望古瀑布 directly translated means “ancient hope”, it’s a place for me to unwind, cleanse and reflect, it’s also a place that is beautiful photographically. YesterdayI brought a bay area photographer back to this magical place. To my surprise, the little island in the middle with 2 palm trees and ferns covering the ground is gone, It could have been caused by the flood from the hurricane. Nonetheless, it’s still beautiful, with the soft light from the light drizzle and a hint of the fall. The water flow is just perfect for all the falls to sing in harmony. You’ve gotta love a rainy day in Taiwan!

 

I love the 16:9 aspect ratio from the A7Rii, it’s perfect to frame both the overhanging wall to the left and the waterfall to the right. :)

 

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Saint Peter's Square is a large plaza located directly in front of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City, the papal enclave inside Rome, directly west of the neighborhood (rione) of Borgo. Both the square and the basilica are named after Saint Peter, an apostle of Jesus considered by Catholics to be the first Pope.

At the centre of the square is an ancient Egyptian obelisk, erected at the current site in 1586. Gian Lorenzo Bernini designed the square almost 100 years later, including the massive Doric colonnades, four columns deep, which embrace visitors in "the maternal arms of Mother Church". A granite fountain constructed by Bernini in 1675 matches another fountain designed by Carlo Maderno in 1613.

The open space which lies before the basilica was redesigned by Gian Lorenzo Bernini from 1656 to 1667, under the direction of Pope Alexander VII, as an appropriate forecourt, designed "so that the greatest number of people could see the Pope give his blessing, either from the middle of the façade of the church or from a window in the Vatican Palace". Bernini had been working on the interior of St. Peter's for decades; now he gave order to the space with his renowned colonnades, using a simplified Doric order, to avoid competing with the palace-like façade by Carlo Maderno, but he employed it on an unprecedented colossal scale to suit the space and evoke a sense of awe.

St. Peter's Square is located in Vatican CitySt. Peter's Square

St. Peter's Square within Vatican City

There were many constraints from existing structures. The massed accretions of the Vatican Palace crowded the space to the right of the basilica's façade; the structures needed to be masked without obscuring the papal apartments. The obelisk marked a centre, and a granite fountain by Maderno stood to one side: Bernini made the fountain appear to be one of the foci of the ovato tondo embraced by his colonnades and eventually matched it on the other side, in 1675, just five years before his death. The trapezoidal shape of the piazza, which creates a heightened perspective for a visitor leaving the basilica and has been praised as a masterstroke of Baroque theater, is largely a product of site constraints.

According to the Lateran Treaty the area of St. Peter's Square is subject to the authority of Italian police for crowd control even though it is a part of the Vatican state.

The colossal Doric colonnades, four columns deep, frame the trapezoidal entrance to the basilica and the massive elliptical area which precedes it. The ovato tondo's long axis, parallel to the basilica's façade, creates a pause in the sequence of forward movements that is characteristic of a Baroque monumental approach. The colonnades define the piazza. The elliptical center of the piazza, which contrasts with the trapezoidal entrance, encloses the visitor with "the maternal arms of Mother Church" in Bernini's expression. On the south side, the colonnades define and formalize the space, with the Barberini Gardens still rising to a skyline of umbrella pines. On the north side, the colonnade masks an assortment of Vatican structures; the upper stories of the Vatican Palace rise above.

A reconstruction of Old Saint Peter's in 1450; at left is the obelisk in its previous location.

At the center of the ovato tondo stands the Vatican Obelisk, an uninscribed Egyptian obelisk of red granite, 25.5 m (84 ft) tall, supported on bronze lions and surmounted by the Chigi arms in bronze, in all 41 m (135 ft) to the cross on its top. The obelisk was originally erected in Heliopolis, Egypt, by an unknown pharaoh.

The Emperor Augustus had the obelisk moved to the Julian Forum of Alexandria, where it stood until AD 37, when Caligula ordered the forum demolished and the obelisk transferred to Rome. He had it placed on the spina which ran along the center of the Circus of Nero. It was moved to its current site in 1586 by the engineer-architect Domenico Fontana under the direction of Pope Sixtus V; the engineering feat of re-erecting its vast weight was memorialized in a suite of engravings. The obelisk is the only obelisk in Rome that has not toppled since antiquity. During the Middle Ages, the gilt ball atop the obelisk was believed to contain the ashes of Julius Caesar. Fontana later removed the ancient metal ball, now in a Roman museum, and found only dust inside; Christopher Hibbert however writes that the ball was found to be solid. Though Bernini had no influence in the erection of the obelisk, he did use it as the centerpiece of his magnificent piazza, and added the Chigi arms to the top in honor of his patron, Alexander VII.

An early interpretation of the relative locations of the circus and obelisk, including the medieval and current basilicas.

The paving is varied by radiating lines in travertine, to relieve what might otherwise be a sea of setts. In 1817 circular stones were set to mark the tip of the obelisk's shadow at noon as the sun entered each of the signs of the zodiac, making the obelisk a gigantic sundial's gnomon. Below is a view of St. Peter's Square from the cupola (the top of the dome) which was taken in June 2007.

St. Peter's Square today can be reached from the Ponte Sant'Angelo along the grand approach of the Via della Conciliazione (in honor of the Lateran Treaty of 1929). The spina (median with buildings which divided the two roads of Borgo Vecchio and Borgo nuovo) which once occupied this grand avenue leading to the square was demolished ceremonially by Benito Mussolini himself on October 23, 1936, and was completely demolished by October 8, 1937. St. Peter's Basilica was now freely visible from the Castel Sant'Angelo. After the spina, almost all the buildings south of the passetto were demolished between 1937 and 1950, obliterating one of the most important medieval and renaissance quarters of the city. Moreover, the demolition of the spina canceled the characteristic Baroque surprise, nowadays maintained only for visitors coming from Borgo Santo Spirito. The Via della Conciliazione was completed in time for the Great Jubilee of 1950.

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Modern curved glass buildings facade against blue sky directly below view

 

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Excerpt from www.historicplaces.ca:

  

Description of Historic Place

 

The Adamson Estate, now a public park and campus for the Royal Conservatory of Music, backs directly onto Lake Ontario, at 850 Enola Ave., in the City of Mississauga. This 13.2 acre parcel, is what remains of the original 300 acre summer property, of the Cawthra family. It contains a two-storey manor house, in the Colonial Revival and Flemish style, a wooden gatehouse or folly, a barn, a pet cemetery and the remains of a pool.

 

It has been recognised for its heritage value by the City of Mississauga By-law 461-78.

Heritage Value

 

The remnants of the original estate, with its house, barn outbuildings and grounds are a significant waterfront cultural landscape. They provide a window into the past, of an important pioneer family, and the lifestyle associated with an early twentieth century country estate.

 

The Adamson Estate is associated with the Cawthras, a prominent family involved in the development of York, (now Toronto) and Toronto Township (now Mississauga). The Crown granted Joseph Cawthra, an English immigrant from Yorkshire, approximately 200 acres of land shortly after the 1805 Mississauga Purchase. Cawthra, a prominent York merchant, did not settle this land, but used it primarily as a summer residence, renting the majority of the property, in 1830, to William Duck for farming purposes. The property remained in Cawthra's ownership until 1971, with Duck's descendants farming it until the 1940s. Mabel Cawthra received the property as a wedding gift upon her marriage to Agar Adamson in 1899. After spending the First World War in Flanders, the Adamsons returned to Canada, in 1919, choosing to live permanently on the subject land. They replaced the c. 1860 cottage with a new manor. Sproatt and Rolph designed it in the Colonial Revival style with Flemish elements. The Adamsons requested Flemish features be included to commemorate their years abroad.

 

The two-storey house, completed in 1920, is comprised of two long gabled structures joined together and extended on the east by an orangey. A red tile roof caps the pale stucco walls. Metal windows are plentiful and multi-paned; most are casement. The semi-circular blind above the upper-storey windows adds height and detailing. Cut stone adorns the peak of the gables and lakefront entrance, referencing Flemish bell-cast gables.

 

The gatehouse or folly was constructed in 1904 as a summer nursery, doubling as a guesthouse. It is one of only three gatehouses of this design in Canada. (The others are at the Ottawa residences of both the Governor General and the Prime Minister.) It is also Canada's only wooden folly. Thus, this structure is valued for being an architectural rarity. It spans the driveway that leads to the rear of the main structure. The green roof shingles and wood trim stand out against the cream-coloured stucco and complement the exterior colours of the house. An exterior staircase accesses the upper floor and leads to a wrap-around balcony.

 

Since the 1960s, the barn was used for theatrical productions, seating 100, with the granary serving as the bar. This use continued when the City of Mississauga acquired the site in 1971. The Royal Conservatory of Music (RCM) began leasing the main house in 1996 and the folly shortly thereafter. The school converted the house into classrooms and the folly into a studio. Mississauga Parks and Recreation retained the barn for storage. The City created a pet cemetery by gathering monuments disbursed throughout the property, into one place.

 

Source: CS.08-ENO, Enola Avenue 850, City of Mississauga.

Character-Defining Elements

 

Character defining elements that reflect the heritage value of the Adamson Estate include its:

- unusual design of the two-storey main house, which incorporates Flemish details into the Colonial Revival style

- cut stone detailing on the gabled wings

- multi-paned metal fenestration

- rarity of the gatehouse's design in being constructed over an existing roadway

- uniqueness of the gatehouse as the only known building of its type in Canada constructed of wood

- pet cemetery

- remains of a pool

The house directly across the road from ours, drawn from just inside my gateway. We looked at this house when searching for a house in York in 1992. Both houses were on the market at the time, and we became friends with owners of this house, Led and Mary Howard. Excellent neighbours who were always happy to help, with loans of tools, ladders and advice. Les passed away a couple of years ago. Mary moved back to Somerset, to be closer to her family in February 2018. The house is the same design as ours but has been altered in different ways. There is an extension along the side and the kitchen has been extended into the former wash house and wc. Drawn over about 90 minutes with a Staedtler Pigment Liner 0.1 pen in an A4 cartridge paper sketchbook.

Schweiz / Berner Oberland - Jungfraujoch

 

Aletsch glacier

 

Aletschgletscher

 

The Jungfraujoch (German: lit. "maiden saddle") is a saddle connecting two major 4000ers of the Bernese Alps: the Jungfrau and the Mönch. It lies at an elevation of 3,463 metres (11,362 ft) above sea level and is directly overlooked by the rocky prominence of the Sphinx. The Jungfraujoch is a glacier saddle, on the upper snows of the Aletsch Glacier, and part of the Jungfrau-Aletsch area, situated on the boundary between the cantons of Bern and Valais, halfway between Interlaken and Fiesch.

 

Since 1912, the Jungfraujoch has been accessible to tourists by the Jungfrau line, a railway from Interlaken and Kleine Scheidegg, running partly underground through a tunnel through the Eiger and Mönch. The Jungfraujoch railway station, at an elevation of 3,454 metres (11,332 ft) is the highest in Europe. It lies east of the saddle, below the Sphinx station, and is connected to the Top of Europe building, which includes several panoramic restaurants, shops, exhibitions, and a post office. Several tunnels lead outside, where secured hiking trails on the crevassed glacier can be followed, in particular to the Mönchsjoch Hut. The normal route to the Jungfrau and Mönch starts from there.

 

The Sphinx Observatory, one of the highest astronomical observatories in the world, provides an additional viewing platform at a height of 3,572 metres (11,719 ft), the second-highest in Switzerland. It can be reached by an elevator from the Jungfraujoch. The observatory houses one of the Global Atmosphere Watch's atmospheric research stations. The Jungfraujoch radio relay station, which is not accessible to the public, is installed west of the Jungfraujoch, on the Jungfrau ridge. It is Europe's highest radio relay station.

 

Etymology

 

Swiss and Austro-Bavarian German Joch (lit. 'yoke') is a term for 'ridge between two higher peaks' recorded in the 14th century (Grimm, Deutsches Wörterbuch "bereits im 14. jahrh. als ortsname: des gotzhus zwing und ban vahet an Rotenhalden und denne die roten bachtalen uf unz an den grat, und den grat obnan hin ob Grüblen hin iemerme, unz an Joch. und ab Joch unz an Stoerben. weisth. 1, 4 (Zürich)").

 

The name Jungfrau ('maiden, virgin'), which refers to the highest mountain overlooking the Jungfraujoch, is most likely derived from the name Jungfrauenberg given to Wengernalp, so named for the nuns of Interlaken Monastery, its historical owner. However, the "virgin" peak was heavily romanticized as a "goddess" or "priestess" only in late 18th- to 19th-century Romanticism. After the first ascent in 1811 by Swiss alpinist Johann Rudolf Meyer, the peak was jokingly referred to as Mme Meyer (Mrs. Meyer).

