Field trial to examine genetic variation in resistance to Sudden Oak Death (Phytophthora ramorum) in tanoak, Douglas-fir, coast redwood, and Port-Orford-cedar. Established near Brookings, Oregon.

 

More about the project from Richard Sniezko:

A field trial was established in southern Oregon, near Brookings, in March 2019 to examine genetic variation in resistance to Phytophthora ramorum (pathogen causing Sudden Oak Death) in tanoak, as well as susceptibility of conifers Douglas-fir, coast redwood, and Port-Orford-cedar. The trial was a joint effort between USFS (Dorena Genetic Resource Center, FHP), OSU, and ODF.

 

900 tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus) seedling ‘families’ from 55 Oregon parent trees (and bulked lots) were planted in a field trial to assess genetic resistance to Phytophthora ramorum (pathogen causing sudden oak death, SOD), and to correlate with results of seedling inoculation testing done at Oregon State University. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), and Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) seedlings were also planted to test conifer susceptibility. Contact Richard Sniezko (richard.sniezko@usda.gov), Megan Lewien (mlewien@fs.fed.us), and Jared LeBoldus (Jared.LeBoldus@oregonstate.edu), for more information.

 

Photo by: Richard Sniezko

Date: March 18, 2019

 

Credit: USDA Forest Service, Region 6, Umpqua National Forest, Dorena Genetic Resource Center.

Source: Richard Sniezko collection; Cottage Grove, Oregon.

 

For more about the Dorena Genetic Resource Center see: www.fs.usda.gov/detail/r6/landmanagement/resourcemanageme...

 

Image provided by USDA Forest Service, Region 6, State and Private Forestry, Forest Health Protection: www.fs.usda.gov/main/r6/forest-grasslandhealth

Manuel Elizalde Jr. examining an arrow that one of the tribe members is showing him. The arrow point is detachable with a cord fastening it to the arrow shaft.

 

The T'boli Tribe of South Cotabato, Mindanao, Philippines, July 1970 with Manuel Elizalde Jr. that was a Filipino businessman. Mr. Elizalde was an independent individual who often did not go along with conventional actions. A Harvard-educated man of one of the Philippines' wealthiest families. He championed for the nation's beleaguered minorities. With the unflattering press I had found on him I didn’t much like him. Looking at all the photographs taken by Carl Mydans for LIFE Magazine it is apparent that Mr. Elizalde had a lot of respect and admiration for the T'boli people. I believe Mr. Elizalde was a kind man and was a friend of the tribe working to help them as he could.

 

Photographer: Carl Mydans for LIFE Magazine

Credits: LIFE Magazine, Copyright: © Time Inc.

 

Examine

Photo taken during a process unit turnaround in a petroleum refinery.

 

Two engineers examine the internal parts of a distillation or fractionation vessel. The parts are fabricated in pieces that would be able to be passed through a given circular manway perhaps 20"-24" in diameter.

 

The man on the left is a Materials Engineer, concerned about corrosion and wear among other things.

 

The man on the right is a Process Engineering Supervisor. Engineers working under that super's position make sure that equipment is selected correctly and during this situation, fit to be returned into position for reuse within the processing vessel from which they were removed.

Roadtrip up to Hanging Rock over Queens Birthday Weekend.

 

Hanging Rock, Victoria, Australia.

Hanna Bay Member of the upper Rice Bay Formation at Graham's Harbour. This is the youngest bedrock unit on San Salvador Island.

 

These well-sorted limestones consist of sand-sized grains of aragonite (CaCO3). On the continents, many quartz sandstones are technically called quartz arenites. Because the sand grains making up these Bahamian rocks are calcareous (composed of calcium carbonate), the limestones are called calcarenites. When examined microscopically, the calcareous sand grains can be seen touching each other - the rock is grain-supported. This results in an alternative name for these Bahamian limestones - grainstones. “Calcarenite” seems to be a more useful, more thoroughly descriptive term for these particular rocks, so I use that, versus “grainstone” (although “calcarenitic grainstone” could be used as well). The little-used petrologic term aragonitite could also be applied to these aragonitic limestones.

 

Sedimentary structures indicate that the calcarenites shown above were deposited in an ancient back-beach sand dune environment. In such settings, sediments are moved and deposited by winds. Wind-deposited sedimentary rocks are often referred to as eolianites. Most ancient sand dune deposits in the rock record are composed of quartzose and/or lithic sand. The dune deposits in the Bahamas are composed of calcium carbonate - this results in the term "calcarenitic eolianite".

 

Hanna Bay Member limestones gently dip toward the modern ocean (= behind the photographer in the above photo) and include sediments deposited in beach environments and back-beach dune environments. The latter facies is represented by the locality shown above. Beach facies limestones are more or less planar-bedded, while back-beach dune limestones (eolianites) have steeper and more varied dips.

 

The aragonite sand grains in the Hanna Bay Member are principally bioclasts (worn mollusc shell fragments & coral skeleton fragments & calcareous algae fragments, etc.) and peloids (tiny, pellet-shaped masses composed of micrite/very fine-grained carbonate - some are likely microcoprolites, others are of uncertain origin).

 

Age: Holocene (MIS 1)

 

Locality: shoreline outcrop along the eastern part of the southern margin of Graham's Harbour, between Singer Bar Point and the Bahamas Field Station, northeastern San Salvador Island, eastern Bahamas

---------------------------------------

The surface bedrock geology of San Salvador consists entirely of Pleistocene and Holocene limestones. Thick and relatively unforgiving vegetation covers most of the island’s interior (apart from inland lakes). Because of this, the most easily-accessible rock outcrops are along the island’s shorelines.

------------------------------

Stratigraphic Succession in the Bahamas:

 

Rice Bay Formation (Holocene, <10 ka), subdivided into two members (Hanna Bay Member over North Point Member)

--------------------

Grotto Beach Formation (lower Upper Pleistocene, 119-131 ka), subdivided into two members (Cockburn Town Member over French Bay Member)

--------------------

Owl's Hole Formation (Middle Pleistocene, ~215-220 ka & ~327-333 ka & ~398-410 ka & older)

------------------------------

San Salvador’s surface bedrock can be divided into two broad lithologic categories:

1) LIMESTONES

2) PALEOSOLS

 

The limestones were deposited during sea level highstands (actually, only during the highest of the highstands). During such highstands (for example, right now), the San Salvador carbonate platform is partly flooded by ocean water. At such times, the “carbonate factory” is on, and abundant carbonate sediment grains are generated by shallow-water organisms living on the platform. The abundance of carbonate sediment means there will be abundant carbonate sedimentary rock formed after burial and cementation (diagenesis). These sea level highstands correspond with the climatically warm interglacials during the Pleistocene Ice Age.

 

Based on geochronologic dating on various Bahamas islands, and based on a modern understanding of the history of Pleistocene-Holocene global sea level changes, surficial limestones in the Bahamas are known to have been deposited at the following times (expressed in terms of marine isotope stages, “MIS” - these are the glacial-interglacial climatic cycles determined from δ18O analysis):

 

1) MIS 1 - the Holocene, <10 k.y. This is the current sea level highstand.

 

2) MIS 5e - during the Sangamonian Interglacial, in the early Late Pleistocene, from 119 to 131 k.y. (sea level peaked at ~125 k.y.)

 

3) MIS 7 - ~215 to 220 k.y. - late Middle Pleistocene

 

4) MIS 9 - ~327-333 k.y. - late Middle Pleistocene

 

5) MIS 11 - ~398-410 k.y. - late Middle Pleistocene

 

Bahamian limestones deposited during MIS 1 are called the Rice Bay Formation. Limestones deposited during MIS 5e are called the Grotto Beach Formation. Limestones deposited during MIS 7, 9, 11, and perhaps as old as MIS 13 and 15, are called the Owl’s Hole Formation. These stratigraphic units were first established on San Salvador Island (the type sections are there), but geologic work elsewhere has shown that the same stratigraphic succession also applies to the rest of the Bahamas.

 

During times of lowstands (= times of climatically cold glacial intervals of the Pleistocene Ice Age), weathering and pedogenesis results in the development of soils. With burial and diagenesis, these soils become paleosols. The most common paleosol type in the Bahamas is calcrete (a.k.a. caliche; a.k.a. terra rosa). Calcrete horizons cap all Pleistocene-aged stratigraphic units in the Bahamas, except where erosion has removed them. Calcretes separate all major stratigraphic units. Sometimes, calcrete-looking horizons are encountered in the field that are not true paleosols.

