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Once part of the North Yorkshire World War Two Coastal Defences around Cayton Bay, the remains of Anti-tank Obstacles moved from their original position, possibly blocking a track leading off the beach at Johnny Flinton's Harbour to the nearby road at the top of Killerby Cliff, a line of about twelve 3ft x 3ft concrete blocks with vertical rails, now scattered around and are in a poor condition.
The Anti-tank Block can often be found in a range of dimensions, but blocks built with sides measuring 3ft 6in and 5ft are most commonly found. Orders issued on 9th June 1940 that recommended blocks with sides up to 3ft were deployed to counter tanks weighing up to 9 tons and 5ft blocks used where heavier tanks, possibly up to 70 tons, could be embarked from landing craft, beaches specifically. Where possible, scrap metal was to be used to reinforce these cubes. A foundation depth of 2ft was recommended by the War Office (1940). You will often find Anti-tank Blocks constructed on a ‘raft’ foundation, with multiple blocks cast into the same foundation. Anti-tank Blocks can be found either cast face to face or corner to corner, often in depth with two lines of off-set blocks being quite common. Anti-tank blocks will often be constructed on a ‘raft’ foundation, ensuring the blocks are less susceptible to shifting sand and ensure integrity of the obstacle.
Anti-tank Blocks were the only obstacles specifically recommended by the War Department until August 1940. Following the testing of Anti-tank Obstacles, orders were issued on 19th August 1940, outlining that blocks of 3ft 6in or more were to be discontinued in favour of smaller cubes deployed in greater depth. The intention being to belly any tank that attempted to cross the obstacle.
Sourced from:
Fort Henry, from which King George VI, Winston Churchill, Dwight D Eisenhower and Montgomery watched live fire exercises in preperation for the D Day landings.
Landguard Fort is a fort at the mouth of the River Orwell outside Felixstowe, Suffolk, designed to guard the mouth of the river.
In 1667, the Dutch, landed a force of 2,000 men on Felixstowe beach in front of (what is now called) Undercliff Road East and advanced on to the fort, but were repulsed by Nathaniel Darrel and his garrison of 400 musketeers of the Duke of York & Albany's Maritime Regiment (the first Royal Marines).
This was the last opposed invasion of England.
The Fort has been rebuilt and remodelled many times and after a long and fascinating history is now owned by English Heritage.
Original visit photos from 2013 – www.flickr.com/photos/139375961@N08/shares/9QptB12vKi
– Coastal Defence/chain Home Low Station M136 –
The site of a Coastal Defence/Chain Home Low (CD/CHL) Radar Station at Pakefield. It was built by the British Army to monitor shipping and aircraft during World War II. CD/CHL sites opened from 1941 and comprised either a Nissen hut or brick/concrete operations block with an aerial gantry mounted on the roof and a separate standby set house for the reserve power.
Staff were billeted where possible, but some stations had a small layout of domestic hutting situated within one mile of the site. The station closed by December 1942 and by 1978 the site was used for quarrying. Aerial photography from 1978 shows that the site was a quarry and its associated buildings. It is unclear if any of these buildings were originally part of the radar stations.
Chain Home Low (CHL) was the name of a British early warning radar system operated by the RAF during World War II. The name refers to CHL's ability to detect aircraft flying at altitudes below the capabilities of the original Chain Home (CH) radars, where most CHL radars were co-located. CHL could reliably detect aircraft flying as low as 500 feet. The official name was AMES Type 2, referring to the Air Ministry Experimental Station at Bawdsey Manor where it was developed, but this name was almost never used in practice.
The system had originally been developed by the British Army's research group, also based at Bawdsey, as a system for detecting enemy shipping in the English Channel. It was built using the electronics being developed for the aircraft interception radar systems, which worked on the 1.5 m band. This high frequency (200 MHz), for the era, allowed it to use smaller antennas that could be swung back and forth to look for returns, in contrast to the enormous fixed antennas of the 6.7 m wavelength (45 MHz) Chain Home system.