 

Geographic setting

 

The Jungfraujoch is a snow saddle located directly between the summits of Mathildespitze (west) and Sphinx (east). It is, however, most notably the lowest point between the Jungfrau and the Mönch, respectively third and fourth highest mountains in the Bernese Alps, and the key col of the former. The south side (canton of Valais), almost flat, is constituted by the Jungfraufirn, one of the branches of the Aletsch Glacier, the longest in the Alps. From the south, the Jungfraujoch can be relatively easily accessed by mountaineers in two days from the region of Fiesch, via the Konkordia Hut. The north side (canton of Bern) is almost vertical with a difference of height of nearly 3,000 metres from the bottom of the valley at Interlaken, with no easy natural access. For those reasons, the only easy and quick access to the Jungfraujoch is through the 7 kilometre-long tunnel of the Jungfrau Railway, accessed via Kleine Scheidegg on the north side, the railway pass between Lauterbrunnen and Grindelwald.

 

Administrativelly, the Jungfraujoch is split between the territories of the municipalities of Lauterbrunnen and Fieschertal. Nearly all built infrastructure, including the Jungfraujoch railway station, Top of Europe complex and the Sphinx Observatory, are on the Valais side of the border, therefore in the municipality of Fieschertal. The ridge between the Jungfrau and the Mönch is a major European watershed as well. The north side is drained by the Weisse Lütschine, the Aare and the Rhine. The south side is drained by the Massa and the Rhone.

 

First crossing

 

There is a tradition in the Bernese Oberland, supported by some documentary evidence, that a pass existed between Grindelwald and Fiesch in Valais in the late medieval period, later lost to the advancing glaciers. With the early development of tourism in Switzerland and the exploration of the High Alps in the 19th century, there were once again attempts to traverse the great ridge that encloses the head of the Aletsch Glacier, and connecting Fiesch with Grindelwald and Wengernalp. Four such routes were found, with the Jungfraujoch and the Eigerjoch being among the most difficult passes in the Alps, despite the former having a relatively easy southern approach on the Aletsch Glacier.

 

The first ascent of the north side of the Jungfraujoch succeeded in July 1862, by a party of six English climbers and six Swiss guides: Leslie Stephen, F. J. Hardy, H. B. George, Living, Moore, and Morgan, with Christian Almer, Christian and Peter Michel, Ulrich Kauffmann, P. Baumann, and C. Bohren as guides. The time of ascent from Wengernalp was nine hours.

 

The party turned back on the first day at a bergschrund, returning on the following day with a ladder 25 ft (7.6 m) in length, carried by Peter Rubi, a porter from Grindelwald. The way lay at first by the rocky buttress of the Mönch, separating the Eiger and Guggi glaciers. From the buttress the route descended a short distance in order to reach the Guggi Glacier, which could be ascended to a plateau. This halting place was reached in about three hours.

 

Above the bergschrund was a second and smaller plateau which was situated immediately under the long slopes of broken neve that lay below the saddle. The final and very arduous stage in the ascent was a single patch of dark rocks jutted out from the snow in the ridge connecting the Jungfrau with the Mönch. After more than an hour of climbing, a great wall of ice, whose projecting cornice of snow was fringed by long icicles, had to be avoided bearing left in the direction of the Mönch, along the base of the wall by a slippery pathway of ice formed from the dripping from the icicles above. At a point where the pathway thinned out nearly to a point, and was cut across by a transverse crevasse, the wall became low enough to be scaled by the ladder. This was the last serious obstacle: a moderate slope of névé, unbroken by crevasses, then led up to the summit of the saddle.

 

After reaching the first patch of rocks, a short way below the saddle on the south side, the party divided: George and Moore, with C. Almer and U. Kaufmann went down to the Eggishorn and Fiesch, therefore completing the first crossing of the Jungfraujoch, while the remainder of the party returned to Grindelwald by the Mönchsjoch.

 

Jungfrau Railway

 

History

 

Adolf Guyer-Zeller first thought of the idea of a tunnel in 1893, and at that point, he had planned to have seven stations inside the tunnel before reaching the peak of the Sphinx. The building of the tunnel started on July 27, 1896 and took 16 years to complete.[6] The construction phase was troubled by many problems including monetary shortages, inclement weather and mounting deaths due to construction accidents. The worst accident occurred in 1908, when 30 tons of dynamite accidentally exploded.

 

When construction finally finished, the railway reached only to the height of the Jungfraujoch saddle, rather than the summit of the Sphinx, and had only two intermediate stations. However, even in its current state, the Jungfraubahn is a significant achievement in engineering and construction, still holding the title for highest railway in Europe.

 

Railway

 

The train into the mountain leaves from Kleine Scheidegg, which can be reached by trains from Grindelwald and Lauterbrunnen. The train enters the tunnel running eastward through the Eiger shortly after leaving Kleine Scheidegg.

 

It runs close behind the Eiger's north face, stopping at Eigerwand, where there is a window about 8 m long and a metre high, halfway up the face. The windows have been placed in holes used to remove excavated rock from the tunnel during construction, and are also occasionally used as access points, by climbers, and also rescue parties. This window was used for one of the final scenes of a Clint Eastwood spy movie, The Eiger Sanction. There one can get off the train to admire the view before the train continues five minutes later. The tunnel then turns west, heading towards the Jungfrau. There is a second stop at a window looking out on the Eismeer ("Sea of Ice") before the train continues to the Jungfraujoch. The tunnel was constructed between 1898 and 1912; it is about 7 kilometers (4.3 mi) long, with gradients of up to 25%. The journey from Kleine Scheidegg to Jungfraujoch takes approximately 50 minutes including the stops at Eigerwand and Eismeer; the downhill return journey taking only 35 minutes.

 

The Jungfraujoch complex plays an important role in John Christopher's The Tripods novels.

 

Climate

 

Located above the permanent snow line, the Jungfraujoch is officially the coldest place in Switzerland, although other higher locations with no weather station, for example the top of the nearby Jungfrau and Finsteraarhorn, probably experience a more extreme climate. According to Köppen climate classification, the Jungfraujoch has an alpine climate on the border between tundra climate (ET) and ice cap climate (EF) with long, cold winters lasting most of the year and a brief period during summer where the average daily highs rise above freezing.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

The Aletsch Glacier (German: Aletschgletscher, German pronunciation: [ˈalɛtʃˌɡlɛtʃɐ]) or Great Aletsch Glacier (Grosser Aletschgletscher) is the largest glacier in the Alps. It has a length of about 23 km (14 mi) (2014), has about a volume of 15.4 km3 (3.7 cu mi) (2011), and covers about 81.7 km2 (31.5 square miles) (2011) in the eastern Bernese Alps in the Swiss canton of Valais. The Aletsch Glacier is composed of four smaller glaciers converging at Konkordiaplatz, where its thickness was measured by the ETH to be still near 1 km (3,300 ft). It then continues towards the Rhône valley before giving birth to the Massa. The Aletsch Glacier is – like most glaciers in the world today – a retreating glacier. As of 2016, since 1980 it lost 1.3 kilometres (0.81 mi) of its length, since 1870 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi), and lost also more than 300 metres (980 ft) of its thickness.

 

The whole area, including other glaciers is part of the Jungfrau-Aletsch Protected Area, which was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001.

 

Geography

 

The Aletsch Glacier is one of the many glaciers located between the cantons of Bern and Valais on the Bernese Alps located east of the Gemmi Pass. The whole area is considered to be the largest glaciated area in western Eurasia. The Fiescher and Aar Glaciers lying on the east have similar extensions.

 

Except the Finsteraarhorn, all the highest summits of the Bernese Alps are located within the drainage basin of the glacier. The Jungfrau and Mönch constitute the northern boundary; the Gross Fiescherhorn and Gross Wannenhorn lie on its east side; finally the culminating point, the Aletschhorn (4,193 m (13,757 ft)) is located on the west side.

 

Before reaching the maximum flow, four smaller glaciers converge at Konkordiaplatz:

 

From the western mouth flows the Grosser Aletschfirn, which runs along the northern foot of the Aletschhorn and Dreieckhorn. The Grosser Aletschfirn is supplied from the north by three notable firns: the Äbeni Flue-Firn, the Gletscherhornfirn, and the Kranzbergfirn. All of these firns have their starting points at around 3,800 m (12,500 ft). From the Äbeni Flue-Firn to the Konkordiaplatz, the Grosser Aletschfirn is 9 km (5.6 mi) long and is on average about 1.5 km (0.93 mi) wide. On the west, the Grosser Aletschfirn connects with the Langgletscher over the 3,158 m (10,361 ft) high glacier pass, the Lötschenlücke, into the Lötschental.

 

From the northwestern mouth flows the Jungfraufirn. This firn in fact represents the straight continuation of the Aletsch Glacier, yet is the shortest of the four tributary glaciers. It has its origin on the southern flank of the Mönch and at the eastern flank of the Jungfrau with the Jungfraujoch in-between. Up to the Konkordiaplatz, the Jungfraufirn is a scarce 7 km (4.3 mi) long, and returns to flank the Kranzberg in the west and the Trugberg in the east. At its highest point, it is 2 km (1.2 mi) wide, and further down it is still a good 1 km (0.62 mi) wide.

From the northern mouth flows the Ewigschneefäld ("Eternal snow field"), where its starting point takes the east flank of the Mönch. In an elbow, it flanks from Trugberg in the west and the Gross Fiescherhorn and Grünhorn in the east, flowing on to the Konkordiaplatz. Up to here, it is about 8 km (5.0 mi) long and averages about 1.2 km (0.75 mi) wide.

 

The mouth at the Konkordiaplatz it follows over a rise with a descent from 25 to 30 percent; here, the glacier is sharply split. Against the north is the Ewigschneefäld over the snow-covered pass of the Unners Mönchsjoch (3,518 m (11,542 ft)), connected with the catchment area of the Ischmeer (Wallis German for "Ice Sea"). Through the Obere Mönchsjoch (3,624 m (11,890 ft)) between the Mönch and the Trugberg stands a connection to the Jungfraufirn.

 

From the east, the smallest firn arrives at the Konkordiaplatz: the Grüneggfirn. Its northern arm begins below the Grünegghorn (3,860 m (12,660 ft)). The southern arm collects its snow and ice in the pot flanked by the Wyssnollen, Fiescher Gabelhorn (3,866 m (12,684 ft)), and the Chamm. Between the peaks Wyssnollen and Grünhörnli another glacier pass, the Grünhornlücke (3,279 m (10,758 ft)), connects to the Fieschergletscher. The Grüneggfirn enters the Konkordiaplatz in a gap between the mountainsides Grünegg to the north and the Fülberg to the south. On the western side of the Fülberg the Konkordia hut (mountain hut) overlooks the whole Konkordiaplatz at an altitude of 2,850 m (9,350 ft).

 

South of Konkordiaplatz, the glacier runs towards the valley of the Oberwallis (Upper Valais); on the east side, near Bettmeralp, lies a small glacier lake, Märjelensee (2,301 m (7,549 feet)); from the western side used to enter the Mittelaletschgletscher, but since the end of the 20th century the connection with the Aletsch Glacier has been lost. Further down, until about 1880, the Oberaletschgletscher did also enter the Aletsch Glacier at its mouth. But since then both glaciers have been retreating so far that they do not connect anymore (the Upper Aletsch Glacier did retreat about 1.3 km (0.81 mi) from its connecting point with the Aletsch Glacier), but both serve now only as the source of the river Massa. The river flows through the Lake Gibidum (a reservoir, and coincidentally representing the glacier's mouth region in the 19th century, which is a retreat of more than 4 km (2.5 mi)) and a gorge of the same name before reaching the Rhône near Brig.

 

Tourism

 

The area of the Aletsch Glacier and some surrounding valleys is on the UNESCO World Heritage list, thus it is protected and the facilities are mostly restricted to the external zones. The region between Belalp, Riederalp and Bettmeralp (which is called Aletsch Region) in Valais gives access to the lower part of the glacier. The Bettmerhorn and Eggishorn are popular view points and are accessible by cable car. The Massa river can be crossed since 2008 by a suspension bridge, thus allowing hikes between the left and the right part of the glacier.

 

The Jungfraujoch railway station (3,450 m) gives a direct access to the upper Aletsch Glacier as well as the normal route to the Jungfrau. It can be reached only from Interlaken in the canton Bern. Hiking paths pass the Konkordia Hut or the Hollandia Hut, eventually reaching other glaciers in the massif.

 

On the Riederfurka, at 2,065 metres between Riederalp and the glacier, is located the historic Villa Cassel, former summer residence of many famous and influential guests from the worlds of politics and finance. The house is now one of the centers of the environmental organization Pro Natura, which hosts a permanent exhibition about the site.

