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Sheffield City Centre. Constructed between 1890 & 1897, the Town Hall was designed by Edward W Mountford. It is grade 1 listed.
City of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, North East England - Town Hall. Peace Gardens, Pinstone Street / Norfolk Street
December 2024
La construction du pont Monty, à Vaucelles, en 8 jours par la 20th Field Coy du 10th Field Park Coy de la 1st Canadian Army Troops Engineers, RCE.
Le Monty's Bridge en montage avec son nez de lancement, remarquer les deux massifs en béton et les deux piles en échafaudages métalliques (des caissons Christchurch Cribs, nom officiel " Bridging Crib 20 ton").
Développé dans l'entre-deux guerres, le Christchurch Crib est faussement simple mais incroyablement utile. C'est une construction en acier squelettique utilisée comme une sorte de bloc de construction Lego pour former des supports de pont, des culées et d'autres dispositifs.
En arrière-plan, au centre le garage Peugeot rue du 11 Novembre, à droite l'Hôtel de Commandement (en fait depuis 1935 l'Intendance Militaire) et tout à gauche les ruines de la caserne Hamelin (en 1940 un centre de recrutement et de préparation militaire).
Photo référence PA-169327
collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction...(collectionscanada.gc.ca/lac-bac/result/arch.php?FormName=...)
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Construction de l'ensemble immobilier Le Go comprenant 50 logements ainsi que deux niveaux de sous-sol avec stationnements dans la ZAC Nancy Grand Coeur.
Pays : France 🇫🇷
Région : Grand Est (Lorraine)
Département : Meurthe-et-Moselle (54)
Ville : Nancy (54000)
Quartier : Nancy Centre
Adresse : boulevard de l'Insurrection du Ghetto de Varsovie
Fonction : Logements
Construction : 2022 → 2024
► Architecte : Lucien Colin
► Gros œuvre : Marcel Leclerc
PC n° 54 395 20 R0041 délivré le 03/12/2020
Niveaux : R+7
Hauteur : 23,00 m
Surface de plancher : 2 935 m²
Superficie du terrain : 1 012 m²
Construction : 1538 à 1546
Style : Renaissance
Propriétaire initial : Antoine III de Clermont
Architecte : Sebastiano Serlio
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15 to collect, 3 rare, 12 commons
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First drafts for a bridge connecting the two cities of Remscheid and Solingen go back as far as 1889. Preparatory work began in 1893, the bridge was finished in 1897.
The six support columns have a maximum height of 69 meters. In the middle of the structure, the main arc has a span of 170 meters. The overall length of the structure is 465 meters.
A total of 5,000 tons of steel were used in its construction. 950,000 rivets hold the structure together. During construction, a number of advanced building techniques were used.
Anton von Rieppel (1852 – 31 January 1926), an architect and engineer, was in charge of the project. A memorial plaque at the foot of the bridge reminds one of his efforts.
Originally, the bridge was planned to be single-track. However, high future traffic growth projections led to the redesign as a dual-track bridge. Before its opening, the rail distance between the cities of Remscheid and Solingen was 42 kilometers. With a direct connection via the bridge, this distance shrank to 8 kilometers.
The bridge was a masterpiece of Victorian-era engineering. For its time, it was a highly sophisticated structure. It astonished the local population, many of whom had had little exposure to such state-of-the-art engineering work.
Very quickly, urban legends began to spread.
Some of these unfounded “tall tales”, (which are sometimes repeated to this day), are:
-Allegedly, the last rivet fastened in the bridge was made of pure gold.
-Allegedly, due to computational errors made by von Rieppel, the architect, half of the bridge had to be demolished since the two simultaneously built halves did not fit together.
- Allegedly, von Rieppel threw himself off the bridge and died in the fall.
Of course, there is no truth in any of these stories. The bridge was constructed as planned; von Rieppel’s complex calculations, (all carried out without the aid of computers or arithmetic aids), were correct – he died about 30 years later after an unrelated illness.
What might be true are rumours about Emperor Wilhelm II's boycott of the inauguration ceremony. According to legend, the Emperor was annoyed that such a state-of-art structure was named after his grandfather, Wilhelm I, not after himself. He therefore decided not to attend the celebrations in person.
