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Event Alarm Detection
Time : 20160131-09:05:48
Camera IP : 192.168.1.134
Event Type : Audio Detection Jan-31-2016 09:05:48 Detected
It looked like the book/cookie thief didn’t fall for traps so I decided to use other means in solving this mystery.
So I set up a little interrogation room with a top notch lie detection equipment and the traditional bright light and started the questioning.
The first “willing participant” was Little Pip, not because he was my prime suspect but because he was the first who entered the interrogation room. Probably because he thought there was something to eat in there.
After I hooked him on the polygraph I started the questions. To add credibility I had borrowed a pipe from the prop department and used it to point at the suspect a lot (it never fails!).
Here’s the protocol:
Inspector Shaun (IS): Suspect, please state your name for the protocol.
Suspect Pip (SP): Pip!
IS: To make things easy I will only ask yes or no question, two pips means yes, one pip means no, do you understand?
SP: Pip…pip!
IS: Very good, now have you ever taken out a book from my uncle’s library?
SP: Pip! (shakes head vigorously).
IS: Have you ever seen anyone taking out a book from the library?
SP: Pip Pip! (nodes head enthusiastically)
IS: Ah we’re getting somewhere, can you tell me who?
SP: Pip Pip!
IS: Well…
SP: Pip Pip (points paw at interrogator).
IS: Sigh... I meant apart from me?
SP: Pip! (shakes head, slightly bored now)
IS: Well I think we’re almost done here, hold one what are you doing? Noooo…
End of Protocol after suspect jumped towards the interrogator, happily licking his face before running away and getting entangled with the polygraph cable in the process…
Oh dear… this really didn’t go so well… but rest assured, Inspector Shaun always gets his man!
Went out round my local streets shooting from the hip using CAF and face and eye detection on the new camera.
Seems to work very well.
Probably try to have a trip to the Westend and try next week.
Went out round my local streets shooting from the hip using CAF and face and eye detection on the new camera.
Seems to work very well.
Probably try to have a trip to the Westend and try next week.
Various kinds of radiation detection instruments for nuclear security displayed at the technical meeting held at the IAEA headquarters in Vienna, Austria, 6 April 2016
Photo Credit: Dean Calma / IAEA
Roseanne legend John Goodmanis weight loss is shocking. When he seemed on Fridayis redcarpet the existing Treme actor revealed considerable weight reduction.I had the Laser Therapy remedy July 2010. It had been incredible how easy and quickly it worked. I had been smoking 4 packs a day and was
Event Alarm Detection
Time : 20160217-08:34:43
Camera IP : 192.168.1.134
Event Type : Motion Detection Feb-17-2016 08:34:43 Detected
The IAEA conducts a national workshop on nuclear security detection in Victoria Falls, bringing together authorities from the Office of the President and Cabinet, the Radiation Protection Authority, the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority and others, to view and strengthen national nuclear security detection strategies and measures in Zimbabwe. Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. 10 October 2016.
Photo Credit: Dean Calma / IAEA
Event Alarm Detection
Time : 20160214-13:21:54
Camera IP : 192.168.1.134
Event Type : Audio Detection Feb-14-2016 13:21:54 Detected
Jamie Szafran, from left, Mark Lewis and Curtis Ihlefeld work with the prototype of the Flexible Damage Detection System in a laboratory with a prototype at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The system uses circuits printed on thin thermal film and specialized software. The system is designed to show where damage to a surface occurs and how severe it may be. It could offer astronauts a real-time update on their spacecraft's condition during a mission without requiring a spacewalk.
U.S. Air Force emergency management members from left to right Master Sgt. Jason Braun, of the 133rd Civil Engineer Squadron, Chief Master Sgt. Jon Pieters, of the 133rd Civil Engineer Squadron, and Chief Master Sgt. Kristi Erickson, of the 119th Civil Engineer Squadron, use chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) detection equipment during a training exercise at the North Dakota Air National Guard Regional Training Site, Fargo, North Dakota, March 9, 2022. They are participating in a cold weather CBRN training course to learn about challenges presented while conducting emergency management work in extreme cold temperatures. (U.S. Air National Guard photo by David H. Lipp)
Event Alarm Detection
Time : 20160210-13:56:35
Camera IP : 192.168.1.134
Event Type : Motion Detection Feb-10-2016 13:56:35 Detected
Experiment with converted IR camera using a polarizing filter and HDR software. AEB +/-2 total 3 exposures processed with Photomatix.
High Dynamic Range (HDR)
High-dynamic-range imaging (HDRI) is a high dynamic range (HDR) technique used in imaging and photography to reproduce a greater dynamic range of luminosity than is possible with standard digital imaging or photographic techniques. The aim is to present a similar range of luminance to that experienced through the human visual system. The human eye, through adaptation of the iris and other methods, adjusts constantly to adapt to a broad range of luminance present in the environment. The brain continuously interprets this information so that a viewer can see in a wide range of light conditions.
HDR images can represent a greater range of luminance levels than can be achieved using more 'traditional' methods, such as many real-world scenes containing very bright, direct sunlight to extreme shade, or very faint nebulae. This is often achieved by capturing and then combining several different, narrower range, exposures of the same subject matter. Non-HDR cameras take photographs with a limited exposure range, referred to as LDR, resulting in the loss of detail in highlights or shadows.
The two primary types of HDR images are computer renderings and images resulting from merging multiple low-dynamic-range (LDR) or standard-dynamic-range (SDR) photographs. HDR images can also be acquired using special image sensors, such as an oversampled binary image sensor.
Due to the limitations of printing and display contrast, the extended luminosity range of an HDR image has to be compressed to be made visible. The method of rendering an HDR image to a standard monitor or printing device is called tone mapping. This method reduces the overall contrast of an HDR image to facilitate display on devices or printouts with lower dynamic range, and can be applied to produce images with preserved local contrast (or exaggerated for artistic effect).
In photography, dynamic range is measured in exposure value (EV) differences (known as stops). An increase of one EV, or 'one stop', represents a doubling of the amount of light. Conversely, a decrease of one EV represents a halving of the amount of light. Therefore, revealing detail in the darkest of shadows requires high exposures, while preserving detail in very bright situations requires very low exposures. Most cameras cannot provide this range of exposure values within a single exposure, due to their low dynamic range. High-dynamic-range photographs are generally achieved by capturing multiple standard-exposure images, often using exposure bracketing, and then later merging them into a single HDR image, usually within a photo manipulation program). Digital images are often encoded in a camera's raw image format, because 8-bit JPEG encoding does not offer a wide enough range of values to allow fine transitions (and regarding HDR, later introduces undesirable effects due to lossy compression).
Any camera that allows manual exposure control can make images for HDR work, although one equipped with auto exposure bracketing (AEB) is far better suited. Images from film cameras are less suitable as they often must first be digitized, so that they can later be processed using software HDR methods.
In most imaging devices, the degree of exposure to light applied to the active element (be it film or CCD) can be altered in one of two ways: by either increasing/decreasing the size of the aperture or by increasing/decreasing the time of each exposure. Exposure variation in an HDR set is only done by altering the exposure time and not the aperture size; this is because altering the aperture size also affects the depth of field and so the resultant multiple images would be quite different, preventing their final combination into a single HDR image.
An important limitation for HDR photography is that any movement between successive images will impede or prevent success in combining them afterwards. Also, as one must create several images (often three or five and sometimes more) to obtain the desired luminance range, such a full 'set' of images takes extra time. HDR photographers have developed calculation methods and techniques to partially overcome these problems, but the use of a sturdy tripod is, at least, advised.
Some cameras have an auto exposure bracketing (AEB) feature with a far greater dynamic range than others, from the 3 EV of the Canon EOS 40D, to the 18 EV of the Canon EOS-1D Mark II. As the popularity of this imaging method grows, several camera manufactures are now offering built-in HDR features. For example, the Pentax K-7 DSLR has an HDR mode that captures an HDR image and outputs (only) a tone mapped JPEG file. The Canon PowerShot G12, Canon PowerShot S95 and Canon PowerShot S100 offer similar features in a smaller format.. Nikon's approach is called 'Active D-Lighting' which applies exposure compensation and tone mapping to the image as it comes from the sensor, with the accent being on retaing a realistic effect . Some smartphones provide HDR modes, and most mobile platforms have apps that provide HDR picture taking.
Camera characteristics such as gamma curves, sensor resolution, noise, photometric calibration and color calibration affect resulting high-dynamic-range images.
Color film negatives and slides consist of multiple film layers that respond to light differently. As a consequence, transparent originals (especially positive slides) feature a very high dynamic range
Tone mapping
Tone mapping reduces the dynamic range, or contrast ratio, of an entire image while retaining localized contrast. Although it is a distinct operation, tone mapping is often applied to HDRI files by the same software package.