 

Panorama

 

Also at the mouth of the Konkordiaplatz from the east is the small but important Grüneggfirn (3 km long and averaging 600 m wide). This firn is connected in the over the glacier pass Grünhornlücke (3280 m high) to the Fiescher Glacier in the east.

 

From the Konkordiaplatz, the Aletsch Glacier has a width of approximately 1.5 km and moves at a rate of 180 m per year to the southeast on course with the Rhône valley, bordering the Dreieckhorn in the west and the great Wannenhorn in the east. It then takes a great right turn and bends ever closer to the southwest, running through the edge of the Eggishorn and Bettmerhorn of the Rhône valley. The lowest part of the great Aletsch Glacier is largely covered with detritus of the lateral and medial moraines. The glacier's toe currently lies about 1560 m high, far beneath the local tree line. From it springs the Massa stream, which flows through the Massa Canyon and is used to generate hydroelectric power. It continues through the upper half of the Brig, eventually entering into the Rhône.

 

The great Aletsch Glacier shows considerable ice cover. At the Konkordiaplatz, it has an ice cover of more than 900 m, but as it moves to the south, the greater part of the ice melts, gradually decreasing the cover to around 150 m.

 

The characteristically dark medial moraine, situated almost in the middle of the glacier, runs protracted in two bands from the Konkordiaplatz along the whole length to the glacier's toe-zone. This medial moraine is collected from the ice of three large ice fields, which all run together. The westernmost medial moraine has been named the Kranzbergmoräne, and the easternmost carries the name Trugbergmoräne.

 

Formation and evolution

 

The Aletsch Glacier resulted from the accumulation and compaction of snow. Glaciers generally form where snow and ice accumulation exceed snow and ice melt. As the snow and ice thicken it reaches a point where it begins to move due to a combination of gravity and pressure of the overlying snow and ice.

 

During the last glacial periods, the Aletsch Glacier was much larger than now. 18,000 years ago the lower part of the ridge, between Riederalp and the glacier, was completely covered by ice. Only the summits of the Bettmerhorn, Eggishorn and the Fusshörner were above the glacier. After an important retreat, the glacier again advanced 11,000 years ago during the last glacial period. The glacier reached the Rhône valley, and its ice the Riederfurka. Remaining moraines are still visible in the Aletsch Forest.

 

Since the last glaciation, the glacier generally retreated. However slight climatic changes happened and, in 1860, the glacier was 3 km longer and the ice level 200 m higher.

 

As for many other glaciers, records show a major longer-term retreat trend. The Aletsch Glacier receded by 3.2 km (2.0 mi) since 1870, including 1.3 km (0.81 mi) since 1980.[6] A record retreat of 114.6 metres (376 ft) happened in 2006 alone.

 

Since the end of the Little Ice Age in 1850 the glacier has lost 20 percent of its ice mass, considerably less than other glaciers in Switzerland, which have lost up to 50 percent. This is explained with the large size of the Aletsch Glacier, which reacts much slower to climate change than smaller glaciers. It is however estimated that, by 2100, the glacier will have only one tenth of its 2018 ice mass.

 

Photo opportunity

 

On August 18, 2007, photographer Spencer Tunick used hundreds of naked people in a "living sculpture" on the Aletsch Glacier in a photo shoot which he said was intended to draw attention to global warming and the shrinking of the world's glaciers. The temperature was about 10 °C (50 °F) at the time of the photo shoot. The 600 participants on the shrinking glacier said that they had volunteered for Tunick (a collaboration with Greenpeace) to let the world know about the effects of global warming on the melting Swiss glaciers.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Das Jungfraujoch ist mit 3466 m ü. M. der tiefste Punkt im Verbindungsgrat zwischen dem Mönch und der Jungfrau in den Berner Alpen, auf der Grenze zwischen den Kantonen Bern und Wallis. Das Joch ist weit und stark überfirnt. Aufgrund der auch dort stattfindenden Gletscherschmelze sinkt es jedes Jahr im Schnitt einige Dezimeter ab. Es gehört zu den bedeutendsten Reisezielen in der Schweiz. Etwa 1 Million Touristen (Stand 2018) fahren jährlich zum höchstgelegenen Bahnhof Europas.

 

Umgebung

 

In der Umgebung des Jungfraujochs befinden sich einige Viertausender der Berner Alpen. Im Nordosten befinden sich der Mönch (4107 m ü. M.) sowie der Eiger (3967 m ü. M.) und im Südwesten die Jungfrau (4158 m ü. M.). Im Süden des Jungfraujochs ist hinter dem Konkordiaplatz das Aletschhorn zu sehen. 200 Meter westlich befindet sich auf dem Grat zur Jungfrau die 3557 Meter hohe Mathildespitze, etwa 600 Meter östlich des Jochs erhebt sich die Sphinx, eine markante kleine Spitze mit einer Höhe von 3571 Metern. Sie trägt eine Aussichtsplattform und ein wissenschaftliches Observatorium (Sphinx-Observatorium). In ihrem Innern befindet sich auf 3454 Metern Höhe die Endstation der Jungfraubahn. Diese Station ist der höchstgelegene Bahnhof Europas (daher der Beiname Top of Europe). Durch einen Stollen gelangt man von hier aus auf die Walliser Seite und zum Aletschgletscher. Der schnellste Aufzug der Schweiz führt auf den Gipfel der Sphinx. Ein im Sommer üblicherweise für Spaziergänger präparierter Weg führt vom Jungfraujoch zur Mönchsjochhütte. Beim Jungfraujoch selbst gibt es für Besucher keine Übernachtungsmöglichkeit. Die Stollen werden nachts verschlossen, so dass auch freies Biwakieren nicht möglich ist.

 

Passübergang

 

Als Übergang für Fuss- oder Skitouristen vom Berner Oberland ins Wallis oder umgekehrt besitzt das Jungfraujoch praktisch keine Bedeutung. Der Weg vom Wallis über den Aletschgletscher hinauf ist – von der Spaltengefahr im Jungfraufirn abgesehen – leicht. Der Aufstieg vom Berner Oberland her ist jedoch eine beschwerliche Hochtour (Steileis, G 5-6, zeitweise unmöglich).

 

Erschliessung

 

Seit dem 1. August 1912 ist das Jungfraujoch durch die Jungfraubahn erschlossen. Von Grindelwald oder Lauterbrunnen erreicht man mit der Wengernalpbahn die Station Kleine Scheidegg. Diese Station auf 2061 m ü. M. ist die „Talstation“ der Jungfraubahn. Von hier aus muss die Jungfraubahn 9,34 Kilometer bezwingen, davon verlaufen die letzten 7,32 km unterirdisch, bis sie am Jungfraujoch ankommt. Die unterirdische Endstation auf 3454 m ü. M. ist der höchste Bahnhof Europas. Auf ihrem Weg hält die Bahn an zwei Stationen: Eigergletscher (2320 m) und Eismeer (3158 m). Seit dem 11. Dezember 2016 wird die Station Eigerwand (2864 m) nicht mehr bedient.

 

Bauten und Anlagen

 

Seit 1912, mit der Eröffnung der Jungfraubahn, wird für das Wohlergehen der Besucher auf dem Jungfraujoch gesorgt. Mehrere Restaurants, aber auch spezielle Aussichtsplattformen und Erlebnisse wurden eigens dafür geplant und realisiert.

 

Restaurants

 

Bereits bei der Eröffnung weihte man das provisorische „Touristenhaus“ mit dem höchstgelegenen Restaurant Europas ein. Mit seiner Eröffnung in 1924 ergänzte das neue „Berghaus Jungfraujoch“ – mit Giebeldach und in die Felswand gebaut – dieses Touristenhaus. Es wurde als „Das Haus über den Wolken“ bekannt. Im Erdgeschoss befanden sich eine geräumige Wartehalle mit geheiztem Fussboden, Bahn- und Postschaltern und ein Bazar. Besonders ins Auge stach die „Walliserstube“, die mit der Arvenholztäfelung und Anwendung von Naturstein eine besondere Charakteristik erhielt. Gäste aus aller Welt übernachteten in einem der 18 gemütlichen, holzgetäfelten Schlafzimmer mit Waschbecken und Krügen auf dem Nachttisch. Auf der Aussichtslaube stand man am Ursprung des längsten und grössten zusammenhängenden Gletschers der Alpen, dem Aletschgletscher. 1972 wütete im Berghaus ein Feuer mit erheblichen Folgen: Lediglich das Bahnbüro, die Perronanlage in der rückwärtigen Felsenkaverne sowie die Forschungsstation konnten vor dem Feuer geschützt werden. Nach dem Unglück lud die Jungfraubahn Architekten zu einem Wettbewerb ein, ein neues Gebäude zu entwerfen. Der Gewinner war Ernst E. Anderegg mit dem im Hang eingefügten „Top of Europe“, das 1987 eingeweiht wurde.

 

Sphinx-Observatorium und Forschungsstation

 

Bereits vor Baubeginn der Jungfraubahn war die Einrichtung eines Observatoriums und einer meteorologischen Forschungsstation vom Gründer der Bahn, Adolf Guyer-Zeller, geplant. 1931 konnten die Laboratorien für Meteorologie, Glaziologie, Strahlungsforschung, Astronomie, Physiologie und Medizin auf (3571 m ü. M.) mit einem Felsenheim für 13 Forscher eingeweiht werden. 1937 wurde das Sphinx-Observatorium bezogen. 1950 wurde dem Observatorium die Kuppel für astronomische Beobachtungen aufgesetzt, die seither immer wieder den modernsten Erfordernissen der Wissenschaft angepasst wird. Das Forschungsgebäude selbst ist nicht zu besichtigen.

 

Unterhalb des Sphinx-Observatoriums und östlich des Bahnhofs und der Restaurants befindet sich die Hochalpine Forschungsstation, eine an die Universität Bern angegliederte Forschungseinrichtung der International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat. Die Gästezimmer der Forschungsstation sind die einzige Übernachtungsmöglichkeit auf dem Jungfraujoch, aber nur Wissenschaftlern und den Betreuern vorbehalten.

 

Das Observatorium ist mit einem 111,4 Meter langen Lift erschlossen. Die Aussichtsplattform bietet den Besuchern bei schönem Wetter einen Ausblick bis in die Nachbarländer Frankreich, Deutschland und Italien. 1993 wurde die Sphinx für die Besucher renoviert. Drei Jahre waren nötig, um sie gemeinsam mit der schnellsten Liftanlage der Schweiz, der verglasten Aussichtshalle und der rund um das Gebäude verlaufenden Terrasse fertigzustellen.

 

Eispalast

 

Zwei Bergführer begannen in den 30er Jahren eine gewaltige Halle aus dem Gletschereis zu schneiden. In Handarbeit, mit Eispickel und Säge, entstand ein 1'000 Quadratmeter grosses Labyrinth – der Eispalast. Das 1934 begonnene Werk ist nie vollendet worden. Durch die Ausdünstung der tausenden Besucher muss die Grotte auf minus drei Grad künstlich klimatisiert werden. Die Decken und das Gewölbe der Gänge müssen regelmässig nachgehauen werden. 1992 bekam der Eispalast einen neuen Zugang und ist seit 2002 durch den Ice-Gateway erreichbar.

 

Post

 

Auf dem Jungfraujoch liegt auch das höchstgelegene Postbüro Europas mit der eigenen Postleitzahl 3801. Obwohl die Postleitzahl gemäss Schweizerischer Post dem Kanton Wallis zugewiesen ist, so befindet sie sich dennoch im Zahlengebiet 38xx der im Tal liegenden Gemeinden des Kantons Bern.

 

Richtstrahlstation Ostgrat

 

Am Ostgrat der Jungfrau auf nicht ganz 3700 Meter Höhe befand sich die 2011 abgebaute Richtstrahlstation Ostgrat. Vom Jungfraujoch führen eine teilweise durch den Gletscher geführte Stollenbahn sowie eine einspurige Standseilbahn zur Anlage. In der Mitte der Standseilbahnstrecke befindet sich eine Zwischenstation, welche für Forschungszwecke genutzt wird. Es existieren dort Photovoltaik-Testanlagen.

 

Versorgung

 

Die intensive Sonnenstrahlung bietet sich zur Energienutzung an. So wird die tagsüber einfallende Wärme für die Nacht gespeichert. Aber auch die zahlreichen sonst kaum beachteten Wärmequellen – von Lampen über Elektrogeräte bis zur Körperwärme der anwesenden Personen – werden in die Regulierung der Raumtemperatur einbezogen. So gibt es im gesamten Berghaus keinen Heizkörper. Sogar wenn die Sonne nicht scheint und die Aussentemperatur bei minus 30 °C liegt, kann tagsüber auf zusätzliche Heizungen verzichtet werden. Nur nachts wird über die Lüftungsanlage mit elektrischer Energie so viel Wärme zugeführt, dass eine Raumtemperatur von mindestens 18 °C erhalten bleibt.