What is true is that the bridge has attracted an unknown, but large number of suicides during its more than 100-year existence.
The Prussian Parliament approved the 5 million Marks required to build the bridge in 1890.
The first breaking of the earth was on 26 February 1894. A total of 1,400 kilograms (3,100 lb) of dynamite and 1,600 kilograms (3,500 lb) of black powder were needed during construction.
The bridge's official inauguration celebration took place on 15 July 1897. Emperor Wilhelm II did not attend the ceremony in person. Prince Friedrich Leopold of Prussia attended the festivities instead. Emperor Wilhelm II visited the bridge two years later, on 12 August 1899.
Travel to India - March - April 2025 - Day 12 - Taj Mahal, Agra & Fort Rouge
Aujourd'hui, Le point culminant de notre voyage nous attend ensuite : le Taj Mahal, celebre dans le monde entier, egalement inscrit au patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO et classe 8eme merveille du monde. Environ 20000 ouvriers ont travaille pendant 22 ans a la construction de l'edifice en marbre blanc. Ensuite, nous decouvrons le Fort Rouge d'Agra, qui a ete construit sous trois regnes des Grands Moghols. Le Grand Moghol Shah Jahan, qui a egalement fait construire le Taj Mahal a portee de vue du fort, a largement contribue a la construction de cet immense edifice. Nous decouvrons ensuite le Fort Rouge d'Agra, qui a ete construit sous trois regnes des Grands Moghols. Le Grand Moghol Shah Jahan, qui a egalement fait construire le Taj Mahal a portee de vue du fort, a largement contribue a la construction de cet immense edifice. Le Fort Rouge est egalement inscrit au patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO. L'apres-midi, nous reprenons la route pour Delhi, ou nous terminons la soiree dans notre hotel 4 etoiles.
Construction d'un bâtiment commercial à Fléville-devant-Nancy.
Pays : France 🇫🇷
Région : Grand Est (Lorraine)
Département : Meurthe-et-Moselle (54)
Ville : Fléville-devant-Nancy (54710)
Adresse : rue Jacqueline Auriol
Fonction : Commerce
Construction : 2021
► Architecte : cabinet PGARchitecture SAS
► PC n° 54 197 19 N0005 délivré le 04/03/2020
► PC modificatif n° 54 197 19 N0005 M01 délivré le 09/07/2020
Hauteur : 10.00 m
Surface de plancher : 611.50 m²
Surface du terrain : 2 578 m²
Single Raw HDR of the Tokyo International Forum at Marunouchi in Tokyo, Japan
Only managed to snap a few quick images~ hope to spend more time there!
Feel free to leave a comment!
para un juego de no-representaciones... no-representativo... im-presentable!
# # #
for a game of non-representations ... non-representative ... un-presentable!
La construction de la cathédrale Santa Maria de Lugo fut décidée en 1129 après que l'édifice précédent menaça ruine. La nef et le transept romans datent de cette première campagne de construction. Au XIVe sont ajoutés chapelles et déambulatoire de style gothique. Enfin, de 1763 à 1772 est terminée la façade occidentale baroque, une allégorie de la Foi est entourée des statues des quatre évangélistes. Les deux tours datent de la fin du XIXe. La Torre vieja est un ajout gothique du VIe siècle.
Santa Maria a été élevée au rang de basilique mineure en 1896 et elle est le siège de l'évêché de Lugo.
Workers are building the extension of the 7 subway line to 34th Street and Eleventh Avenue. This photo shows the progress as of June 14, 2011. Current terminus of the 7 line from the TBM receiving chamber. Photo by Metropolitan Transportation Authority / Patrick Cashin.
Construction d'un immeuble de bureaux aux portes de l'agglomération comprenant 5 niveaux de parkings et 3 niveaux de bureaux.
Pays : France 🇫🇷
Région : Grand Est (Lorraine)
Département : Meurthe-et-Moselle (54)
Ville : Laxou (54520)
Quartier : Sapinière
Adresse : 31, avenue de la Résistance
Fonction : Bureaux
Construction : 2017 → 2018
• Gros œuvre : IDEA Construction
Niveaux : R+3
Hauteur : ≈12.00 m
Grade II* listed historic building constructed originally in 1744 as the Masonic Temple. Front was altered in 1908.
