the body are actual chest level rather than at the shoulder itself.
Overall, the only "modern" conveniences missing are actual neck articulation and chest compress, along with true double jointed knees and elbows. Construction wise, Noriko is leaps and bounds above the Yamato bodies for the Mokoto and Yoko that sit on my shelf. The joints just LOOK weird, but at least the funny looking pieces are hidden within the body cavities. The actual joints themselves are actually quite solid (within a reasonable degree of expectation, of course) with an interesting choice of connection for the wrist joints themselves.
Sculpting wise, it's a bit of a mixed bag IMHO. Everthing is quite clean looking, as most unarmoured anime girls tend to be. I just feel that overall, Noriko just feels too lanky, and that embarrassed face sculpt is just.. it doesn't do anything for me. In fact, in the right light it looks nightmare fuel.
Paint and polish wise, again, not too much to complain about really. Paint apps are clean, decal work is sharp. Even the open mouth, a weak point when it comes to figures, is handled quite well. Some deduction of points on the hair, which shows signs of rough finish, and could stand a few more layers of spit polish, as it were. Another minor irk is that I found the peg holds in the hands to be a bit on the small size, so the first few times might be a bit tight.
Thank you folks, I'll be here all week.
An interesting piece from a company that has been lost to the passage of time, for a property that really doesn't get any exposure at all. I wouldn't mind finding a few more from this line just to see how things went from here, or were before this piece came out. It's a shame that a product like this, which is clearly superior to its competitors, died out, though arguably speaking the competitors themselves maybe around, but the 1/8 articulated scale line from them is gone as well.
Onto the next piece!
Austria Kunsthistorisches Museum
Federal Museum
Logo KHM
Regulatory authority (ies)/organs to the Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture
Founded 17 October 1891
Headquartered Castle Ring (Burgring), Vienna 1, Austria
Management Sabine Haag
www.khm.at website
Main building of the Kunsthistorisches Museum at Maria-Theresa-Square
The Kunsthistorisches Museum (KHM abbreviated) is an art museum in Vienna. It is one of the largest and most important museums in the world. It was opened in 1891 and 2012 visited of 1.351.940 million people.
The museum
The Kunsthistorisches Museum is with its opposite sister building, the Natural History Museum (Naturhistorisches Museum), the most important historicist large buildings of the Ringstrasse time. Together they stand around the Maria Theresa square, on which also the Maria Theresa monument stands. This course spans the former glacis between today's ring road and 2-line, and is forming a historical landmark that also belongs to World Heritage Site Historic Centre of Vienna.
History
Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in his Gallery
The Museum came from the collections of the Habsburgs, especially from the portrait and armor collections of Ferdinand of Tyrol, the collection of Emperor Rudolf II (most of which, however scattered) and the art collection of Archduke Leopold Wilhelm into existence. Already In 1833 asked Joseph Arneth, curator (and later director) of the Imperial Coins and Antiquities Cabinet, bringing together all the imperial collections in a single building .
Architectural History
The contract to build the museum in the city had been given in 1858 by Emperor Franz Joseph. Subsequently, many designs were submitted for the ring road zone. Plans by August Sicard von Sicardsburg and Eduard van der Null planned to build two museum buildings in the immediate aftermath of the Imperial Palace on the left and right of the Heroes' Square (Heldenplatz). The architect Ludwig Förster planned museum buildings between the Schwarzenberg Square and the City Park, Martin Ritter von Kink favored buildings at the corner Währingerstraße/ Scots ring (Schottenring), Peter Joseph, the area Bellariastraße, Moritz von Loehr the south side of the opera ring, and Ludwig Zettl the southeast side of the grain market (Getreidemarkt).
From 1867, a competition was announced for the museums, and thereby set their current position - at the request of the Emperor, the museum should not be too close to the Imperial Palace, but arise beyond the ring road. The architect Carl von Hasenauer participated in this competition and was able the at that time in Zürich operating Gottfried Semper to encourage to work together. The two museum buildings should be built here in the sense of the style of the Italian Renaissance. The plans got the benevolence of the imperial family. In April 1869, there was an audience with of Joseph Semper at the Emperor Franz Joseph and an oral contract was concluded, in July 1870 was issued the written order to Semper and Hasenauer.