 

Brauchwasser wird aus Schnee gewonnen und aufbereitet. In Trockenperioden muss es nach wie vor mit Zisternenwagen auf der Schiene von der Kleinen Scheidegg heraufgebracht werden. Für das Jahr 2012 ist ein neues Projekt geplant, bei dem das Wasser durch Leitungen von der Kleinen Scheidegg mit Druckluft hinauf auf das Jungfraujoch gepumpt wird. Somit können die Zisternentransporte reduziert werden.

 

Das Abwasser lässt sich nicht mehr in den Gletscherschrund einleiten. Deshalb wurde eine 9,4 Kilometer lange Abwasserleitung ins Tal installiert. Sämtliche Abwässer aus Küchen, Unterkünften und Toiletten können auf diese Weise umweltfreundlich entsorgt werden.

 

Klima

 

Auf dem Jungfraujoch herrschen extreme Klimabedingungen. Die mittlere Jahrestemperatur beträgt −6,7 °C mit Schwankungen von −37 °C bis +13 °C. Die Windgeschwindigkeit kann bis zu 260 km/h betragen. Die Sonne scheint jährlich durchschnittlich 1773 Stunden. Zu jeder Jahreszeit muss mit starken Vereisungen, Schneefall und Lawinen gerechnet werden. Die Messstation von MeteoSchweiz liegt auf einer Höhe von 3571 m ü. M.

 

Tiere

 

Bis zum Jahr 2009 waren auf dem Gletscher täglich 25 Polarhunde im Einsatz. Auf einer präparierten Piste (rund 500 Meter lang) zogen die Hunde Schlitten mit Besuchern, waren aber auch für Postsendungen und Lebensmitteltransporte von Wengen zum Eigergletscher im Einsatz. Das Rudel galt als das meistfotografierte Motiv auf dem Jungfraujoch.

 

Für Ornithologen ist die Hochgebirgsregion interessant, da verschiedene Vogelarten zum Teil auch überwintern. Der Schneefink beispielsweise nistet und schläft in den schroffen Felswänden und findet bei den Behausungen der Forscher Futter.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Der Grosse Aletschgletscher ist der flächenmässig grösste und längste Gletscher der Alpen. Er befindet sich auf der Südabdachung der Berner Alpen im Schweizer Kanton Wallis. Die Länge des Gletschers beträgt 22,6 km, die Fläche wird mit 78,49 km² angegeben. Der Aletschgletscher entwässert über die Massa in die Rhone. Die Fläche des gesamten Einzugsgebiets der Massa beträgt 195 km², wovon 1973 etwa zwei Drittel vergletschert waren. Oft werden bei der Flächenangabe der Ober- und Mittelaletschgletscher einbezogen, da diese früher mit dem Grossen Aletschgletscher verbunden waren. Die gesamte vergletscherte Fläche einschliesslich dieser Gletscher betrug 1973 etwa 128 km², für das Jahr 1863 wird eine Fläche von 163 km² angenommen.

 

Ursprung am Konkordiaplatz

 

Der Ursprung des Grossen Aletschgletschers liegt in der rund 3800 m hoch gelegenen Jungfrau-Region. Am Konkordiaplatz (♁645905 / 150101), einer 6 km² grossen und nur wenig geneigten Eisfläche, fliessen drei mächtige Firnströme zusammen:

 

Von Westen mündet der Grosse Aletschfirn, der entlang dem Nordfuss von Aletschhorn und Dreieckhorn fliesst. Der Grosse Aletschfirn wird von Norden her durch drei weitere bedeutende Firne gespeist, nämlich durch den Ebnefluhfirn, den Gletscherhornfirn und den Kranzbergfirn. Alle diese Firne nehmen ihren Ausgangspunkt auf rund 3800 m ü. M. Einschliesslich des Ebnefluhfirns hat der Grosse Aletschfirn bis zum Konkordiaplatz eine Länge von 9 km und ist durchschnittlich fast 1,5 km breit. Gegen Westen ist der Grosse Aletschfirn über den 3173 m ü. M. hohen Gletscherpass der Lötschenlücke mit dem Langgletscher verbunden, der ins Lötschental abfliesst.

 

Von Nordwesten mündet der Jungfraufirn, der zwar die gerade Fortsetzung des Aletschgletschers darstellt, jedoch der kürzeste der drei Tributärgletscher ist. Er hat seinen Ursprung an der Südflanke des Mönchs, am Jungfraujoch und an der Ostflanke der Jungfrau. Bis zum Konkordiaplatz legt der Jungfraufirn eine Wegstrecke von knapp 7 km zurück und wird dabei im Westen vom Kranzberg, im Osten vom Trugberg flankiert. Er ist in seinem oberen Teil 2 km, weiter unten noch gut 1 km breit.

 

Von Norden mündet das Ewigschneefeld, das seinen Ausgangspunkt an der Ostflanke des Mönchs nimmt und in einem Bogen, flankiert vom Trugberg im Westen sowie dem Gross Fiescherhorn und dem Grünhorn im Osten, zum Konkordiaplatz fliesst. Bis hierher ist es ungefähr 8 km lang und durchschnittlich 1,2 km breit. Die Mündung in den Konkordiaplatz erfolgt über einen Steilhang mit einem Gefälle von 25 bis 30 %; der Gletscher ist hier stark zerklüftet. Gegen Norden ist das Ewigschneefeld über den firnbedeckten Pass des Unteren Mönchsjochs (3529 m ü. M.) mit dem Einzugsgebiet des Unteren Grindelwaldgletschers verbunden. Durch das Obere Mönchsjoch (3627 m ü. M.) zwischen dem Mönch und dem Trugberg besteht eine Verbindung zum Jungfraufirn. Ferner mündet am Konkordiaplatz von Osten noch der wesentlich kleinere Grüneggfirn (3 km lang und durchschnittlich 600 m breit). Dieser ist nach Osten über den Gletscherpass der Grünhornlücke (3280 m ü. M.) mit dem Fieschergletscher verbunden.

 

Weiterer Verlauf

 

Vom Konkordiaplatz aus bewegt sich der Eisstrom mit einer Breite von ungefähr 1,5 km und mit einer Geschwindigkeit von bis zu 180 Metern pro Jahr nach Südosten in Richtung Rhonetal, gesäumt vom Dreieckhorn im Westen und dem Gross Wannenhorn im Osten. Er zeichnet dann eine grosse Rechtskurve und biegt immer mehr nach Südwesten ab, nun durch den Grat des Eggishorns und Bettmerhorns vom Rhonetal getrennt. Der unterste Teil des Grossen Aletschgletschers ist weitgehend durch das Geschiebematerial von Seiten- und Mittelmoränen bedeckt. Die Gletscherzunge liegt derzeit auf rund 1'560 Meter Höhe, weit unterhalb der lokalen Waldgrenze. Aus ihr entspringt der Bach Massa, welcher nach der Massaschlucht und einer Nutzung in einem Wasserkraftwerk, in Bitsch, oberhalb von Naters, in die Rhone (Rotten) fliesst.

 

Der Grosse Aletschgletscher weist beachtliche Eisdicken auf. Am Konkordiaplatz hat der Gletscher eine Eisdicke von mehr als 900 Metern, gegen Süden nimmt die Mächtigkeit des Eises allmählich auf rund 150 m ab. Charakteristisch sind die beiden dunklen, fast in der Mitte des Aletschgletschers gelegenen Moränenspuren, welche sich ab dem Konkordiaplatz auf der gesamten Länge bis in den Zungenbereich hinziehen. Es sind die Mittelmoränen, die das Eis der drei Hauptfirne voneinander trennen. Die westliche Mittelmoräne wird auch Kranzbergmoräne genannt, die östliche trägt den Namen Trugbergmoräne.

 

Gletscherschwankungen

 

In seinem Hochstadium während der Kleinen Eiszeit um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts erstreckte sich der Grosse Aletschgletscher noch rund 2,5 km weiter talabwärts. Aufgrund der allgemeinen Erwärmung seit etwa 1870 hat er besonders unterhalb des Konkordiaplatzes massiv an Volumen eingebüsst und sowohl an den Seiten als auch im Zungenbereich Flächen von mehreren Quadratkilometern freigegeben. Der einstmalige, in der Neuzeit höchste Gletscherstand kann gut an den noch fast vegetationslosen Seitenmoränen abgeschätzt werden. Seit 1850 hat die Eisdicke um teilweise über 100 m abgenommen. Früher waren auch die Eisströme des Oberaletschgletschers und des Mittelaletschgletschers direkt mit dem Grossen Aletschgletscher verbunden.

 

In der Senke zwischen dem Strahlhorn und dem Eggishorn liegt der Märjelensee, der im 19. Jahrhundert beim Gletscherhochstand zu einem Gletscherrandsee aufgestaut wurde. Seine wiederholten plötzlichen Ausbrüche durch Gletscherspalten verursachten immer wieder starke Schadenshochwasser der Massa hin zum Rhonetal.

 

Gegen kurzfristige Klimaschwankungen ist der Gletscher aufgrund seiner grossen Masse relativ immun. Während viele andere Gletscher Ende der 1970er Jahre bis Anfang der 1980er Jahre vorstiessen, reagierte der Aletschgletscher auf die vorübergehende Abkühlung kaum – ebenso wenig wie auf die warmen Jahre seit 1983. Aufgrund der zunehmend extremen Hitze der letzten Jahre zieht er sich aber nun doch – wie alle übrigen Alpengletscher – deutlich verstärkt zurück.

 

Die relative Trägheit in seinen Reaktionen auf Klimaschwankungen macht den Aletschgletscher auch zu einem idealen Untersuchungsobjekt zur Erforschung der Klimaentwicklung im Alpenraum. Die Längenschwankungen des Aletschgletschers in der Vergangenheit dürften sogar eine Rekonstruktion aller grösseren Klimaveränderungen der letzten 3200 Jahre erlauben. Die Bestimmung der verschiedenen Längenstadien des Aletschgletschers in der Vergangenheit erfolgt durch die Radiokohlenstoffdatierung fossiler Baumstämme, die der Gletscher bei einem früheren Vorstoss einmal überfahren haben muss und nun während seines aktuellen Rückzuges wieder freigibt. Der Befund fossiler Böden und von Wurzelwerk garantiert dabei, dass es sich bei dem Fundort auch um den Wuchsstandort des fossilen Baumes handelt. Durch Zählung der Jahresringe der geborgenen Stämme kann sogar der Zeitraum bestimmt werden, während dessen der Aletschgletscher den Fundort nicht erreicht hat. Mit dieser Methode wurde festgestellt, dass der Aletschgletscher bis etwa 1200 v. Chr. um einiges kleiner gewesen sein muss als gegen Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts. Für die Jahre etwa von 1200 bis 1110 v. Chr., 850 bis 750 v. Chr. und 350 bis 250 v. Chr. sind Vorstösse festgestellt worden. Dabei ist der Aletschgletscher von 900 bis 400 v. Chr. jedoch kleiner gewesen als am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts, genauso wie von etwa 100 v. Chr. bis ins Jahr 250. Um das Jahr 300 ist eine Gletscherlänge vergleichbar der des Höchststandes im 19. Jahrhundert festzustellen.

 

Laut der letzten Studie der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (Juni 2020) schmolz die Oberfläche des Grossen Aletschgletscher zwischen den Jahren 2001 und 2014 um mehr als fünf Meter pro Jahr in den unteren Lagen.

 

Tourismus

 

Der Aletschgletscher galt schon früh als besondere Sehenswürdigkeit für Reisende und als willkommenes Untersuchungsobjekt für Forschende. Forschungsstationen gibt es seit 1937 auf dem Jungfraujoch und seit 1976 auf der Riederfurka oberhalb der Riederalp. Durch zahlreiche Luftseilbahnen besonders gut erschlossen ist der Berggrat zwischen dem Riederhorn und dem Eggishorn, der sehr schöne Einblicke in den Zungenbereich und den unteren Teil des Gletschers gewährt. Mit dem Bau der Jungfraubahn auf das Jungfraujoch (auf der Sphinx 3571 m ü. M.) wurde 1912 auch für nicht berggewohnte Leute ein Blick in den oberen Teil des Gletschers ermöglicht.