Several software applications are available on the PC, Mac and Linux platforms for producing HDR files and tone mapped images. Notable titles include
Adobe Photoshop
Aurora HDR
Dynamic Photo HDR
HDR Efex Pro
HDR PhotoStudio
Luminance HDR
MagicRaw
Oloneo PhotoEngine
Photomatix Pro
PTGui
Information stored in high-dynamic-range images typically corresponds to the physical values of luminance or radiance that can be observed in the real world. This is different from traditional digital images, which represent colors as they should appear on a monitor or a paper print. Therefore, HDR image formats are often called scene-referred, in contrast to traditional digital images, which are device-referred or output-referred. Furthermore, traditional images are usually encoded for the human visual system (maximizing the visual information stored in the fixed number of bits), which is usually called gamma encoding or gamma correction. The values stored for HDR images are often gamma compressed (power law) or logarithmically encoded, or floating-point linear values, since fixed-point linear encodings are increasingly inefficient over higher dynamic ranges.
HDR images often don't use fixed ranges per color channel—other than traditional images—to represent many more colors over a much wider dynamic range. For that purpose, they don't use integer values to represent the single color channels (e.g., 0-255 in an 8 bit per pixel interval for red, green and blue) but instead use a floating point representation. Common are 16-bit (half precision) or 32-bit floating point numbers to represent HDR pixels. However, when the appropriate transfer function is used, HDR pixels for some applications can be represented with a color depth that has as few as 10–12 bits for luminance and 8 bits for chrominance without introducing any visible quantization artifacts.
History of HDR photography
The idea of using several exposures to adequately reproduce a too-extreme range of luminance was pioneered as early as the 1850s by Gustave Le Gray to render seascapes showing both the sky and the sea. Such rendering was impossible at the time using standard methods, as the luminosity range was too extreme. Le Gray used one negative for the sky, and another one with a longer exposure for the sea, and combined the two into one picture in positive.
Mid 20th century
Manual tone mapping was accomplished by dodging and burning – selectively increasing or decreasing the exposure of regions of the photograph to yield better tonality reproduction. This was effective because the dynamic range of the negative is significantly higher than would be available on the finished positive paper print when that is exposed via the negative in a uniform manner. An excellent example is the photograph Schweitzer at the Lamp by W. Eugene Smith, from his 1954 photo essay A Man of Mercy on Dr. Albert Schweitzer and his humanitarian work in French Equatorial Africa. The image took 5 days to reproduce the tonal range of the scene, which ranges from a bright lamp (relative to the scene) to a dark shadow.
Ansel Adams elevated dodging and burning to an art form. Many of his famous prints were manipulated in the darkroom with these two methods. Adams wrote a comprehensive book on producing prints called The Print, which prominently features dodging and burning, in the context of his Zone System.
With the advent of color photography, tone mapping in the darkroom was no longer possible due to the specific timing needed during the developing process of color film. Photographers looked to film manufacturers to design new film stocks with improved response, or continued to shoot in black and white to use tone mapping methods.
Color film capable of directly recording high-dynamic-range images was developed by Charles Wyckoff and EG&G "in the course of a contract with the Department of the Air Force". This XR film had three emulsion layers, an upper layer having an ASA speed rating of 400, a middle layer with an intermediate rating, and a lower layer with an ASA rating of 0.004. The film was processed in a manner similar to color films, and each layer produced a different color. The dynamic range of this extended range film has been estimated as 1:108. It has been used to photograph nuclear explosions, for astronomical photography, for spectrographic research, and for medical imaging. Wyckoff's detailed pictures of nuclear explosions appeared on the cover of Life magazine in the mid-1950s.
Late 20th century
Georges Cornuéjols and licensees of his patents (Brdi, Hymatom) introduced the principle of HDR video image, in 1986, by interposing a matricial LCD screen in front of the camera's image sensor, increasing the sensors dynamic by five stops. The concept of neighborhood tone mapping was applied to video cameras by a group from the Technion in Israel led by Dr. Oliver Hilsenrath and Prof. Y.Y.Zeevi who filed for a patent on this concept in 1988.
In February and April 1990, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the first real-time HDR camera that combined two images captured by a sensor3435 or simultaneously3637 by two sensors of the camera. This process is known as bracketing used for a video stream.
In 1991, the first commercial video camera was introduced that performed real-time capturing of multiple images with different exposures, and producing an HDR video image, by Hymatom, licensee of Georges Cornuéjols.
Also in 1991, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the HDR+ image principle by non-linear accumulation of images to increase the sensitivity of the camera: for low-light environments, several successive images are accumulated, thus increasing the signal to noise ratio.
In 1993, another commercial medical camera producing an HDR video image, by the Technion.
Modern HDR imaging uses a completely different approach, based on making a high-dynamic-range luminance or light map using only global image operations (across the entire image), and then tone mapping the result. Global HDR was first introduced in 19931 resulting in a mathematical theory of differently exposed pictures of the same subject matter that was published in 1995 by Steve Mann and Rosalind Picard.
On October 28, 1998, Ben Sarao created one of the first nighttime HDR+G (High Dynamic Range + Graphic image)of STS-95 on the launch pad at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. It consisted of four film images of the shuttle at night that were digitally composited with additional digital graphic elements. The image was first exhibited at NASA Headquarters Great Hall, Washington DC in 1999 and then published in Hasselblad Forum, Issue 3 1993, Volume 35 ISSN 0282-5449.
The advent of consumer digital cameras produced a new demand for HDR imaging to improve the light response of digital camera sensors, which had a much smaller dynamic range than film. Steve Mann developed and patented the global-HDR method for producing digital images having extended dynamic range at the MIT Media Laboratory. Mann's method involved a two-step procedure: (1) generate one floating point image array by global-only image operations (operations that affect all pixels identically, without regard to their local neighborhoods); and then (2) convert this image array, using local neighborhood processing (tone-remapping, etc.), into an HDR image. The image array generated by the first step of Mann's process is called a lightspace image, lightspace picture, or radiance map. Another benefit of global-HDR imaging is that it provides access to the intermediate light or radiance map, which has been used for computer vision, and other image processing operations.
21st century
In 2005, Adobe Systems introduced several new features in Photoshop CS2 including Merge to HDR, 32 bit floating point image support, and HDR tone mapping.
On June 30, 2016, Microsoft added support for the digital compositing of HDR images to Windows 10 using the Universal Windows Platform.
HDR sensors
Modern CMOS image sensors can often capture a high dynamic range from a single exposure. The wide dynamic range of the captured image is non-linearly compressed into a smaller dynamic range electronic representation. However, with proper processing, the information from a single exposure can be used to create an HDR image.
Such HDR imaging is used in extreme dynamic range applications like welding or automotive work. Some other cameras designed for use in security applications can automatically provide two or more images for each frame, with changing exposure. For example, a sensor for 30fps video will give out 60fps with the odd frames at a short exposure time and the even frames at a longer exposure time. Some of the sensor may even combine the two images on-chip so that a wider dynamic range without in-pixel compression is directly available to the user for display or processing.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-dynamic-range_imaging
Infrared Photography
In infrared photography, the film or image sensor used is sensitive to infrared light. The part of the spectrum used is referred to as near-infrared to distinguish it from far-infrared, which is the domain of thermal imaging. Wavelengths used for photography range from about 700 nm to about 900 nm. Film is usually sensitive to visible light too, so an infrared-passing filter is used; this lets infrared (IR) light pass through to the camera, but blocks all or most of the visible light spectrum (the filter thus looks black or deep red). ("Infrared filter" may refer either to this type of filter or to one that blocks infrared but passes other wavelengths.)
When these filters are used together with infrared-sensitive film or sensors, "in-camera effects" can be obtained; false-color or black-and-white images with a dreamlike or sometimes lurid appearance known as the "Wood Effect," an effect mainly caused by foliage (such as tree leaves and grass) strongly reflecting in the same way visible light is reflected from snow. There is a small contribution from chlorophyll fluorescence, but this is marginal and is not the real cause of the brightness seen in infrared photographs. The effect is named after the infrared photography pioneer Robert W. Wood, and not after the material wood, which does not strongly reflect infrared.
The other attributes of infrared photographs include very dark skies and penetration of atmospheric haze, caused by reduced Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering, respectively, compared to visible light. The dark skies, in turn, result in less infrared light in shadows and dark reflections of those skies from water, and clouds will stand out strongly. These wavelengths also penetrate a few millimeters into skin and give a milky look to portraits, although eyes often look black.
Until the early 20th century, infrared photography was not possible because silver halide emulsions are not sensitive to longer wavelengths than that of blue light (and to a lesser extent, green light) without the addition of a dye to act as a color sensitizer. The first infrared photographs (as distinct from spectrographs) to be published appeared in the February 1910 edition of The Century Magazine and in the October 1910 edition of the Royal Photographic Society Journal to illustrate papers by Robert W. Wood, who discovered the unusual effects that now bear his name. The RPS co-ordinated events to celebrate the centenary of this event in 2010. Wood's photographs were taken on experimental film that required very long exposures; thus, most of his work focused on landscapes. A further set of infrared landscapes taken by Wood in Italy in 1911 used plates provided for him by CEK Mees at Wratten & Wainwright. Mees also took a few infrared photographs in Portugal in 1910, which are now in the Kodak archives.
Infrared-sensitive photographic plates were developed in the United States during World War I for spectroscopic analysis, and infrared sensitizing dyes were investigated for improved haze penetration in aerial photography. After 1930, new emulsions from Kodak and other manufacturers became useful to infrared astronomy.