Crucial for the success of Semper and Hasenauer against the projects of other architects were among others Semper's vision of a large building complex called "Imperial Forum", in which the museums would have been a part of. Not least by the death of Semper in 1879 came the Imperial Forum not as planned for execution, the two museums were built, however.
Construction of the two museums began without ceremony on 27 November 1871 instead. Semper moved to Vienna in the sequence. From the beginning, there were considerable personal differences between him and Hasenauer, who finally in 1877 took over sole construction management. 1874, the scaffolds were placed up to the attic and the first floor completed, built in 1878, the first windows installed in 1879, the Attica and the balustrade from 1880 to 1881 and built the dome and the Tabernacle. The dome is topped with a bronze statue of Pallas Athena by Johannes Benk.
The lighting and air conditioning concept with double glazing of the ceilings made the renunciation of artificial light (especially at that time, as gas light) possible, but this resulted due to seasonal variations depending on daylight to different opening times .
Kuppelhalle
Entrance (by clicking the link at the end of the side you can see all the pictures here indicated!)
Grand staircase
Hall
Empire
The Kunsthistorisches Museum was on 17 October 1891 officially opened by Emperor Franz Joseph I. Since 22 October 1891 , the museum is accessible to the public. Two years earlier, on 3 November 1889, the collection of arms, Arms and Armour today, had their doors open. On 1 January 1890 the library service resumed its operations. The merger and listing of other collections of the Highest Imperial Family from the Upper and Lower Belvedere, the Hofburg Palace and Ambras in Tyrol will need another two years.
189, the farm museum was organized in seven collections with three directorates:
Directorate of coins, medals and antiquities collection
The Egyptian Collection
The Antique Collection
The coins and medals collection
Management of the collection of weapons, art and industrial objects
Weapons collection
Collection of industrial art objects
Directorate of Art Gallery and Restaurieranstalt (Restoration Office)
Collection of watercolors, drawings, sketches, etc.
Restoration Office
Library
Very soon the room the Court Museum (Hofmuseum) for the imperial collections was offering became too narrow. To provide temporary help, an exhibition of ancient artifacts from Ephesus in the Theseus Temple was designed. However, additional space had to be rented in the Lower Belvedere.
1914, after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne, his " Estonian Forensic Collection " passed to the administration of the Court Museum. This collection, which emerged from the art collection of the house of d' Este and world travel collection of Franz Ferdinand, was placed in the New Imperial Palace since 1908. For these stocks, the present collection of old musical instruments and the Museum of Ethnology emerged.
The First World War went by, apart from the oppressive economic situation without loss. The farm museum remained during the five years of war regularly open to the public.
Until 1919 the K.K. Art Historical Court Museum was under the authority of the Oberstkämmereramt (head chamberlain office) and belonged to the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. The officials and employees were part of the royal household.
First Republic
The transition from monarchy to republic, in the museum took place in complete tranquility. On 19 November 1918 the two imperial museums on Maria Theresa Square were placed under the state protection of the young Republic of German Austria. Threatening to the stocks of the museum were the claims raised in the following weeks and months of the "successor states" of the monarchy as well as Italy and Belgium on Austrian art collection. In fact, it came on 12th February 1919 to the violent removal of 62 paintings by armed Italian units. This "art theft" left a long time trauma among curators and art historians.
It was not until the Treaty of Saint-Germain of 10 September 1919, providing in Article 195 and 196 the settlement of rights in the cultural field by negotiations. The claims of Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and Italy again could mostly being averted in this way. Only Hungary, which presented the greatest demands by far, was met by more than ten years of negotiation in 147 cases.
On 3 April 1919 was the expropriation of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine by law and the acquisition of its property, including the "Collections of the Imperial House" , by the Republic. Of 18 June 1920 the then provisional administration of the former imperial museums and collections of Este and the secular and clergy treasury passed to the State Office of Internal Affairs and Education, since 10 November 1920, the Federal Ministry of the Interior and Education. A few days later it was renamed the Art History Court Museum in the "Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna State", 1921 "Kunsthistorisches Museum" . Of 1st January 1921 the employees of the museum staff passed to the state of the Republic.