 

Am Felshang des Faulbergs östlich des Konkordiaplatzes stehen auf 2850 m ü. M. die Konkordiahütten des Schweizer Alpen-Clubs SAC. Sie dienen als wichtiger Etappenort auf der hochalpinen Gletscherroute vom Jungfraujoch oder vom Lötschental in das Gebiet des Grimselpasses.

 

UNESCO-Weltnaturerbe

 

Das Gebiet des Grossen Aletschgletschers ist zusammen mit dem einzigartigen Aletschwald und den umliegenden Regionen seit dem 13. Dezember 2001 Bestandteil des UNESCO-Weltnaturerbes Schweizer Alpen Jungfrau-Aletsch.

 

(Wikipedia)

Vendo matte painting visualizzabili su www.flickr.com/photos/polimaurizio/,

a 20 euro l'uno con firma e numero di serie e dimensioni originali.

Per eventuali chiarimenti mi potete contattare all^ email maurizio.poli1972@libero.it.

Per qualsiasi informazione contattatemi all e-mail maurizio.poli1972@libero.it

New.....Matte Painting....... progetti grafici realizzati da me....!!!

Piccole modifiche dell'immagine in post-produzione......!!!

Ask for a preventive in my virtual shop at the site mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home

Richiedete un preventivo nel mio negozio virtuale al sito mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home

 

The matte painting (which can be translated with painting backgrounds) is a technique used mainly in film used to allow the representation of landscapes or places otherwise too costly or impossible to reconstruct or reach directly.

Visit www.facebook.com/Maurizio-Poli-760405867422348/

Ask for a preventive in my virtual shop at the site mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home

Richiedete un preventico nel mio negozio virtuale al sito mobiliperufficio.com/Maurizio_Poli/home

Directly below the enemy shovel

 

Built for Bio-Cup 2025 round two

 

Theme: WELCOME TO THE SHUFFLE!

Subtheme: Spades

 

Unedited picture here

  

If you would like to request license options on my images please contact me directly

 

All images on this blog are copyright protected, registered with the US Copyright Office, and vigorously protected. In order to avoid what could be costly contact for you with my attorney, get my written permission before any use, additionally any approved web use of this image is also required to be linked to this URL and properly credited. NO commercial use is allowed without my written approval and compensation. Images are protected and their use is tracked.

Lighting: Octobox directly overhead.

Looking directly towards the falling sun...

Photo Award: Better Photography Competition Photograph of the Year 2012 Bronze Award - Revealing Nature

N48901 Embraer 175 United Express

EWR -> YYZ

Directly from camera, unedited.

Part of this abstract study.

 

see also:

Camera Toss (group)

Camera Toss (blog)

Lindenzweig vergrößert auf

branch directly enlarged on

Wephota FO5 by reversal development in SE6 Blue 1+20

negative size 21x21 cm

Vandyke print on Fabriano Artistico rough

 

toned Lith for comparison

 

Heading directly into a low autumn sun on the approach to Carlton, the crew of 66784 sit in a brightly lit box whilst in charge of 6M81, the 13.45 loaded coal from Immingham to Ratcliffe power station.

Directly in front of the Parliament, this was the last commercial building that did not belong to the federal government. The bank moved out in 2005 and now the building is used for government purposes, renamed as Sir John A. Macdonald building.

 

It was built in 1930 in the style of Beaux-Arts architecture, with the big letters of the name of its original owner carved into the marble and limestone.

Snapped this picture on vacation at Emerald Isle NC. Emerald Isle is about 20 miles north of Camp Lajune, one of two Marine training facilities for marine recruits. The helicopter was about 200 feet directly above the shoreline.

This is the renovated entrance. You no longer enter directly from Orange Avenue. You go farther down Orange Avenue and turn onto Avenida del Sol then back right to the entrance. I don't like my composition with this palm tree in the middle - what was I thinking - but that is what I shot. Maybe when I learn Lightroom I might delete it, but maybe I won't. I will have to test my ethics (and skills)

 

Hilton Hotels now manages Hotel Del Coronado as part of its Curio Collection. Hilton has invested significantly in long overdue improvements. I used some Hilton Rewards to upgrade our room.

 

hotelchantelle.com/who-owns-hotel-del-coronado/#:~:text=H....

Hotel Del Coronado is not just a hotel, it’s a historical landmark that has played a significant role in shaping the hospitality industry. While the hotel has changed hands over the years, its legacy and impact on the industry remain unparalleled. We hope this article has provided you with a comprehensive guide to the ownership of Hotel Del Coronado and its significance.

 

San Diego 2023

 

DSC04214-HDR acd-DeNoiseAI-standard

Carhey Hill, directly west of Latrobe, is a long two mile grade uphill for westbounds. A heavy weestbound freight train is seen grinding up the hill, with two helpers on the rear. In the background is the Buffenmeyer Road bridge. Built in 1907, this bridge is currently closed to road traffic and its days are numbered.

 

CR 6289. Donohoe, PA.

July 1985. John S. Murray photo.

Adam Klimchock collection.

^^Yup, that quote is directly to LEGO, I was never going to keep that junk that was included in the original set on my back!

 

A closer look at 'Yellowjacket's Mechanical Harness'

www.flickr.com/photos/115928480@N03/18947604282

  

Yellowjacket's (Darren Cross) mechanical harness that LEGO originaly included in the set is great for kids with the ability to move them and to shoot the studs, for collectors and perfectionist like me I would have recommended that they should have used ‘Leg W Ø3.2 Shaft 1/2 M’ in Black with yellow printing on it.

 

I attempted many different designs for Yellowjacket's mechanical harness and it was quite challenging to get it movie accurate and small as possible unlike LEGO's attempt where the harness itself was really bulky and it’s annoying that they used a tan piece which does not fit will with the contemporary design of the figure.

 

Parts list to build 'Yellowjacket's Mechanical Harness'

1x 6020192 Mini Fig. Back Plate W. Knob

1x 473326 Brick 1X1 W. 4 Knobs

2x 6076566 Leg W Ø3.2 Shaft 1/2 M

1x 6030718 Plate 1X1 W. Up Right Holder

1x 3003126 Handle W. 3.18 Stick

2x 6015891 Holder Ø3.2 W/Tube Ø3.2 Hole

2x 4504476 Horn W. Shaft ظ 3.2

Eggs are laid in emerging plants, in floating vegetation, or directly in the water. The hatched eggs do not go through the larval and pupal stages.

   

A naiad (nymph of damselfly) lives in water, has an elongated body, long legs, and three leaf-like appendages or gills on its tail. These appendages are used for oxygen transport. A naiad molts several times before emerging. At this stage, naiads are very good predators. They prey aquatic insects and other arthropods within their reach. They grab their prey with their modified lower jaw. At the last stage, a naiad swims out of the water and clings to a plant to dry its skin. After a few minutes of drying in the sun, its outer skin splits open at the head and the adult damselfly strains to pull itself out of its old skin. The new legs harden to hold onto the plant. Its wings slowly expand and are pumped open by fluid from its abdomen.

   

An adult damselfly has a long thin body which is green, blue, red, yellow, black, or brown and is often brightly colored. It has an oblong head with bulging eyes and very short antennae. When resting, it holds its four large membranous wings of nearly equal size vertically rather than horizontally. It is a delicate and weak-flying insect. Its wings are usually clear except for a spot at the end of the wing called a stigma. The male sex organ is located at the front part of the abdomen. Damselflies commonly fly in pairs during mating. Damselfly adults use their hind legs, which are covered with hairs to capture prey as they fly. They hold the prey in their legs and devour it by chewing. Adults are usually found flying near plants, usually in irrigated rice fields during the daytime throughout the year. The damselfly's mating pattern is unusual. The male deposits sperm by bending the abdomen forward and then clasping the female behind the head with its claspers on the tip of his abdomen. The female then loops her abdomen forward and picks up the sperm from the male. The mating pairs are seen flying and clinging in tandem. Most species have one generation per year depending on the species, although they complete their life cycle from 1-2 years

Directly over my house....

 

Colors are not enhanced or altered in any way. Is it any wonder I couldn't go indoors.

Looking directly upwards to the vibrant pink of a magnolia tree at Hidcote National Trust, Gloucestershire, England

Built in approximately three days - I worked quite directly from a piece of reference material, which I don't usually do, but I'd say this turned out pretty dang well. I'm currently working on both my Star Wars Factions landing platform MOC as shown in my last post, as well as another cyberpunk vig which is a little larger than this one. I'll try to get a photo of these two cyberpunk builds together once the second is done.

 

C&C welcome.

Last day of August 2022

Here is the final version of my Fortress Inquisitorius🔥🔥 directly from the latest Disney plus series just aired on Netflix Hobi-Wan Kenobi, the frightening fortress of the inquisitors here in my personal brick version, and more specifically they are 5586 pieces were needed to make it, including the minifigures, the probes and of course also the Scythe🔥🔥, proposed here in a staircase that would allow it to be housed in the hangar 😍. I also thought of equipping it with 6 minifigs, and therefore the Third Sister, the Fifth Brother, Darth Vader, Tala Durith, Obi Wan and Leia, 2 research probes and an imperial droid probe🔥🔥. Looking instead at the fortress from the rear, we will have the possibility to access visually but also physically having the possibility of folding the side parts of the structure which will remain anchored to the floor and to the central structure, to 6 spaces that show some "iconic images", to the ground floor the hangar, which can house the Scythe, on the upper floor there will be access to the fortress with an opening door and a scanner for secondary access 😍😍, immediately above we will find the torture room !! .. accompanied by a " deadly stretcher with arms "and robotic arms that hurl themselves from above on the ill person on duty !!, on the fourth floor I instead thought of including a" long corridor ", the fortress in the film has really huge ones, and it seemed to me right to emphasize this too, on the top floor we will instead have the research probe factory🔥🔥, with its movable robotic station and a mythical imperial probe droid😁😍but beware! .. from the condu ttore placed above the factory, two tireless research probes come out, ready to carry out their task, and compared to the previous version I also wanted to add the submarine control room! 🔥🔥, with its central console that can accommodate 5 minifigures and its squared and luminescent profiles, also with sliding door🔥. To conclude, a couple of numbers .. 89.5 cm high, 59 cm wide and 54 cm deep !! I really hope you like it 🔥

Directly from SL, no edit tools

Directly from camera, unedited.

Part of this abstract study.

 

see also:

Camera Toss (group)

Camera Toss (blog)

Directly west from Riverside , California 16 minutes after noon. 19th September 2022

Directly ahead is H&M, to the left is ESL language institute, and to the right is Jack Wolfskin and Louis Vuitton.

 

This was taken on the first night of my arrival for a business meeting starting the next day; I'd taken Autobus No. 5 from the Hilton hotel to the "Badanstalt" stop a few blocks away from here, and worked my way down the street taking as many frames as I could during the (rather long) Golden Hour.

 

The rest of them were sort of mundane, but this one struck me as unique because the sun was reflecting off some windows farther down and coming right up the street, and the other buildings were catching light reflected farther up.

 

The D3s does a great job in-camera (using Active D-Lighting) to preserve details in the shadows even when there's a bright light source in the scene like this. There was no HDR done to this -- all I did was adjust the darker areas a little bit more.

 

This shot is far and away my most popular ever, just a week after posting it (not that that is saying much, of course); it was on the Daily Explore on fluidr on May 27.

Directly in front of the television tower alexanderplatz

directly below of me

What a moment

 

Wild life

Grind Whale watching

 

Tenerife, Spain

March 2013

Again, not directly spectacular capture, but I want to show you what I'm on about, and I think it's quite obvious. I think my stream has plenty of place for some more casual captures if it increases the immersion in the content.

 

Gabberized/Kyo .155 BLEAK, Custom DoF, free camera, custom FoV, no-HUD, SweetFX. Editing - Contrast Control

thailand-becausewecan.picfair.com/images/021650174-a-loco...

Meet "Betty", our Son-In-Law's pride and joy! Shipped directly from California and arriving in New Zealand just a day or two before Christmas, "Betty" is officially a 1958 Chevy Biscayne, and joins a 1960 Biscayne that's already in Dave's workshop!

 

So how did a Chevy end up with the name Betty? Grace (who has just turned 4) took one look at her father's new acquisition and announced, "Wow... So this is Betty!" The name has stuck!!!

 

TWO PHOTOS

Joe M. - Thanks for asking; I'm not exactly sure how two photos of the same bird ended up on my Site, though I'm sure I didn't post the second one! (But if I didn't, who did???). However, thanks also to those of you who have commented beneath one or the other!