----------------------------

Subsurface Stratigraphy of San Salvador Island:

 

The island’s stratigraphy below the Owl’s Hole Formation was revealed by a core drilled down ~168 meters (~550-feet) below the surface (for details, see Supko, 1977). The well site was at 3 meters above sea level near Graham’s Harbour beach, between Line Hole Settlement and Singer Bar Point (northern margin of San Salvador Island). The first 37 meters were limestones. Below that, dolostones dominate, alternating with some mixed dolostone-limestone intervals. Reddish-brown calcretes separate major units. Supko (1977) infers that the lowest rocks in the core are Upper Miocene to Lower Pliocene, based on known Bahamas Platform subsidence rates.

 

In light of the successful island-to-island correlations of Middle Pleistocene, Upper Pleistocene, and Holocene units throughout the Bahamas (see the Bahamas geologic literature), it seems reasonable to conclude that San Salvador’s subsurface dolostones may correlate well with sub-Pleistocene dolostone units exposed in the far-southeastern portions of the Bahamas Platform.

 

Recent field work on Mayaguana Island has resulted in the identification of Miocene, Pliocene, and Lower Pleistocene surface outcrops (see: www2.newark.ohio-state.edu/facultystaff/personal/jstjohn/...). On Mayaguana, the worked-out stratigraphy is:

- Rice Bay Formation (Holocene)

- Grotto Beach Formation (Upper Pleistocene)

- Owl’s Hole Formation (Middle Pleistocene)

- Misery Point Formation (Lower Pleistocene)

- Timber Bay Formation (Pliocene)

- Little Bay Formation (Upper Miocene)

- Mayaguana Formation (Lower Miocene)

 

The Timber Bay Fm. and Little Bay Fm. are completely dolomitized. The Mayaguana Fm. is ~5% dolomitized. The Misery Point Fm. is nondolomitized, but the original aragonite mineralogy is absent.

----------------------------

The stratigraphic information presented here is synthesized from the Bahamian geologic literature.

----------------------------

Supko, P.R. 1977. Subsurface dolomites, San Salvador, Bahamas. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 47: 1063-1077.

 

Bowman, P.A. & J.W. Teeter. 1982. The distribution of living and fossil Foraminifera and their use in the interpretation of the post-Pleistocene history of Little Lake, San Salvador, Bahamas. San Salvador Field Station Occasional Papers 1982(2). 21 pp.

 

Sanger, D.B. & J.W. Teeter. 1982. The distribution of living and fossil Ostracoda and their use in the interpretation of the post-Pleistocene history of Little Lake, San Salvador Island, Bahamas. San Salvador Field Station Occasional Papers 1982(1). 26 pp.

 

Gerace, D.T., R.W. Adams, J.E. Mylroie, R. Titus, E.E. Hinman, H.A. Curran & J.L. Carew. 1983. Field Guide to the Geology of San Salvador (Third Edition). 172 pp.

 

Curran, H.A. 1984. Ichnology of Pleistocene carbonates on San Salvador, Bahamas. Journal of Paleontology 58: 312-321.

 

Anderson, C.B. & M.R. Boardman. 1987. Sedimentary gradients in a high-energy carbonate lagoon, Snow Bay, San Salvador, Bahamas. CCFL Bahamian Field Station Occasional Paper 1987(2). (31) pp.

 

1988. Bahamas Project. pp. 21-48 in First Keck Research Symposium in Geology (Abstracts Volume), Beloit College, Beloit, Wisconsin, 14-17 April 1988.

 

1989. Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas, June 17-22, 1988. 381 pp.

 

1989. Pleistocene and Holocene carbonate systems, Bahamas. pp. 18-51 in Second Keck Research Symposium in Geology (Abstracts Volume), Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado, 14-16 April 1989.

 

Curran, H.A., J.L. Carew, J.E. Mylroie, B. White, R.J. Bain & J.W. Teeter. 1989. Pleistocene and Holocene carbonate environments on San Salvador Island, Bahamas. 28th International Geological Congress Field Trip Guidebook T175. 46 pp.

 

1990. The 5th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas, June 15-19, 1990, Abstracts and Programs. 29 pp.

 

1991. Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas. 247 pp.

 

1992. The 6th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas, June 11-15, 1992, Abstracts and Program. 26 pp.

 

1992. Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on the Natural History of the Bahamas, June 7-11, 1991. 123 pp.

 

Boardman, M.R., C. Carney, B. White, H.A. Curran & D.T. Gerace. 1992. The geology of Columbus' landfall: a field guide to the Holcoene geology of San Salvador, Bahamas, Field trip 3 for the annual meeting of the Geological Society of America, Cincinnati, Ohio, October 26-29, 1992. Ohio Division of Geological Survey Miscellaneous Report 2. 49 pp.

 

Carew, J.L., J.E. Mylroie, N.E. Sealey, M. Boardman, C. Carney, B. White, H.A. Curran & D.T. Gerace. 1992. The 6th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas, June 11-15, 1992, Field Trip Guidebook. 56 pp.

 

1993. Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas, June 11-15, 1992. 222 pp.

 

Lawson, B.M. 1993. Shelling San Sal, an Illustrated Guide to Common Shells of San Salvador Island, Bahamas. San Salvador, Bahamas. Bahamian Field Station. 63 pp.

 

1994. The 7th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas, June 16-20, 1994, Abstracts and Program. 26 pp.

 

1994. Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on the Natural History of the Bahamas, June 11-14, 1993. 107 pp.

 

Carew, J.L. & J.E. Mylroie. 1994. Geology and Karst of San Salvador Island, Bahamas: a Field Trip Guidebook. 32 pp.

 

Godfrey, P.J., R.L. Davis, R.R. Smtih & J.A. Wells. 1994. Natural History of Northeastern San Salvador Island: a "New World" Where the New World Began, Bahamian Field Station Trail Guide. 28 pp.

 

Hinman, G. 1994. A Teacher's Guide to the Depositional Environments on San Salvador Island, Bahamas. 64 pp.

 

Mylroie, J.E. & J.L. Carew. 1994. A Field Trip Guide Book of Lighthouse Cave, San Salvador Island, Bahamas. 10 pp.

 

1995. Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas, June 16-20, 1994. 134 pp.

 

1995. Terrestrial and shallow marine geology of the Bahamas and Bermuda. Geological Society of America Special Paper 300.

 

1996. The 8th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas, May 30-June 3, 1996, Abstracts and Program. 21 pp.

 

1996. Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on the Natural History of the Bahamas, June 9-13, 1995. 165 pp.

 

1997. Proceedings of the 8th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, May 30-June 3, 1996. 213 pp.

 

Curran, H.A., B. White & M.A. Wilson. 1997. Guide to Bahamian Ichnology: Pleistocene, Holocene, and Modern Environments. San Salvador, Bahamas. Bahamian Field Station. 61 pp.

 

1998. The 9th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 4-June 8, 1998, Abstracts and Program. 25 pp.

 

Wilson, M.A., H.A. Curran & B. White. 1998. Paleontological evidence of a brief global sea-level event during the last interglacial. Lethaia 31: 241-250.

 

1999. Proceedings of the 9th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 4-8, 1998. 142 pp.

 

2000. The 10th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 8-June 12, 2000, Abstracts and Program. 29+(1) pp.

 

2001. Proceedings of the 10th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 8-12, 2000. 200 pp.

 

Bishop, D. & B.J. Greenstein. 2001. The effects of Hurricane Floyd on the fidelity of coral life and death assemblages in San Salvador, Bahamas: does a hurricane leave a signature in the fossil record? Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 33(4): 51.

 

Gamble, V.C., S.J. Carpenter & L.A. Gonzalez. 2001. Using carbon and oxygen isotopic values from acroporid corals to interpret temperature fluctuations around an unconformable surface on San Salvador Island, Bahamas. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 33(4): 52.

 

Gardiner, L. 2001. Stability of Late Pleistocene reef mollusks from San Salvador Island, Bahamas. Palaios 16: 372-386.

 

Ogarek, S.A., C.K. Carney & M.R. Boardman. 2001. Paleoenvironmental analysis of the Holocene sediments of Pigeon Creek, San Salvador, Bahamas. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 33(4): 17.

 

Schmidt, D.A., C.K. Carney & M.R. Boardman. 2001. Pleistocene reef facies diagenesis within two shallowing-upward sequences at Cockburntown, San Salvador, Bahamas. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 33(4): 42.

 

2002. The 11th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 6th-June 10, 2002, Abstracts and Program. 29 pp.

 

2004. The 12th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 3-June 7, 2004, Abstracts and Program. 33 pp.

 

2004. Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 6-10, 2002. 240 pp.

 

Martin, A.J. 2006. Trace Fossils of San Salvador. 80 pp.

