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Original visit photos from 2013 – www.flickr.com/photos/139375961@N08/shares/9QptB12vKi
– Coastal Defence/chain Home Low Station M136 –
The site of a Coastal Defence/Chain Home Low (CD/CHL) Radar Station at Pakefield. It was built by the British Army to monitor shipping and aircraft during World War II. CD/CHL sites opened from 1941 and comprised either a Nissen hut or brick/concrete operations block with an aerial gantry mounted on the roof and a separate standby set house for the reserve power.
Staff were billeted where possible, but some stations had a small layout of domestic hutting situated within one mile of the site. The station closed by December 1942 and by 1978 the site was used for quarrying. Aerial photography from 1978 shows that the site was a quarry and its associated buildings. It is unclear if any of these buildings were originally part of the radar stations.
Chain Home Low (CHL) was the name of a British early warning radar system operated by the RAF during World War II. The name refers to CHL's ability to detect aircraft flying at altitudes below the capabilities of the original Chain Home (CH) radars, where most CHL radars were co-located. CHL could reliably detect aircraft flying as low as 500 feet. The official name was AMES Type 2, referring to the Air Ministry Experimental Station at Bawdsey Manor where it was developed, but this name was almost never used in practice.
The system had originally been developed by the British Army's research group, also based at Bawdsey, as a system for detecting enemy shipping in the English Channel. It was built using the electronics being developed for the aircraft interception radar systems, which worked on the 1.5 m band. This high frequency (200 MHz), for the era, allowed it to use smaller antennas that could be swung back and forth to look for returns, in contrast to the enormous fixed antennas of the 6.7 m wavelength (45 MHz) Chain Home system.
When the war began, the Luftwaffe began mine-laying missions where the bomber aircraft would fly almost all of their mission at low altitude. Chain Home could only see targets above 1.5 degrees over the horizon, so these aircraft only became visible at short range. Robert Watson Watt seized several dozen of the Coastal Defense (CD) systems that were in final construction and installed them at CH stations and key locations along the seashore to fill this critical gap in the coverage.
CHL remained an important part of the Chain network for the rest of the war, and was retained in the post-war era until it was replaced during the ROTOR upgrades by the AMES Type 80. The electronics, notably the high-power transmitter, was also re-used in a number of other systems, including the AMES Type 7.
CHL traces its origins to early experiments with aircraft interception radar systems in 1936. These were developed as a short-range radar that would be used to close the gap between Chain Home's (CH) approximate 5 miles accuracy and the visual range of a night fighter pilot at about 1,000 yards. Developed by a team at Bawdsey Manor led by ''Taffy'' Bowen, the new radar had to operate at much shorter wavelengths in order to limit the antenna sizes to something that could be practically fit on an aeroplane. After considerable experimentation, the team settled on a set working at 4ft 11in wavelength, about 193 MHz in the VHF band.
In early experiments with the new set, the team found that detection of other aircraft was problematic due to their target's relatively small size, but especially due to reflections off the ground. The latter caused a very strong signal that appeared to be at a range equal to the aircraft's current altitude, and everything beyond that was invisible in the resulting clutter. This meant that a typical night bombing run by German aircraft at 15,000 feet altitude would only become visible at that range, far less than the desired minimum of 5 miles (26,000 ft).
These same experiments demonstrated an unexpected side-effect. As the aircraft flew around over Bawdsey, which is located on the coast of the English Channel, the team found strong constant returns that they later realised were the cranes at the Harwich docks, miles away. Other smaller returns were quickly identified as boats in the Channel. These were being detected at ranges far beyond the maximum range against aircraft, in spite of the antennas not being designed for this role.
The potential of this discovery was not lost, and Robert Watson-Watt asked the team to demonstrate the concept in a real-world setting. A series of military exercises in the Channel in September 1937 provided a perfect test. On 3rd September the team's test aircraft, Avro Anson K6260, detected several Royal Navy ships in the Channel, and the next day repeated this performance in spite of almost completely overcast skies. Albert Percival Rowe of the Tizard Committee later commented that ''This, had they known, was the writing on the wall for the German Submarine Service''.
Information sourced from –
www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?ui...
Mantid defence:
» Stands tall, erect on all legs with antennae pointed in direction of threat for enhanced reflexes.
» Outspread wings and legs creates an impression of a larger lower body.