 

PHOTOS AND CORONAVIRUS

My supply of Photos is currently very low at the moment. Upon returning from our January holiday in Kaitaia, we had two extra very young Grandchildren twice a week at our place, plus the weather wasn't always the best. However, those two "Extras" are currently on holiday in South Africa with their Mummy and Daddy, and since they're not scheduled to return home for another 10 days, we're starting to become somewhat concerned for them as New Zealand starts to move into Lock Down...! The question is arising: will the NZ Boarders still be open for Travellers returning from overseas?!? Answer: probably, but...!

 

In the meantime, 9 days out from our long-planned trip to Japan, we've cancelled...! Instead, we'll do an 8 day long road trip to Rotorua (In the centre of the North Island) as a sort of "Consolation Prize" for having to cancel the trip to Japan...! And Japan? Well, this is the second time such a trip has been cancelled, but hey: there's always next year...!

  

Thanks so much for visiting my Site Folks, and thanks especially for taking the time and trouble to leave a Comment; it's always nice to hear from you...!

 

(Left (or Right!) click the Mouse twice to view Large and Extra Large before clicking again to return to normal).

 

Directly north of the Forbidden City

some notable things about this: 1. i love taking pictures of my cuts and bruises but i didn’t expect it to be so incredibly difficult. 2. this was from last night when i banged my thigh directly into the metal staircase railing edge. 3. i think that’s it, actually, permantely black and blue for you.

Gilled mushrooms growing directly from the wood at the base of a hardwood stump that has lost its bark and has been host to large polypores for several months. The more mature specimen on the left (with a 3 cm cap) has a beautifully scalloped edge on the near side of the cap and elaborate markings. The underside of this cap is in the comment below. These specimens grew in relatively dry conditions and are more strongly colored that those grown in more rain.

Vík lies directly beneath the Mýrdalsjökull glacier, which itself is on top of the Katla volcano. Katla has not erupted since 1918, and this longer than typical repose period has led to speculation that an eruption may occur soon. An eruption of Katla could melt enough ice to trigger an enormous flash flood, potentially large enough to obliterate the entire town. The town's church, located high on a hill, is believed to be the only building that would survive such a flood . Thus, the people of Vík practice periodic drills and are trained to rush to the church at the first sign of an eruption.

 

Source: Wikipedia

This is directly behind the JR Shibuya train station, on the other side is the world famous Shibuya crossing. I didn't manage to get a good picture of the crossing, for some reason it didn't matter what setting I had my 5D on, the pictures did not turn out right. Cause I lugged my trusty Silks travel tripod around all day I was determined to get some sort of night shot in Shibuya, and this is what I came up with.. Enjoy!

View On Black

Directly vertical shot from above of flowers (or possibly weeds, who knows...) finding their happy home in an uninhabited caravan site. Nature takes back over.

The first time at Vestrahorn I directly went to the water. Because we were with 3 photographers, the only option for a composition was standing next to each other. I was actually not happy with this restriction and with the first results. Looking back at the pictures now I realized a conversion to black and white was the only option (due to lack of colors). Not my most favorite one, but still interesting to share it with you.

House directly on US-Canada border

Front door in Derby Line, VT and back in Stanstead, Qc

Stones mark the border

Stasera a Roma c'è la luna piena

EXPLORED

www.brunobrunelli.it

 

Looking directly east through the Fall colored trees at a near perfect sunrise from Martha's Pretty Point in the Virgin Falls Natural Area, White County, Tennessee.

 

Three bracketed photos were taken with a handheld Nikon D7200 and combined with Photomatix Pro to create this HDR image. Additional adjustments were made in Photoshop CS6.

 

"For I know the plans I have for you,” declares the LORD, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future." ~Jeremiah 29:11

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth

  

Bournemouth Listeni/ˈbɔərnməθ/ is a large coastal resort town on the south coast of England directly to the east of the Jurassic Coast, a 96-mile (155 km) World Heritage Site.[1] According to the 2011 census, the town has a population of 183,491 making it the largest settlement in Dorset. With Poole to the west and Christchurch in the east, Bournemouth forms the South East Dorset conurbation, which has a total population of over 465,000.

 

Before it was founded in 1810 by Lewis Tregonwell, the area was a deserted heathland occasionally visited by fishermen and smugglers. Initially marketed as a health resort, the town received a boost when it appeared in Dr Granville's book, The Spas of England. Bournemouth's growth really accelerated with the arrival of the railway and it became a recognised town in 1870. Historically part of Hampshire, it joined Dorset with the reorganisation of local government in 1974. Since 1997, the town has been administered by a unitary authority, giving it autonomy from Dorset County Council although it remains part of the ceremonial county. The local council is Bournemouth Borough Council.

 

The town centre has notable Victorian architecture and the 202-foot (62 m) spire of St Peter's Church, one of three Grade I listed churches in the borough, is a local landmark. Bournemouth's location has made it a popular destination for tourists, attracting over five million visitors annually with its beaches and popular nightlife. The town is also a regional centre of business, home of the Bournemouth International Centre or BIC, and a financial sector that is worth more than £1,000 million in Gross Value Added.

  

Toponymy

  

The first mention of Bournemouth comes in the Christchurch cartulary of 1406, where a monk describes how a large fish ("uni magno piscis"), 18 ft. long, was washed up at "La Bournemowthe" in October of that year and taken to the Manor of Wick; six days later, a portion of the fish was collected by a canon from Christchurch Priory and taken away as tithe.[2] "La Bournemowthe", however, was purely a geographic reference to the uninhabited area around the mouth of the small river which, in turn, drained the heathland between the towns of Poole and Christchurch.[3][4][5] The word bourne, meaning a small stream, is a derivative of burna, old English for a brook.[4][6] From the latter half of the 16th century "Bourne Mouth" seems to be preferred, being recorded as such in surveys and reports of the period, but this appears to have been shortened to "Bourne" after the area had started to develop.[4][5] A travel guide published in 1831 calls the place "Bourne Cliffe" or "Tregonwell's Bourne" after its founder.[7] The Spas of England, published ten years later, calls it simply "Bourne"[8] as does an 1838 edition of the Hampshire Advertiser.[9] In the late 19th century "Bournemouth" became predominant, although its two-word form appears to have remained in use up until at least the early 20th century, turning up on a 1909 ordnance map.[

  

History

  

In the 12th century the region around the mouth of the River Bourne was part of the Hundred of Holdenhurst. The hundred later became the Liberty of Westover when it was also extended to include the settlements of North Ashley, Muscliff, Muccleshill, Throop, Iford, Pokesdown, Tuckton and Wick, and incorporated into the Manor of Christchurch.[11] Although the Dorset and Hampshire region surrounding it had been the site of human settlement for thousands of years, Westover was largely a remote and barren heathland before 1800.[12] In 1574 the Earl of Southampton noted that the area was "Devoid of all habitation", and as late as 1795 the Duke of Rutland recorded that "... on this barren and uncultivated heath there was not a human to direct us".[4][13]

 

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the Borough of Bournemouth would grow to encompass a number of ancient settlements along the River Stour, including Longham where a skull thought to be 5,500 years old was found in 1932. Bronze Age burials near Moordown, and the discovery of Iron Age pottery on the East Cliff in 1969, suggest there may have been settlements there during that period. Hengistbury Head, added to the borough in 1932, was the site of a much older Palaeolithic encampment.[14][15][16] During the latter half of the 16th century James Blount, 6th Baron Mountjoy, began mining for alum in the area, and at one time part of the heath was used for hunting, although by the late 18th century little evidence of either event remained.[17][18] No-one lived at the mouth of the Bourne river and the only regular visitors to the area before the 19th century were a few fishermen, turf cutters and gangs of smugglers.[19]

  

Prior to the Christchurch Inclosures Act 1802, more than 70% of the Westover area was common land. The act, together with the Inclosure Commissioners' Award of 1805, transferred five thousand acres into the hands of five private owners, including James Harris, 1st Earl of Malmesbury, and Sir George Ivison Tapps.[20][21] In 1809 the Tapps Arms public house appeared on the heath. A few years later, in 1812, the first official residents, retired army officer Lewis Tregonwell and his wife, moved into their new home built on land purchased from Tapps. The area was well known to Tregonwell who, during the Napoleonic wars, spent much of his time searching the heath and coastline for French invaders and smugglers.[22]

 

Anticipating that people would come to the area to indulge in the newly fashionable pastime of sea-bathing, an activity with perceived health benefits, Tregonwell built a series of villas on his land between 1816 and 1822, which he hoped to let out.[23][24] The common belief that pine-scented air was good for lung conditions, and in particular tuberculosis, prompted Tregonwell and Tapps to plant hundreds of pine trees. These early attempts to promote the town as a health resort meant that by the time Tregonwell had died in 1832, Bournemouth had grown into a small community with a scattering of houses, villas and cottages.[23][25] The town would ultimately grow up around the scattered pines and tree-lined walk to the beach, later to become known as the Invalids' Walk.[26][27]

 

After the death of Tapps in 1835, his son Sir George William Tapps-Gervis inherited his father's estate. He hired the young local architect Benjamin Ferrey to develop the coastal area on the east side of the stream.[28] Bournemouth's first hotel, later to become part of the Royal Bath Hotel, opened in 1838 and is one of the few buildings designed by Ferrey still standing.[25][28] Bournemouth started to grow at a faster rate as Tapps-Gervis began developing the area similarly to the south coast resorts of Weymouth and Brighton. Despite enormous investment, the town's share of the market remained modest.[26] In 1841 Tapps-Gervis invited the physician and writer Augustus Granville to stay. Granville was the author of The Spas of England, which described health resorts around the country, and as a result of his visit he included a chapter on Bournemouth in the second edition of his book. The publication of the book, and the increase in visitors seeking the medicinal use of seawater and the pine-scented air, helped the town to grow and establish itself as an early tourist destination.[29][30]

  

In the 1840s Benjamin Ferrey was replaced by Decimus Burton, whose plans for Bournemouth included the construction of a garden alongside the Bourne stream, an idea first mooted by Granville. The fields south of the road crossing (later Bournemouth Square) were drained and laid out with shrubberies and walks. Many of these paths, including the Invalids' Walk, remain in the town today.[30][31] A second suggestion of Granville's, a sanatorium, was completed in 1855 and greatly raised Bournemouth's profile as a place for recuperation.[32]

 

At a time when the most convenient way to arrive in the town was by sea, a pier was considered to be a necessity. Holdenhurst Parish Council were reluctant to find the money, and an attempt to raise the money privately in 1847 had only succeeded in financing a small 100 feet (30 m) jetty.[33] The Bournemouth Improvement Act of 1856 granted greater financial autonomy to the town and a pier was approved that year. A number of wooden structures were built before an 838 feet (255 m) cast iron design by Eugenius Birch was completed in 1880.[33][34] Under the Act, a board of 13 Commissioners was established to build and organise the expanding infrastructure of the town, such as paving, sewers, drainage, street lighting and street cleaning.[35]

 

The arrival of the railways in 1870 precipitated a massive growth in seaside and summer visitors to the town, especially from the Midlands and London. In 1880 the town had a population of 17,000, but by 1900, when railway connections to Bournemouth were at their most developed, the town's population had risen to 60,000 and it had become a favourite location for visiting artists and writers.[23] The town was improved greatly during this period through the efforts of Sir Merton Russell-Cotes, the town's mayor and a local philanthropist, who helped to establish the town's first library and museum. The Russell-Cotes Art Gallery & Museum was housed in his mansion, and after his death it was given to the town.[36] Bournemouth became a municipal borough in 1890 and a county borough in 1900.[35]

 

As Bournemouth's growth increased in the early 20th century, the town centre spawned theatres, cafés, two art deco cinemas and more hotels. Other new buildings included the war memorial in 1921 and the Bournemouth Pavilion, the town's concert hall and grand theatre, finished in 1925.

 

The town escaped heavy bombing during the Second World War, but the sea front incurred great damage when it was fortified against invasion.[37] The cast iron lamposts and benches along the front were removed and melted down for munitions, as was much of the superstructure from both Bournemouth and Boscombe piers before they were breached to prevent their use by enemy ships.[37] The large amounts of barbed wire and anti-tank obstacles along the beach, and the mines at the foot of the chines, took two years to remove when peace was finally achieved.[38]

  

The Royal National Lifeboat Institution stationed an inshore lifeboat at Bournemouth between 1965 and 1972. Coverage for the area has otherwise been provided from Poole Lifeboat Station.[39] The Bournemouth International Centre (BIC), a large conference and exhibition centre, was constructed near the seafront in 1984,[40] and in the following year Bournemouth became the first town in the United Kingdom to introduce and use CCTV cameras for public street-based surveillance.[25]

 

The Waterfront complex, which was intended to hold an IMAX cinema, was constructed on the seafront in 1998.[41] The 19 m (62 ft)-high concrete and smoked glass building featured a wavy roof design, but was despised by residents and visitors alike because it blocked views of the bay and the Isle of Purbeck.[41][42] In 2005 it was voted the most hated building in England in a 10,000-people poll conducted by the Channel 4 programme 'Demolition', and was pulled down in Spring 2013.[41][43] The site is to be used as an outdoor event arena. The council still plan a larger redevelopment of the site and adjoining council land in the long term.