Infrared photography became popular with photography enthusiasts in the 1930s when suitable film was introduced commercially. The Times regularly published landscape and aerial photographs taken by their staff photographers using Ilford infrared film. By 1937 33 kinds of infrared film were available from five manufacturers including Agfa, Kodak and Ilford. Infrared movie film was also available and was used to create day-for-night effects in motion pictures, a notable example being the pseudo-night aerial sequences in the James Cagney/Bette Davis movie The Bride Came COD.
False-color infrared photography became widely practiced with the introduction of Kodak Ektachrome Infrared Aero Film and Ektachrome Infrared EIR. The first version of this, known as Kodacolor Aero-Reversal-Film, was developed by Clark and others at the Kodak for camouflage detection in the 1940s. The film became more widely available in 35mm form in the 1960s but KODAK AEROCHROME III Infrared Film 1443 has been discontinued.
Infrared photography became popular with a number of 1960s recording artists, because of the unusual results; Jimi Hendrix, Donovan, Frank and a slow shutter speed without focus compensation, however wider apertures like f/2.0 can produce sharp photos only if the lens is meticulously refocused to the infrared index mark, and only if this index mark is the correct one for the filter and film in use. However, it should be noted that diffraction effects inside a camera are greater at infrared wavelengths so that stopping down the lens too far may actually reduce sharpness.
Most apochromatic ('APO') lenses do not have an Infrared index mark and do not need to be refocused for the infrared spectrum because they are already optically corrected into the near-infrared spectrum. Catadioptric lenses do not often require this adjustment because their mirror containing elements do not suffer from chromatic aberration and so the overall aberration is comparably less. Catadioptric lenses do, of course, still contain lenses, and these lenses do still have a dispersive property.
Infrared black-and-white films require special development times but development is usually achieved with standard black-and-white film developers and chemicals (like D-76). Kodak HIE film has a polyester film base that is very stable but extremely easy to scratch, therefore special care must be used in the handling of Kodak HIE throughout the development and printing/scanning process to avoid damage to the film. The Kodak HIE film was sensitive to 900 nm.
As of November 2, 2007, "KODAK is preannouncing the discontinuance" of HIE Infrared 35 mm film stating the reasons that, "Demand for these products has been declining significantly in recent years, and it is no longer practical to continue to manufacture given the low volume, the age of the product formulations and the complexity of the processes involved." At the time of this notice, HIE Infrared 135-36 was available at a street price of around $12.00 a roll at US mail order outlets.
Arguably the greatest obstacle to infrared film photography has been the increasing difficulty of obtaining infrared-sensitive film. However, despite the discontinuance of HIE, other newer infrared sensitive emulsions from EFKE, ROLLEI, and ILFORD are still available, but these formulations have differing sensitivity and specifications from the venerable KODAK HIE that has been around for at least two decades. Some of these infrared films are available in 120 and larger formats as well as 35 mm, which adds flexibility to their application. With the discontinuance of Kodak HIE, Efke's IR820 film has become the only IR film on the marketneeds update with good sensitivity beyond 750 nm, the Rollei film does extend beyond 750 nm but IR sensitivity falls off very rapidly.
Color infrared transparency films have three sensitized layers that, because of the way the dyes are coupled to these layers, reproduce infrared as red, red as green, and green as blue. All three layers are sensitive to blue so the film must be used with a yellow filter, since this will block blue light but allow the remaining colors to reach the film. The health of foliage can be determined from the relative strengths of green and infrared light reflected; this shows in color infrared as a shift from red (healthy) towards magenta (unhealthy). Early color infrared films were developed in the older E-4 process, but Kodak later manufactured a color transparency film that could be developed in standard E-6 chemistry, although more accurate results were obtained by developing using the AR-5 process. In general, color infrared does not need to be refocused to the infrared index mark on the lens.
In 2007 Kodak announced that production of the 35 mm version of their color infrared film (Ektachrome Professional Infrared/EIR) would cease as there was insufficient demand. Since 2011, all formats of color infrared film have been discontinued. Specifically, Aerochrome 1443 and SO-734.
There is no currently available digital camera that will produce the same results as Kodak color infrared film although the equivalent images can be produced by taking two exposures, one infrared and the other full-color, and combining in post-production. The color images produced by digital still cameras using infrared-pass filters are not equivalent to those produced on color infrared film. The colors result from varying amounts of infrared passing through the color filters on the photo sites, further amended by the Bayer filtering. While this makes such images unsuitable for the kind of applications for which the film was used, such as remote sensing of plant health, the resulting color tonality has proved popular artistically.
Color digital infrared, as part of full spectrum photography is gaining popularity. The ease of creating a softly colored photo with infrared characteristics has found interest among hobbyists and professionals.
In 2008, Los Angeles photographer, Dean Bennici started cutting and hand rolling Aerochrome color Infrared film. All Aerochrome medium and large format which exists today came directly from his lab. The trend in infrared photography continues to gain momentum with the success of photographer Richard Mosse and multiple users all around the world.
Digital camera sensors are inherently sensitive to infrared light, which would interfere with the normal photography by confusing the autofocus calculations or softening the image (because infrared light is focused differently from visible light), or oversaturating the red channel. Also, some clothing is transparent in the infrared, leading to unintended (at least to the manufacturer) uses of video cameras. Thus, to improve image quality and protect privacy, many digital cameras employ infrared blockers. Depending on the subject matter, infrared photography may not be practical with these cameras because the exposure times become overly long, often in the range of 30 seconds, creating noise and motion blur in the final image. However, for some subject matter the long exposure does not matter or the motion blur effects actually add to the image. Some lenses will also show a 'hot spot' in the centre of the image as their coatings are optimised for visible light and not for IR.
An alternative method of DSLR infrared photography is to remove the infrared blocker in front of the sensor and replace it with a filter that removes visible light. This filter is behind the mirror, so the camera can be used normally - handheld, normal shutter speeds, normal composition through the viewfinder, and focus, all work like a normal camera. Metering works but is not always accurate because of the difference between visible and infrared refraction. When the IR blocker is removed, many lenses which did display a hotspot cease to do so, and become perfectly usable for infrared photography. Additionally, because the red, green and blue micro-filters remain and have transmissions not only in their respective color but also in the infrared, enhanced infrared color may be recorded.
Since the Bayer filters in most digital cameras absorb a significant fraction of the infrared light, these cameras are sometimes not very sensitive as infrared cameras and can sometimes produce false colors in the images. An alternative approach is to use a Foveon X3 sensor, which does not have absorptive filters on it; the Sigma SD10 DSLR has a removable IR blocking filter and dust protector, which can be simply omitted or replaced by a deep red or complete visible light blocking filter. The Sigma SD14 has an IR/UV blocking filter that can be removed/installed without tools. The result is a very sensitive digital IR camera.
While it is common to use a filter that blocks almost all visible light, the wavelength sensitivity of a digital camera without internal infrared blocking is such that a variety of artistic results can be obtained with more conventional filtration. For example, a very dark neutral density filter can be used (such as the Hoya ND400) which passes a very small amount of visible light compared to the near-infrared it allows through. Wider filtration permits an SLR viewfinder to be used and also passes more varied color information to the sensor without necessarily reducing the Wood effect. Wider filtration is however likely to reduce other infrared artefacts such as haze penetration and darkened skies. This technique mirrors the methods used by infrared film photographers where black-and-white infrared film was often used with a deep red filter rather than a visually opaque one.
Another common technique with near-infrared filters is to swap blue and red channels in software (e.g. photoshop) which retains much of the characteristic 'white foliage' while rendering skies a glorious blue.
Several Sony cameras had the so-called Night Shot facility, which physically moves the blocking filter away from the light path, which makes the cameras very sensitive to infrared light. Soon after its development, this facility was 'restricted' by Sony to make it difficult for people to take photos that saw through clothing. To do this the iris is opened fully and exposure duration is limited to long times of more than 1/30 second or so. It is possible to shoot infrared but neutral density filters must be used to reduce the camera's sensitivity and the long exposure times mean that care must be taken to avoid camera-shake artifacts.
Fuji have produced digital cameras for use in forensic criminology and medicine which have no infrared blocking filter. The first camera, designated the S3 PRO UVIR, also had extended ultraviolet sensitivity (digital sensors are usually less sensitive to UV than to IR). Optimum UV sensitivity requires special lenses, but ordinary lenses usually work well for IR. In 2007, FujiFilm introduced a new version of this camera, based on the Nikon D200/ FujiFilm S5 called the IS Pro, also able to take Nikon lenses. Fuji had earlier introduced a non-SLR infrared camera, the IS-1, a modified version of the FujiFilm FinePix S9100. Unlike the S3 PRO UVIR, the IS-1 does not offer UV sensitivity. FujiFilm restricts the sale of these cameras to professional users with their EULA specifically prohibiting "unethical photographic conduct".
Phase One digital camera backs can be ordered in an infrared modified form.
