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Lord Shiva - a.Affiliation: Trimurti b.Abode: Mount Kailash c. Mantra: Om Namah Shivaya
d.Weapon: Trident (Trishula) e.Consort: Sati Parvati f. Mount: Nadi (Bull)
It is said that the Holy Himalaya is a Grand palace of the Gods who kept the universe aloof from the sight of evil, witlessness, egotism and misapprehension. It is believed that here, the universe leapt from a deific place whose trailer could demolish all evil. Admired as the focal point of universe, this place is Kailash Mansarovar.
In Sanskrit, Kailash means crystal and according to Hindu Mythology, Kailash is the worldly conceivable appearance of Mt. Meru. It is the dwelling of Lord Shiva along with his companion Goddess Parvati. They reside on the top of this mountain in supreme harmony performing yoga sternness. Whereas, Buddhists confront their own belief about it. They believe that Saint Padmasambhaya gained enlightenment here. So they consider it as heaven on earth. It is also believed that Queen Maya was brought here before giving birth to Lord Buddha. Bonpos consider it as the valuable and exquisite snow mountain or Gang Rinpoche, an enormous Mandal which is the nucleus of all tantric forces. Jains regard this place as the mystical mountain of Astapada where the founder Rishahadeva achieved spiritual deliverance. Similarly, Sikh scriptures suggest that the founder Guru Nanak Dev studied meditation methods and techniques on the top of this mountain and he is considered as one of the rare people who mounted the peak of this holy mountain.
Lake Manasarovar
If there is something common between the four great rivers of Asia- the Indus, the Sutlej, the Brahmautra and the Karnali (Ganga), then it is the lake Manasarovar which is the source of all these rivers. It is widely believed that a person bathing in this lake or drinking its water is free from all his sins. According to Hindu Mythology, Lord Brahma first created this lake in his mind. So it is named as Manasarovar. In Sankrit, Manasarovar is a combination of two words, ‘Mana’ and ‘Sarovar’, ‘Mana’ means mind and ‘Sarovar’ means lake. Nevertheless, the pilgrimage to this spiritual region is difficult and tiring. Though it is considered as one of the Asia’s most religious yet difficult voyages, this sacred region is one of the most visited places on earth. This region is believed to have invisible magnetic powers that attract people across the world towards it.
LORD SHIVA
Shiva (meaning is auspicious one) is a Hindu deity and is the destroyer or the transformer among the Trimutri, the Hindu trinity of the primary aspects of the divine. He is considered the supreme God within Shaivism, one of the three most influential in Hinduism, where as in the other branches of Hinduism such as in the Smarta tradition; he is regarded as one of the five primary forms of God.
Shiva is usually worshipped in an iconic form of linga. He is described as an omniscient yogi, who lives an ascetic life on mount kailash, as well as a householder with a wife of Parvati, two sons, Ganesha and Kartikeya and a daughter Asoksundari. Shiva has many benevolent as well as fearsome forms. He is often depicted as immersed in deep meditation, with his wife and children or as the cosmic dancer. In fierce aspects, he is often depicted slaying demons.
Shiva the yogi: The worship of Shiva is a pan-Hindu tradition, practised widely across all of India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Some historians believe that the figure of Shiva as we know him today was built up over time, with the idea of many regional sects of being amalgamated into a single figure. Shiva thus had non-Aryan origin and Aryan manifestations in different forms including that of the Vedic Rudra (the power of destruction) though the original meaning has not yet been lost.
Rudra: Shiva as we know him today shares many features with the Vedic god Rudra, and both Shiva and Rudra are viewed as the personality in a number of Hindu tradition. Rudra, the god of the roaring strom, is usually portrayed in accordance with the element he represents as a fierce, destructive deity. The oldest surviving text of Hindusium is the Rig Veda, which is dated to between 1700 and 1100 BC based on linguistic and philological evidence. Shiva’s rise to a major position in the pantheon was facilitated by his identification with a host of Vedic deities, including Agni, Indra, Parjapati, Vayu, and others.
Attributes: Shiva is depicted three-eyed, the holy Ganga flowing through is matted hair, wearing ornaments of serpents and a skull bracelet, and covered in ashes, and Trisula and Damaru are seen in the background.
Shiva’s forms: Shiva has a trident in the right lower arm, with a crescent moon on his head. He said to be fair like camphor or like an ice clad mountain. He has fire and Damaru and mala or a kind of weapen. He wears five serpents as ornaments. He wears a garland of skulls. He is pressing with his feet the demon Muyalaka, a dwarf holding a cobra. He faces south. Panchakshara itsself is his body.
Third eye: (Trilochana) Shiva is often depicted with third eye, with which he burned desires (Kama) to ashes which occurs in many scriptural sources.
Crescent moon: Shiva bears on his head the crescent moon. The placement of the moon on his head as a standard iconographic feature dates to the period when Rudra rose to prominence and became the major deity Rudra –Shiva. The crescent moon is shown on the side of the lord’s head as an ornament. The waxing and waning phenomenon of the moon symbolizes the time cycle through which creation evolves from the beginning to the end.
Ashes: Shiva smears his body with ashes (bhasma). Ashes represent the final reality that a human being face-the end of all material existence.
Matted hair: His hair is said to be liked molten gold in color or being yellowish-white. A kaparda is a cowrie shell, or a braid of hair in the form of a shell, or more generally, hair that is shaggy or curly.
Blue throat (Nilokantha): Shiva drank the Halahala poison churned up from the Samudra Manthan to eliminate its destructive capacity. Shocked by his act, goddesh Parvati strangled his neck and hence manage to stop it in his neck its self and prevent it from spreading all over the universe supposed to be in Shiva’s stomach. However poison was so potent that it changed the color of his neck to blue.
Damaru: a small drum shaped like an hourglass is known as damaru. This is one of the attributes of Shiva in his famous dancing representation known as Nataraja. A specific hand gesture (mudra) called damaru-hasta is used to hold the drum. This drum is particularly used as an emblem by members of the Kapalika sect.
Nandi: Nandi is the name of the bull that serves as Shiva’s mount (bahan). Bull is his vehicle. This denotes that lord Shiva is the protector of dharma, is an embodiment of dharma or righteousness. Shiva’s association with cattle is reflected in his name Pashupati.
Mount Kailash: Mount Kailash in the Himalayas is his abode. In Hindu mythology, mount Kailash is conceived as resembling a linga, representing the centre of the universe.
Ascetic to householder : He is depicted as both an ascetic yogi and as householder, roles which have been traditionally, mutually exclusive in Hindu society. When depicted as a yogi, he may be shown sitting and meditating. His epithet Mahayogi refers to his association with yoga.As a family man and householder, he has a wife, Parvati and two sons, Ganesha and Kartikey. His epithet Umapati refers to this idea. She is identified with Devi, the divine Mother; Shakti (divine energy) as well as goddesses like Tripura Sundari, Durga, Kamakshi and Meenakshi. The consorts of the Shiva are the source of his creative energy.
www.encountersnepal.com/en/component/detail/1-trekking/67...
Iowa City, IA - Built in 1909, the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks Hall (Colonial Revival and Craftsman Styles). Demolished February, 2020.
Most recently known as the Chamber of Commerce Building. Located on the Southwest corner of Gilbert and Washington Streets. The land was bought by Clark Apartments for redevelopment.
Mulliner pub and Mulliner Street from Smithdown Road, Liverpool 7. December 2008.
Everything here has gone.