 

In 2012 Bournemouth was unsuccessful in its bid for city status, losing out to Chelmsford in competition with 26 other towns to commemorate Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee.[

  

Governance

  

Historically Bournemouth was part of Hampshire, with neighbouring Poole, just to the west of the border, in Dorset. At the time of the 1974 local government re-organisation, it was considered desirable that the whole of the Poole/Bournemouth urban area should be part of the same county. Bournemouth therefore became part of the non-metropolitan county of Dorset on 1 April 1974.[35] On 1 April 1997, Bournemouth became a unitary authority, independent from Dorset County Council.[45] For the purposes of the Lieutenancy it remains part of the ceremonial county of Dorset.

 

For local elections the district is divided into 18 wards,[46] and the Bournemouth Borough Council is elected every four years.[47] In the 2011 local elections the Conservatives held overall control, winning 45 of the available 51 seats.[48] The Council elects a Mayor and Deputy Mayor annually.[49] For 2014–15 the mayor is Chris Mayne.[50]

 

Bournemouth is represented by two parliamentary constituencies in the House of Commons; Bournemouth East and Bournemouth West.[51] In the 2010 general election, the former was held for the Conservatives by Tobias Elwood with 48.4% of the vote, while the latter was also held for the Conservatives by Connor Burns with 45.1%.[52][53]

  

Geography

  

Bournemouth is about 94 miles (151 km) southwest of London at 50°43′12″N 1°52′48″WCoordinates: 50°43′12″N 1°52′48″W.[54] The borough borders the neighbouring boroughs of Poole and Christchurch to the west and east respectively and the East Dorset District to the north. Poole Bay lies to the South.[55][56] The River Stour forms a natural boundary to the north and east, terminating at Christchurch Harbour;[56][57] while the River Bourne rises in Poole and flows through the middle of Bournemouth town centre, into the English Channel.[58] The towns of Poole, Bournemouth and Christchurch form the South East Dorset conurbation with a combined population of over 400,000. Bournemouth is both a retail and commercial centre.[59] Areas within Bournemouth include: Boscombe, Kinson, Southbourne, Springbourne, Throop, Westbourne and Winton.[60]

 

The area's geology has little variety, comprising almost entirely of Eocene clays which, prior to urbanisation, supported a heathland environment.[61][62] Patches of the original heath still remain, notably Turbary Common, a 36-hectare (89-acre) site, much of which is designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest.[63] This heathland habitat is home to all six species of native reptile, the Dartford Warbler and some important flora such as Sundew and Bog Asphodel. Small populations of Exmoor pony and Shetland cattle help to maintain the area.[64] Bournemouth is directly north of Old Harry Rocks, the easternmost end of the Jurassic Coast, 96 miles (155 km) of coastline designated a World Heritage Site in 2001.[65] Bournemouth's own coastline stretches from Sandbanks to Christchurch Harbour and comprises mainly sandy beaches backed by gravel and sandy clay cliffs. These cliffs are cut by a number of chines which provide natural access to the shore.[66] At the easternmost point lies Hengistbury Head, a narrow peninsula that forms the southern shore of Christchurch Harbour. It is a local nature reserve and the site of a Bronze Age settlement.

  

Climate

  

Due to its location on the south coast, Bournemouth has a temperate climate with moderate variation in annual and daily temperatures. From 1981 to 2010 the annual mean temperature was 10 to 11 °C (50 to 52 °F).[69] The warmest months are July and August, which have an average temperature range of 12 to 22 °C (54 to 72 °F), while the coolest months are January and February, which have an average temperature range of 1 to 8 °C (34 to 46 °F).[70] Average rainfall in Bournemouth is around 800 mm (31 in) annually, well below the national average of 1,126 millimetres.[71] Since 1960, temperature extremes as measured at Bournemouth Hurn Airport have ranged from 34.1 °C (93.4 °F) in August 1990,[72] down to −13.4 °C (7.9 °F) in January 1963.[73] The lowest temperature recorded in recent years was −10.4 °C (13.3 °F) in December 2010.[

  

Demography

  

Religious demography

  

Christian 57.1

Buddhist 0.7

Hindu 0.7

Jewish 0.7

Muslim 1.8

Sikh 0.1

Other religion 0.7

No religion 30.5

Not stated 7.8

 

The 2011 census records the population of Bournemouth as 183,491, comprising 91,386 males and 92,105 females, which equates to 49.8% and 50.2% of the population respectively.[77][78] The mean average age of all persons is 40 years.[79] With 4,000 residents per square kilometre, Bournemouth has the highest population density of any authority in the South-West region, and is the eighth most populated.[80]

 

Much of the population, 83.8%, describe their ethnicity as 'white British' while other white groups account for a further 8.1%. Asian groups; Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Chinese and other Asian, make up 3.9%. Black British, black African, black Caribbean and other black groups form 1.0% of the population, Those of a mixed race make up 2.3% of the population, and 0.9% are from other ethnic groups.[81]

 

Christians made up 57.1% of the population but 30% of residents said they had no religion and 7.8% refused to say whether they were religious or not. Muslims were 1.8%, Budhists, Hindus and Jews each had a 0.7% share, Sikhs were 0.1%. and other religions made up 0.7%.[76]

 

Of all Bournemouth residents aged 16 or over, 19.1% had no qualifications at all, although 35% said they had between one and four O-levels, CSEs, GCSEs or equivalent, and 36.5% have more than five O-level equivalents (grade C and above), an A-level or two to three AS-levels. Those with an NVQ level 1 comprise 8.0% of the population while 15.2% have a level 2 NVQ, a City and Guilds craft certificate, BTEC or general diploma. Just over 20% of residents had two or more A-levels, four or more AS-Levels or an advanced diploma while 15.8% possessed a degree, such as a BA or BSc or a higher degree such as an MA or PhD. An NVQ level 4 or 5, HNC, HND, higher BTEC or higher diploma, is held by 4.2% and a professional qualification is held by 13.9% of residents. An apprenticeship has been completed by 6.3% of the population while 16.9% have some other work related or vocational qualification and 8.3% hold a foreign qualification.[82]

  

Historical population of Bournemouth

  

Year

 

Population

  

1801 726

1821 877

1841 1,605

1851 2,029

1871 13,160

1891 34,098

1941 128,099

1961 149,106

1981 140,216

1991 158,711

2001 163,441

  

Historical population figures are for an area that equates to the modern Unitary Authority of Bournemouth[83]

  

Source: GIS / University of Portsmouth, A Vision of Britain through Time.[84]

  

Historically Bournemouth has suffered from negative rates of natural increase and has relied on immigration to maintain population growth. In 2007 however, births exceeded deaths for the first time, and this trend has continued through to 2011. This, coupled with a substantial increase in people moving into the area, has led to a sharp rise in the resident population since 2001.[80][85] Of the total population, 3.3% are 85 or over, compared to 2.2% nationally; however the largest group of people moving into the area are students in the 16-24-year age group, and 9% of the current population are between 20 and 24. In England this age group accounts for only 7%.[85]

  

Economy

  

Similarly to the rest of Dorset, Bournemouth's economy is primarily in the service sector, which employed 95% of the workforce in 2010.[86] This was 10% higher than the average employment in the service sector for Great Britain and 11% higher than the South West.[86] Of particular importance are the financial and public service sectors which through 2011 continued to show sustained growth. Compared to the rest of the country, Bournemouth performed well in these two areas but under performed in transport and communications.[87]

 

The smallest geographical region for which Gross Value Added information is available is the NUTS3 area, Bournemouth and Poole. The latest figures, as of 2012, are for the year 2009 which showed that the Bournemouth and Poole area enjoyed the strongest annualised growth in the South-West region.[88][89] In 2009 the South West Regional Accounts showed that the Financial Services sector in Bournemouth was worth £1,031.8 million in Gross Value Added. Important employers in this sector include: JPMorgan, Nationwide Building Society, and the Liverpool Victoria, Unisys, and RIAS insurance companies.[89] The manufacturing sector is predominantly based in neighbouring Poole, but still employed 2% of the workforce in 2010 and 2.6% in 2011.[86][90][Note 2]

 

Tourism is also important to the local economy. In 2011, domestic and overseas visitors made more than 5.6 million trips to the town and spent over £460 million between them. The equivalent of 8,531 full-time jobs exist as a result which accounts for 15% of all employment in the town.[91] Bournemouth seafront is one of the UK's biggest attractions with 4.5 million visitors in 2011.[92]

 

With a third of all town centre businesses in the leisure industry, Bournemouth has a booming nightlife economy and is a popular destination for stag and hen parties.[93][94] These party-goers contribute £125 million a year to the economy and support 4,000 jobs. In 2010 the town was awarded a Purple Flag for providing a wide variety of night-time activities while maintaining the safety of both residents and visitors.[94] An independent report published in 2012 indicates there has been a rise in antisocial behaviour which it attributes to the increase in nightlife.[93]

 

Those of working age make up approximately 65% of Bournemouth's population and of these, 74.6% are economically active although not necessarily employed within the Bournemouth area.[89] Industry in Bournemouth employed more than 76,400 people in 2011 but not all of these were Bournemouth residents.[90] Of those employed in Bournemouth based industries, 29.32% were employed in the public administration, education and health sector. This compares favourably with Dorset, the South-West region, and the country as a whole, as do the other large sectors; distribution, hotels & restaurants (29.06%), and banking, finance and insurance (24.48%). 37.2% of Bournemouth's resident population are employed full-time while 13.3% are employed part-time. An additional 7.1% full-time workers are self-employed, 3.1% are self-employed part-time. Full-time students with jobs account for 5.3% and 3.8% are unemployed.[95]

 

The shopping streets are mostly pedestrianised with modern shopping malls, Victorian arcades and a large selection of bars, clubs and cafés. North of the centre there is an out-of-town shopping complex called Castlepoint. The 41 acre site has 40 units and was the largest shopping centre in the UK when it opened it 2003.[96] Other major shopping areas are situated in the districts of Westbourne and Boscombe.

  

Culture

  

Bournemouth is a tourist and regional centre for leisure, entertainment, culture and recreation. Local author and former mayor, Keith Rawlings, suggests that Bournemouth has a thriving youth culture due to its large university population and many language school students.[97][98] In recent years, Bournemouth has become a popular nightlife destination with UK visitors and many clubs, bars and restaurants are located within the town centre.[98][99] In a 2007 survey by First Direct, Bournemouth was found to be the happiest place in the UK, with 82% of people questioned saying they were happy with their lives.[100]

 

Major venues for concerts include BIC, Pavilion Theatre and O2 Academy.[101] Built in 1984, the BIC is also a popular place for party political conferences and has been used by all three major political parties.[102] Its four auditoria make it the largest venue on the south coast.[103] The O2 and Pavilion are older and are both Grade II listed buildings. The O2, which opened in 1895 as The Grand Pavilion Theatre, was initially used as a circus and later for music hall theatre. The Pavilion opened in 1929 as concert hall and tea room while also providing a venue for the municipal orchestra. It continues to provide traditional entertainment today, presenting West End stage shows, ballet and operas.[104][105][106] Bournemouth has more than 200 listed buildings, mainly from the Victorian and Edwardian eras, including three grade I churches; St Peter's, St Clement's and St Stephen's.[106]

 

The Russell-Cotes Museum is a Grade II* listed, villa completed in 1901. It houses artefacts and paintings collected by the Victorian philanthropist Merton Russell-Cotes and his wife during their extensive travels around the world.[107] The four art galleries display paintings by William Powell Frith, Edwin Landseer, Edwin Long, William Orchardson, Arthur Hughes, Albert Moore, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti.[108] It was Russell-Cotes who successfully campaigned to have a promenade built; it runs continuously along the Bournemouth and Poole shoreline.[109]

 

The Lower, Central and Upper Gardens are Grade II* public parks, leading for several miles down the valley of the River Bourne through the centre of the town to the sea.[110] Bournemouth has a further 425 acres (172 ha) of parkland. Initially serving to compensate for the loss of common rights after common land was enclosed in 1802, it was held in trust until 1889 when ownership passed to Bournemouth Corporation and the land became five public parks: King's Park, Queen's Park, Meyrick Park, Seafield Gardens and Redhill Common.[7][111]

 

The detailed Land Use Survey by the Office for National Statistics in 2005 noted that the local authority area of Bournemouth had the third highest proportion of land taken up by domestic gardens, 34.6%, of the 326 districts in England; narrowly less than the London Boroughs of Harrow and Sutton at the time with 34.7% and 35.1%.[112]

 

One of Bournemouth's most noted cultural institutions is the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra which was formed in 1893 under Dan Godfrey.[113][114] It became the first municipal orchestra in the country when in 1896, Bournemouth Borough Council took control and Godfrey was appointed musical director and head of the town's entertainments.[113][115] Originally playing three concerts a day during the summer season, in the great glass palm house known as the Winter Gardens;[114][116] the orchestra is now based in Poole and performs around 130 concerts a year across Southern England.[117]

 

Bournemouth is currently host to a number of festivals. The Bournemouth Food and Drink Festival is a ten-day event which combines a market with live cookery demonstrations.[118] The Arts by the Sea Festival is a mix of dance, film, theatre, literature, and music[119] which was launched in 2012 by the local university, The Arts University Bournemouth, and is set to become an annual event.[120] The Bourne Free carnival is held in the town each year during the summer. Initially a gay pride festival, it has become a celebration of diversity and inclusion.[121] Since 2008, Bournemouth has held its own air festival over four days in August.[122] This has featured displays from the Red Arrows as well as appearances from the Yakovlevs, Blades, Team Guinot Wing-Walkers, Battle of Britain Memorial Flight including Lancaster, Hurricane, Spitfire and also the last flying Vulcan. The festival has also seen appearances from modern aircraft such as the Eurofighter Typhoon.[123] The air festival attracts up to a million people over the four-day event.