 

2006. Proceedings of the 12th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 3-7, 2004. 249 pp.

 

2006. The 13th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 8-June 12, 2006, Abstracts and Program. 27 pp.

 

Mylroie, J.E. & J.L. Carew. 2008. Field Guide to the Geology and Karst Geomorphology of San Salvador Island. 88 pp.

 

2008. Proceedings of the 13th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 8-12, 2006. 223 pp.

 

2008. The 14th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 12-June 16, 2006, Abstracts and Program. 26 pp.

 

2010. Proceedings of the 14th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 12-16, 2008. 249 pp.

 

2010. The 15th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 17-June 21, 2010, Abstracts and Program. 36 pp.

 

2012. Proceedings of the 15th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 17-21, 2010. 183 pp.

 

2012. The 16th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, June 14-June 18, 2012, Abstracts with Program. 45 pp.

 

The empty former home of the now-defunct Los Angeles Herald-Examiner newspaper.

 

Gene Chaikin on the right looking down the road being built into the leasehold. Felled and cut-up tree trunks are along the roadside. A trunk further down blocks the road; it probably fell because removing trees can cause surrounding one(s) along the road to fall. The trees support each other with roots below and an umbrella at the top. Further work will widen the road more than 50 feet on each side, so that if other surrounding trees fall, they would not block the roadway. Permission from California Historical Society required.

Please attribute copyright © Rolls-Royce PLC

Concept sketching by Kelly Mansfield. As of today, we've changed the idea to "Examine Yourself" vs "monitor".

Fabio Campanella, a researcher at NOS's lab in Beaufort, North Carolina, examines fisheries sonar data. Campanella is working on methods to detect schools of fish and, potentially, identify species of fish using sound acoustics and statisical algorithms.

 

Learn more: oceanservice.noaa.gov/caribbean-mapping/

État de Jonglei, Waat. Un chirurgien du CICR examine un patient qui a reçu une balle dans la jambe..

Jonglei State, Waat. An ICRC surgeon examines a patient who has been shot in the leg..

Mobile surgical teams, each consisting of a surgeon, an anaesthetist and two or three nurses, perform surgical procedures on weapon-wounded patients and ensure post-operative care.

Lt. Jerri Gram, from Huntsville, Ala., a doctor aboard the Military Sealift Command hospital ship USNS Comfort (T-AH 20), shares a smile with a female infant during an examination. The infant was accompanied by her mother and was treated by Comfort medical staff for dehydration. Comfort is anchored off the coast of Haiti and is supporting Operation Unified Response after a 7.0 magnitude earthquake caused severe damage near Port-au-Prince on Jan. 12, 2010. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Edwardo Proano/Released)

Shakey hands! Nooooo!

Nikon F3

Ilford HP5

A CBP Agriculture Specialist examines a shipment of green chile for pests and disease at the Columbus (New Mexico) port of entry.

Photos by: Chad Gerber

Famers in Sokoine, Tanzania examining ears of improved, drought tolerant maize variety TAN 250 on a demonstration plot at a farmer field school organized by Tanzanian seed company Tanseed International Limited, with support from CIMMYT's Drought Tolerant Maize for Africa (DTMA) project.

 

For more about the collaboration between Tanseed and CIMMYT, see CIMMYT's June 2009 e-news story "No maize, no life!" available online at: www.cimmyt.org/en/about-us/media-resources/newsletter/pre....

 

For more about DTMA see: dtma.cimmyt.org.

 

Photo credit: Anne Wangalachi/CIMMYT.

The remains of Randylands, Lanercost, Cumbria

 

NORTHERN CIRCUIT. CARLISLE, WEDNESDAY, MARCH 11. 1835 CROWN SIDE. - (Before Mr. Baron PARKE.) MURDER.

 

John PIERSON was put to the bar, charged with the wilful murder of his wife, Jane PIERSON, on the 14th day of October last, at Randylands, in the parish of Lanercost, in this county.

 

The prosecution was conducted by Sir Gregory LEWIN, assisted by Mr. RAMSHAY. The prisoner was not defended by counsel.

 

Dinah HODGSON, examined by Mr. RAMSHAY. - I am the wife of Mr. HODGSON, of Abbey-bridge-end, near Lanercost Priory. On the evening of the 13th October last the prisoner and his wife called in. Several other persons were there. The prisoner and his wife remained about two hours. He had spirit to drink all the time. I did not see the deceased drink at all. He seemed rather tipsy, and had a peck of coals with him; they left at 8 o'clock; deceased took away a gill of rum in a small reticule basket. The distance from Abbey-bridge to Randylands is half a mile. It is two miles from Abbey-bridge to Brampton; deceased wished him to go home, and said if he would go quietly, she would take a gill of rum home for him. I saw the prisoner again at our house about 8 o'clock next morning, he had a pint of ale, and brought the bottle I had lent his wife the night before. He had a pint of rum put into it, and took it away. He asked if any person went with him the night before to help him home with the coals. He said he turned tipsy after he got out, and did not know which way he got home, but he found the coals at home next morning. He seemed to be sober in the morning when he came.

 

The prisoner said he had no question to ask of the witness.

 

Rachel WHITEHEAD, examined by Sir GREGORY LEWIN. - I live at Randylands, and know the prisoner. He lived there in the same house. I occupy one room. My husband was not at home that day nor for ten days after. Prisoner and his wife came home on the night of the 13th, about half-past 7 o'clock. They were rather quarrelling before they came into the house. I did not hear the wife say much, but I heard him quarrelling with her. He was abusing her very sair, and accusing her of many things, of not being true to him for one thing. He called her a whore. It continued all the night of the 13th. They both came into their room. There is one door into the house passage, and my room door is opposite his room door. There is no ceiling to the rooms or passage. I could hear what they said. They kept quarrelling on in their own room. I cannot say the wife said much, but the next day he threatened me too. I did not interfere. Before he threatened me he opened my door and wanted to come in, but I was not willing. He said to his wife, "As soon as I finish thee, I'll finish her." My name was not mentioned. He was striking her and licking her; now and then I heard them in my own room. They were not very heavy blows. I cannot say how many times I heard the strokes. There were very many. They were all at this one time. It went on from Monday evening till Tuesday morning between 11 and 12 o'clock. I was awake all night, and lay down with my clothes on. It was not likely I should sleep with such work as that carrying on in the other room. I heard her call out "Murder" once, but no more. She did not call out anything else. I saw her next morning, about a quarter past 8 o'clock; he was then gone out. She called out to me for a cup of tea, and drank it up. She then asked me for a cup of cold water. She was lying in bed. She had nothing on more than as she was born, quite naked. I saw she was hurt; there was a vast deal of blood about the bed, and some on her person too at different places. A blanket was thrown over her; I did not raise it, but I saw blood on her neck and face at different places. When I carried her the water she said she should never want any more. I went to my own room, and saw her no more. He came home at 9 by my opinion. He went to his own room again. He threatened to kill her and me. It was not till the morning that he threatened me. I spoke to him. He said nothing amiss to me. He was ganging on, as he did through the night, beating. I heard the blows, they were many. She said nothing. I remained till about 11 o'clock. I then went out towards Mr. BARNFATHER's; he was dressed with a kind of whitish moleskin coat, and check trousers. I met Miss THIRLWALL within ten yards of my own door.

 

By the prisoner. - I know John PIERSON. That is the man (pointing to the prisoner) in a different dress. That is he. He lived by me 11 days. I know him partly by his dress. I saw him in the morning. He did what I have told. He desired me to go into his room. He showed me his wife's gown, and said she had been in some bad company, and had behaved badly to him the night before. He asked her if she had not been in bad company the night before. She did not answer at all. He asked her if she knew the man she was with. She made no answer. I did not hear her say they took that advantage of her when she was tipsy. He asked her if it was not some person who had followed us out from Abbey-bridge-end, and said he would go to the Abbey-bridge-end, and if he could make them out they should suffer for it. He did not give me a shilling. This conversation took place before I went out on the Tuesday morning. I cannot say whether I might have said he was abominably ill yoked.

 

By the COURT. - I never saw the deceased at the door, but I shouted from my own room for her to come in. I heard her at the door. She scuffled up, and came in. The prisoner was there. I don't know if he assisted her. I did not say before the coroner that I saw her at the door, and that she got up and came in, but seemed very weak.

 

Sarah THIRLWALL, examined by Mr. RAMSHAY. - I live at Wall, near Randylands. On the morning of the 14th of October, at half-past 11, I passed Randylands. I met last witness on the road. There is a footpath; it passes the house called Randylands. In consequence of what Mrs. WHITEHEAD said to me, I looked in at the window of the prisoner's house. I saw a man standing on the floor, just by the bed side, with a stick in his hand, with his arm stretched out; he was perhaps a yard from the window, pointing to the corner next the banks; I saw a table and a bed; it was a thickish stick, and a long one; I did not see him do any thing with it. I heard a man's voice, but not what he said; I might stay three minutes at the house, but only looked in for a moment; I did not know who it was; I can't say whether it was the prisoner or not. I was before the coroner next day. The dress the prisoner then had on was the same as what I saw through the window, and he might be the same size.