All the old property* between Smithdown Road and Earle Road, and between Tunstall Street and Upper Parliament Street has been demolished.
Redevelopment of the area is underway (2014).
*The former bank and adjoining shops (opposite "The Boundary" pub) remain.
This was a huge old brick textile mill. The enormity of it really gives you a sense of how big the textile industry was here in NE PA. When it was sold they took the clock tower off and scrapped it. In one of the comments someone says the clock face itself was 12 to 15 feet tall!!! This photo is by Paul Thomas, late of Shamokin. More photos available from the Thomas Collection at the Northumberland County Historical Society in Sunbury, PA.
Part of a list of Auckland public houses inspected by Auckland Customs for compliance with regulations concerning beer and tobacco.
The list includes many pubs that have since been closed or demolished, including the Army and Navy Hotel which was demolished to make way for the building of Auckland Town Hall, and former live music venues the Gluepot (originally the Ponsonby Club Hotel) closed 1994 and the Kings Arms, Newton, closed last year. Some of the hotels still exist, including the Birdcage (originally the Rob Roy), Freemans Bay, which has been moved around to accommodate Motorway overpasses and the Albion in Hobson Street. The Prince of Wales, Hobson Street, was home to the Auckland City Mission for 38 years.
Customs Inwards Letters -
BBAO 5544/185/a 1881/1171
Henry Parker, Tide Surveyor, Customs Office, Auckland - Public Houses - detailed report on compliance with Act. Inspections made together with Constable Kelly - United Service Hotel, J N Abbott - Rising Sun Hotel, C F Main - Royal Mail Hotel, J Codlin - James Slater, Grocer, Wellesley Street - Governor Brown Hotel, Dunningham and King - Star Hotel, Newton, Brophy - Forrester's Arms Hotel, Albert Street, S Coombes - Waitemata Hotel, McGregor - Wharf Hotel, Archard - Cosmopolitan Hotel, Bain - Nevada Hotel, Richmond - British Hotel, Humphreys - Thistle Hotel, Gallagher - Albert Hotel, Gorman - Anchor Hotel - Army and Navy Hotel - Market Hotel, Mrs Hacket - Crown Hotel, Andrews - Carpenters Arms Hotel - Naval Hotel, Kearns - Queens Hotel, Newton - Kings Arms Hotel, King - Newton Hotel, Williams - Working Mans Club, Queen Street - Working Mans Club, Newton - Ponsonby Club Hotel, Sanford - Safalk? [Suffolk] Hotel, College Road - Rob Roy Hotel, Regan - Freemans Hotel, Dervan - Red Lion Hotel, Anderson - Robert Burns Hotel, Mrs Jeffery? - Wellington Hotel, Dinnin - Prince Of Wales Hotel, McCormack - Prince Arthur Hotel, Orams - Albion Hotel, Palmer - Scotia Hotel, Mrs Coyle - Old House at Home, Hobson Street - Empire Hotel, McDermott - Aurora Hotel, Lynch - Victoria Hotel, HILL - Gleeson's Hotel - Black Bull, Clements - Clanrickard [Clanricarde?], Mrs Lynch - Eagle Hotel, McDonald - Bricklayers Arms, Gallagher - Alexandra Hotel, Urquhart - Shamrock Hotel, Adams - Brown Barrett and Company, Elliott Street - 1881
Archives reference: BBAO 5544/185/a 1881/1171
This item is held in Auckland Regional Office of Archives New Zealand
This item has been digitised, and is available online - ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz/delivery/DeliveryManagerServle...
To enquire about this record, please email auckland.archives@dia.govt.nz
Sans Knowledge.....Knowledge is power! Not anymore it's not--at least for the old Pershing Middle School
December 29, 2019 - Chamber of Commerce Building, 325 E Washington St, Iowa City, Iowa - On the Southwest corner of Gilbert and Washington Streets. Land bought by Clark Apartments for redevelopment.
Built in 1909 and originally known as the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks Hall (Colonial Revival and Craftsman Styles).
Demolished February 2020.
The buses are exiting the Exeter Rd bus station from what is now Exeter Crescent that leads to the Exeter Crescent NCP car park, created on the site of the bus station that burned down in 1976, and which was finally demolished in the early 1980s.
Bonus pic of the week: A month ago, the old barrel-roof style Chick-fil-A that stood here in the north part of Germantown Tennessee was being demolished. Bradley_Memphis took some photos, seen here: www.flickr.com/search/?w=82634100@N03&q=Chick-fil-A%2.... While in the area, I was curious to see the progress made since then and was surprised the new one has come so far along! They are obviously in a hurry to get back in business here.
This new structure has the front oriented toward Germantown Rd., instead of the side street that no longer leads to a Walmart. I got a pic or two of the old Walmart site as well. This style of Chick-fil-A is definitely the latest and greatest prototype, seen at already open locations in Dyersburg and Millington Tennessee, both of which I got exterior photos of recently.
I have to wonder if Germantown will require this Chick-fil-A to be a more muted and sedate version, like the previous structure that was here. Germantown's strict codes have been relaxed quite a bit since then, sometimes I think a little too much. I was shocked to see the Germantown Chili's has been remodeled with very vivid color, style and signage: some of which may not of been allowed to that degree even in Southaven!
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Chick-fil-A, 1996-built (2013-rebuilt), Germantown Rd. at Wolf Trail Cv., Germantown TN.
December 29, 2019 - Chamber of Commerce Building, 325 E Washington St, Iowa City, Iowa - On the Southwest corner of Gilbert and Washington Streets. Land bought by Clark Apartments for redevelopment.
Built in 1909 and originally known as the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks Hall (Colonial Revival and Craftsman Styles).
The scoreboard and right-field stands were the last to be demolished. Walter Johnson, Cy Young, Ed Walsh, Eddie Cicotte, Chief Bender and Eddie Plank took the mound during the inaugural 1910 season.
Demolish two existing garden rooms and build a single replacement garden room | Beach Cottage Riverside Shaldon Devon TQ14 0DJ
Legal form limited liability company
Founded in 1876
Seat Vienna
Management families Gürtler and Winkler
Sector Hotels
Websitewww.sacher.com
Seen The Hotel Sacher from Albertina square (another pictures you can see by clicking at the end of page!)
The Hotel Sacher is located in the 1st district of Vienna Inner City behind the Vienna State Opera. Famous specialty of the house is the original Sacher Cake. The hotel is a member of Leading Hotels of the World.
Story
Anna Maria Sacher
On the grounds of the demolished Carinthian Gate Theatre, directly opposite the newly opened Imperial and Royal Court Opera, was built a Maison Meublé. The restaurateur Eduard Sacher acquired the on a Renaissance palace modeled house and opened 1876 the Hotel de l'Opera with restaurant. The son of Franz Sacher, the inventor of the Sacher Cake, however, had already made a name for himself as a restaurateur and renamed the house quickly into Hotel Sacher.
He married in 1880 the 21-year-old Anna Fuchs who henceforth cooperated in the hotel and quickly took over the business, because her husband's health deteriorated. 1892 died Eduard, and Anna Sacher ran now the hotel as a so-called widow operation. The at that time extremely emancipated woman who always could be seen with cigar and her beloved French Bulldogs (in Vienna: "Sacher-Bullys"), ran the operation with strictness, but also with kindness. So she kept already then a company health insurance fund for her employees.