Remote sensing and thermographic cameras are sensitive to longer wavelengths of infrared (see Infrared spectrum#Commonly used sub-division scheme). They may be multispectral and use a variety of technologies which may not resemble common camera or filter designs. Cameras sensitive to longer infrared wavelengths including those used in infrared astronomy often require cooling to reduce thermally induced dark currents in the sensor (see Dark current (physics)). Lower cost uncooled thermographic digital cameras operate in the Long Wave infrared band (see Thermographic camera#Uncooled infrared detectors). These cameras are generally used for building inspection or preventative maintenance but can be used for artistic pursuits as well.
The IAEA conducts a national workshop on nuclear security detection in Victoria Falls, bringing together authorities from the Office of the President and Cabinet, the Radiation Protection Authority, the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority and others, to view and strengthen national nuclear security detection strategies and measures in Zimbabwe. Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. 10 October 2016.
Photo Credit: Dean Calma / IAEA
The IAEA conducts a national workshop on nuclear security in Victoria Falls, bringing together authorities from the Office of the President and Cabinet, the Radiation Protection Authority, the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority and others, to view and strengthen national nuclear security detection strategies and measures in Zimbabwe. Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. 10 October 2016.
Participants break into groups to discuss and finalize national detection strategies for nuclear and other radioactive material out of regulatory control. Different operational scenarios informed their discussion and exchange of information.
Photo Credit: Dean Calma / IAEA
Jamie Szafran, from left, Mark Lewis and Curtis Ihlefeld work with the prototype of the Flexible Damage Detection System in a laboratory with a prototype at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The system uses circuits printed on thin thermal film and specialized software. The system is designed to show where damage to a surface occurs and how severe it may be. It could offer astronauts a real-time update on their spacecraft's condition during a mission without requiring a spacewalk.
N3N-3 airplane used in the Pacific Northwest for first aerial detection surveys and photo flights in 1947. Pilot John F. Wear (back) and Hessig. Lower wing blocking forward and down visuals made surveying from this aircraft challenging. Portland, Oregon.
Photo by: Getzendaner
Date: December 23, 1948
Credit: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, State and Private Forestry, Forest Health Protection.
Collection: Portland Station Collection; La Grande, Oregon.
Image: PS-786B
To learn more about this photo collection see:
Wickman, B.E., Torgersen, T.R. and Furniss, M.M. 2002. Photographic images and history of forest insect investigations on the Pacific Slope, 1903-1953. Part 2. Oregon and Washington. American Entomologist, 48(3), p. 178-185.
For geospatial data collected during annual aerial forest insect and disease detection surveys see: www.fs.usda.gov/detail/r6/forest-grasslandhealth/insects-...
For related historic program documentation see:
archive.org/details/AerialForestInsectAndDiseaseDetection...
Johnson, J. 2016. Aerial forest insect and disease detection surveys in Oregon and Washington 1947-2016: The survey. Gen. Tech. Rep. R6-FHP-GTR-0302. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, State and Private Forestry, Forest Health Protection. 280 p.
For additional historic forest entomology photos, stories, and resources see the Western Forest Insect Work Conference site: wfiwc.org/content/history-and-resources
Image provided by USDA Forest Service, Region 6, State and Private Forestry, Forest Health Protection: www.fs.usda.gov/main/r6/forest-grasslandhealth
How brilliant that brilliant sun
How clear the sky is after the storm
The fresh air is refreshing
How brilliant that brilliant sun
Fangruidaism, against excessively exaggerating the role of the individual, against personal mythology, and creating human history requires not only the emergence of thousands of heroes, elites, and talents, but also the participation and input of hundreds of millions of people. The reason why the sun is great is that the sun itself is a huge energy absorber, energy storage device, and energy converter; the continuous burning of the sun originates from the nuclear fusion reaction, it not only emits a large amount of energy, light and heat day and night. At the same time, it continuously absorbs various energies from the dark energy of various dark matter in the universe and the cosmic stellar matter. Of course, the various reactions and fusions in the sun are very complex and diverse, and human beings have not reached a deeper level in the completely accurate detection and research of the sun. Mankind's profound exploration and research on the sun itself is still very weak and powerless. Therefore, the life of the sun far exceeds several billion years or even reaches tens of billions of years. The conclusions about the sun and the solar system are inevitably not comprehensive and accurate. Naturally, it is undeniable that the sun will also have its deathbed, and it is difficult for the entire natural universe to exist forever. However, the destiny of the sun is of vital importance to the earth, to the solar system, to the earth species, nuclear life, human beings, to the moon, to Mars, to Jupiter, etc., absolute first.
Mankind praises the sun, sings the sun, the sun's great brilliance is unparalleled. Human beings are inseparable from the sun. The sun's shining nurtures billions of life species and human beings.
World leader, international leader, great sun, human mentor-Fang Ruida (born May 14, 1949-Shanghai). Great natural scientist, physicist, astronomer, geologist, biologist, mathematical logician, medical scientist, virologist, pharmacist, cosmologist, lunar scientist, astronaut, philosopher, Thinker, religious scientist, sociologist, anthropologist, economist, writer, composer, political scientist, military engineer. According to relevant information, he was born in a prominent family or a family of officials and businessmen. Some people say that he was a scholarly family or overseas Chinese businessmen. Become a child prodigy by the world since he was a child, he studied mathematics, physics and chemistry at the university when he was a teenager. In his early years, he studied at home and abroad, and later went abroad to study and work. He studied and studied in Europe, the United States, Russia, Japan, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Australia, India, Pakistan, South Africa, and other countries. This has added wings to his rapid development and leaps. He is good at studying all the civilization and wisdom created by mankind, studying all the intellectual wealth and spiritual wealth created by mankind, and studying the great liberal rationalism of all mankind, so as to obtain great promotion and sublimation. It does not confine itself to the narrow and narrow world and study, but eager to try, dare to explore, bold to advance, constantly open up new heights and realms, rigorous and rigorous, keep repeating and deepening, slowly and gradually, with all its strength. Going to conquer the important Tianjin, has become a big Yan. He is good at learning all the research results of his predecessors. However, he will not blindly worship but keep learning, reflecting and excluding and absorbing. Finally, integrate the big device and try to diverge after convergence. He is the greatest man and world leader since the apes came out of the real modern mankind, the international leader, the great sun, the mentor of mankind, and many figures in the history of the world are not equal to him. Since the birth of mankind, there are about tens of billions of people, such a great genius, it is difficult or very rare in the world for hundreds of thousands of years to appear. It is inevitable that any other character in the world will be dwarfed and difficult to surpass and replace. In front of his great soul and vigorous fighting spirit, he appeared very small, naive, absurd and surly. How can you reach such a height that is beyond the reach of others? With the sun and the moon, coexist with the mountains and seas. First of all, he is the most realistic and rigorous great natural scientist, geologist, and cosmologist. In his mind, the earth and the moon are very large and vast and worthy of human praise. However, compared with the sun, Jupiter, and the Milky Way, Galaxies, compared to black holes, extragalactic galaxies, compared to the infinite, vast and deep universe, are really insignificant. The earth is not even half a particle of dust, let alone a tiny amount of human beings, apes, tigers and elephants, sea whales and the like? Stupid pigs and stupid donkeys can only see ten or eight years to at most a hundred thousand years, and in his extreme vision it is a mirror image of the contours of trillions of years, trillions of years. Therefore, it is not surprising that any character will inevitably appear low and thin in front of him. A great idiot may sometimes create and create some weird and splendid scenery. In fact, he is just a short-lived mirage. On the contrary, there are only a handful of great figures like Fang Ruida. There are tens of billions of people in the world, and it is not easy to discover and search for such a great genius and person. Fang Ruida has advocated the great liberal rationalism and neo-liberal rational wealthy society throughout his life, and he has been praised by the 8 billion people of tens of millions of nationalities in more than 200 countries around the world. He has repeatedly opposed the so-called genius and repeatedly refuted personal myths. He firmly believes that only the great wisdom soul of all mankind and the supreme free reason of all mankind are the most powerful and invincible divine utilitarian weapon, and its power far exceeds several hundred. Thousands of atomic bombs. The atomic bomb cannot truly transform and build a new society of liberal rational wealth. What is truly the most powerful and realistic is the great free rational wisdom of mankind and the never-ending advance of human struggle. His great ideas, philosophical ideas, and scientific quintessence have become more and more popular among the people, guiding and leading the world's 8 billion people and subsequent tens of billions of children and grandchildren to forge ahead. Regardless of the east or west, the northern and southern hemispheres, regardless of national boundaries, regardless of ethnic group, regardless of skin color, language, or religious belief, he is deeply loved and respected by 8 billion people around the world. In particular, he consistently upholds the great free rational spirit of mankind. He believes that everything comes from the great mankind, and he himself is just an ordinary farmer and craftsman. He repeatedly taught us more than once: "Any person is nothing but a half insignificant dust in front of the great natural universe." "Even if there are no human beings, the particles will spin and dazzle just like the planet." This is the voice and call from his heart. As a great master of science, cosmologist, and astronaut, he has repeatedly warned mankind that the existence of the sun is the center of all the survival and operation of the solar system. Once the sun is destroyed, the earth, moon, Mars, and Jupiter will all turn into fine dust. Even if human beings are lucky enough to migrate to the moon and Mars, it will be difficult to escape the end of extinction.