 

Ann THOMPSON. - I live at Haydon-gate. I went on the 14th of October to a well near Randylands. A pedlar, named BARRETT, had said something to me. On returning I called at the prisoner's house, and went in to the kitchen, which was occupied by the prisoner, about 1 o'clock. I saw nobody but a person lying on the bed. I afterwards saw the prisoner a minute or two after we got home. He said I might go down, he dared say that his wife was down. He returned out again. We procured the neighbours from four houses, and went down; it is only the length of a little field. He came back a few minutes after he went out. I think it was past 3 o'clock when we went down into the house. Prisoner was at the back of the lodge, and came across the field when we went in. When we came the second time to Haydon-gate, he said he knew nothing of the concern. He went away, and left her well in the morning. I said what made the blood on his hands if he was clear. He said it made no matter about that. There was blood on his hands, and I think on his shirt breasts. When we went in, Jane PIERSON was lying on the bed in the kitchen. She was dead. We went in a second time. There was a severe wound on the back side of her head; there were many marks of blood on her face, neck, and head, and on the bed clothes; I saw a large stick like a rake-shank. It was all blood and hair and sand. Prisoner was there when we were laying her out. I went home, and had no conversation with him. The first thing I met with was some hair lying at the outer door of the house - a little lock of human hair of the same colour as deceased's hair. On the same day I saw blood on a stone of the passage wall like a splash of blood from something lying up against it near the floor. There was much blood on the wall at the bed head.

 

By prisoner. - I saw the stick lying opposite the bed. Joe HOLMES was the first who took the stick down.

 

By the COURT. - A table was standing near the bed, and many things on it were very disorderly. The prisoner appeared a little intoxicated. He had a bottle of liquor with him, and drank out of it at our house.

 

James BARRETT. - I am a hawker and pedlar. On the road near Lanercost, going from Haydon-gate, on the morning of the 14th of October, between 10 and 11 o'clock, about 100 yards from the house, I saw a man step away from the front of the house, Randylands. He went between 20 and 30 yards, and it was the prisoner. I did not know him before. I saw a person lie in the front of the house, before the door. She was quite naked, lying on the ground. I went on up the field. She got up when I was opposite, and went into the house. She was the wife of the prisoner. I had known her before. I did not see the prisoner come out, but I saw him walk away. I heard a voice from the house; it was a woman's voice. I could not distinguish what she said. The prisoner went about 30 yards, and stood. When she went in, he went to the house again. After that I went to the laird, at Haydon-gate.

 

Joseph HOLMES. - I am a farmer, living at Abbey Lanercost. I went to Randylands on the 14th of October, between 2 and 3 o'clock. Many neighbours were there. I looked through the window, and saw the deceased lying dead on the bed with a quilt over her. I went into the room. There was a very bloody pillow lying under the bed. I pulled it out. I found a stick lying, and took care of it. It had very much of blood on it and hair. It was a rake shank. I went to the door, and in a little time observed the prisoner whistling and singing on the opposite side of the hedge. He went down the hedge, and came over a gap and into the house direct without anything passing between us. I followed immediately. He sat down. I said here's a bad job happened. He said it could not be helped, it was done. He sat hanging his head, and said, "Poor Jane, it's a pity thou'st gone." He drank out of a bottle he had in his pocket. He might be rather fresh, but he knew what he was about. We agreed one with another, and advised with the prisoner to lay the body out. He said I might search the house for anything to put on her. We got some clothes, and lifted the body on the floor. I examined the body. I cannot describe so horrid as it was. It was very much injured; there was a wound inflicted on the back part of the head - a very large wound; there were so many bruises on the body, it was horrid. The house was all over with hair and blood, and a deal lying out of the door at going in. Things were lying about in all directions; clothes, shifts, and a shirt. We left the woman to lay the body out, and all of us and the prisoner went to the door. He linked his left arm in my right one, and took me to a piece of ground where, he said, a man had ill-used his wife, exactly above the gap where he came over the hedge. I observed his hands were very bloody. He said Hugh HEWARD was the man that ill-used his wife, and Rachael WHITEHEAD knew everything about the concern. We then came back to the house and stayed half an hour. I then went to Brampton and fetched Robert SLOANE, the constable. I took several things beside the stick, which I gave to John THOMPSON, the overseer. There seemed to be marks on the grass, as if persons had been lying down there.

 

Sarah WHARF. - I went to Randylands about 1 o'clock on the 14th of October. I was there all the afternoon. I saw the deceased lying dead on the bed. I helped to lay the body out. It was all bruised over. Her head and neck appeared to be the worst. The face was black, as if from blows. The body was very dirty; her back and arms with blood and dirt together. Her hair was full of dirt and blood. The bed-clothes were bloody.

 

George GILL. - I made a post mortem examination of the deceased. It was externally almost literally covered with contusions and scratches; an incised wound on the right side of the forehead an inch and a quarter long; a very extensive contused wound on the back of the head, with a separation of the scalp to a distance of three inches. The skull was laid bare. I examined the head internally. There was a quantity of blood effused between the membranes of the brain, and in the ventricles of the brain about two table spoonsfull. From the back and the left hip the cuticle was almost entirely rubbed off. In my judgment the wound on the back of the head caused her death. It must have been produced by some blunt instrument. The wound might have been made by the stick now produced, if forcibly applied. I am a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, and was a house surgeon in Edinburgh. I was led to conclude that she had been dragged upon the ground, I think feet foremost.

 

John THOMPSON. - I received the stick now produced from Joseph HOLMES. It is in the same state now that it was then. The clothes, pillow, shift, and cap, were produced saturated with blood.

 

Hugh HEWARD, called on the part of the prosecution, but examined on behalf of the prisoner. - I saw the prisoner on the night of the 13th October, in a field to the south of the Randylands, between 8 and 9 o'clock. My son was with me, we were going from New Town home from work. When we came near opposite Randylands, there were a reticule basket and a man's hat standing in the dike gutter on the other side of the hedge from the Randylands field, about 70 yards from the house. I did not see her there that night. I saw neither man nor woman there. We went on, and heard a noise of people talking at Randylands. I gave a shout, and prisoner answereed with a shout. I asked if any person had lost anything. He said "Yes; stop and I will come." He came, and said "What have you found?" I said "What have you lost?" He said "I don't know, but something." He came rushing through a very high place of the dike, and fell with a branch in his hand. He said "I am very drunk, but you must forgive me." We turned back. I lifted up the basket and gave it him, and put the hat on his head. He was without one. He asked me where I came from and my name, and who was with me. I told him. He said the first time he met me at a public-house he would treat me for my kindness.

 

Robert SLOANE. - I took the prisoner into custody on the 14th of October; his hands were dirty, I think not bloody; I think his shirt was bloody; he had not changed his dress till delivered into custody at Carlisle gaol.

 

Francis CARRICK, turnkey of Carlisle gaol, produced the shirt the prisoner had on when taken into gaol, saturated with blood.

 

Rachael WHITEHEAD recalled. - I never knew any thing of any improper connexion of the deceased with any other man. The prisoner did not mention any man's name. I don't know if his statement about that was true or false.

 

This closed the case for the prosecution.

 

The prisoner being called on for his defence said - We left the Abbey-bridge-end, between 7 and 8 o'clock, both tipsy. I gave her my hat to carry, and she had a small basket. I lost her, and afterwards went in search of her, and found this man (HEWARD) in the field. He said he had found the basket and the hat, but had not seen her. I went home, and next morning found myself in bed with her; the bed was covered with blood; I do not know what had become of me during the night; in the morning I got up, and went out to try if I could find out who had done it; I went up to the bridge, and afterwards to Haydon-gate; I know nothing more of it.

 

The learned BARON then summed up the evidence to the jury, and, in the course of explaining the distinction between murder and manslaughter, observed that the first point for the jury to consider was, whether the prisoner was the person who inflicted the fatal wound; if so, it must be taken to be wilful murder, unless circumstances appeared which would reduce the offence to manslaughter. The prisoner's defence is, that he was excited by the infidelity of his wife, of which no proof appears, nor would that circumstance be sufficient, unless the fatal blow was given in the moment of passion; but if, from the lengthened violence and its nature, the presumption is fully rebutted, it could not amount to less than murder.