  

The town was especially rich in literary associations during the late 19th century and earlier years of the 20th century. P. C. Wren author of Beau Geste, Frederick E. Smith, writer of the 633 Squadron books, and Beatrice Webb, later Potter, all lived in the town.[126] Paul Verlaine taught at Bournemouth a preparatory school[127][128] and the writer J. R. R. Tolkien, spent 30 years taking holidays in Bournemouth, staying in the same room at the Hotel Miramar. He eventually retired to the area in the 1960s with his wife Edith, where they lived close to Branksome Chine. Tolkien died in September 1973 at his home in Bournemouth but was buried in Oxfordshire. The house was demolished in 2008.[129]

 

Percy Florence Shelley lived at Boscombe Manor; a house he had built for his mother, Mary Shelley, the writer and author of the gothic horror novel, Frankenstein. Mary died before the house was completed but she was buried in Bournemouth, in accordance with her wishes. The family plot in St Peter's churchyard also contains her parents William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft, and the heart of her husband, Percy Bysshe Shelley.[130] Robert Louis Stevenson wrote The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and most of his novel Kidnapped from his house "Skerryvore" on the west cliff, Westbourne.[131] Vladimir Chertkov established a Tolstoyan publishing house with other Russian exiles in Iford Waterworks at Southbourne, and under the 'Free Age Press' imprint, published the first edition of several works by Leo Tolstoy.[126] Author Bill Bryson worked for a time with the Bournemouth Echo newspaper and wrote about the town in his 1995 work Notes from a Small Island.[132]

  

Landmarks

  

Bournemouth has three Grade I listed churches, St Peter's and St Stephen's in the town centre and St Clemment's in Boscombe.[106] St Peter's was the town's first church, completed in 1879 and designed by George Edmund Street.[133] In his book, England's Thousand Best Churches, Simon Jenkins describes the chancel as "one of the richest Gothic Revival interiors in England", while the 202 feet (62 m) spire dominates the surrounding skyline.[134][135] When the architect, John Loughborough Pearson, designed St Stephen's his aim was to,"bring people to their knees". It has a high stone groined roof, twin aisles and a triforium gallery, although the tower lacks a spire.[136][137]

 

The borough has two piers: Bournemouth Pier, close to the town centre, and the shorter but architecturally more important Boscombe Pier. Designed by the architect Archibald Smith, Boscombe Pier opened in 1889 as a 600 feet (180 m) structure which was extended to 750 feet (230 m) in 1927 when a new head was constructed.[138] Added in 1958, the boomerang-shaped entrance kiosk and overhanging concrete roof is now a Grade II listed building. In 1961 a theatre was added but this was demolished in 2008 when the rest of the pier was renovated.[138][139] In 2009, fashion designer Wayne Hemingway described Boscombe Pier as "Britain's coolest pier". It was also voted Pier of the Year 2010 by the National Piers Society.[140]

 

In 1856, Bournemouth Pier was a simple, wooden jetty. This was replaced by a longer, wooden pier five years later, and a cast iron structure in 1880.[34] Two extensions to the pier in 1894 and 1905, brought the total length to 305 metres (1000 feet). After World War II, the structure was strengthened to allow for the addition of a Pier Theatre, finally constructed in 1960. Between 1979 and 1981, a £1.7 million redevelopment programme, saw a great deal of reconstruction work, and the addition of a large two-storey, octagonal-shaped entrance building.[34]

 

Built as the Mont Dore Hotel in 1881, Bournemouth Town Hall was designated a Grade II listed building in 2001. Designed by Alfred Bedborough in the French, Italian and neo-classical styles, the foundation stone was laid by King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway and the hotel opened in 1885.[141][142][143] The buff brick exterior features Bath stone dressings and terracotta friezes. The main entrance is sited within a projected façade that reaches to the eaves and is topped with a pediment, while above sits a belvedere with turrets and a pavilion roof.[142] During the First World War the hotel was used as a hospital for British and Indian soldiers and after as a convalescent home. It never opened as a hotel again and was purchased by Bournemouth Borough Council in 1919.[144]

 

Built in the Art Deco style in 1929, situated close to the seafront, the Pavilion Theatre was at the time considered to be the greatest ever municipal enterprise for the benefit of entertainment.[145] Built from brick and stone, the frontage features square Corinthian columns.[141] Still a popular venue, it is today a Grade II listed building.[145]

 

The Bournemouth Eye is a helium-filled balloon attached to a steel cable in the town's lower gardens. The spherical balloon is 69 m (226 ft) in circumference and carries an enclosed, steel gondola. Rising to a height of 150 m (492 ft), it provides a panoramic view of the surrounding area for up to 28 passengers.[

  

Sport

  

The town has a professional football club, AFC Bournemouth, known as the Cherries, who were promoted to the Championship in 2013 and Premier League in 2015,[148] AFC Bournemouth play at Dean Court near Boscombe in Kings' Park, 2 miles (3 km) east of the town centre.[149]

 

Bournemouth Rugby Club, which competes in the National League Division Two South, has its home at the Bournemouth Sports Club, next to Bournemouth Airport, where it hosts an annual Rugby sevens tournament and festival.[150][151][152] Bournemouth Cricket Club also plays at Bournemouth Sports Club and is reported to be one of the biggest cricket clubs in the country. Its first team plays in the Southern Premier League.[153] Dean Park is a former county cricket ground, once home to Hampshire County Cricket Club and later Dorset County Cricket Club. Today it is a venue for university cricket.[154]

 

The BIC has become a venue for a round of the Premier League Darts Championship organised by the Professional Darts Corporation.[155]

 

The Westover and Bournemouth Rowing Club, is the town's coastal rowing club. Established in 1865, it is reported to be the oldest sporting association in the county. The club regularly competes in regattas organised by the Hants and Dorset Amateur Rowing Association which take place on the South Coast of England between May and September.[156]

 

Other watersports popular in Poole Bay include sailing and surfing, and there are a number of local schools for the beginner to learn either sport.[157] Bournemouth has the third largest community of surfers in the UK and in 2009 an artificial surf reef, one of only four in the world, was constructed there.[158] The reef failed to deliver the promised grade 5 wave, suffered a series of delays and ran over budget, finally costing £3.2 million.

  

Transport

  

Road

  

The principal route to the town centre is the A338 spur road, a dual carriageway that connects to the A31 close to the Hampshire border. The A31 joins the M27 at Southampton and from there the M3 to London and the A34 to the Midlands and the North can be accessed.[161] The main road west is the A35 to Honiton in Devon which runs through the South East Dorset Conurbation and continues east as far as Southampton, albeit as a non-primary route.[162][163] The A350 in the neighbouring borough of Poole provides the only northern route out of the conurbation.[164] National Express coaches serve Bournemouth Travel Interchange & Bournemouth University. There are frequent departures to London Victoria Coach Station and Heathrow Airport and Gatwick Airports.[165][166] Local buses are provided mainly by two companies, More Bus, the former National Bus Company subsidiary and now owned by the Go-Ahead group, and Yellow Buses, the former Bournemouth Council-owned company and successors to Bournemouth Corporation Transport, which began operating trams in 1902.[166][167] Other operators serving the town include Damory Coaches and the Shaftesbury & District bus company.[166]

  

Rail

  

There are two stations in the town, Bournemouth railway station and Pokesdown railway station to the east.[168] Parts of western Bournemouth can also be reached from Branksome station. All three stations lie on the South Western Main Line from Weymouth to London Waterloo.[169] South West Trains operates a comprehensive service along this line, which also serves Southampton Central, Winchester and Basingstoke to the east, and Poole, Wareham, and Dorchester South to the west.[169][170] Before its closure in 1966, Bournemouth was also served by the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway which provided direct access to Somerset and the Midlands.[171]

  

Air

  

Originally an RAF airfield, Bournemouth Airport was transferred to the Civil Aviation Authority in 1944 and was the UK's only international airport before the opening of Heathrow in 1946.[172] Acquired by the Manchester Airports Group in 2001, the airport underwent a £45 million phased expansion programme between 2007 and 2011.[173][174] Situated in the village of Hurn on the periphery of Bournemouth, the airport is 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from the town centre and serves around 600,000 passengers annually.[175] There are direct flights to more than 35 international destinations in 19 countries including: Croatia, Egypt, Finland, France, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey and the United States.[175]

  

Education

  

The Bournemouth local education authority was first set up in 1903 and remained in existence until local government was reorganised in 1974 when Bournemouth lost its County Borough status and became part of the county of Dorset. Under the later reforms of 1997, Bournemouth became a unitary authority and the Bournemouth local education authority was re-established.[176][177]

 

The local council operates a two-tier comprehensive system whereby pupils attend one of the 26 primary schools in the borough before completing their education at secondary school.[178] Bournemouth is one of the minority of local authorities in England still to maintain selective education, with two grammar schools (one for boys, one for girls) and ten secondary modern/comprehensive schools.[179] There are also a small number of independent schools in the town, and a further education college.[180] Bournemouth has two universities: Bournemouth University and Arts University Bournemouth, both of which are located across the boundary in neighbouring Poole.[181]

 

In 2012, 60.7% of the borough's school leavers gained 5 GCSEs of grade C or above. This was slightly better than the national average of 59.4% and above the average for the rest of Dorset, with 58.8% of pupils from the local authority of Poole, and 54.1% from the remainder of the county, managing to do likewise.[182]

   

And directly opposite of the piece of Fabia was another Fabia I. wheel trim, but another type. It looks also bad.

Corniglia is a frazione ("fraction") of the commune of Vernazza in the province of La Spezia, Liguria, northern Italy. Unlike the other localities of the Cinque Terre, Corniglia is not directly adjacent to the sea. Instead, it is on the top of a promontory about 100 metres high, surrounded on three sides by vineyards and terraces and the fourth side descends steeply to the sea. To reach Corniglia, it is necessary to climb the Lardarina, a long brick flight of steps composed of 33 flights with 382 steps or, otherwise follow a vehicular road that, from the station, leads to the village. Sometimes a small bus runs up and down here.

 

The village stretches along the main road, Fieschi Road, and the houses have one side facing this road and the other facing the sea. Corniglia is characterised by narrow roads and a terrace obtained in the rock from which all other four Cinque Terre's villages, two on one side and two on the other, can be seen. The town planning structure presents also original characteristics compared to those of the other villages: the houses are lower set, and only more recently higher, similar to those of the villages of the hinterland.

 

Corniglia is mentioned in a famous novella of Giovanni Boccaccio's Decameron and in the novel The Invisible Circus by Jennifer Egan.

 

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

China is imposing the national security laws directly on Hong Kong. Britain, US, Canada and Australia criticised that this is in contrary with the Sino-British Joint Declaration and also in breach of the "One country, two systems". EU is expressing serious concern on the action by China too. China on the other hand is counter-attacking the western countries saying that the criticisms or sanction by US is interfering the internal affairs of China.

 

The black can be said as white and the white can be said to be black. This is the old Chinese proverb and this is exactly what has happening in real world.

 

I have a walk in the neighbourhood and is trying to find the true black and white.

 

Happy Sunday!

 

Fuji X-T1

Fuji XF 35mm F2

In-camera B&W with green filter film simulation