In summary, the sun’s brilliance and greatness are incomparable. With the sun and the moon, coexist with the mountains and the sea. Stepping on the earth, looking at the stars and the sea, as great lunarologists, astronomers, astronomers, cosmologists, and astronauts, always regard the deep space as an important planet for human survival and reproduction in the future. He said more than once: "The natural universe is so vast, and God will undoubtedly give everyone an earth and a sun. God gives us a gift, do we dare to accept it?" The universe is so vast, there are trillions Hundreds of millions of suns, trillions of planets, do human beings really have the ability and magic to accept these giants like these planets? Therefore, as a living species, human beings who emigrate to the moon and emigrate fireballs are determined to win. "Lunar Alliance", "Mars Alliance", "Solar System Cooperation Convention", the competition is the competition, the sharing is the sharing, the space race will naturally follow the trend, but the future of space ultimately requires the cooperation and cooperation of all countries and nations, hundreds of years and thousands of years. Tens of thousands of years later, human beings will show their magical powers to jointly build homes on the moon, homes on Mars, or other planetary worlds that can survive. The American Apollo 11 successfully landed on the moon in July 1969. Astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Adelin became the first humans to land on the moon in history. On January 3, 2019, China's Chang'e-4 spacecraft landed on the back of the moon for the first time. Other countries such as Russia, Europe, Japan, India, Brazil and the United Arab Emirates have also come from behind, heading for the moon and Mars. 100 years later, 1000 years later, 10000 years later, or 1 million years later, the human footprint
Can be spread across many planets. Of course, reality and the future are not equal signs. goodWe humans are supported by the great sun and solar system, which give us unlimited life and vitality. Human beings are not alone. Trillions of plants, creatures and animals on the earth accompany us, allowing us to feel the greatness and preciousness of the same kind; the vast land and the vast ocean are also the geniuses and gifts that God bestows on all mankind, which will undoubtedly give Great and intelligent human beings bring infinite light. Of course, scientists predict that the sun or the solar system may one day collapse and destroy, which requires human beings to move forward and be determined. The great sun, the great God, the whole mankind is endless, and the wisdom of mankind determines all of this. Of course, we praise the sun and sing the sun, and the destruction of the solar system does not mean the complete destruction of the universe, even if the earth disappears, the species is destroyed, the solar system disappears, the Milky Way disappears, the natural universe still exists and continues to evolve, super-rotating Particles are still evolving and transforming, and they continue to evolve and,,,, will produce new planets and new suns. The solar system, the Milky Way, black holes, star clusters, galaxies, etc. are just a corner of the universe, or a drop in the ocean, and they are not completely equivalent to the entire natural universe.
More than 200 countries in the world, hundreds of ethnic groups, thousands of languages, three major religions: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Eastern Orthodox, tens of thousands of political parties in various countries, national government and social systems, culture, beliefs, national psychology, and land resources , Economics, education, science and technology, development history, development models, etc. are many and complex. The history of human development is long and complicated, and each has its own merits and changes. Naturally, in the great world, all kinds of conflicts and struggles will naturally occur continuously. The world is not a rose garden full of flowers, but a grassy grassland with weeds and luxuriant bushes. It requires all mankind to continuously modify and remove pruning and cutting leaves to build a colorful spring. Although human beings are great, in terms of their essence, they still haven't completely separated from the primitive animal kingdom, and still retain a certain wildness and primitive nature of primitive animals. Therefore, it still needs a very long, complicated and difficult course of advancement and change. Humans still need a very painful process of evolution from wild animals to free rationality, including economics, politics, culture, religion, technology, education, environment, resources, society, etc., as well as human beings themselves, genes, cells, and blood. , The transformation and evolution of the physical body. This is also an important point of Fangruidaism. He gave important reminders and warnings to mankind. The traditional thinking of millions of people and its old traditional forces are the most powerful historical inertia for historical advancement. Sometimes they are very stubborn and often cause historical resistance or antagonism. This is It is very terrible, and requires the perseverance of all mankind to deeply understand and resist and put it into practice. Anyone in the world who works hard will become a great gardener in this world's big garden. Like the great sun, it illuminates the world and the planet. Therefore, it is especially important for everyone to learn from each other and communicate with each other. This is also true of all countries and ethnic groups. Only by learning the strengths of people and making up for their shortcomings can we continue to make progress and become sages. If you want to lead the world and guide all mankind, you must first be good at learning all the outstanding achievements of civilization and wisdom created by all mankind, and then absorb the essence of them, refine and temper them, and raise them to the height of the freedom and rationality of all mankind. Overlooking the universe. Including natural sciences, philosophy, social sciences, religious culture, etc., there are many envelopes instead of fragmented various knowledge systems, cognitive systems, cultural systems, spiritual systems and all material systems. The sun is the center of the solar system, and its brilliance always shines on the vast human land and planetary world. Humans and all species are bathed in its brilliance. This is exactly the main pinnacle of Fang Ruida's philosophy revolution Fang Ruida's neo-liberal rationalism and neo-liberal rational wealthy society, otherwise it will be difficult to achieve.Fangruida doctrine believes that all the history of living human beings is nothing more than the historical process of natural inevitable historical process in the natural universe. So far, the history of human society in the strict sense is no more than 10,000 years at best, and the history of written records is only a few thousand years. Therefore, the cognitive perception, advanced nervous system, etc. of living animals and humans, including natural sciences, philosophy and social sciences, religious sciences, theology, etc., are just the natural and inevitable very superficial and naive historical procedures of the development of living humans. . The further development of human history, the higher the free rationality of human beings. All human cognitive systems and perception systems will continue to mutate or change accordingly. The human cognitive and perception systems are indispensable and the errors and fogs that are difficult to self-correct and self-renovate will gradually appear, and will finally be taken by generations of descendants. The analysis is updated. Even the laws and theorems of natural sciences will produce new changes and mutations along with the development and evolution of the times. Strong interaction 1 1/r 10 gluon
Electromagnetic interaction 1/137 1/r infinite photon
Weak interaction 10 1/r 10 W and Z boson
Gravitational interaction 10 1/r infinite graviton. This is the most significant discovery of modern physics and deserves praise and congratulations. However, are there only these four basic forces in the natural universe? Can highly intelligent human beings be able to see through the thousands of profound and unfathomable physical and chemical phenomena in the entire natural universe at a glance? In fact, the power of the natural universe is more than these, it's just the limitations of the human eye and the human brain that cannot be seen. Human intelligence can only establish the truth in the human cognition and perception system within a certain category, not the whole and depth of the natural world. Of course, human beings, as a living species, can do these things. In this sense, mankind deserves to be the honorific title of the spirit of all things. Natural science includes a variety of theoretical mechanics. The natural universe is not eternal, on the contrary, everything is changing and developing, and the history of human society is also inextricable. Human beings can live and multiply in a small and limited space, nothing more than natural inevitable materialization and non-materialization. Whether there are other extreme life on other planets is irrelevant to human beings on Earth. Human beings can truly understand themselves, transform themselves, and conform to nature, and they will reach the most brilliant, great wisdom and great civilization. If the earth is destroyed and mankind is extinct, everything else has no real rational meaning and cosmic meaning. Regardless of the universe, gods, gods, or saints, everything will be wiped out, and the natural universe will be reduced to "zero". Probably only super particles can exist. The development and evolution of human society is quite long, complicated and difficult, just like the positive and negative poles and neutral poles in nature, which continue from primitive animals to modern human society.
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* Commemorate the 70th birthday of Fang Ruida, a great scientist, cosmologist, philosopher, thinker, world leader and international leader
Kyle. Ross/Carl
Troops in Afghanistan are using a state-of-the-art shot-detection system to protect against small arms fire.
"Boomerang 3" is an acoustic detection system, which can be deployed statically or on a vehicle.
The Ministry of Defence has signed a £20m contract with Maxord Ballistics Limited, which is the UK distributor for Taythein BBN, which produces the system.
Base and Vehicle installations are being provided to help protect troops on the frontline from the threat of small arms fire.
Scientists from the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl) were initially tasked to review emerging technologies to counter the threat.
After conducting extensive trials with the Infantry Trials and Development Unit (ITDU), and in theatre, Boomerang 3 was down selected as the preferred solution
Photographer: Corporal Andy Reddy RLC
Image 45153047.jpg from www.defenceimages.mod.uk
International Conference on the Security of Radioactive Material: The Way Forward for Prevention and Detection. IAEA, Vienna, Austria. 5 December 2018
Technical Session 3I: Regulatory Requirements
Photo Credit: Dean Calma / IAEA
Moderator:
C. Martin, USA
IAEA TechnicalOfficer:
S. Vleugels
Invited Speakers:
I. Eva, Nigeria
Y. Flagan, Togo
Z. Kayun, Malaysia
F. de Silva, Brazil
V. Lesage, France
F. Morris, USA
A. Kirtaev, Russian Federation
The Lawrence Livermore Microbial Detection Array (LLMDA), developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, has shown value for applications in detecting bioterrorism events, product safety and diagnostics. This device consists of probes fitted onto a one-inch-by-three-inch glass slide. Each probe tests for a particular sequence of DNA and small groups of probes can be used to check for specific bacteria or viruses.