When the war began, the Luftwaffe began mine-laying missions where the bomber aircraft would fly almost all of their mission at low altitude. Chain Home could only see targets above 1.5 degrees over the horizon, so these aircraft only became visible at short range. Robert Watson Watt seized several dozen of the Coastal Defense (CD) systems that were in final construction and installed them at CH stations and key locations along the seashore to fill this critical gap in the coverage.
CHL remained an important part of the Chain network for the rest of the war, and was retained in the post-war era until it was replaced during the ROTOR upgrades by the AMES Type 80. The electronics, notably the high-power transmitter, was also re-used in a number of other systems, including the AMES Type 7.
CHL traces its origins to early experiments with aircraft interception radar systems in 1936. These were developed as a short-range radar that would be used to close the gap between Chain Home's (CH) approximate 5 miles accuracy and the visual range of a night fighter pilot at about 1,000 yards. Developed by a team at Bawdsey Manor led by ''Taffy'' Bowen, the new radar had to operate at much shorter wavelengths in order to limit the antenna sizes to something that could be practically fit on an aeroplane. After considerable experimentation, the team settled on a set working at 4ft 11in wavelength, about 193 MHz in the VHF band.
In early experiments with the new set, the team found that detection of other aircraft was problematic due to their target's relatively small size, but especially due to reflections off the ground. The latter caused a very strong signal that appeared to be at a range equal to the aircraft's current altitude, and everything beyond that was invisible in the resulting clutter. This meant that a typical night bombing run by German aircraft at 15,000 feet altitude would only become visible at that range, far less than the desired minimum of 5 miles (26,000 ft).
These same experiments demonstrated an unexpected side-effect. As the aircraft flew around over Bawdsey, which is located on the coast of the English Channel, the team found strong constant returns that they later realised were the cranes at the Harwich docks, miles away. Other smaller returns were quickly identified as boats in the Channel. These were being detected at ranges far beyond the maximum range against aircraft, in spite of the antennas not being designed for this role.
The potential of this discovery was not lost, and Robert Watson-Watt asked the team to demonstrate the concept in a real-world setting. A series of military exercises in the Channel in September 1937 provided a perfect test. On 3rd September the team's test aircraft, Avro Anson K6260, detected several Royal Navy ships in the Channel, and the next day repeated this performance in spite of almost completely overcast skies. Albert Percival Rowe of the Tizard Committee later commented that ''This, had they known, was the writing on the wall for the German Submarine Service''.
Information sourced from –
www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?ui...
CII organised an interactive session with Shri Manohar Parrikar, Hon’ble Raksha Mantri on 19 February 2015 at JW Marriott Hotel Bengaluru. Objective of the session was to share perspectives of various stakeholders including Indian Offset Partners, Indian Production Agencies and Foreign OEMs on ‘How to leverage the Indian Defence Offsets to strengthen the Indian Defence Manufacturing’ with the Hon’ble Defence Minister. Over 300 CEOs from Indian and Foreign Companies participated in the Session.
Inchkeith 19th and 20th Century Defences
A range of defences and coastal batteries from 19th and 20th Century.
Permission is needed to land on Inchkeith, this visit was an organised visit with permission.
It was a very wet day so there are raindrops on the lens in some images. Also obviously very dark inside magazines etc.
Site Type BUILDING(S) (20TH CENTURY), HUT(S) (20TH CENTURY), MILITARY INSTALLATION (SECOND WORLD WAR), MILITARY INSTALLATION(S) (19-20TH CENTURY), MILITARY INSTALLATION (FIRST WORLD WAR), NISSEN HUT(S) (20TH CENTURY)
Canmore ID 52871
Site Number NT28SE 5
NGR NT 2944 8245
Council FIFE
Parish KINGHORN
Former Region FIFE
Former District KIRKCALDY
Former County FIFE
Downstream extent of the flood defence. A speed ramp is to be constructed in the road which will house a hydraulic flood barrier which can be raised when required. This will tie into the higher ground level on the opposite side of the road. A control kiosk will be constructed at the junction with Cardiff Lane to operated the barrier and close off the junction using the existing traffic lights. Roads further downstream will still flood during a tidal event however the buildings in this area have been recently developed and are constructed at a height to prevent internal flooding.