Through the acquisition of the former imperial collections owned by the state, the museum found itself in a complete new situation. In order to meet the changed circumstances in the museum area, designed Hans Tietze in 1919 the "Vienna Museum program". It provided a close cooperation between the individual museums to focus at different houses on main collections. So dominated exchange, sales and equalizing the acquisition policy in the interwar period. Thus resulting until today still valid collection trends. Also pointing the way was the relocation of the weapons collection from 1934 in its present premises in the New Castle, where since 1916 the collection of ancient musical instruments was placed.
With the change of the imperial collections in the ownership of the Republic the reorganization of the internal organization went hand in hand, too. Thus the museum was divided in 1919 into the
Egyptian and Near Eastern Collection (with the Oriental coins)
Collection of Classical Antiquities
Collection of ancient coins
Collection of modern coins and medals
Weapons collection
Collection of sculptures and crafts with the Collection of Ancient Musical Instruments
Picture Gallery
The Museum 1938-1945
Count Philipp Ludwig Wenzel Sinzendorf according to Rigaud. Clarisse 1948 by Baroness de Rothschildt "dedicated" to the memory of Baron Alphonse de Rothschildt; restituted to the Rothschilds in 1999, and in 1999 donated by Bettina Looram Rothschild, the last Austrian heiress.
With the "Anschluss" of Austria to the German Reich all Jewish art collections such as the Rothschilds were forcibly "Aryanised". Collections were either "paid" or simply distributed by the Gestapo at the museums. This resulted in a significant increase in stocks. But the KHM was not the only museum that benefited from the linearization. Systematically looted Jewish property was sold to museums, collections or in pawnshops throughout the empire.
After the war, the museum struggled to reimburse the "Aryanised" art to the owners or their heirs. They forced the Rothschild family to leave the most important part of their own collection to the museum and called this "dedications", or "donations". As a reason, was the export law stated, which does not allow owners to perform certain works of art out of the country. Similar methods were used with other former owners. Only on the basis of international diplomatic and media pressure, to a large extent from the United States, the Austrian government decided to make a change in the law (Art Restitution Act of 1998, the so-called Lex Rothschild). The art objects were the Rothschild family refunded only in the 1990s.
The Kunsthistorisches Museum operates on the basis of the federal law on the restitution of art objects from the 4th December 1998 (Federal Law Gazette I, 181 /1998) extensive provenance research. Even before this decree was carried out in-house provenance research at the initiative of the then archive director Herbert Haupt. This was submitted in 1998 by him in collaboration with Lydia Grobl a comprehensive presentation of the facts about the changes in the inventory levels of the Kunsthistorisches Museum during the Nazi era and in the years leading up to the State Treaty of 1955, an important basis for further research provenance.
The two historians Susanne Hehenberger and Monika Löscher are since 1st April 2009 as provenance researchers at the Kunsthistorisches Museum on behalf of the Commission for Provenance Research operating and they deal with the investigation period from 1933 to the recent past.
The museum today
Today the museum is as a federal museum, with 1st January 1999 released to the full legal capacity - it was thus the first of the state museums of Austria, implementing the far-reaching self-financing. It is by far the most visited museum in Austria with 1.3 million visitors (2007).
The Kunsthistorisches Museum is under the name Kunsthistorisches Museum and Museum of Ethnology and the Austrian Theatre Museum with company number 182081t since 11 June 1999 as a research institution under public law of the Federal virtue of the Federal Museums Act, Federal Law Gazette I/115/1998 and the Museum of Procedure of the Kunsthistorisches Museum and Museum of Ethnology and the Austrian Theatre Museum, 3 January 2001, BGBl II 2/ 2001, in force since 1 January 2001, registered.
In fiscal 2008, the turnover was 37.185 million EUR and total assets amounted to EUR 22.204 million. In 2008 an average of 410 workers were employed.