» Red lining pronounced around labrum gives an air of mystery.
» Folded spiked forelegs (raptoral legs) held tightly against head creates an impression of a larger upper body, is frightening.
» It doesn't spit fire :)
Egyptian democratic forces are continuing to press their demands for the resignation of the Supreme Military Council which has ruled the North African state since Feb. 11, 2011.
VH-YLF Giles G-202 c/n G2020002 - Day 2 Defence Force Air Show 4-5 October 2008. File: VH-YLF_YAMB_20081005_3246
Karen Durham-Aguilera (left), executive director, Arlington National Cemetery and Office of Army Cemeteries; Defence Minister of India Rajnath Singh (center); and U.S. Army Brig. Gen. Omar Jones IV (right), commanding general, U.S. Army Military District of Washington; walk through the Memorial Amphitheater at Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia, Dec. 18, 2019. Singh visited ANC to participate in an Armed Forces Full Honors Wreath-Laying Ceremony at the Tomb of the Unknown, as well as tour the Memorial Amphitheater Display Room and exchange gifts with Durham-Aguilera. (U.S. Army photo by Elizabeth Fraser / Arlington National Cemetery / released)
Defence Cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region
Rahul Roy-Chaudhury, Senior Fellow for South and Central Asian Defence, Strategy and Diplomacy, IISS
Sayyid Badr bin Hamad bin Hamoud Al Busaidi, Foreign Minister, Oman
Vikram Misri, Deputy National Security Advisor, India
Admiral John Aquilino, Commander, US Indo-Pacific Command
Sagala Ratnayaka, Chief of Staff to the President and National Security Advisor, President’s Office, Sri Lanka
Admiral Pierre Vandier, Chief of Staff, French Navy
25/07/2025 - The UK Secretary of State for Defence John Healey (r) arrives at Admiralty House for the AUKMIN meeting with The Hon. Richard Marles MP, Deputy Prime Minister of Australia (l). Picture by Rosie Hallam/MOD
The length of the defence walls of Jerusalem is 4,018 meters, their average height is 12 meters and the average thickness of walls is 2.5 meters. The walls also contain 34 watchtowers and 8 gates.
The walls of Jerusalem were built originally to protect the borders of the city against intrusions.
Solomon, King David's son, built the first temple in the city and also extended the city walls in order to protect the temple.
In the 16th century, during the reign of the Ottoman empire in the region, the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent decided to fully rebuild the city walls on the remains of the ancient walls. The construction lasted from 1535-1538 and these walls are the walls that exist today.
one section of the De-Fence Project installation on Water street. Sadly, much of the lower portions have been removed by the State Parks Department.
DA's Assistant Mart Murusalu with the photo stand:
historic submarines / ex RN minehunters / Afghanistan
photo by OWatts
Fighters from the Royal Air Force flew alongside their counterparts of the Indian Air Force last month. The joint flying Exercises were conducted in Indian airspace to hone interoperability. The UK and India continue to work together as natural partners. Photo courtesy: Indian Air Force. Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com/UKinIndia
French Defence minister Michele Alliot-Marie (4thL) attends a press conference with her counterparts of the "5+5" initiative after a meeting, 11 December 2006 in Paris. (FromL) Tunisian Defence minister Kamel Morjane, Malta Secretary of State Anthony Abela, Morocco's minister of Defense Abederrahmane Sbai, Mauritanian Defence minister Abederrahmane Dia El Hadj, Libyan general in charge of Defence relations Ahmed Mahmoud Ali Al Zwai and Algerian Defence secretary of state Ahmed Senhadji. AFP PHOTO JACK GUEZ..(Photo credit should read JACK GUEZ/AFP/Getty Images)
giardino, Orto Botanico Cagliari
ph. Datura
Il libro di Draco Daatson - Parte XXIII
Io ardo ma non brucio, io non mi consumo, perché io sono la Vita stessa. Si può perdere qualcosa che si ha, non qualcosa che si è.
Quando l’Eterno tracciò un cerchio sulla superficie dell’Abisso, io ne ero già il centro.
Salvatore Brizzi
British Ambassador Leigh Turner speaking at the graduation ceremony of the Operational Strategic Course of the National Defence University.
At the back is Mr Yezhel, Ukrainian Defence Minister.
Photo: Courtesy of the Press Office of the National Defence University.