 

The jury retired for about 10 minutes, and returned with a verdict of guilty of wilful murder.

 

The learned JUDGE then with great solemnity passed the awful sentence of the law upon the prisoner, and, after imploring him to seek repentance and mercy through the merits of his Saviour, directed him to be executed on Friday morning next.

 

The court was crowded during the whole of the trial, which lasted between six and seven hours.

Kenyan farmer Mary Ngare examines stem borers hidden within a stem of her maize, and the damage caused by their feeding, which caused her a disappointing harvest. Because these insect pests feed hidden within the plant, many farmers are unaware of them. In Ngare's village of Muconoke in the district of Embu, farmers do know about stem borers and try to fight back, but even so it is difficult to spot them in time. Smallholder farmers have little cash for inputs and lack reliable information about pesticide usage. Ngare used the only pesticide she had to try to stop the borers that were attacking her maize, but it was the wrong type - one intended for seed treatment - and even then she applied it too late, after the borers had already penetrated into her maize stalks.

 

Stem borers are a class of pest made up of a number of moth species, which lay their eggs at night on the leaves of young maize plants. The larvae that hatch from the eggs - i.e. the borers - quickly make their way inside the plant, where they feed undisturbed by predators, damaging the leaf whorl, tassels, ears, and stems and starving the growing plant of nutrients. Borers' stealthy habits make them one of the most damaging pests of maize in Africa, and yet virtually invisible to farmers, who tend to attribute the damage to their crops to more visible pests. “Many farmers in Kenya don’t even know their maize fields have a stem borer problem, yet these insects cost them some 400,000 tons in lost harvest each year,” says CIMMYT maize breeder Stephen Mugo. To be effective, pesticides must be applied at the time the eggs are laid, and are in any case difficult for resource-poor farmers to afford. “Even farmers who know about stem borers only notice the damage after it’s too late for chemical control. A seed-based technology is what we need,” says Mugo.

 

In ongoing research, CIMMYT is collaborating with the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) to develop maize varieties that are resistant to stem borers, and to disseminate these to resource-poor smallholder farmers. “Maize that resists stem borer damage would take the guesswork out of stem borer pesticide usage by eliminating it altogether,” says Mugo. The work is part of the Insect Resistant Maize for Africa (IRMA) project.

 

For more information about stem borers in Kenya and CIMMYT's research, see the July 2006 e-news story "Blind to Borers," available online at: www.cimmyt.org/newsletter/82-2006/249-blind-to-borers.

 

For more about the Insect Resistant Maize for Africa (IRMA) project, see: www.cimmyt.org/en/projects/insect-resistant-maize-for-africa.

 

Photo credit: CIMMYT.

8th November 2010

I had the day off, so my wife and I decided to have lunch with a friend of ours. We had a great soup, breadsticks, and salad lunch at the Olive Garden. Since the afternoon was still early we went to the mall shopping, then home for supper.

Igshaan Adams Gebedswolke (Prayer Clouds) 2021-2023 copper wire, spray paint

 

Exhibition: Unraval- The Power and Politics of Textiles in Art (Sep 14, 2024 until Jan 5, 2025)

 

The colorful and extraordinary artworks in the group exhibition Unravel are radical in both form and content, showcasing a wide range of forms, scales, techniques, and perspectives. Some draw on age-old techniques, while others utilize new and experimental processes. Each of these artists uses fabric and thread to tell their personal histories, which also speak to current socio-political themes.

Textiles have always been an under-examined medium in art history, but have recently been rediscovered by artists as a way to tell tales of love, resilience, power, and resistance.

tnsr.org/2022/10/fixing-the-current-system-or-moving-towa...

 

Fixing the Current System or Moving Toward a Value-Based Globalization

Mathew Burrows, Robert A. Manning, Aaron L. Friedberg

 

In this issue’s correspondence section, Mathew Burrows and Robert Manning respond to Aaron Friedberg’s article on the future of globalization, published in Vol 5, Iss 1 of TNSR. Friedberg, in turn, offers his own rebuttal.

 

Taking Exception: The Problems with a “Partial Liberal” Order

Mathew Burrows and Robert A. Manning

 

Aaron Friedberg recently published an important, thought-provoking article in these pages that examines the evolution of the international economy over the last two centuries and possible scenarios for how the current era of globalization may fail or be reconstructed.¹ We commend the analysis of past phases of globalization but take issue with the likelihood and desirability of his proposed “value-based” free world trade bloc, which he calls “Globalization 2.5.” Friedberg dismisses the possibility of repairing and updating the current international system to reflect the redistribution of wealth and power from West to East and North to South. While he discusses a region-centric global economic order, his preferred outcome is a U.S.-led “partial liberal” order. However, such a framework would institutionalize a fragmented, conflict-prone world based more on power and less on rules.

 

The notion of a “democracies only” world order reflects the logic of the Biden administration’s “democracy vs. autocracy” strategy, but with respect to it fashioning a stable and prosperous world, it is a dubious proposition. For starters, China is the world’s largest trading power (its total export-imports were $4.2 trillion in 2021), the leading trade partner of U.S. allies and partners in Europe and Asia, and a major exporter of capital.² Moreover, the neutral response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine by most of the world — including democracies such as India, Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia, and Turkey — shows that these countries are more motivated by interests than by democratic values. Beyond fashioning legal and institutional frameworks for global trade and investment to operate in, the administration’s requirement now is to make sure that such trade and investment favor U.S. interests. The Biden administration, for example, wants to prevent any new trade regimes from hurting the middle class, even though there are inevitably going to be some losers when openings in trade are made.

 

The United States could do better by closing the skills-job opening gap and helping the American middle class compete by providing improved retraining and more life-long learning opportunities, as well as a stronger social safety net, including portable healthcare, universal daycare, and more generous unemployment insurance linked to retraining. Of course, trade politics include a significant amount of market intervention and managed trade — imposing quotas and voluntary export restraints, or putting in place tariffs when another’s trade practices are deemed to be unfair or in order to protect strategic industries — and demonstrate clear results from such measures.³ Yet, there seems to be an increasing temptation among foreign policy strategists to believe that China will either acquiesce to perpetual U.S. primacy or that it can simply be isolated from U.S.-led political and economic structures. This implies that the United States and its allies can redesign the world to please their preferences for democratic liberalism without regard for other countries. But when, over the past several centuries, has there been a stable world order absent the inclusion or a considered balance of the major economic and military powers, particularly China and Russia?

 

Technology, Economics, and Politics

 

To our minds, the proposal for a “partial liberal trading system,” is inconsistent with Friedberg’s elegant summary analysis of how periods of globalization over the past 200 years have come about and operated: namely that economics, in terms of market trends and other forces such as technology, has historically been the driver of globalization. Politics, on the other hand, may have established a favorable framework for globalization, but it has been unable to orchestrate it fully.

 

We take the point in Robert Gilpin’s prescient assessment, cited by Friedberg, regarding the reciprocal relationship between politics and economics, wherein economics redistributes wealth and power, which leads to political changes and reordered politico-economic relationships. But this model overstates the role of politics and underestimates the role of technology. Politics does create the framework in which economics operates, but within that framework — the enabling security structures and sets of rules and regulations — economics is driven by its own imperatives that redistribute wealth and power. In Britain in the 19th century and the United States in the 20th century, economic expansion led to the development of external markets for Western exports and imports of commodities and other essential goods. These economic exchanges helped America’s trading partners — including China — to grow and compete. Some forecasts anticipate that China will outgrow the United States as measured in market exchange terms by the early 2030s.⁴ China’s stunning ascendency since 1978 is testimony to how economic growth upsets power balances,⁵ in this case triggering a U.S. backlash and a corresponding shift of U.S. views of China that Friedberg ably chronicles.

 

Economics has also driven calls in the United States and, to a degree, other Western countries, for changing how globalization operates in order to better protect their interests. In a sense, having pressed liberalization on everyone else and then lost the agency to run the global economy after World War II, Washington wants to re-work who’s in and who’s out to ensure continued hegemony. Friedberg’s solution to the problems with the current trading system would be a “world in which the advanced industrial democracies of Europe, Asia, and the Western Hemisphere band together to form a free trade area and perhaps a full economic bloc.” This is wishful thinking. Such an alternative to the current global economy is unrealistic and would be disruptive, ultimately undermining U.S. and Western prosperity and potentially increasing the risk of great-power conflict — a risk that is already unacceptably high.