From the outset, the Sacher was one of the best addresses in the city and was in 1871 for the wine and delicatessen trade appointed kuk Purveyor. This privilege was granted after the death of Eduard Sacher his widow Anna once again. Before the visit of the opera one enjoyed the exquisite cuisine, people met in the legendary booths, and even high-ranking representatives from politics used the always discreet house for meetings. The exclusive hotel was already a social institution. But the economically difficult years after the First World War left its mark on the house too.
Shortly before her death in 1930, Anna Sacher withdrew from the leadership. Only after her death came to be known that the hotel was heavily in debt and from the former assets not much was left. 1934, eventually it came to bankruptcy.
The attorney Hans Gürtler, his wife Poldi and the hotelier couple Josef and Anna Siller acquired the now run-down house and renovated it extensively: Everything had been adapted to modern needs, from the heating system as well as the electrics and running hot and cold water in all rooms. From now on the earned money always should flow back into the house. For the first time, the Sacher Cake not only in its own premises was offered for human consumption but also sold on the street.
The house increasingly became again the meeting place for the society. But the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938 brought this to an abrupt end. Now Swastika flags waved in front of the hotel. During the Second World War but the house remained largely spared from damage. Immediately after the liberation of Vienna it was occupied by Soviet troops, the first district of Vienna around the hotel but was soon administered by the Allies together and got so for six years in British hands.
1951 the families Siller and Gürtler got back their possessions. Josef Siller had yet died in 1949. Again the hotel had to be renovated extensively. So also new gastronomic localities emerged in Sacher. Hans Gürtler also laid the foundation for the art collection of the 19th century. Died in 1962 Anna Siller and the hotel went entirely into the possession of the Gürtler family. In 1967 the company obtained the National Award and since then the company is allowed to use the federal coat of arms in business transactions. The son of Hans Gürtler, Rolf, in 1970 took over operations but he died shortly thereafter in an accident after which he was succeeded by his son Peter Gürtler. This one also took over in 1989 the Hotel Österreichischer Hof in Salzburg. This one was later renamed into Hotel Sacher Salzburg. Since his death in 1990 his 1983 divorced from him wife Elisabeth Gürtler runs with her daughter Alexandra the family enterprise.
2006 was the building which in its building structure altogether consists of six townhouses under the direction of the architectural firm Frank & Partners thermally completely renovated and the roof extension in which a spa was housed provided with a striking bright aluminum roof.
Offer
The Hotel Sacher at night
As a member of the hotel industry association The Leading Hotels of the World, which ensures quality control in the five-star hotel industry sector, the Hotel Sacher is one of the best addresses in Austria. Since the expansion of 2006, it also meets the criteria of a Leading Spa.
In the house there is the restaurant Anna Sacher, the Red Bar, the Blue Bar, the Confiserie, Cafe Sacher and the Sacher Corner. The café was in 2004 awarded the Golden Coffee Bean by Jacobs.
Also in the building, but not as a part of the hotel, is the former kuk Court purveyor and Chamber supplier Wilhelm Jungmann & Neffe.
Since 1999, the Original Sacher-Torte is produced in its own production site in Vienna Simmering (11th district), from where it is exported to the whole world. After a decades-long dispute with the imperial confectioner Demel, only the dessert made by Sacher may decorate itself with the title "Original". The Sachertorte is imitated by many coffee houses, bakeries and confectioneries.
Known guests
Main entrance of the hotel in the evening
The house in Philarmoniker street welcomed numerous prominent guests. Anna Sacher had a photo gallery of her guests in her boudoir. The signatures she embroidered herself all on a tablecloth. Right in the middle of all them, the one of Emperor Franz Joseph.
Crowned heads, statesmen, diplomats and politicians lodged in Sacher: Edward VIII, Wallis Simpson, Elizabeth II, Prince Philip, Prince Rainier, Princesse Grace, John F. Kennedy, Kofi Annan and many others...
Due to its close proximity to the Opera House, of course also many artists were among the guests: Herbert von Karajan, Leonard Bernstein, Leo Slezak, Plácido Domingo, José Carreras and Rudolf Nureyev. Music critic Marcel Prawy lived until his death in 2003 even as a permanent guest at the Sacher.
Graham Greene got here the idea for the screenplay of the film The Third Man. A British officer told him about the underground passages of Vienna, whereupon Greene immediately in the bar wrote down the first ideas.
The role in the Sissi films Romy Schneider owed her similarity with the bust of the Empress, who stands in the hotel and was noticed by director Ernst Marischka. During filming, she lived with her mother Magda Schneider in Sacher.
To an unusual press conference invited in April 1969 John Lennon and Yoko Ono to the Sacher. They held one of their legendary "Bagism" actions in their hotel room before representatives of the press (including André Heller, who reported for the Ö3 Musicbox) in order to voice their ideas of world peace.
Traditionally, all the suites are named after operas and composers (eg La Traviata, Carmen, Idomeneo, The Magic Flute, Madame Butterfly, Nabucco, Rigoletto, Leonard Bernstein etc.). The new suites on the top floor of the house bear the names of contemporary operas, such as Lulu and Billy Budd.
Hotel Sacher in film and on stage
The Hotel Sacher has been immortalized in numerous films and stage plays.
Hotel Sacher, 1939
In German-speaking countries, the hotel became also by the television series Hi - Hotel Sacher ... Portier! with Fritz Eckhardt popular.
"Elegance without extravagance, each unit combination tub and shower - Radios - Television - private phones available. Extreme care in soundproofing plus quiet surroundings. Selec-Temp steam heat. Individual parking.
THE ISLANDER MOTEL
35 Gorge Road [East]
Highway 1A
Victoria, B. C., Canada"
New Process Colorcard, Victoria B.C., Canada
Building still extant though no longer the Islander Motel. Currently the west wing of the Friendly Inn Motel at 39 Gorge Road East.
2013 Update: Building dismantled (demolished) November 2012-January 2013.
This is all that is left of the medieval church of St Andrew in Worcester. It was demolished in 1949 after decline, disuse and decay. All that remains is this 15th century tower with its vaulted ceiling and fine series of 32 carved stone bosses.
The spire was created by local mason Nathaniel Wilkinson. It went up in the 1750s, to replace the smaller, wooden one destroyed by lightning in c.1730.
It is near a bank of the River Severn.
It is a Grade II* listed building.
Also known as: St Andrew's Tower COPENHAGEN STREET. Also known as: St Andrew's Church Tower ST ANDREW'S GARDENS. Church tower. C15 with spire rebuilt in 1751 by Nathaniel Wilkinson, a journey-man of Worcester. Limestone ashlar. 3-stage Perpendicular tower with slim, recessed, octagonal Gothick spire. Chamfered plinth. Diagonal off-set buttresses to first and second stages, those to first stage have engaged columnettes, with clasping pilasters to third stage. Pointed arches to east, north and south with Perpendicular moulding. 5-light pointed west window. First-stage band. To second stage a 2-light pointed window with Perpendicular tracery to head; second stage band. Third stage has 2-light pointed belfry window. Spire has one level of 2-light, then single light lucarnes. Surmounted by Corinthian capital. INTERIOR: lierne-vault over lower stage, to the east the springers of the first bay of the arcades. To south-west angle a plank door in ogeed surround. HISTORICAL NOTE: the medieval, probably C12 church was demolished after war damage. It now stands in a public garden, opened 1953 to commemorate the coronation of Elizabeth II. The original top of the spire stands in the same garden. The spire is locally known as "The Glover's Needle" due to its shape and to Worcester's association with the glove-making industry. A significant streetscape feature, forming an important landmark. It forms part of the visual context for Worcester Cathedral (qv) from the River Severn, together with Worcester Bridge, Bridge Street (qv), Gascoyne House, Brown's Restaurant and Bond House, South Quay (qqv) and grouping with Merchant's House, Quay Street (qv). NMR photographs. (The Buildings of England: Pevsner: N: Worcestershire: Harmondsworth: 1968-1985: 317-8).