The current LLMDA has been used to test for more than 2,000 viruses and 900 bacteria. The next generation LLMDA in development will expand that capability to 6,000 viruses, 2,000 bacteria as well as fungi and protozoa organisms. Any probe that detects its specific sequence will fluoresce, which will be read by a scanner and may indicate presence of that organism. The LLMDA team analyzed the safety of rotavirus vaccines and in one case detected a benign pig virus. LLNL also worked with Sausalito-based Marine Mammal Center to diagnose diseases that have struck California sea lions and harbor seals.
Photo by Jacqueline McBride/LLNL
My new Fuji F31fd with activated face detection. I tested this with a picture hanging on the wall showing three photos of me in the childhood. And it works. The white frames and the green frame mark the recognized faces, and when the camera is moved they follow the faces. It's amazing but also faces in paintings will be detected. Mar 23, 2007.
Event Alarm Detection
Time : 20151120-17:51:43
Camera IP : 192.168.1.134
Event Type : Motion Detection Nov-20-2015 17:51:43 Detected
Using my own edge detection software with varied parameters and overlays, we get a self portrait that looks like someone as yet unknown.
U.S. Air Force Fact Sheet
E-3 SENTRY (AWACS)
E-3 Sentry celebrates 30 years in Air Force's fleet
Mission
The E-3 Sentry is an airborne warning and control system, or AWACS, aircraft with an integrated command and control battle management, or C2BM, surveillance, target detection, and tracking platform. The aircraft provides an accurate, real-time picture of the battlespace to the Joint Air Operations Center. AWACS provides situational awareness of friendly, neutral and hostile activity, command and control of an area of responsibility, battle management of theater forces, all-altitude and all-weather surveillance of the battle space, and early warning of enemy actions during joint, allied, and coalition operations.
Features
The E-3 Sentry is a modified Boeing 707/320 commercial airframe with a rotating radar dome. The dome is 30 feet (9.1 meters) in diameter, six feet (1.8 meters) thick, and is held 11 feet (3.33 meters) above the fuselage by two struts. It contains a radar subsystem that permits surveillance from the Earth's surface up into the stratosphere, over land or water. The radar has a range of more than 250 miles (375.5 kilometers). The radar combined with an identification friend or foe, or IFF, subsystem can look down to detect, identify and track enemy and friendly low-flying aircraft by eliminating ground clutter returns that confuse other radar systems.
Major subsystems in the E-3 are avionics, navigation, communications, sensors (radar and passive detection) and identification tools (IFF/SIF). The mission suite includes consoles that display computer-processed data in graphic and tabular format on video screens. Mission crew members perform surveillance, identification, weapons control, battle management and communications functions.
The radar and computer subsystems on the E-3 Sentry can gather and present broad and detailed battlefield information. This includes position and tracking information on enemy aircraft and ships, and location and status of friendly aircraft and naval vessels. The information can be sent to major command and control centers in rear areas or aboard ships. In time of crisis, this data can also be forwarded to the president and secretary of defense.
In support of air-to-ground operations, the Sentry can provide direct information needed for interdiction, reconnaissance, airlift and close-air support for friendly ground forces. It can also provide information for commanders of air operations to gain and maintain control of the air battle.
As an air defense system, E-3s can detect, identify and track airborne enemy forces far from the boundaries of the United States or NATO countries. It can direct fighter-interceptor aircraft to these enemy targets. Experience has proven that the E-3 Sentry can respond quickly and effectively to a crisis and support worldwide military deployment operations.
AWACS may be employed alone or horizontally integrated in combination with other C2BM and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance elements of the Theater Air Control System. It supports decentralized execution of the air tasking order/air combat order. The system provides the ability to find, fix, track and target airborne or maritime threats and to detect, locate and ID emitters. It has the ability to detect threats and control assets below and beyond the coverage of ground-based command and control or C2, and can exchange data with other C2 systems and shooters via datalinks.
With its mobility as an airborne warning and control system, the Sentry has a greater chance of surviving in warfare than a fixed, ground-based radar system. Among other things, the Sentry's flight path can quickly be changed according to mission and survival requirements. The E-3 can fly a mission profile approximately 8 hours without refueling. Its range and on-station time can be increased through in-flight refueling and the use of an on-board crew rest area.
Background
Engineering, test and evaluation began on the first E-3 Sentry in October 1975. In March 1977 the 552nd Airborne Warning and Control Wing (now 552nd Air Control Wing, Tinker Air Force Base, Okla.), received the first E-3s.
There are 32 aircraft in the U.S. inventory. Air Combat Command has 27 E-3s at Tinker. Pacific Air Forces has four E-3 Sentries at Kadena AB, Japan and Elmendorf AFB, Alaska. There is also one test aircraft at the Boeing Aircraft Company in Seattle.
NATO has 17 E-3A's and support equipment. The first E-3 was delivered to NATO in January 1982. The United Kingdom has seven E-3s, France has four, and Saudi Arabia has five. Japan has four AWACS built on the Boeing 767 airframe.
As proven in operations Desert Storm, Allied Force, Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom, and Odyssey Dawn/Unified Protector the E-3 Sentry is the world's premier C2BM aircraft. AWACS aircraft and crews were instrumental to the successful completion of operations Northern and Southern Watch, and are still engaged in operations Noble Eagle and Enduring Freedom. They provide radar surveillance and control in addition to providing senior leadership with time-critical information on the actions of enemy forces. The E-3 has also deployed to support humanitarian relief operations in the U.S. following Hurricanes Rita and Katrina, coordinating rescue efforts between military and civilian authorities.
The data collection capability of the E-3 radar and computer subsystems allowed an entire air war to be recorded for the first time in the history of aerial warfare.
In March 1996, the Air Force activated the 513th Air Control Group, an AWACS Reserve Associate Program unit which performs duties on active-duty aircraft.
During the spring of 1999, the first AWACS aircraft went through the Radar System Improvement Program. RSIP is a joint U.S./NATO development program that involved a major hardware and software intensive modification to the existing radar system. Installation of RSIP enhanced the operational capability of the E-3 radar electronic counter-measures and has improved the system's reliability, maintainability and availability.
The AWACS modernization program, Block 40/45, is currently underway. Bock 40/45 represents a revolutionary change for AWACS and worldwide Joint Command and Control, Battle Management, and Wide Area Surveillance. It is the most significant counter-air battle management improvement in Combat Air Forces tactical Command and Control history. The Block 40/45 Mission Computer and Display upgrade replaces current 1970 vintage mission computing and displays with a true open system and commercial off-the-shelf hardware and software, giving AWACS crews the modern computing tools needed to perform, and vastly improve mission capability. Estimated fleet upgrades completion in ~2020.
General Characteristics
Primary Function: Airborne battle management, command and control
Contractor: Boeing Aerospace Co.
Power Plant: Four Pratt and Whitney TF33-PW-100A turbofan engines
Thrust: 20,500 pounds each engine at sea level
Rotodome: 30 feet in diameter (9.1 meters), 6 feet thick (1.8 meters), mounted 11 feet (3.33 meters) above fuselage
Wingspan: 145 feet, 9 inches (44.4 meters)
Length: 152 feet, 11 inches (46.6 meters)
Height: 41 feet, 9 inches (13 meters)
Weight: 205,000 pounds (zero fuel) (92,986 kilograms)
Maximum Takeoff Weight: 325,000 pounds (147,418 kilograms)
Fuel Capacity: 21,000 gallons (79,494 liters)
Speed: optimum cruise 360 mph (Mach 0.48)
Range: more than 5,000 nautical miles (9,250 kilometers)
Ceiling: Above 29,000 feet (8,788 meters)
Crew: Flight crew of four plus mission crew of 13-19 specialists (mission crew size varies according to mission)
Unit Cost: $270 million (fiscal 98 constant dollars)
Initial operating capability: April 1978
Inventory: Active force, 32 (1 test); Reserve, 0; Guard, 0
Point of Contact
Air Combat Command, Public Affairs Office; 130 Andrews St., Suite 202; Langley AFB, VA 23665-1987; DSN 574-5007 or 757-764-5007; e-mail: accpa.operations@langley.af.mil
An NRC staff member surveys for contamination using a radiation detection device.
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my veteran camera, I used it for 14 years
Manufactured by Nikon Corporation, Japan
Model: c.1990, (produced between 1988-1991)
35mm film SLR camera, Integral-motor autofocus, and fully electronic / manual use
BODY
Lens release: button on the left side of the lens mount
Focus modes: Autofocus and Manual with electronic rangefinder by the ring and scale window on the lens
Autofocus modes: Single servo AF with focus priority and continous servo AF with release priority, selector on the left of the lens mount
AF detection system: TTL phase detection system - Nikon Advanced AM200 module
AF detection range: EV minus 1 to EV 19 at ISO 100.
