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He is the head of the Siddi Chowk at Haji Malang and his ancestors were Siddis African migrants who settled in India centuries back.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Siddi, Siddhi, or Sheedi (Urdu: شیدی ; Hindi, Marathi, Konkani: सिद्दी or शीदि/ಸಿದ್ಧಿ; Sindhi: شيدي; Gujarati: સીદી; Kannada: ಸಿದ್ಧಿಗಳು), also known as Habshi, are an ethnic group in the Indian subcontinent mainly in India and Pakistan. The Siddi population is currently estimated to be 20,000–55,000, with Gujarat and Hyderabad in India and Makran and Karachi in Pakistan as the main population centres.[1] Siddis are mainly Sufi Muslims, although some are Hindus and some Roman Catholic Christians.[2]
There are conflicting hypotheses on the origin of the name Siddi. One theory is that the word was a term of respect in North Africa, similar to the word sahib in modern India and Pakistan.[citation needed] A second theory is that the term Siddi is derived from the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to India. These captains were known as Sayyid.[3]
Similarly, another term for Siddis, habshi (from Al-Habsh, the Arabic term for Abyssinia), is held to be derived from the common name for the captains of the Ethiopian/Abyssinian ships that also first delivered Siddi slaves to the subcontinent.[4] The term eventually came to be applied to other Africans and not only to emancipated Siddis. In time, it came to be used to refer to their descendants as well. It is sometimes pronounced "Hafsi" and is considered an insult.[5]
Siddis are also sometimes referred to as Afro-Indians.[6][7][8] Siddis were referred to as Zanji by Arabs; in China, various transcriptions of this Arabic word were used, including Xinji (辛吉) and Jinzhi (津芝).[9][10][11][12]
[edit]History
The first Siddis are thought to have arrived in India in 628 AD at the Bharuch port. Several others followed with the first Arab Islamic invasions of the subcontinent in 712 AD.[14] The latter group are believed to have been soldiers with Muhammad bin Qasim's Arab army, and were called Zanjis.
Most Siddis, however, are believed to be the descendants of slaves, sailors, servants and merchants from East Africa who arrived and became resident in the subcontinent during the 1200-1900 AD period.[15] A large influx of Siddis to the region occurred in the 17th century when Portuguese slave traders sold a number of them to local princes.[citation needed]
Flag of the Siddis from Murud-Janjira an important vassal of the Mughal Empire.
In Western India (the modern Indian states of Gujarat and Maharashtra), the Siddi gained a reputation for physical strength and loyalty, and were sought out as mercenaries by local rulers, and as domestic servants and farm labor.[citation needed] Some Siddis escaped slavery to establish communities in forested areas, and some even established small Siddi principalities on Janjira Island and at Jaffrabad as early as the twelfth century. A former alternative name of Janjira was Habshan (i.e., land of the Habshis). In the Delhi Sultanate period prior to the rise of the Mughals in India, Jamal-ud-Din Yaqut was a prominent Siddi slave-turned-nobleman who was a close confidant of Razia Sultana (1205–1240 CE). Although this is disputed, he may also have been her lover.[16]
As a power centre, Siddis were sometimes allied with the Mughal Empire in its power-struggle with the Maratha Confederacy.[citation needed] However, Malik Ambar, a prominent Siddi figure in Indian history at large, is sometimes regarded as the "military guru of the Marathas", and was deeply allied with them.[17] He established the town of Khirki which later became the modern city of Aurangabad, and helped establish the Marathas as a major force in the Deccan. Later, the Marathas adapted Siddi guerrilla warfare tactics to grow their power and ultimately demolish the Mughal empire.[17] Some accounts describe the Mughal emperor Jahangir as obsessed by Ambar due to the Mughal empire's consistent failures in crushing him and his Maratha cavalry, describing him derogatorily as "the black faced" and "the ill-starred" in the royal chronicles and even having a painting commissioned that showed Jahangir killing Ambar, a fantasy which was never realised in reality.[18]
Most Siddis are descended from Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa that were brought by the Portuguese.[19] While most of these migrants became Muslim and a small minority became Christian, very few became Hindu since they could not find themselves a position in the traditional Hindu caste hierarchy.[20]
Siddis of Gujarat
Siddi Folk Dancers, at Devaliya Naka, Sasan Gir, Gujarat.
Supposedly presented as slaves by the Portuguese to the local Prince, Nawab of Junagadh, the Siddis also live around Gir Forest National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary, the last refuge in the world of the almost extinct Asiatic Lions, in Junagadh a district of the state of Gujarat, India.[21]
On the way to Deva-dungar is the quaint village of Sirvan, inhabited entirely by Siddis, a tribe of African people. They were brought 300 years ago from Africa, by the Portuguese for the Nawab of Junagadh. Today, they follow very few of their original customs, with a few exceptions like the traditional Dhamal dance.[22]
Although Gujarati Siddis have adopted the language and many customs of their surrounding populations, some African traditions have been preserved. These include the Goma music and dance form, which is sometimes called Dhamaal (Gujarati: ધમાલ, fun).[23] The term is believed to be derived from the Ngoma drumming and dance forms of Bantu East Africa.[23] The Goma also has a spiritual significance and, at the climax of the dance, some dancers are believed to be vehicles for the presence of Siddi saints of the past.[24]
[edit]Siddis of Karnataka
Siddi Girl from Yellapur District, Karnataka, India.