Spire of Saint Andrew's Church, Worcester - Heritage Gateway
The Glover's Needle (or St Andrews Spire) is a spire-carrying tower in the city of Worcester, England.
The tower is a prominent landmark of the city, from road, rail, or the River Severn, and can be seen for miles around. It is located in St Andrews Gardens close to Worcester College of Technology. The spire used to crown the church of St Andrew but this was demolished in the late 1940s. The Glover's Needle is seated on Deansway Road, Worcester Cathedral being very close to the south and All Saints Church to the north. On the western side of the spire the pedestrian can descend into gardens that lead onto the River Severn. Across the road from the Glover's Needle is a "House of Fraser" shop which stands on the site of the old graveyard of St Andrews. At night the spire is illuminated (but not the tower below) and a blue glow is projected from inside one of the windows. The blue represents St Andrew, the colour of the Scottish flag. The blue glow and night lighting were paid for by the Rotary Club of Worcester Severn, to commemorate the millennium in 2000.
In the 15th century, Saxons built a church (called St. Andrews Church) with a tall spire but this was destroyed in a great storm of 1733. Shortly after this disaster, the spire was rebuilt. It was constructed by using the ingenious method of kite flying to carry up the stones. Worcester people took the new masterpiece to their hearts and named it the 'Glover's Needle'. This name came from the industrial glove making that was executed in Worcester. The entire structure measures approximately 245 feet. It is the tallest spire in the country to have such a narrow angle of taper. In the 1920s the slum housing which crowded round the church was demolished. The congregation of the church was thus reduced by a large degree. The church fell into decay, had an overgrown churchyard, few parishioners and a tiny parish of five acres. In the 1940s, the council accepted the Bishop of Worcester's offer of the church. They decided to demolish the church and create a garden of remembrance to replace it. However the council decided to leave the tower and spire, freestanding. Thus St Andrew's church was demolished in 1949.
As a millennium project, a clock was installed in the tower and now the hours are struck on the council bell. A recently reinstated custom is to have the council bell strike from 18:45 to 18:50 before a full meeting of the council. In the early 2000s a fence was put around the base of the spire. A few years ago, the RSPB has taken the Glover's Needle into their own hands and the actual spire is now used for special birds of prey for roosting. Live web cams have been installed in the tower.
The Glover's Needle formerly housed a set of five bells.[citation needed] These were hung full circle for proper English style change ringing. In 1870, four of the bells were sold but the tenor (heaviest bell) was retained in the old bell frame. This bell weighs 20 CWT — 1 ton. This is the so-called council bell mentioned above. It is unlikely that the Glover's Needle could sustain a ring of bells today as there is no church to buttress the swaying tower.
www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Demolishing-Ka...
The International Scientific Committee on Earthen Architectural Heritage has expressed concern over the demolition and reconstruction of historic buildings. By May 2012 two-thirds of the old city had been demolished, fulfilling "political as well as economic goals." (Wikipedia)
©Sekitar --- All rights reserved. Please don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit permission.
Batavia Yard Lelystad is a shipyard with extraordinary ambitions, reconstructing ships from the Golden Age that were important to the Netherlands' maritime history. This heritage was demolished at the time because of its limited lifespan, or has sunk to the bottom of the sea. In April 1995, the Batavia, which is the most authentic reconstruction of a 17th-century VOC ship ever made, was launched after ten years in the making. The initiator was master shipbuilder Willem Vos. After this reconstruction was complete, a second project was started in the yard to reconstruct ‘De 7 Provinciën', a 17th-century battleship with which Michiel de Ruyter fought many sea battles.
The construction of the replica of ‘De 7 Provinciën' is one of the largest and most challenging historical shipbuilding projects in the world. Using vocational reintegration and work experience projects to construct these ships, the shipyard plays an important part in the lives of long-term unemployed people for whom, over time and for various reasons, the distance to the job market has become too great. Batavia Yard is a non-profit foundation that is dependent on donations and sponsors to construct and maintain the ships.
The conservation of cultural heritage, traditional crafts and working methods
The ‘Batavia' and ‘De 7 Provinciën' bring to life the stories of the people and their work and lives in 17th-century VOC times. Traditional crafts are revived in the various workshops, such as the woodcarving workshop, the forge and the rigging workshop. Batavia Yard offers visitors the opportunity to learn hands-on from the past. The Batavia Yard method is different from others because no concessions are being made during the building process. The shipyard performs extensive historical research into the construction, work methods and use of materials in the 17th century. Batavia Yard's accumulated expertise is unique in the world and makes it possible to build reconstructions that are very true to life. The construction of the ships provides new knowledge about shipbuilding from that era, something we call ‘experimental archaeology'.
Our guide said many of the new luxury homes such as this one were quickly pulled down as the owners didn't have permission to build on the land, but tried anyway!
The Ambassador Cinema Salford. Criminally demolished in 2005, permitted by a local authority devoid of any feeling. Designed by John Knight and opened in 1928, equipped with a stage, dressing rooms and a Jardine organ. It closed in 1964 and was immediately converted to bingo. It was grade 2 listed, the official listing description including "The interior is well preserved. Foyer has marble staircase with metal balustrade on fluted posts and timber handrail, and windows with decorative coloured glass. Auditorium with narrow balcony to rear, has coffered ceiling and a fluted frieze matching that on the exterior. Segmental-arched proscenium flanked by decorated grilles, the pattern of Venetian windows, between Ionic pilasters. The side walls are decorated with stepped panels under shell moulded plaster hoods - both of these are mouldings inspired by the 1925 Exposition des Arts Decoratifs." However it was delisted and demolished in 2004.
cinematreasures.org/theaters/844
City of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK - Ambassador Theatre, Langworthy Road
A scanned negative from 2001, image reworked 2020.
Demolished building, Victoria and Shuter Streets, Toronto. Late afternoon sun
burning off fog.
Fuji Finepix E900
(further pictures and information are available by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
History of the Vienna Hofburg
First residence
With the elevation of Austria to Archduchy in 1156, Vienna became a city of residence. From the residence of the Babenberg dynasty, who was located on the present site "Am Hof", unfortunately, there do not exist any remains anymore. After the extinction of the Babenberg, Ottokar II of Bohemia (1230-1278) took over by marriage the rule in Vienna and began in 1275 with the construction of a castle within the city walls of Vienna. This castle was equipped with four towers around a rectangular court that is known as Schweizerhof today. In the battle for the German crown Ottokar was defeated at the Battle of Dürnkrut by Rudolf I of Habsburg (1218-1291) and killed during the retreat.
As the old residence of the Babenberg in 1276 burned down, Rudolf probably 1279 moved into the former castle of Ottokar. The descendants of Rudolf extended the castle only slightly: castle chapel (documentary mention in 1296), St. Augustine's Church (consecrated in 1349), reconstruction of the chapel (1423-1426). Due to the division of the lands of the Habsburg Vienna lost its importance and also lacked the financial resources to expand the castle.