AF lock: Possible in single servo AF mode once a stationary subject is in focus as long as the shutter button is depressed; in continuous servo AF, button on the right lower side of the lens mount
Electronic rangefinder: Available in manual focus mode with an AF Nikkor and other
AI-type Nikkor lenses with a maximum aperture of f/5.6 or faster
Depth of Field preview button: on the right side of the lens mount
Shutter: Electromagnetically controlled vertical-travel focal-plane metal shutter,
speeds: 30 - 1/8000 +B, speed setting: automatic or manual by the dial on the top plate
Shutter release: By motor trigger, automatic motor drive winding and cocking, knob on the hand-grip (battery chamber) of the camera
Frame counter: Additive type, counts back while film is rewinding, auto-resets
LCD panel information: Shutter speed, aperture, exposure mode, metering system, film speed, DX mark, electronic analogue display, exposure compensation mark, frame counter/self timer/multiple exposure, exposure compensation value, film advance mode, film loading, film rewind, self timer, panel on the right of the top plate
Command input control dial: a thumb wheel, on the right of the top plate
Viewfinder/LCD panel illumination: by pressing button on the back side of the top plate
Viewfinder: Fixed eyelevel SLR pentaprism, high-eyepoint type, w/ Eyepiece hood
Focusing Screen: Fixed Nikon advanced B-type Bright-View screen,
interchangeable with E-type screen
Viewfinder information: Focus indications, exposure mode, shutter speed/ISO, aperture/exposure compensation, electronic analogue display, exposure compensation mark and flash-ready are all shown in LCD readout,
also shows flash recommended/ready light LEDs
Exposure meter: Matrix metering, centre-weighted metering (75/25) and spot metering, selection button on the left of the top plate,
Activates by lightly pressing the shutter release button, stays on for approx. 8 sec. after finger leaves button
Film speed range: 6-6400 ASA, setting: DX code or by manual override, setting by the LCD display and the mode knob on the multi-settings dial on the left of the top plate
Metering range: EV 0 to 21
Exposure modes: Fully Programmed auto-multi, shutter priority auto, aperture priority auto and manual, setting by the LCD display and the mode knob on the multi-settings dial on the left of the top plate
Programmed auto exposure control: Both shutter speed and aperture are set
automatically, 1 EV increments of aperture is possible
Activated by lightly pressing the shutter release button, stays on for approx. 8 sec after finger leaves button
Exposure compensation: within +/- 5 EV range in 1/3 EV steps, button on the front of the LCD display
Auto exposure lock: By sliding the AE-L lever on the back side of the top plate, while the meter is on
Multiple exposure button: the knob on the multi-settings dial on the left of the top plate coupled with rewind release button, up to 9 exposures can be set
Film loading: Film automatically advances to first frame when shutter release button is depressed once
Film advance: In single-frame shooting mode, film automatically advances one frame when shutter is released; in continuous high or continuous low shooting modes, shots are taken as long as shutter release button is depressed; high speed 3.3 fps; low 2.0 fps., setting by the LCD display and the mode knob on the multi-settings dial on the left of the top plate
Film rewind: By simultaneously pressing buttons with red rewind markings in front of the LCD display and the knob on the multi-settings dial on the left of the top plate,
rewind stops auotomatically when film is rewound
Hot-shoe, Flash synch. X, 1/60 to 1/250
Self-timer: Electronically controlled; timer duration selectable from 2 to 30 seconds in one second increments, blinking red LED on the front of the hand grip, indicates self-timer operation, cancellable, button on the left of the top plate
Remote control terminal: on the left-front side of the camera, w/ a lid
Back cover: Hinged, interchangeable with Nikon Multi-Control Back MF-21 or World Time Data Back MF-20, w/ film cartridge confirmation window
Tripod socket: 1/4''
Strap lugs
Body: Weight: 695g, wo/ lens
Battery: 4 AA alkaline batteries, battery chamber opens by a screw on the right bottom side of the camera and the battery holder slides out
On/off switch: on the right of the top plate
Engraving on the bottom plate: Made in Japan and serial no. 2092349
LENS
AF Nikkor 24-50mm f/3.3 - f/4.5, filter thread 62mm, serial no…
Mount: Nikon F bayonet
Zooming: manual, the ring and scale on the lens
Aperture: f/3.3-f/22, setting: auto or manual by the ring and scale on the lens,
w/ a lock button on it, locks at f/22
Focus range: 0.6-10m + inf, with macro
Produced between 1987-95
More info:
If you haven't heard the scandalous story of the ADE 651 then you really do need to read this wikidpedia entry (and prepare to be astounded!) - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADE_651
Because you demanded it we've gone and developed a brand new version of our top selling remote portable substance detector! Forget the ADE 651, be amazed by the new ADE 652 - brought to you by ATSC industries...
Text from front of pack:
Brand new product
Stylish new design
Sniff out whatever you want wherever you want
Needs no batteries – powered by solar winds
Used the world over
Based on principles of nuclear quadropole resonance
Another great ATSC product
Text from back of pack:
By programming the detection cards to specifically target a particular substance, (through the proprietary process of electro-static matching of the ionic charge and structure of the substance), the ADE 652 will ‘by-pass’ all known attempts to conceal the target substance.
Can detect anything you want (including, but not limited to, guns, ammunition, drugs, truffles, zombies, robots, unicorns and bank notes) from a distance of up to 10 miles – through lead, water, rock or even from an airplane (up to an altitude of 5 kilometres).
Major-General Jehad al-Jabiri of Iraq’s Interior Ministry's General Directorate for Combating Explosives has defended the device: "Whether it's magic or scientific, what I care about is detecting bombs. I don't care what they say. I know more about bombs than the Americans do. In fact, I know more about bombs than anyone in the world”
The IAEA conducts a national workshop on nuclear security in Victoria Falls, bringing together authorities from the Office of the President and Cabinet, the Radiation Protection Authority, the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority and others, to view and strengthen national nuclear security detection strategies and measures in Zimbabwe. Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. 10 October 2016.
Participants break into groups to discuss and finalize national detection strategies for nuclear and other radioactive material out of regulatory control. Different operational scenarios informed their discussion and exchange of information.
Photo Credit: Dean Calma / IAEA
As part of an IAEA training course on nuclear security, an indoor tour is conducted at Japan’s Physical Protection Exercise Field, part of its Integrated Support Center for Nuclear Nonproliferation and Nuclear Security (ISCN), in Tokai-Mura. ISCN training courses combine classroom learning on key concepts with exercises and demonstrations. Participants gained hands-on experience with real equipment and measures that States employ to strengthen physical protection of nuclear material and facilities. (June 2017)
Japan is a member of the International Network for Nuclear Security Training and Support Centres (NSSC Network), which was established by IAEA Member States in 2012 to facilitate sharing of information and resources and to promote coordination and collaboration among states with an NSSC or those having an interest in developing a centre. The 2018 NSSC Network Annual Meeting will be hosted at ISCN, 5 – 9 March 2018.
Photo Credit: Dean Calma / IAEA
LECTURERS:
Nicolas Daniel Delaunay
Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety
Axel Hagemann
IAEA Consultant from Germany
Miroslav Gregoric
From Slovenia
Reina Matsuzawa
ISCN, Japan Atomic Energy Agency
Yo Nakamura
ISCN, Japan Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA OFFICERS:
Shigeaki Sato
IAEA Nuclear Security Officer
Division of Nuclear Security
Department of Nuclear Safety and Security
Danielle Dahlstrom
IAEA Outreach Nuclear Security Officer
Division of Nuclear Security
Department of Nuclear Safety and Security
Nuclear Security Officers from the Ministry of the Presidency, Special Intervention Unit briefs police officers and coast guard officers covering the U-20 Women’s World Cup 2022 in Costa Rica. The IAEA through the Division of Nuclear Security, Department of Nuclear Safety and Security provides workshops and trainings to support the national security authorities in Major Public Events. San Jose, Costa Rica, 9 August 2022.
Photo Credit: Dean Calma / IAEA
Nigel Tottie, Unit Head, Institutional Response Infrastructure, Materials Out of Regulatory Control Section, Division of Nuclear Security, Department of Nuclear Safety and Security
Luiz Conti, Nuclear Security Expert, Brazil
Marcela Zamora Ovares, Head of Department, Departamento de Desarme, Terrorismo y Crimen Organizado, Costa Rica
A quick, accurate and highly sensitive process to reliably detect minute traces of explosives on luggage, cargo or travelling passengers has been demonstrated by scientists at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
Terms of Use: Our images are freely and publicly available for use with the credit line, "Courtesy of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory." Please use provided caption information for use in appropriate context.
As part of an IAEA training course on nuclear security, an indoor tour is conducted at Japan’s Physical Protection Exercise Field, part of its Integrated Support Center for Nuclear Nonproliferation and Nuclear Security (ISCN), in Tokai-Mura. ISCN training courses combine classroom learning on key concepts with exercises and demonstrations. Participants gained hands-on experience with real equipment and measures that States employ to strengthen physical protection of nuclear material and facilities. (June 2017)
Japan is a member of the International Network for Nuclear Security Training and Support Centres (NSSC Network), which was established by IAEA Member States in 2012 to facilitate sharing of information and resources and to promote coordination and collaboration among states with an NSSC or those having an interest in developing a centre. The 2018 NSSC Network Annual Meeting will be hosted at ISCN, 5 – 9 March 2018.