 

The historical cases that Friedberg supplies illustrate the importance of economics and technology over politics. This is strengthened if one considers the first cycle of economic globalization that took place more than two millennia ago under the Han dynasty, a case that Friedberg omitted: the Silk Road, which connected Asia and the Middle East to Europe with variations (e.g., Venice’s maritime empire) until roughly 1500.⁶ There were minimal rules in this system, and it was driven mainly by power, ambition, and the desire for profit. Friedberg’s “Globalization 1.0,” (1815–1914), facilitated as much by rapid technological change (the telegraph, railroads, steam engines) as by a post-Napoleonic political framework, was largely based on Britain’s and other Western countries’ comparative advantage and thirst for the raw materials that were provided by Europe’s colonies in Africa, Asia, Caribbean, and other regions. It was the politics of nationalism and anti-colonialism more than redistributed wealth that produced World War I, thus ending that period of globalization.

 

The post-World War II Bretton Woods system was a wildly successful partial-liberal order centered in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan. The crafters of this system were intent on learning from the mistakes of hyper-nationalism and protectionism that characterized the inter-war period. The system had a rules-based architecture that was open and mutually beneficial and that worked to no small degree because of relatively open U.S. markets and a hegemonic enforcer that underpinned the system. The self-imposed separation by the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact countries helped set its limits. As John Ruggie argues (which Friedberg cites), one reason for the post-Cold War resilience of the Bretton Woods system, current problems notwithstanding, is that even absent a hegemon, if there is a sense of common purpose and shared interests, a multilateral structure can still function.⁷ Bretton Woods partners felt they were receiving enough mutual benefit to sustain the system, regardless of whether a hegemon was involved. But as Europe and Japan rebuilt and became industrial competitors by the 1980s, the generosity of America’s relatively open markets became increasingly problematic for Americans who saw those whom they had defeated gaining economically on the United States. Washington struck back, as showcased in the 1980s U.S.-Japanese trade wars in which Japanese auto companies were pressured into investing their profits in building new factories in America.

 

As globalization took off at the end of the Cold War, the Bretton Woods trade and financial system, fueled by the IT revolution and global supply chains, expanded exponentially to former Warsaw Pact nations and to emerging economies like Brazil, India, and East Asia writ large, as well as China and even Russia itself. The result was a new global middle class, but also new vulnerabilities that manifested in financial crises in Latin America (most pronounced in the 1980s but episodic and ongoing in Argentina and several other countries), the 1998 Asian financial crisis, and eventually the meltdown of the whole system in the 2008 Western financial crisis.⁸ All of this affirms Gilpin’s point about trade redistributing wealth and, in turn, leading to changes in political fortunes, such as America’s relative decline. While it is still a work in progress, we have seen some change in the character and scope of globalization. Capital controls are one such shift, as well as a proliferation of regional and extra-regional trade arrangements. A polycentric world also faces unprecedented uncertainty about the future of the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) role as the arbiter of global trade, as the failure of the Doha Round of global trade liberalization underscored.⁹

 

At present, the Fourth Industrial Revolution and rapid digitization have shown that economics tends to race ahead of governance. This was illustrated by China’s unprecedented economic success in recent decades, outgrowing the political framework of the trading system, going from $150 billion in GDP in 1978 to $18 trillion in 2021 with an average 10 percent annual growth from 1978 to 2021.¹⁰ China’s gaming of the system led to a shattering of U.S. myths that economic reform leads to wider liberalization and a realization that China’s state-centric model was a different type of capitalism, something that President Donald Trump called out.¹¹

 

Repairing the Current System

 

Instead of proposing an improbable strategy for a return to a partial globalization centered on the “free world,” Friedberg may have done better to show that the current, flawed system of globalization can be repaired. This would preserve, if not boost, current benefits for the United States and the rest of the world. In Friedberg’s account of the breakdown of “Globalization 2.0,” China is largely at fault. Nobody denies that China has never fulfilled the promises it made to liberalize its internal market at the time of its 2001 accession to the WTO. Beijing is also, as Friedberg charges, engaged in rampant intellectual theft to help it become a tech giant, but this is not the most important factor in its rapid technological ascent. Missing in Friedberg’s analysis are U.S. causes for America’s disenchantment with globalization. As Adam Posen has argued in a recent Foreign Affairs article, the “United States has, on balance, been withdrawing from the international economy for the past two decades.”¹² The jobs lost to Chinese competition have, in fact, been relatively small — namely, two million jobs lost between 2000 and 2015 out of a workforce of 150 million, or roughly 130,000 workers a year.¹³

 

So why the public backlash against globalization and China? Part of the reason, Posen argues, concerns the “fetishization of manufacturing jobs.” The United States has been steadily losing manufacturing jobs, with many of the losses coming from electorally important states, giving the issue more prominence. But why shift all the blame onto China? While Beijing bears much of the blame, the United States has been woefully remiss in helping redundant workers find new employment through retraining. Policies encouraging U.S. offshore investment in global supply chains until very recently also contributed to the problem. According to a 2021 study by the American Enterprise Institute, U.S. “federal spending on worker training has fallen over the past few decades as a share of GDP.”¹⁴ U.S. states have traditionally played an important role in trade adjustment, but in the aggregate, there has also been a decline in trade funding assistance since the 1980s. Other advanced economies do much better in terms of funding both social safety nets and skills training: The United States is second to last in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s ranking of countries that provide public spending to support job readiness and matching skills to jobs.¹⁵ Fashioning a more robust social safety net and better equipping the workforce with the skills needed to advance in a rapidly changing 21st-century workplace might restore trust in freer trade.

 

It is not only on trade that the United States has turned against the rest of the world. Anti-immigrant feeling has also exploded, although there is little evidence that unskilled immigrants are going to take away highly paid jobs.¹⁶ In fact, the U.S. economy can’t run without immigrants. The turn inward and opposition to globalization is as much cultural and psychological as it is based on rational interests. Disregarding history and the distributive effects of trade, Americans always tended to assume that their country would be an outright winner of globalization.

 

European countries have been much less enamored with globalization, fearing that their industries would lose out. As Friedberg points out, globalization was sold in the mid-1990s by President Bill Clinton as the motor for achieving the “end of history.” But there was little understanding of how globalization leads to more — not less — strategic competition. One reason for this may be that America’s rise to become one of the great economic powers by the end of the 19th century came about because of Britain’s embrace of free trade and its support for globalization. A better appreciation at the outset of the challenges of economic competition might have pushed the United States toward a Sputnik-like “self-improvement” program, rendering it better prepared for the inevitable competition from China and other emerging markets.

 

Instead of throwing the globalization baby out with the bath water, America can still try to repair the flaws in globalization’s workings. What’s wrong with putting pressure on China by rounding up allies to force Beijing to mend its ways on IP theft and lack of market access or risk losing global markets? China’s growth remains dependent on trade, and China is the biggest trading partner of many U.S. allies.

 

Sacrificing Globalization 2.0 and trying to build a partial replacement anchored in the “free world” carries a number of risks. For starters, it is not a given that the United States can harmonize its views on trade and regulation with those of the European Union, which has been integrating its trade with Asia and Latin America. Globalization 2.0 has also been the vehicle for many developing countries to enrich themselves, reduce poverty, and build middle classes, which, over time, can bolster the chances of democratization and liberal market reforms. A partial liberal trade system that leaves out a good part of the world would increase the chances of conflict and make authoritarianism more likely, leaving the developing world more dependent on China.

 

In all of this, there needs to be a better understanding of the limits of America’s power to impose its will. It may have worked for Dean Acheson, but that time is long past. It is U.S. hubris and concern over America’s unreliability that has prompted Europe and much of Asia to hedge against the United States. Look at E.U. trade and investment deals with Japan, China, and other Asian and Latin American states,¹⁷ and consider Asia, with its new Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership accord,¹⁸ which does not include America. Though Friedberg minimizes the effort required to achieve consensus, he is right about the importance of mobilizing democracies and other like-minded states to forge a common position on trade issues, but that should not be an end in itself. Precisely because of the limits of U.S. agency, working with allies and partners makes sense in order to maximize America’s leverage to shape global rules and norms, but it should not be a substitute for global rules.

 

With only 18 percent of the world economy, is it not possible that China would alter its policies to sustain access to global markets,¹⁹ particularly now, as it faces unprecedented challenges due to a state-centric, investment-driven economic model that no longer works?²⁰ The same Chinese Communist Party of the Great Leap Forward disaster and the maniacal cultural revolution self-corrected by enacting Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms. It is worth exhausting diplomacy to test this idea before concluding that there is no difference between China’s grandiose ambitions and what it is willing to accept. That’s where coordination among democracies and the like-minded can build leverage to test the proposition. Friedberg is too quick to eliminate any role for the United States and its partners working together to update global trade and tech rules, as well as the WTO. At present, however, the mutual demonization between China and the United States, and America’s assumption that China can’t change, render such an effort difficult.