Imperial residence
Under Frederick III. (1415-1493) the Habsburgs obtained the imperial title and Vienna became an imperial residence. But Friedrich and his successors used the Vienna Residence only rarely and so it happened that the imperial residence temporarily orphaned. Only under Ferdinand I (1503-1564) Vienna again became the capital of the Archduchy. Under Ferdinand set in a large construction activity: The three existing wings of the Swiss court were expanded and increased. The defensive wall in the northwest as fourth tract with the Swiss Gate (built in 1552 probably by Pietro Ferrabosco) was rebuilt. In the southwest, a tract for Ferdinand's children (the so-called "children Stöckl") was added. The newly constituted authorities Exchequer and Chancery were located in adjacent buildings at Castle Square. Were added in the castle an art chamber, a hospital, a passage from the castle to St. Augustine's Church and a new ballroom.
First major extensions of the residence
In the area of "desolate church" built Ferdinand from 1559 a solitary residence for his son. However, the construction was delayed, and Maximilian II (1527-1576) after his father's death in 1564 moved into the ancient castle. His residence he for his Spanish horses had converted into a Hofstallgebäude (Stallburg - stables) and increased from 1565 .
Ferdinand I decided to divide his lands to his three sons, which led to a reduction of Vienna as a residence. Moreover, stayed Maximilian II, who was awarded alongside Austria above and below the Enns also Bohemia and Hungary, readily in Prague and he moved also the residence there. In 1575 he decided to build a new building in front of the Swiss court for the royal household of his eldest son, Rudolf II (1552-1612). The 1577 in the style of the late Renaissance completed and in 1610 expanded building, which was significantly fitted with a turret with "welscher hood" and an astronomical clock, but by the governor of the Emperor (Archduke Ernst of Austria) was inhabited. However, the name "Amalienborg Castle" comes from Amalie of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (wife of Joseph I.), which in 1711 there installed her widow seat.
In the late 16th and early 17th Century only a few extensions were carried out: extension of a separate tract in the northeast of the castle for the Treasure and Art chamber (1583-1585) and setting up of a dance hall in the area of today's Redoutensäle (1629-1631).
Under Leopold I the dance hall by Ludovico Burnacini 1659/1660 was rebuilt into an at that time modern theater ("Comedy House"). 1666 Leopold I in the area of today's castle garden a new opera house with three tiers and a capacity of 5,000 people had built.
In the 1660-ies under Leopold I (1640-1705) after the plans of architect Filiberto Lucchese an elongated wing building between the Amalienborg Castle and the Schweizerhof, the so-called Leopoldine Wing, was built. However, since the tract shortly after the completion burned down, this by Giovanni Pietro Tencala was set up newly and increased. Architecturally, this tract still connects to the late Renaissance. The connection with the Amalienborg castle followed then under Leopold's son Joseph I (1678-1711).
After completion of the Leopoldine Wing the in the southeast of castle located riding school was renewed, the south tower of the old castle pulled down, the old sacristy of the chapel replaced by an extension. Under Charles VI. (1685-1740) the Gateway Building between cabbage market (Kohlmarkt) and Courtyard by Johann Lucas von Hildebrandt was transformed into a monumental triumphal arch as a representative sign of the imperial power. However, this construction does not exist anymore, it had to give way to the Michael tract.
Baroque redesign of the Hofburg
In the early 18th Century set in a buoyant construction activity. The emperor commissioned Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach with the construction of new stables outside the city walls and a new court library.
After the death of Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, his son Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach took over the construction management for the stables and the court library. 1725 the palatial front of the stables was completed. As already during the construction period has been established that the stables were dimensioned too small, the other wings were not realized anymore. The with frescoes by Daniel Gran and statues of Emperors by Paul Strudel equipped Court Library was completed in 1737.
Opposite the Leopoldine Wing a new Reich Chancellery should be built. 1723 was entrusted with the planning Johann Lucas von Hildebrandt. 1726, however, the supervision the Reich Chancellery was withdrawn and transferred to the Chancery and thus Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach, who also designed the adjacent Court Chamber and the front to St. Michael's Church. 1728 the Court Chamber and the facade of the two buildings were completed. By Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach was also the Michaelertrakt, the connection between the Winter Riding School and the Imperial Chancellery Wing planned. However, since the old Burgtheater the building was in the path, this was half done for a period of 150 years and was only completed in 1889-1893 by Ferdinand Kirschner .
Under Maria Theresia (1717-1780) the at St. Michael's Square located and only as remnants existing Ballhaus was adapted as a court theater. Beside the Emperor hospital in return a new ball house was built, being eponymous for the Ballhausplatz. Subsequently, there occured again and again conversions and adaptations: reconstruction of the comedy hall according to the plans of Jean Nicolas Jadot into two ballrooms, the small and large ball room (1744-1748). The transformation of the two halls (from 1760), repair of the Court Library, and from 1769 onwards the design of the Josephsplatz took place under Joseph Nicolas of Pacassi. These buildings were completed by the successor of Pacassi Franz Anton Hillebrandt. As an extension for the Court Library in the southeast the Augustinian tract was built.
Other structural measures under Maria Theresia: establishment of the court pharmacy into the Stallburg, relocation of the in the Stallburg housed art collection into the Upper Belvedere, razing of the two remaining towers of the old castle, the construction of two stairways (the ambassador stairway and the column stairways (Botschafter- and Säulenstiege).
Extensions in the 19th Century and early 20th century
Francis II (1768-1835) gave Duke Albert of Saxe-Teschen and his wife Marie Christine (daughter of Maria Theresa) the Palais Tarouca south of the Augustinian monastery. From 1800 this was remodeled by Louis Montoyer and extended by a wing building to today's Albertina.
1804, Francis II proclaimed the hereditary Empire of Austria and was, consequently, as Franz I the first Emperor of Austria. With the by Napoleon Bonaparte provoked abdication of the emperor in 1806 ended the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.
1809 part of the old bastions was blown up at the castle in consequence of the war with Napoleon, and after it blazed. Towards today's ring road, then new outworks were created (the so-called Hornwerkskurtine and the Escarpen). In the early 20-ies of the 19th Century were layed out three gardens: the private imperial castle garden with two of Louis Remy planned steel/glass- constructed greenhouses, Heroes Square (Heldenplatz) with avenues and the People's garden (Volksgarten) with the Theseus Temple (Pietro Nobile). At the same time, emerged also the new, 1821 by Luigi Cagnola began and 1824 by Pietro Nobile completed outer castle gate.
1846 was built a monumental memorial to Francis I in Inner Castle Square. In the turmoil of the 1848 revolution the Stallburg was stormed and fought fiercely at the outer castle square and the castle gate. As a result, the roof of the court library burned. The political consequences of the revolution were the abdication of Emperor Ferdinand I (1793-1875), the dismissal of the dreaded Chancellor Clemens Lothar Fürst Metternich and the enthronement of Ferdinand's nephew Franz Joseph.
In the first years of the reign of Emperor Franz Joseph I (1830-1916) the royal stables of Leopold Mayer have been redesigned and expanded. As part of the expansion of the city, the city walls were razed and instead of the fortifications arose place for a magnificent boulevard, the Ringstrasse. 1862, the idea of an Imperial Forum by architect Ludwig Förster was born. On the surface between the Hofburg and the Imperial Stables should arise court museums (Museum of Art History and Museum of Natural History).
At the outer Castle Square (today's Heldenplatz) were in the 60-ies of the 19th Century the by Anton Dominik Fernkorn created equestrian statues of Archduke Charles (victor over Napoleon at the Battle of Aspern) and Prince Eugene of Savoy (victor over the Turks in several battles) set up.