Main article: Siddis of Karnataka
The Siddis of Karnataka (Kannada: ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದ ಸಿದ್ಧಿಗಳು) (also spelled Siddhis) are an ethnic group of mainly Bantu descent that has made Karnataka their home for the last 400 years.[19] There is a 50,000 strong Siddhi population across India, of which more than a third live in Karnataka. In Karnataka, they are concentrated around Yellapur, Haliyal, Ankola, Joida, Mundgod and Sirsi taluks of Uttara Kannada and in Khanapur of Belgaum and Kalghatgi of Dharwad district. Many members of the Siddis community of Karnataka had migrated to Pakistan after independence and have settled in Karachi, Sindh. The majority of the Siddhis in Karnataka are descendants of Siddhi slaves who were brought from East Africa (mostly Mozambique) and Ethiopia to Goa by the Portuguese, British and the Arabs between the 16th and 19th centuries. During the Goan Inquisition, some of these slaves were freed and some escaped into the forests of the neighbouring Karnataka state. It has been reported that these Siddis believe that Barack Obama shares their genepool and that they wanted to gift a bottle of honey to him on his visit to India in 2010.[25]
[edit]Siddis of Hyderabad, India
In the 18th century, a Siddi community was established in Hyderabad State by the Arab Siddi diaspora, who would frequently serve as cavalry guards of the Asif Jahi Nizam's irregular army. The Asif Jahi Nizams patronized them with rewards and the traditional Marfa music gained popularity and would be performed during official celebrations and ceremonies.[26][27][28] The Siddis of Hyderabad have traditionally resided in the A.C. Guards (African Cavalry Guards) area near Masjid Rahmania, known locally as Siddi Risala.
Charlie en el Área Recreativa de Monte Deva, en Gijón. 7 de septiembre de 2015.
©Todos los derechos reservados. www.asturmontes.com
The following series is the last from the October 2014 trip around China with Doug.
I'll break Leshan and the Buddha park into two separate sets. They feel like separate entities, anyway, though they share the same area. I was most amused at the admission price: The Oriental Buddha Capital (Park) charges 80 RMB admission. The Leshan Buddha (by far, the more known of the attractions) is 90 RMB. Now normally, there's some sort of incentive for buying tickets to both...usually a discount, even if it's a pittance. So, how much for both of these? Yep...170 RMB. Well-done, China tourism. :-)
This series focuses primarily on the Giant Buddha ("Dafo" in Chinese), but also has a few shots of the area that you can only see with admission to the Giant Buddha section of the park.
Getting to Leshan is very easy from Chengdu; it's a 2-2.5 hour bus ride southwest of town and, I think, this is considered southern Sichuan province. I would still say doing Leshan and Emeishan on the same trip is fine -- if you have 2-3 days. Otherwise, treat them separately. Leshan can be done in a day, but Emeishan would need at least two (and more, if you're hiking to the peak).
There used to be some controversy over this being the largest (or tallest, if not largest) Buddha statue in the world, along with the Buddhas at Bamiyan, Afghanistan. Then the Taliban happened...destroyed the Bamiyan Buddhas, and all doubt is removed. Here's to hoping they never reach this corner of the world. (And here's to hoping their zealotry doesn't go on destroying history that belongs to the world.)
Some basic details about the Grand Buddha:
1. It's 71 m. (223 ft) tall.
2. Carved from a cliff face at the confluence of the Minjiang, Dadu, and Qingyi Rivers. (The hope was that a giant Buddha would calm the otherwise turbulent waters. Well...as they removed stones from the cliff face and dumped them in the river, guess what? River calm, problem solved. And strength in Buddha very much reaffirmed.)
3. Construction was begun in 713 AD by Haitong, a Chinese monk. Funding became an issue, though, and construction wasn't completed until 803 AD by Haitong's disciples (after finally having found a sponsor to pay for it).
4. When it was carved, there was also a 13 story stone structure built to protect Buddha from the rain and sunshine. That particular structure was sacked by the Mongols at the end of the Yuan Dynasty (~1250-1350 AD) and, since then, Buddha has been exposed to the elements.
5. As you can see from the pictures, Buddha looks dirty. This is a result of weathering and pollution, local development run amok, and the swarms of tourists. (The Chinese government is certainly aware of this and has promised to do something about it. We'll see...)
6. I don't have much in the way of specific dimensions or details (other than the height), but can say that quite a few people -- possibly ten or so -- could easily sit on Buddha's large toenail.
Now...my personal experience with this Buddha: I will happily say that this -- like the Terra Cotta Warriors in Xi'an -- is something that everyone should see...and also that once is more than enough. (I'll return here, but only if someone is visiting, and I'm playing tour guide.)
As you stand at the Buddha's head, you queue in a fashion similar to an amusement park ride. Then, everyone is funneled down a stairway to Buddha's right. This is a very, very slow-moving affair as most tourists in this country seem unaware that anyone else exists and movement grinds to a halt...almost constantly. I think it took over two hours to descend roughly 200 feet of stairs. That alone is not pleasant at all. (I would, however, do a boat tour of this, just for the slightly different perspective, though you would then be jostling for deck space with tourists. Doesn't seem to be a good scenario here, unless they start regulating the number of tourists or figuring out how to move lines along.
At any rate, I hope you enjoy these last two collections from October 2014.
As I wasn't alone on this trip (very rare for me), you're also welcome to visit my good friend Doug's pictures for a different perspective. His sites are:
www.dougmcmillen.com/ (Access the China pics under his 'Travels' heading.)
A police attack vehicle in front of the castle in Deva, Transylvania, Romania. We visited the town and the castle in August 2013, after a hiking trip in the nearby mountains.
Rendőrségi rohamkocsi Déva vára alatt Erdélyben, nyilván a szomszédos stadion miatt - 2013. augusztusban néztük meg a várat és a várost hegymászó túránkat követően.
Charlie en el Área Recreativa de Monte Deva, en Gijón. 7 de septiembre de 2015.
©Todos los derechos reservados. www.asturmontes.com