 

Domestic Obstacles to a Value-Based Globalization

 

Friedberg also ignores the growing domestic obstacles when he calls for a return to a partial, value-based globalization. President Joe Biden may have eased Trump-era steel and aluminum sanctions against European allies, but he angered those allies with his Buy American rule, using federal procurement to support American manufacturing. Biden also dismayed America’s United States-Mexico-Canada-Agreement partners, when he proposed electric car subsidies for unionized U.S. carmakers,²¹ although it’s unclear how the subsidies will be implemented in the recently enacted Inflation Reduction Act. The episode has left a bad taste in the mouths of America’s closest trade partners, such as South Korea and Japan, who have been encouraged to build auto factories in the United States, and it reinforces the impression that the United States is becoming more protectionist, even with its allies.

 

Moreover, the Biden administration is so divided it is hard for it to make any move on trade. A recent Politico article describes the difficulty plaguing administration efforts to develop a trade strategy with Asian countries, despite the eagerness of America’s Asian allies and partners for the United States to take a more active role in trade.²² In one corner of the three-way administration division are the trade expansionists who want to tie Asian nations closer to the United States with trade deals. Then there’s the more labor-friendly faction, which wants to use tariffs and quotas to protect U.S. workers. The third camp worries that scrapping with China economically could undermine administration priorities to ease inflation and decrease supply chain bottlenecks. Even smaller trade deal ideas, such as a digital trade agreement, have met with opposition. A U.S. Trade Representative plan to launch a trade case against China’s use of industrial subsidies has also been dropped.

 

Then there’s Congress, which is increasingly anti-trade. Trumpist Republicans and progressive Democrats oppose any effort to resurrect the Trans-Pacific Partnership and would block America’s entry into the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership. Both parties are fighting the last war, blaming foreign trade as the main cause of the decline of union workers and the loss of manufacturing jobs, when technological change is a major driver of job gains and losses. The problem is more the mismatch of skills to labor, one reason why the United States has some 10 million unfilled jobs.²³

 

Administration paralysis in moving forward with any trade initiative combined with growing protectionism make it hard to envisage a “free world” free trade agreement being workable. While such an accord would seem to be in line with the administration’s anti-China and pro-democracy focus and popular with the growing anti-China congressional consensus, it would mean crafting a trade agreement that is larger than any of the administration’s smaller initiatives. Friedberg has rightly focused on the problems that China poses to the functioning of the world trading system. Yet, the current political disorder at home is as much the issue when it comes to remaking the global trading system. The fundamental problem with Friedberg’s advocacy for a free world trading system is that we cannot just wipe the slate clean and start anew.

 

Conclusion

 

There is much uncertainty about the future of the global trading system, and Friedberg nicely sketches possible alternative futures. The WTO’s role will almost certainly be diminished. There may be sector-specific global trade liberalization to come, but most likely no future global trade rounds. Trade liberalization has become more region-centric and trans-region centric, such as is the case with the U.S.-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement.²⁴ Nonetheless, because of its near universal membership (it covers 96 percent of global trade), and its role as the only over-arching dispute settlement mechanism, the WTO remains critical to maintaining a rules-based trade regime, although both aspects of the organization are in need of major reform if the WTO is to remain relevant.²⁵

 

Recent trends of regional trade clusters and the reorganization of supply chains suggest that the most probable scenario is one in which the WTO and U.N. standard-setting bodies create a loose global umbrella over regional accords. But continued trade and financial fragmentation cannot be dismissed. Protectionism — managed trade in key sectors like steel and aluminum — is on the rise. For the very reason that Friedberg highlights via Gilpin — that economics alters politics — we cannot rule out that today’s authoritarians could become tomorrow’s market-oriented democracies, as internal forces, such as growing middle classes, push for more political participation and liberalization over time.

 

Apart from the inertia of U.S. trade policy, market forces pose a strong obstacle to any effort to reorder trade along ideological lines that cuts out the world’s largest market and trading power. We are already seeing hints of a prospective mirror-image response to “democracies only” efforts in the February joint statement from Chinese leader Xi Jinping and Russian President Vladimir Putin, promising closer affiliation between Russia’s Eurasian Economic Union and China’s Belt and Road Initiative.²⁶ Similarly, Beijing has proposed a new Global Security Initiative.²⁷

 

There is a complex network of trade and investment with China. U.S. corn and wheat farmers are attracted to the Chinese market, and shale producers welcome selling to the Chinese liquefied natural gas market. Boeing enjoys the Chinese commercial airline market, and Qualcomm and others like selling low-end chips for Chinese cellphones. None of this necessarily poses national security risks. A circumscribed, partial liberal trade order would defy market forces that benefit American businesses and consumers.

 

Strategic competition is leading to decoupling by both the United States and China where national security interests are deemed at risk, particularly in the tech sector. Fixing a global system that economics has overtaken, however problematic, still seems the most sensible strategy. Finally, with regard to the broader systemic consequences, it is worth recalling a recent cautionary note from Henry Kissinger: “Differences in ideology should not be the main issue of confrontation, unless we are prepared to make regime change the principal goal of our policy.”²⁸

   

Dr. Mathew Burrows serves as director of the Stimson Center’s Strategic Foresight Hub and is a distinguished fellow in the Reimagining Grand Strategy program and Red Cell project at the Stimson Center. He retired in 2013 from a 28-year career at the CIA, serving the last 10 years as counselor at the National Intelligence Council.

 

Robert A. Manning is a distinguished fellow in the Reimagining Grand Strategy program and the Red Cell project at the Stimson Center. He was a senior counselor to the undersecretary of state for global affairs from 2001 to 2004, a member of the U.S. Department of State policy planning staff from 2004 to 2008, and a member of the National Intelligence Council strategic futures group from 2008 to 2012. Follow him on Twitter @Rmanning4.

toyota prius

A squirrel monkey examines a large leaf. He also tried it on as a hat, but I couldn't focus fast enough!

 

Squirrel monkeys come from the tropical forests of Central and South America.

Examined Life, The Symphony Space, NYC - April 12, 2009

High conversions – TestoGen is one of the best converting brands in the network

 

Fast-growing, successful brand – in just three years following its 2014 launch, TestoGen more than tripled its yearly revenue.

 

Global market – now selling to over 80 different countries worldwide.

 

Safe and natural testosterone booster – made from a premium blend of natural ingredients that safely stimulate the production of more testosterone = bit.ly/3pZch8o

A page from the out-of-print Ticket Examiners Handbook, dating from 2004, that was issued to guards and other staff involved in ticket checking.

 

Format: Still image

 

Subject(s): Physicians, Nurses, African Americans

 

Genre(s): Pictorial Works

 

Abstract: View of an African American physician examining an infant while a nurse takes notes and the infant's mother looks on.

 

Related Title(s): Is part of: Archives, 1894-1952, box 1.; See related catalog record: 2934107R

 

Extent: 1 photographic print..

NLM Unique ID: 101441847

 

NLM Image ID: A014800

 

Permanent Link: resource.nlm.nih.gov/101441847

Nith Navigation September 2015

Ships, shanties, burgers and boules:

T’was another early start for most of our intrepid explorers as this week’s adventure took us westwards and upwards to Dumfries and the Nith Navigation Race. Ours was a truly Northumbrian contingent as members of three clubs banded together to crew “Coquet Spirit”. Huge thanks to those good folks who joined us, bringing their energy, enthusiasm (and Tupperware boxes) and helping make this trip happen (hurrah!)

We cheerfully observed the ever darkening skies as we crossed the A69 and we're motivated en route by texts from those crew-mates who had travelled the previous evening, explaining their relaxing morning and full Scottish breakfast in detail (cheers folks!). Rain turned into more rain but we managed to seek solace in the fact we were heading for a marginally lighter shade of grey! (Skiffies are waterproof anyway!) The puddles at the sides of the road raised columns of water as we rattled along the narrow country lanes, the view at times akin to the parting of the red sea. At one point we considered taking the boat off the trailer and rowing along the road itself.

It wasn’t long however before the horizon on the sat nav turned from green to blue and we found ourselves at our destination. Opening the car door and alighting we found we’d parked next to a sign that cheerfully welcomed us with the words “Warning, fast tides and quicksand” (I must admit our hearts leapt a bit with excitement at the tides… and a touch of trepidation at the quicksand)

We quickly dashed across the car park to seek welcome shelter. Here we commented thankfully on the genius of planning a row that started at a café and ended at a pub.