After an unsuccessful architectural competition on the design of the Heroes' Square area in 1869 Gottfried Semper could be won. This led to the involuntary and not frictionless collaboration with Carl Freiherr von Hasenauer. Planned was a two-wing complex beyond the ring road, with the two flanking twin museums (Art and Natural History Museum) and the old stables as a conclusion. 1871 was began with the Erdaushebungen (excavations) for the museums. 1889, the Museum of Natural History was opened, and in 1891, the Museum of Art History.
On a watercolor from 1873 by Rudolf Ritter von Alt (1812 - 1905) an overall view of the Imperial Forum is shown.
1888, the Old Court Theatre at St. Michael's Square was demolished, as the new KK Court Theatre (today's Burgtheater), built by Gottfried Semper and Carl Freiherr von Hasenauer, was finished. The since 150 years existing construction site at St. Michael's Square could be completed. The roundel got a dome, the concave curved Michaelertrakt was finalized by Ferdinand Kirschner. The once by Lorenzo Mattielli created cycle of statues on the facade of the Reich Chancellery was continued with four other "deeds of Hercules' at he side of the passage arches. 1893, the Hofburg had finally got its ostentatious show facade.
1901, the old greenhouses were demolished and replaced by an orangery with Art Nouveau elements according to plans by Friedrich Ohmann (completed in 1910). In 1907, the Corps de Logis, which forms the end of the Neue Burg, is completed. Since Emperor Franz Joseph I in budding 20th Century no longer was interested in lengthy construction projects and the heir to the throne Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Este (1863-1914) was against the establishment of a throne hall building, but was in favour for the construction of a smaller ballroom tract, the implementation of the second wing was dropped. After the assassination of Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Este in Sarajevo, the First World War broke out. Franz Joseph I died in 1916. A great-nephew of Franz Joseph I, Charles I (1887-1922), succeeded to the throne, however, he held only two years. The end of the First World War also meant the end of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. On 11 November 1918 the First Republic was proclaimed. As Karl although renounced to government business, but not to the throne, he had to go into exile with his family.
The Imperial Palace in the 20th century
The interior design of the ballroom tract and the Neue Burg continued despite the end of the monarchy until 1926. By the end of the monarchy, many of the buildings lost their purpose. Furthermore used or operated was the Riding School. The stables were used from 1921 as an exhibition site of the Vienna Fair ("Fair Palace"). In 1928, the Corps de Logis, the Museum of Ethnology, until then part of the Natural History Museum, opened. In 1935 the collection of weapons (Court, Hunting and Armour Chamber) of the Kunsthistorisches Museum (Museum of Art History) came in the Neue Burg.
1933/1934 the outer castle gate by Rudolf Wondracek was transformed into the hero monument to the victims of the First World War. 1935 emerged on the left and on the right of the castle gate the pylon portals with eagle sculptures by William Frass. In March 1938, the Heroes Square and the balcony of the Neue Burg gained notoriety after Adolf Hitler to the cheering crowd at the Heldenplatz announced the annexation of Austria to the German Reich. The Nazis were planning a redesign of the Heroes' Square to a paved parade and ceremony space. The plans were not realized since 1943 a fire pond at Heldenplatz was dredged and the place was later used for agriculture. In the Trade Fair Palace during the period of Nazism propaganda events were held.
During the war, the Hofburg (Imperial Stables, St. Augustine's Church, Albertina, the official building of the Federal President, the current building of the Federal Chancellery) was severely damaged by bombing: The first President of the Second Republic, Dr. Karl Renner, in 1946 the Office of the President moved into the Leopoldine Wing (in the former living quarters of Maria Theresa and Joseph II).
During the occupation time the seat of the Inter-Allied Commission was housed in the Neue Burg.
1946 first events were held in the Exhibition Palace again, and were built two large halls in the main courtyard of the Exhibition Palace. In the course of the reconstruction war damages were disposed and the Imperial Palace was repaired, the barn castle (Stallburg) erected again. In 1958, in the ballroom wing the convention center has been set up.
1962-1966 the modern Library of the Austrian National Library is housed in the Neue Burg.
1989 emerged for the first time the notion of a "Museum Quarter". The museum quarter should include contemporary art and culture. The oversized design by Laurids and Manfred Ortner but was downsized several times after resistance of a citizens' initiative. It was implemented a decade later.
1992 the two Redoutensäle (ball rooms) burned out completely. Yet shortly after the fire was started with reconstruction. The roof was reconstructed and the little ball room (Kleiner Redoutensaal) could be restored. The big ball room, however, was renovated and designed with paintings by Josef Mikl. In 1997 the two halls were reopened.
From 1997-2002 the Museum Quarter (including Kunsthalle Wien, Leopold Collection) was rebuilt and the old building fabric renovated.
Was began in 1999 with the renovation of the Albertina. The by a study building, two exhibit halls and an underground storage vault extended Museum was reopened in 2003. The Albertina ramp was built with an oversized shed roof by Hans Hollein.
In 2006, additional rooms for the convention center were created by the boiler house yard.
(Source: Trenkler, Thomas: "The Hofburg Wien", Vienna, 2004)
www.burghauptmannschaft.at/php/detail.php?ukatnr=12185&am...
Meridian, Idaho
I thought this one was going to be moved to another location, but it was burned to the ground instead.
Defective framing delivered by an Anchorage general contractor [Erik Dawson, Dawson Development]. This framing was demolished following extensive documentation. These photos are made available for framers, contractors, and clients as an educational tool.
Read more on akhouseproject.com
This photo is provided under a Creative Commons Attribution license. Please provide the following credit: "Photo courtesy Paxson Woelber, akhouseproject.com"
December 29, 2019 - Chamber of Commerce Building, 325 E Washington St, Iowa City, Iowa - On the Southwest corner of Gilbert and Washington Streets. Land bought by Clark Apartments for redevelopment.
Built in 1909 and originally known as the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks Hall (Colonial Revival and Craftsman Styles).
Iowa City, IA - Built in 1909, the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks Hall (Colonial Revival and Craftsman Styles). Demolished February, 2020.
Most recently known as the Chamber of Commerce Building. Located on the Southwest corner of Gilbert and Washington Streets. The land was bought by Clark Apartments for redevelopment.
Syston Hall Lincolnshire, demolished 1925. This is the west garden front with spectacular views across the park and lake. A new house stands on the site today with some interesting architectural elements but the view is now blocked by trees. Syston hall was first built in 1760. Repairs and enlargement of the house were made as the first commission of the architect Lewis Vulliamy in 1822–24 when he added the famous library wing, which was just to the right of this picture, overlooking the same view. The Offenburg-Syston Park-Makellar copy of the Gutenberg Bible was here until it was auctioned off in 1898. One of the pages of this copy which was forged was replaced with another page from another incomplete Gutenberg Bible. In 1978, this sold for $2.2 million to the Württembergische Landesbibliothek in Stuttgart, Germany.Note the decorative row of statue busts in the foreground. The porch around the back (main entrance) by Charles Kirk was moved to Fulbeck Hall when the house was demolished.
This Kmart opened in 1967 and closed in 2006. The store started getting demolished in December 2012 to make way for a future CarMax dealership. When I took these photos only the street sign and the old Auto center were still standing
Iowa City, IA - Built in 1909, the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks Hall (Colonial Revival and Craftsman Styles). Demolished February, 2020.
Most recently known as the Chamber of Commerce Building. Located on the Southwest corner of Gilbert and Washington Streets. The land was bought by Clark Apartments for redevelopment.
