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Garret Jordan | Columnist, Spare Change News.
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Using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope and a new observing technique, astronomers have found that dark matter forms much smaller clumps than previously known. This result confirms one of the fundamental predictions of the widely accepted "cold dark matter" theory.
All galaxies, according to this theory, form and are embedded within clouds of dark matter. Dark matter itself consists of slow-moving, or “cold,” particles that come together to form structures ranging from hundreds of thousands of times the mass of the Milky Way galaxy to clumps no more massive than the heft of a commercial airplane. (In this context, "cold" refers to the particles' speed.)
The Hubble observation yields new insights into the nature of dark matter and how it behaves. "We made a very compelling observational test for the cold dark matter model and it passes with flying colors," said Tommaso Treu of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), a member of the observing team.
Dark matter is an invisible form of matter that makes up the bulk of the universe's mass and creates the scaffolding upon which galaxies are built. Although astronomers cannot see dark matter, they can detect its presence indirectly by measuring how its gravity affects stars and galaxies. Detecting the smallest dark matter formations by looking for embedded stars can be difficult or impossible, because they contain very few stars.
While dark matter concentrations have been detected around large- and medium-sized galaxies, much smaller clumps of dark matter have not been found until now. In the absence of observational evidence for such small-scale clumps, some researchers have developed alternative theories, including "warm dark matter." This idea suggests that dark matter particles are fast moving, zipping along too quickly to merge and form smaller concentrations. The new observations do not support this scenario, finding that dark matter is "colder" than it would have to be in the warm dark matter alternative theory.
"Dark matter is colder than we knew at smaller scales," said Anna Nierenberg of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, leader of the Hubble survey. "Astronomers have carried out other observational tests of dark matter theories before, but ours provides the strongest evidence yet for the presence of small clumps of cold dark matter. By combining the latest theoretical predictions, statistical tools and new Hubble observations, we now have a much more robust result than was previously possible."
Hunting for dark matter concentrations devoid of stars has proved challenging. The Hubble research team, however, used a technique in which they did not need to look for the gravitational influence of stars as tracers of dark matter. The team targeted eight powerful and distant cosmic "streetlights," called quasars (regions around active black holes that emit enormous amounts of light). The astronomers measured how the light emitted by oxygen and neon gas orbiting each of the quasars' black holes is warped by the gravity of a massive foreground galaxy, which is acting as a magnifying lens.
Using this method, the team uncovered dark matter clumps along the telescope's line of sight to the quasars, as well as in and around the intervening lensing galaxies. The dark matter concentrations detected by Hubble are 1/10,000th to 1/100,000th times the mass of the Milky Way's dark matter halo. Many of these tiny groupings most likely do not contain even small galaxies, and therefore would have been impossible to detect by the traditional method of looking for embedded stars.
The eight quasars and galaxies were aligned so precisely that the warping effect, called gravitational lensing, produced four distorted images of each quasar. The effect is like looking at a funhouse mirror. Such quadruple images of quasars are rare because of the nearly exact alignment needed between the foreground galaxy and background quasar. However, the researchers needed the multiple images to conduct a more detailed analysis.
The presence of the dark matter clumps alters the apparent brightness and position of each distorted quasar image. Astronomers compared these measurements with predictions of how the quasar images would look without the influence of the dark matter. The researchers used the measurements to calculate the masses of the tiny dark matter concentrations. To analyze the data, the researchers also developed elaborate computing programs and intensive reconstruction techniques.
"Imagine that each one of these eight galaxies is a giant magnifying glass," explained team member Daniel Gilman of UCLA. "Small dark matter clumps act as small cracks on the magnifying glass, altering the brightness and position of the four quasar images compared to what you would expect to see if the glass were smooth."
The researchers used Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3 to capture the near-infrared light from each quasar and disperse it into its component colors for study with spectroscopy. Unique emissions from the background quasars are best seen in infrared light. "Hubble's observations from space allow us to make these measurements in galaxy systems that would not be accessible with the lower resolution of ground-based telescopes—and Earth's atmosphere is opaque to the infrared light we needed to observe," explained team member Simon Birrer of UCLA.
Treu added: "It's incredible that after nearly 30 years of operation, Hubble is enabling cutting-edge views into fundamental physics and the nature of the universe that we didn't even dream of when the telescope was launched."
The gravitational lenses were discovered by sifting through ground-based surveys such as the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and Dark Energy Survey, which provide the most detailed three-dimensional maps of the universe ever made. The quasars are located roughly 10 billion light-years from Earth; the foreground galaxies, about 2 billion light-years.
The number of small structures detected in the study offers more clues about dark matter's nature. "The particle properties of dark matter affect how many clumps form," Nierenberg explained. "That means you can learn about the particle physics of dark matter by counting the number of small clumps."
However, the type of particle that makes up dark matter is still a mystery. "At present, there's no direct evidence in the lab that dark matter particles exist," Birrer said. "Particle physicists would not even talk about dark matter if the cosmologists didn’t say it's there, based on observations of its effects. When we cosmologists talk about dark matter, we're asking 'how does it govern the appearance of the universe, and on what scales?'"