We’d poured into the café at 9.00 only to be told that they didn’t really open for another hour, but the cheerful chap happily agreed to tear up the rule book and furnish us with tea and bacon rolls anyway… it wasn’t however until 10.00 that he put the lights on !!! By this time the room was filling with skiffies and the car park was filling with water as we watched the tide start to hurtle by the windows. Today’s tide wasn’t particularly high (but still a belter by east coast standards) so the anticipated tidal bore wasn’t as dramatic as previously recorded (8 to 10m tides !!!!) .. But there certainly was still some cracking energy in the water. The Cox’s briefing pointed us to the fastest part of the flow and with a wicked grin we were advised to “use this to our advantage”. It was a short drag to the slip where fully-loaded skiffs were pushed down to the water by diesel power and floated off into the current for an energetic row back up to the starting point (against the tide).We chose the "push to the edge and clarty feet" option to save removing electrics etc. Thankfully someone had cleared the silt from the slip so we could tell it apart from the "sinky stuff" Once back up at the starting point, crews had steered themselves into the mud banks to get some purchase before a staged start (partly to avoid clutter and partly because you’d never get boats to stop in that current .. never mind line up!) and with a wave….we were off…….

The first half of the six mile course was ably assisted by the tide, then time to lengthen out the strokes and pick up the pace a touch. Eager heads were cast over shoulders to try and gauge the field in comparison to our relative starting positions as Boatie Blest (starting last) grew from a spec on the horizon to pass us in the last few minutes. For a while we held our own and it was great to race through the bridges together. Before we knew it chequered flags were waived (by Elsie from Gosforth!!) and all crews applauded each other’s efforts as a close field came in one shortly after the other. A quick draw of breath saw the last of the rain pass and skies clear in time for a row in company back down the river. This time we took the opportunity to look at the scenery we’d obviously ignored on the way down. This included a derelict mill building that looked as if it came straight out of an episode of Scooby Doo (Mr Grimes the caretaker would have gotten away with it too if it wasn’t for those meddling skiffs!!).

With the sun out and in clear water we broke into a few “traditional” shanties (artistic license and local flavour applied aplenty as usual!!) before turning and mooring up at Kingholme Quay, alongside tall ship La Malouine. Here boats were admired and oars/footrests/mascots/blisters compared before the “skiff extraction machine” swung into action. At this point chains and strops were secured and lowered over the quay edge and skiffs were lifted from the water, swung around and deftly lowered to their waiting trailers (thanks guys!!). Several fingernails may have been bitten as the first skiff was lifted, but these were quickly forgotten and the clubs all pulled together checking landings, moving trailers and unhooking/re-hooking chains. Here new friendships were made and old ones rekindled … all with the re-assuring squelch of mud underfoot. Rob revisited the “shuggy boats” of our youth as he was lifted to land aboard the final skiff as Geoff and Jenny furnished the masses with pasties and chilli infused scotch eggs from Tupperwares 1 and 2)

With the boats safely on trailers we adjourned to the pub where skiffies of all ages filled the room with hearty chatter. At this point Ian and Elsie broke out Tupperwares 3 and 4 supplying the table with Rocky Road and flapjacks (fruit well soaked) before Roy (our gracious host) announced that food was served and we were treated to a mountain of cracking burgers and sausage buns. All were well and truly stuffed when glasses were "pinged" to herald the announcement that more burgers had arrived… well? It would be rude not to would it ?? Buttons were universally unfastened and attention drawn to the presentations where all crews received a commemorative bottle of whisky featuring the fair Malouine herself (a really nice touch, thanks) and apologies made for lack of planned cheese due to an accident involving the “cheese man” (we all wish him well!!) The final presentation was made to the deserved winners Boatie Blest (hip hip……)

At this point hugs and handshakes are normally exchanged and folks make their way home, however this is not the way of Nith. Seconds later a stranger in a beret carrying a French flag entered from stage left (looking uncannily like our host) and we were marched to the riverside for the first “Coastal Rowing Boules Tournament” a respectful nod to the lineage of the fair ship to our left. The rules were explained, heats were drawn and eager skiffies set about examining the equipment and discussing proposed technique. Watched by an enthusiastic crowd the crews ran through two qualifiers and a final with Troon taking the inaugural title followed by three hearty and well deserved cheers for our hosts and all involved…. (Absolutely cracking way to round off a day)

The sun was now well and truly beaming and we toddled up to the tall ship and were welcomed and offered open access to “climb aboard and take to look”. Here we were regaled with tales of the ship’s chequered history from Icebreaker to party boat in Martinique to the theft of its sails in France and how it ultimately found residence here. We did all but climb the rigging before bidding Roy a fond farewell with a promise to return (any other NE skiffs fancy coming next year and staying over perhaps??)

By now we’re used to these stories extending (brevity is not, I’m afraid, a gift that I posses to any great degree) and today was to be no exception …so we settled back in the beer garden for a quick beverage and the remnants of Tupperwares 1,2,3 and 4 (sounds like the ACRC equivalent of Thunderbirds!!) Conversation was varied and eclectic and shifted from boat and surfboard building through to 18 month sourdough cultures to the absorbency of bread buns and “whims”. As if fate couldn’t have arranged a better day already, a lady from behind the bar came out to our table with an additional beer stating simply that “it was our lucky day”. We responded in the only manner we knew how, tastefully arranging a plate from our respective Tupperwares, taking it into the bar and reciprocating her sentiment word for word….. Happy days indeed!

Farewells were finally exchanged as we recounted the day’s events and were again astounded at what you can fit into 12 hours when you’ve got a skiff, some water and good company…

Huge thanks to all involved.

Right then fellow adventurers……… what’s next ???

Note: Apologies that there are no actual race photos to accompany this …. Maybe someone can help us out?

Hi Flickr friends--been off traveling and visiting with relatives. Hope to catch up on all your finds soon! --Roz

 

Meanwhile, here's a small collection of press photos that I find odd and interesting. Men with painted lips are not for the faint of heart. How Inspector Ahern here managed to be assigned to guard the peephole through which a bullet was fired that killed an Allan B. Friedman while the very next photo is of (H)arold? Friedman in jail is a mystery that exists only in the World of Cosmic Orphaned Photos, or is part of the Great Friedman Conspiracy. Enjoy!

 

On the Back: "Murder Scene--Homicide Inspector Frank Ahern inspects the door peephole through which a bullet was fired that claimed the life of Allen B. Friedman" Received Examiner Reference Library Oct 2 1951 x. Ref. Murder Case.

AMBON, Indonesia (July 27, 2010) Lt. Stacy Dodt, a doctor embarked aboard the Military Sealift Command hospital ship USNS Mercy (T-AH 19), examines an Indonesian child during a Sail Banda medical civic action program event. Mercy is in Ambon participating in Sail Banda 2010, a series of events hosted by the Government of Indonesia to promote the future of small islands. Mercy’s participation features medical and dental care clinics and construction projects in and around Ambon, as well as on Seram Island. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Craig Anderson/Released)

  

 

Leading international investors examine issues shaping global credit markets, such as the impact of, and investor response to, recent changes monetary policies, as well as the implications of U.S. tax reform. The discussion is also expected to explore capital structures and credit instruments that are delivering the best risk-adjusted profiles, areas of credit in which idiosyncratic risk is making a return, and how investors view near-term geopolitical events.

 

Moderator

Tracy Alloway, Executive Editor, Bloomberg Markets

 

Speakers

Sir Michael Hintze, Founder, Chief Executive and Senior Investment Officer, CQS

Paul Horvath, Group CEO, Orchard Global Capital Group

Steven Shapiro, Partner, GoldenTree Asset Management

David Warren, CEO, Chief Investment Officer and Founding Partner, DW Partners LP

SkyDock with Electric Option

Deputy Chief of the Border Patrol, CBP, Ronald D. Vitiello testifies on Border Security; examining the implications of S. 1691, the Border Patrol Agent Pay Reform act of 2013 before the U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs in Washington D.C. Photo by James Tourtellotte

Even though it was a rainy messy art day today, Mom came down and we had a great time! Missed having the nieces to paint with us, but I managed a couple of other projects and Mom basically finished 2 of her previously started paintings.

 

Tommorrow is Mom's birthday - July 9th!! Happy Birthday Mom!!

Fort Casey, Washington. Though the airplane made it obsolete by the time it was build, it remained in service in both world wars.

The Statue of George M Cohan examines one of the huge video displays in Times Square

This was commissioned by William Randolph Hearst for his sixth newspaper, The Los Angeles Examiner. It was designed by architect Julia Morgan, and opened January 1, 1915. I'm reminded of the Santa Fe Depot in San Diego, which opened March 8, 1915. The Herald Examiner was published here until November 2, 1989. This building has since been used for filming since then. It's actually like a small studio, complete with sets such as a bar, jail, industrial, apartments.