Checkers Hamburgers, located at the intersection of Lancaster Rd & LedBetter in Oak Cliff (Dallas) Texas. Demolished. This building sat vacant for quite a spell. It has since been demolished.
Today, a Jack In The Box occupies the land..
The Jack In The Box was built in 2003.
Checkers was founded in 1986. They went public in 1991.
This Checkers was built sometime around 1990-95.
This Checkers was Demolished sometime around 2001-02.
Their Slogan history:..
1989-1997 "Well at Checker's/Rally's, You Still Can"
1989-1997 "Checker's Has It Right" (also known as "Rally's Has It Right")
1997-1999 "Fresh. Because we just made it."[8]
1999-2000 "High performance Human Fuel"
2000-2007 "You gotta eat!"
2007–2009 "little place. BIG TASTE."
2009-2010 "Devour the night!"
2011–present "Feast On" .....
Photo Taken: March 1999 (Film P&S Camera)
Photo Taken By: Randy A Carlisle
ALL Photos (Unless otherwise stated) Copyright RAC Photography
"Preserving AMERICAs History Thru Photography"
***NO Photos are to be posted on ANY other website, or any kind of publication Without MY Permission. No Exceptions! They are not to be "Lifted", Borrowed, reprinted, or by any other means other than viewing here on Flickr. If you want to use a photo of mine for anything, please email First. I'll assist you any way I can. Thank You for your understanding. ALL Photos are For Sale.***
And there was I thinking that I had caught up with the shots I had taken over the summer. But then I remembered the glass. The glass of Canterbury Cathedral.
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Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England and forms part of a World Heritage Site. It is the cathedral of the Archbishop of Canterbury, leader of the Church of England and symbolic leader of the worldwide Anglican Communion; the archbishop, being suitably occupied with national and international matters, delegates the most of his functions as diocesan bishop to the Bishop suffragan of Dover. Its formal title is the Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Christ at Canterbury.
Founded in 597, the cathedral was completely rebuilt from 1070 to 1077. The east end was greatly enlarged at the beginning of the twelfth century, and largely rebuilt in the Gothic style following a fire in 1174, with significant eastward extensions to accommodate the flow of pilgrims visiting the shrine of Thomas Becket, the archbishop who was murdered in the cathedral in 1170. The Norman nave and transepts survived until the late fourteenth century, when they were demolished to make way for the present structures.
Christianity had started to become powerful in the Roman Empire around the third century. Following the conversion of Augustine of Hippo in the 4th century, the influence of Christianity grew steadily .[2] The cathedral's first archbishop was Augustine of Canterbury, previously abbot of St. Andrew's Benedictine Abbey in Rome. He was sent by Pope Gregory the Great in 596 as a missionary to the Anglo-Saxons. Augustine founded the cathedral in 597 and dedicated it to Jesus Christ, the Holy Saviour.[3]
Augustine also founded the Abbey of St. Peter and Paul outside the city walls. This was later rededicated to St. Augustine himself and was for many centuries the burial place of the successive archbishops. The abbey is part of the World Heritage Site of Canterbury, along with the cathedral and the ancient Church of St Martin.
Bede recorded that Augustine reused a former Roman church. The oldest remains found during excavations beneath the present nave in 1993 were, however, parts of the foundations of an Anglo-Saxon building, which had been constructed across a Roman road.[5][6] They indicate that the original church consisted of a nave, possibly with a narthex, and side-chapels to the north and south. A smaller subsidiary building was found to the south-west of these foundations.[6] During the ninth or tenth century this church was replaced by a larger structure (49 m. by 23 m.) with a squared west end. It appears to have had a square central tower.[6] The eleventh century chronicler Eadmer, who had known the Saxon cathedral as a boy, wrote that, in its arrangement, it resembled St Peter's in Rome, indicating that it was of basilican form, with an eastern apse.[7]
During the reforms of Dunstan, archbishop from 960 until his death in 988,[8] a Benedictine abbey named Christ Church Priory was added to the cathedral. But the formal establishment as a monastery seems to date only to c.997 and the community only became fully monastic from Lanfranc's time onwards (with monastic constitutions addressed by him to prior Henry). Dunstan was buried on the south side of the high altar.
The cathedral was badly damaged during Danish raids on Canterbury in 1011. The Archbishop, Alphege, was taken hostage by the raiders and eventually killed at Greenwich on 19 April 1012, the first of Canterbury's five martyred archbishops. After this a western apse was added as an oratory of St. Mary, probably during the archbishopric of Lyfing (1013–1020) or Aethelnoth (1020–1038).
The 1993 excavations revealed that the new western apse was polygonal, and flanked by hexagonal towers, forming a westwork. It housed the archbishop's throne, with the altar of St Mary just to the east. At about the same time that the westwork was built, the arcade walls were strengthened and towers added to the eastern corners of the church.
The cathedral was destroyed by fire in 1067, a year after the Norman Conquest. Rebuilding began in 1070 under the first Norman archbishop, Lanfranc (1070–77). He cleared the ruins and reconstructed the cathedral to a design based closely on that of the Abbey of St. Etienne in Caen, where he had previously been abbot, using stone brought from France.[9] The new church, its central axis about 5m south of that of its predecessor,[6] was a cruciform building, with an aisled nave of nine bays, a pair of towers at the west end, aiseless transepts with apsidal chapels, a low crossing tower, and a short choir ending in three apses. It was dedicated in 1077.[10]
The Norman cathedral, after its expansion by Ernulf and Conrad.
Under Lanfranc's successor Anselm, who was twice exiled from England, the responsibility for the rebuilding or improvement of the cathedral's fabric was largely left in the hands of the priors.[11] Following the election of Prior Ernulf in 1096, Lanfranc's inadequate east end was demolished, and replaced with an eastern arm 198 feet long, doubling the length of the cathedral. It was raised above a large and elaborately decorated crypt. Ernulf was succeeded in 1107 by Conrad, who completed the work by 1126.[12] The new choir took the form of a complete church in itself, with its own transepts; the east end was semicircular in plan, with three chapels opening off an ambulatory.[12] A free standing campanile was built on a mound in the cathedral precinct in about 1160.[13]
As with many Romanesque church buildings, the interior of the choir was richly embellished.[14] William of Malmesbury wrote: "Nothing like it could be seen in England either for the light of its glass windows, the gleaming of its marble pavements, or the many-coloured paintings which led the eyes to the panelled ceiling above."[14]
Though named after the sixth century founding archbishop, The Chair of St. Augustine, the ceremonial enthronement chair of the Archbishop of Canterbury, may date from the Norman period. Its first recorded use is in 1205.
Martyrdom of Thomas Becket
Image of Thomas Becket from a stained glass window
The 12th-century choir
A pivotal moment in the history of the cathedral was the murder of the archbishop, Thomas Becket, in the north-west transept (also known as the Martyrdom) on Tuesday, 29 December 1170, by knights of King Henry II. The king had frequent conflicts with the strong-willed Becket and is said to have exclaimed in frustration, "Who will rid me of this turbulent priest?" The knights took it literally and murdered Becket in his own cathedral. Becket was the second of four Archbishops of Canterbury who were murdered (see also Alphege).
The posthumous veneration of Becket made the cathedral a place of pilgrimage. This brought both the need to expand the cathedral and the wealth that made it possible.