Astronomers will be able to conduct follow-up studies of dark matter using future NASA space telescopes such as the James Webb Space Telescope and the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST), both infrared observatories. Webb will be capable of efficiently obtaining these measurements for all known quadruply lensed quasars. WFIRST's sharpness and large field of view will help astronomers make observations of the entire region of space affected by the immense gravitational field of massive galaxies and galaxy clusters. This will help researchers uncover many more of these rare systems.
The team will present its results at the 235th meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Honolulu, Hawaii.
The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between NASA and ESA (European Space Agency). NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, manages the telescope. The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore, Maryland, conducts Hubble science operations. STScI is operated for NASA by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy in Washington, D.C.
For more information: www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/hubble-detects-smallest...
Credits: NASA, ESA, A. Nierenberg (JPL) and T. Treu (UCLA)
The Horsehead Nebula is a dense cloud of gas and dust embedded in a much larger structure, and a favorite target of astrophotographers because of its unusual shape. Most previous views have been almost identical. But when seen in infrared light, it takes on a whole new appearance. Strikingly, it is nearly a negative of the visible-light view. The area above the top of the horse is bright in visible but dark in infrared, while the body of the horse shows up much brighter in the infrared compared to the visible. Learn more
🍃 NGC 281 – The Pacman Nebula 🌌✨
Meet NGC 281, famously called the Pacman Nebula due to its distinctive shape. This bright emission nebula lies in the constellation Cassiopeia, showcasing glowing clouds of hydrogen gas sculpted by young, hot stars.
📍 Constellation: Cassiopeia
✨ Distance from Earth: ~9,200 light-years
📏 Apparent Size: ~30 arcminutes (about the size of the Full Moon)
🔭 Apparent Magnitude: +7.4
📡 Coordinates (J2000):
Right Ascension: 00h 52m 59s
Declination: +56° 37′ 19″
💡 Did You Know?
NGC 281 is an H II region, rich in ionized hydrogen that emits light when energized by nearby O- and B-type stars.
The dark patches and lanes are dense regions of dust and gas, potential birthplaces for new stars.
The name “Pacman” comes from its resemblance to the classic video game character, with a “bite” taken out of its circular shape.
Part of the IC 1590 star cluster is embedded within, powering the nebula’s glow.
A whimsical reminder of the universe’s creativity—what do you see in this cosmic shape? Share your thoughts below! 🌠
Lights: 60x300 (HSO)
Telescope: Takahashi FSQ-106ED
Camera: QHY 600M
Filters: Astrodon
Processed: Pixinsight
Date: 09/01/2025
In the developed world, the experience of the average twenty-five-year-old is one of substantial overlap between online and offline friends and colleagues. The overlap is so great, in fact, that both the word and the concept of “cyberspace” have fallen into disuse. The internet augments real-world social life rather than providing an alternative to it. Instead of becoming a separate cyberspace, our electronic networks are becoming deeply embedded in real life.
Clay Shirky | Here Comes Everybody | p.196
CC image courtesy of: www.flickr.com/photos/mcblood/391340160/
For the beauty and warmth of the photos embedded, as well as Nana's skill in editing, «Simply UK» makes one of her best pieces of blogging - a real quality «photo book». 😘
This is why, few days later, I reblogged a summary in my own blog under the title «Simply UK post produced!»
Keep up the good work Nana agrimi 💗
A toy embedded, close to the kerb, in a (relatively) newly laid pavement, on Lower Dargle Road, Bray.
Instead of the usual scrawling in the wet cement, someone pressed this guy into the, aforementioned, wet cement and it has set around him.
I suspect the missing leg is the result of trying to extract him.
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Car 54, and 21 @ 102. Pennzoil too [search it, find it, simple.]
Nghe nói đâu đó là On Rainy Day ko bị cấm nữa, vui hết xá. Hii
www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=n3dF0... - U-KISS(유키스) NEVERLAND(네버랜드) M/V Full ver
Nghe bài này mà cứ ngồi nhịp nhịp, rung đùi đã =))))))))
www.youtube.com/watch?v=1klLYsHweyM&feature=player_em... - Taeser 2 ( Step feat Kara )
Ngóng MV ra qá =p~
www.youtube.com/watch?v=VwQaccTZeJQ&feature=related - PONPONPON☆
Công nhận là cái điệu PONPONPON dt thiệt >:d<
www.youtube.com/watch?v=wOw8rDZzfrc&feature=related - Play the piano, Gikwang_so cute
Tập đánh môi như Ki =))
———
KIM HEE CHUL. WAITING YOU
Photo of Icicle Creek captured alongside Icicle Creek Road via Minolta MD W.Rokkor-X 24mm F/2.8 Lens and the bracketing method of photography. Stuart Mountain Range. Central Cascades Range. Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. Chelan County, Washington. Late October 2016.
Exposure Time: 1/250 sec. * ISO Speed: ISO-400 * Aperture: F/8 * Bracketing: +1 / -1