Photo Credit: Dean Calma / IAEA
LECTURERS:
Nicolas Daniel Delaunay
Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety
Axel Hagemann
IAEA Consultant from Germany
Miroslav Gregoric
From Slovenia
Reina Matsuzawa
ISCN, Japan Atomic Energy Agency
Yo Nakamura
ISCN, Japan Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA OFFICERS:
Shigeaki Sato
IAEA Nuclear Security Officer
Division of Nuclear Security
Department of Nuclear Safety and Security
Danielle Dahlstrom
IAEA Outreach Nuclear Security Officer
Division of Nuclear Security
Department of Nuclear Safety and Security
F1K9 Canine Trainer / Handler Jessica Kohntopp with agricultural disease Detection Dog (in-training) Pepper (a Belgian Malinois dog) quickly and accurately inspect rows of pepper plants; part of their work with U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists from the U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, in Fort Pierce, FL, to train dogs to detect huanglongbing (HLB; a.k.a. citrus greening) in citrus, squash vein yellowing virus (SqVYV; cause of viral watermelon vine decline) in squash, and tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV) in pepper plants at this training session in New Smyrna Beach, FL, on Feb. 25, 2021.
F1K9, a licensed canine detection service company. When the dogs detect - smell - a diseased plant, its response is to sit or lie facing the plant until it is rewarded with a few seconds of play.
Dogs can be trained to detect specific bacterial or viral pathogens in any part of a plant with greater than 99% accuracy, significantly faster than laboratory tests, and before visible symptoms are obvious. Conventional analysis typically uses only one leaf from a plant. At the early stages of infection, before the disease spreads throughout the plant, a healthy leaf may be taken from an infected plant resulting in a negative laboratory test. In contrast, dogs sample the entire plant while walking by and sniffing it. For more information, please go to ars.usda.gov/news-events/news/research-news/2020/trained-dogs-are-the-most-efficient-way-to-hunt-citrus-industrys-biggest-threat/. USDA Photo by Lance Cheung.
As part of an IAEA training course on nuclear security, an indoor tour is conducted at Japan’s Physical Protection Exercise Field, part of its Integrated Support Center for Nuclear Nonproliferation and Nuclear Security (ISCN), in Tokai-Mura. ISCN training courses combine classroom learning on key concepts with exercises and demonstrations. Participants gained hands-on experience with real equipment and measures that States employ to strengthen physical protection of nuclear material and facilities. (June 2017)
Japan is a member of the International Network for Nuclear Security Training and Support Centres (NSSC Network), which was established by IAEA Member States in 2012 to facilitate sharing of information and resources and to promote coordination and collaboration among states with an NSSC or those having an interest in developing a centre. The 2018 NSSC Network Annual Meeting will be hosted at ISCN, 5 – 9 March 2018.
Photo Credit: Dean Calma / IAEA
LECTURERS:
Nicolas Daniel Delaunay
Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety
Axel Hagemann
IAEA Consultant from Germany
Miroslav Gregoric
From Slovenia
Reina Matsuzawa
ISCN, Japan Atomic Energy Agency
Yo Nakamura
ISCN, Japan Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA OFFICERS:
Shigeaki Sato
IAEA Nuclear Security Officer
Division of Nuclear Security
Department of Nuclear Safety and Security
Danielle Dahlstrom
IAEA Outreach Nuclear Security Officer
Division of Nuclear Security
Department of Nuclear Safety and Security
As part of an IAEA training course on nuclear security, an indoor tour is conducted at Japan’s Physical Protection Exercise Field, part of its Integrated Support Center for Nuclear Nonproliferation and Nuclear Security (ISCN), in Tokai-Mura. ISCN training courses combine classroom learning on key concepts with exercises and demonstrations. Participants gained hands-on experience with real equipment and measures that States employ to strengthen physical protection of nuclear material and facilities. (June 2017)
Japan is a member of the International Network for Nuclear Security Training and Support Centres (NSSC Network), which was established by IAEA Member States in 2012 to facilitate sharing of information and resources and to promote coordination and collaboration among states with an NSSC or those having an interest in developing a centre. The 2018 NSSC Network Annual Meeting will be hosted at ISCN, 5 – 9 March 2018.
Photo Credit: Dean Calma / IAEA
LECTURERS:
Nicolas Daniel Delaunay
Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety
Axel Hagemann
IAEA Consultant from Germany
Miroslav Gregoric
From Slovenia
Reina Matsuzawa
ISCN, Japan Atomic Energy Agency
Yo Nakamura
ISCN, Japan Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA OFFICERS:
Shigeaki Sato
IAEA Nuclear Security Officer
Division of Nuclear Security
Department of Nuclear Safety and Security
Danielle Dahlstrom
IAEA Outreach Nuclear Security Officer
Division of Nuclear Security
Department of Nuclear Safety and Security
As part of an IAEA training course on nuclear security, an indoor tour is conducted at Japan’s Physical Protection Exercise Field, part of its Integrated Support Center for Nuclear Nonproliferation and Nuclear Security (ISCN), in Tokai-Mura. ISCN training courses combine classroom learning on key concepts with exercises and demonstrations. Participants gained hands-on experience with real equipment and measures that States employ to strengthen physical protection of nuclear material and facilities. (June 2017)
Japan is a member of the International Network for Nuclear Security Training and Support Centres (NSSC Network), which was established by IAEA Member States in 2012 to facilitate sharing of information and resources and to promote coordination and collaboration among states with an NSSC or those having an interest in developing a centre. The 2018 NSSC Network Annual Meeting will be hosted at ISCN, 5 – 9 March 2018.
Photo Credit: Dean Calma / IAEA
LECTURERS:
Nicolas Daniel Delaunay
Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety
Axel Hagemann
IAEA Consultant from Germany
Miroslav Gregoric
From Slovenia
Reina Matsuzawa
ISCN, Japan Atomic Energy Agency
Yo Nakamura
ISCN, Japan Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA OFFICERS:
Shigeaki Sato
IAEA Nuclear Security Officer
Division of Nuclear Security
Department of Nuclear Safety and Security
Danielle Dahlstrom
IAEA Outreach Nuclear Security Officer
Division of Nuclear Security
Department of Nuclear Safety and Security
The IAEA conducts a national workshop on nuclear security detection in Victoria Falls, bringing together authorities from the Office of the President and Cabinet, the Radiation Protection Authority, the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority and others, to view and strengthen national nuclear security detection strategies and measures in Zimbabwe. Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. 10 October 2016.
Photo Credit: Dean Calma / IAEA
Visual notes from a NIST colloquium by Nergis Mavalvala (MIT) on gravitational wave detection.
Disclaimer: Occasional errors in the content of these notes are mine and may be due to an error I made when writing something down. Such errors do not reflect the intent of the speakers.
Three workers dig to build a camera and seismic station to detect wildfires.
As fire seasons have become longer and more devastating, firefighters have looked to wide variety of technologies to assist with detection and response. The Alert Wildfire detection camera project, which began over a decade ago, was developed in conjunction with the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Oregon/Washington, BLM Idaho, BLM Nevada, and University of Nevada Reno - Nevada and University of Oregon’s Seismological Laboratories.
In 2004, the University of Nevada Reno developed a stand-alone microwave network to support the change from analog to digital seismic station sensors. The microwave system runs on an unlicensed broadband public safety band that is networked across the states. This system has evolved from just transmitting seismic data, to the current wildfire detection video data from stations and cameras located primarily on BLM-permitted lands.
The cameras and associated tools help firefighters and first responders:
•discover/locate/confirm fire ignition,
•quickly scale fire resources up or down appropriately,
•monitor fire behavior through containment,
•during firestorms, help evacuations through enhanced situational awareness,
•ensure contained fires are monitored appropriately through their demise, and
•view prescribed fires both during ignition and during monitoring stages.
The camera network is fed by a single point mountaintop camera via microwave to central hosting point at the University of Nevada Reno. The cameras are 1080 high definition/high speed with pan, tilt, and zoom capabilities. The cameras also provide a live feed of for designated users of six frames per second.
Cameras provide a remote feed to a web page that updates the pictures every 10 seconds. Over the last several years, this innovative technology has provided critical information for thousands of fires throughout the western U.S.
In Fiscal Year 2022, the Oregon/Washington Bureau of Land Management awarded the University of Oregon (UO) $718,346 to help aid in wildfire prevention by developing the most integrated, and interorganizational wildfire detection system in the United States.
Funding will provide continued statewide access to vital information of emergent wildfires and provide for the most efficient and effective emergency response, thereby ensuring the quality of lives of Oregonians and protecting our natural resources.
In 2022, the BLM helped lead the establishment of an Oregon Statewide Wildfire Detection Camera System with the goal of establishing collaborative governance to establish and implement a statewide wildfire detection camera strategy that addresses a long-term detection camera build-out between the multiple agencies while also addressing current and future detection camera technologies.
The ALERTWildfire program continues to grow, the ability to locate smoke at a very early stage will ultimately allow firefighters more time to assess the situation and mobilize appropriate resources. This unique use of technology will save taxpayers money as well as our forests, grasslands, property, and lives, while managing risk to our firefighters through an informed response.
The 41 wildfire detection cameras covering Oregon and Washington can be viewed online at:
Photo: Fremont-Winema National Forest and BLM Lakeview District.