Management
1919-1923: Gustav Glück as the first chairman of the College of science officials
1924-1933: Hermann Julius Hermann 1924-1925 as the first chairman of the College of the scientific officers in 1925 as first director
1933: Arpad Weixlgärtner first director
1934-1938: Alfred Stix first director
1938-1945: Fritz Dworschak 1938 as acting head, from 1938 as a chief in 1941 as first director
1945-1949: August von Loehr 1945-1948 as executive director of the State Art Collections in 1949 as general director of the historical collections of the Federation
1945-1949: Alfred Stix 1945-1948 as executive director of the State Art Collections in 1949 as general director of art historical collections of the Federation
1949-1950: Hans Demel as administrative director
1950: Karl Wisoko-Meytsky as general director of art and historical collections of the Federation
1951-1952: Fritz Eichler as administrative director
1953-1954: Ernst H. Buschbeck as administrative director
1955-1966: Vincent Oberhammer 1955-1959 as administrative director, from 1959 as first director
1967: Edward Holzmair as managing director
1968-1972: Erwin Auer first director
1973-1981: Friderike Klauner first director
1982-1990: Hermann Fillitz first director
1990: George Kugler as interim first director
1990-2008: Wilfried Seipel as general director
Since 2009: Sabine Haag as general director
Collections
To the Kunsthistorisches Museum are also belonging the collections of the New Castle, the Austrian Theatre Museum in Palais Lobkowitz, the Museum of Ethnology and the Wagenburg (wagon fortress) in an outbuilding of Schönbrunn Palace. A branch office is also Ambras in Innsbruck.
Kunsthistorisches Museum (main building)
Picture Gallery
Egyptian and Near Eastern Collection
Collection of Classical Antiquities
Vienna Chamber of Art
Numismatic Collection
Library
New Castle
Ephesus Museum
Collection of Ancient Musical Instruments
Arms and Armour
Archive
Hofburg
The imperial crown in the Treasury
Imperial Treasury of Vienna
Insignia of the Austrian Hereditary Homage
Insignia of imperial Austria
Insignia of the Holy Roman Empire
Burgundian Inheritance and the Order of the Golden Fleece
Habsburg-Lorraine Household Treasure
Ecclesiastical Treasury
Schönbrunn Palace
Imperial Carriage Museum Vienna
Armory in Ambras Castle
Ambras Castle
Collections of Ambras Castle
Major exhibits
Among the most important exhibits of the Art Gallery rank inter alia:
Jan van Eyck: Cardinal Niccolò Albergati, 1438
Martin Schongauer: Holy Family, 1475-80
Albrecht Dürer : Trinity Altar, 1509-16
Portrait Johann Kleeberger, 1526
Parmigianino: Self Portrait in Convex Mirror, 1523/24
Giuseppe Arcimboldo: Summer 1563
Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio: Madonna of the Rosary 1606/ 07
Caravaggio: Madonna of the Rosary (1606-1607)
Titian: Nymph and Shepherd to 1570-75
Portrait of Jacopo de Strada, 1567/68
Raffaello Santi: Madonna of the Meadow, 1505 /06
Lorenzo Lotto: Portrait of a young man against white curtain, 1508
Peter Paul Rubens: The altar of St. Ildefonso, 1630-32
The Little Fur, about 1638
Jan Vermeer: The Art of Painting, 1665/66
Pieter Bruegel the Elder: Fight between Carnival and Lent, 1559
Kids, 1560
Tower of Babel, 1563
Christ Carrying the Cross, 1564
Gloomy Day (Early Spring), 1565
Return of the Herd (Autumn), 1565
Hunters in the Snow (Winter) 1565
Bauer and bird thief, 1568
Peasant Wedding, 1568/69
Peasant Dance, 1568/69
Paul's conversion (Conversion of St Paul), 1567
Cabinet of Curiosities:
Saliera from Benvenuto Cellini 1539-1543
Egyptian-Oriental Collection:
Mastaba of Ka Ni Nisut
Collection of Classical Antiquities:
Gemma Augustea
Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós
Gallery: Major exhibits