Rebuilding of the choir
Tomb of the Black Prince
In September 1174 the choir was severely damaged by fire, necessitating a major reconstruction,[15] the progress of which was recorded in detail by a monk named Gervase.[16] The crypt survived the fire intact,[17] and it was found possible to retain the outer walls of the choir, which were increased in height by 12 feet (3.7 m) in the course of the rebuilding, but with the round-headed form of their windows left unchanged.[18] Everything else was replaced in the new Gothic style, with pointed arches, rib vaulting and flying buttresses. The limestone used was imported from Caen in Normandy, and Purbeck marble was used for the shafting. The choir was back in use by 1180 and in that year the remains of St Dunstan and St Alphege were moved there from the crypt.[19]
The master-mason appointed to rebuild the choir was a Frenchman, William of Sens. Following his injury in a fall from the scaffolding in 1179 he was replaced by one of his former assistants, known as "William the Englishman".
The shrine in the Trinity Chapel was placed directly above Becket's original tomb in the crypt. A marble plinth, raised on columns, supported what an early visitor, Walter of Coventry, described as "a coffin wonderfully wrought of gold and silver, and marvellously adorned with precious gems".[22] Other accounts make clear that the gold was laid over a wooden chest, which in turn contained an iron-bound box holding Becket's remains.[23] Further votive treasures were added to the adornments of the chest over the years, while others were placed on pedestals or beams nearby, or attached to hanging drapery.[24] For much of the time the chest (or "ferotory") was kept concealed by a wooden cover, which would be theatrically raised by ropes once a crowd of pilgrims had gathered.[21][23] Erasmus, who visited in 1512–4, recorded that, once the cover was raised, "the Prior ... pointed out each jewel, telling its name in French, its value, and the name of its donor; for the principal of them were offerings sent by sovereign princes."[25]
The income from pilgrims (such as those portrayed in Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales) who visited Becket's shrine, which was regarded as a place of healing, largely paid for the subsequent rebuilding of the cathedral and its associated buildings. This revenue included the profits from the sale of pilgrim badges depicting Becket, his martyrdom, or his shrine.
The shrine was removed in 1538. Henry VIII summoned the dead saint to court to face charges of treason. Having failed to appear, he was found guilty in his absence and the treasures of his shrine were confiscated, carried away in two coffers and twenty-six carts.
Monastic buildings
Cloisters
A bird's-eye view of the cathedral and its monastic buildings, made in about 1165[27] and known as the "waterworks plan" is preserved in the Eadwine Psalter in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge.[28] It shows that Canterbury employed the same general principles of arrangement common to all Benedictine monasteries, although, unusually, the cloister and monastic buildings were to the north, rather than the south of the church. There was a separate chapter-house.[27]
The buildings formed separate groups around the church. Adjoining it, on the north side, stood the cloister and the buildings devoted to the monastic life. To the east and west of these were those devoted to the exercise of hospitality. To the north a large open court divided the monastic buildings from menial ones, such as the stables, granaries, barn, bakehouse, brew house and laundries, inhabited by the lay servants of the establishment. At the greatest possible distance from the church, beyond the precinct of the monastery, was the eleemosynary department. The almonry for the relief of the poor, with a great hall annexed, formed the paupers' hospitium.
The group of buildings devoted to monastic life included two cloisters. The great cloister was surrounded by the buildings essentially connected with the daily life of the monks,-- the church to the south, with the refectory placed as always on the side opposite, the dormitory, raised on a vaulted undercroft, and the chapter-house adjacent, and the lodgings of the cellarer, responsible for providing both monks and guests with food, to the west. A passage under the dormitory lead eastwards to the smaller or infirmary cloister, appropriated to sick and infirm monks.[27]
The hall and chapel of the infirmary extended east of this cloister, resembling in form and arrangement the nave and chancel of an aisled church. Beneath the dormitory, overlooking the green court or herbarium, lay the "pisalis" or "calefactory," the common room of the monks. At its north-east corner access was given from the dormitory to the necessarium, a building in the form of a Norman hall, 145 ft (44 m) long by 25 broad (44.2 m × 7.6 m), containing fifty-five seats. It was constructed with careful regard to hygiene, with a stream of water running through it from end to end.[27]
A second smaller dormitory for the conventual officers ran from east to west. Close to the refectory, but outside the cloisters, were the domestic offices connected with it: to the north, the kitchen, 47 ft (14 m) square (200 m2), with a pyramidal roof, and the kitchen court; to the west, the butteries, pantries, etc. The infirmary had a small kitchen of its own. Opposite the refectory door in the cloister were two lavatories, where the monks washed before and after eating.
[27]
Priors of Christ Church Priory included John of Sittingbourne (elected 1222, previously a monk of the priory) and William Chillenden, (elected 1264, previously monk and treasurer of the priory).[29] The monastery was granted the right to elect their own prior if the seat was vacant by the pope, and — from Gregory IX onwards — the right to a free election (though with the archbishop overseeing their choice). Monks of the priory have included Æthelric I, Æthelric II, Walter d'Eynsham, Reginald fitz Jocelin (admitted as a confrater shortly before his death), Nigel de Longchamps and Ernulf. The monks often put forward candidates for Archbishop of Canterbury, either from among their number or outside, since the archbishop was nominally their abbot, but this could lead to clashes with the king and/or pope should they put forward a different man — examples are the elections of Baldwin of Forde and Thomas Cobham.
Early in the fourteenth century, Prior Eastry erected a stone choir screen and rebuilt the chapter house, and his successor, Prior Oxenden inserted a large five-light window into St Anselm's chapel. [30]
The cathedral was seriously damaged by an earthquake of 1382, losing its bells and campanile.
From the late fourteenth century the nave and transepts were rebuilt, on the Norman foundations in the Perpendicular style under the direction of the noted master mason Henry Yevele.[31] In contrast to the contemporary rebuilding of the nave at Winchester, where much of the existing fabric was retained and remodelled, the piers were entirely removed, and replaced with less bulky Gothic ones, and the old aisle walls completely taken down except for a low "plinth" left on the south side. [32][6] More Norman fabric was retained in the transepts, especially in the east walls,[32] and the old apsidal chapels were not replaced until the mid-15th century.[30] The arches of the new nave arcade were exceptionally high in proportion to the clerestory.[30] The new transepts, aisles and nave were roofed with lierne vaults, enriched with bosses. Most of the work was done during the priorate of Thomas Chillenden (1391–1411): Chillenden also built a new choir screen at the east end of the nave, into which Eastry's existing screen was incorporated.[30] The Norman stone floor of the nave, however survived until its replacement in 1786.
From 1396 the cloisters were repaired and remodelled by Yevele's pupil Stephen Lote who added the lierne vaulting. It was during this period that the wagon-vaulting of the chapter house was created.
A shortage of money, and the priority given to the rebuilding of the cloisters and chapter-house meant that the rebuilding of the west towers was neglected. The south-west tower was not replaced until 1458, and the Norman north-west tower survived until 1834, when it was replaced by a replica of its Perpendicular companion.[30]
In about 1430 the south transept apse was removed to make way for a chapel, founded by Lady Margaret Holland and dedicated to St Michael and All Angels. The north transept apse was replaced by a Lady Chapel, built in 1448–55.[30]
The 235-foot crossing tower was begun in 1433, although preparations had already been made during Chillenden's priorate, when the piers had been reinforced. Further strengthening was found necessary around the beginning of the sixteenth century, when buttressing arches were added under the southern and western tower arches. The tower is often known as the "Angel Steeple", after a gilded angel that once stood on one of its pinnacles.