"Lincoln is a cathedral city and county town of Lincolnshire in the East Midlands of England. The non-metropolitan district of Lincoln had a 2012 population of 94,600. The 2011 census gave the urban area of Lincoln, which includes North Hykeham and Waddington, a population of 130,200. Roman Lindum Colonia developed from an Iron Age settlement on the River Witham. The city's landmarks include Lincoln Cathedral, an example of English Gothic architecture and the tallest building in the world for over 200 years, and the 11th-century Norman Lincoln Castle. The city is home to the University of Lincoln and Bishop Grosseteste University, and to Lincoln City FC and Lincoln United FC." - info from Wikipedia.
Summer 2019 I did a solo cycling tour across Europe through 12 countries over the course of 3 months. I began my adventure in Edinburgh, Scotland and finished in Florence, Italy cycling 8,816 km. During my trip I took 47,000 photos.
Now on Instagram.
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From dnr.state.il.us/lands/landmgt/parks/r4/siloamsp.htm
Originally part of the "military tract" of western Illinois (land set aside to be given to combat veterans), the area was acquired in 1852 by George Meyers for his service in the Black Hawk and Mexican wars. He died in 1882 at the age of 102. Legend has it that spring water in the area had a medicinal effect, thus the name Siloam Springs from a Biblical reference, so-called by the Rev. Reuben K. McCoy, who had discovered the springs following the Civil War.
After Meyers' death, Quincy Burgesser, a local businessman and stock dealer, became aware of the springs and their "curative value." He had the water analyzed and discovered it had more "strength" (a higher mineral content) than water from the famous Eureka and Waukesha springs.
Burgesser touted the water's ability to cure almost all ailments, even drunkenness and drug addiction. By 1884 he had erected two spring houses, a bathing house and the Siloam Forest Home Hotel, and the area became a popular and fashionable resort. Water from the No. 2 spring was bottled and distributed as far west as Kansas City and bottling became a flourishing business for several decades.
In 1935, the Siloam Springs Recreation Club purchased the site in an effort to restore it and provide a place of recreation for the local population. Citizens of Adams and Brown counties raised money to match state funds and by 1940 an agreement was reached to make it a state recreation area. Eventually, the old hotel and bath houses were torn down, the swimming pool abandoned and the springs no longer were used. The No. 2 spring house was rebuilt in 1995 and contains the most popular spring.
In 1954 and 1955, an earthen dam was constructed across a deep ravine and the 58-acre lake was created. In 1956 Siloam Springs was dedicated as a state park, and efforts began to develop its recreational facilities.
Thanks for the visit and have a great day!
Facebook page: www.facebook.com/TigerImagery
The country road continues to the next layout section and had to be constructed in a way that would allow me to dismantle the layout sections for moving without destroying the finished scenery. First I build the country road using two sets of 4% Inclines stacked so my 8% grade could climb 2 inches in 2 feet. In scale terms, my road climbs a scale 26 1/2 feet in 320 scale feet in order to climb over my Westbound staging yard throat and obscure the unrealistic (but necessary for operation) staging loops hidden under the Eastbound staging yard. In real life extensive underground trackage is not built out in the middle of the Great Plains of New Mexico. The Highway Overpass Trick is often used my modelers to hide such installations.
After the road was built and partly paved, I added Styrofoam boards to form a left, right, and rear perimeter to contain the paper wads that will support the plaster cloth that forms the hilltop. As you can see, the original Asphalt color of pavement is way too black as applied and had to be modified.
My travels around the UK by car for three weeks with my son. June/July 2019 Wales.
Day Nine .. A Stop at Caernarfon making our way to Hirael where we are staying the night.
Caernarfon is a royal town, community, and port in Gwynedd, Wales.
Gwynedd’s county town, home to Wales’s most famous castle, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Mighty Caernarfon Castle commands the lion’s share of attention, but the town’s narrow streets and stylishly redeveloped waterfront also merit a visit. The castle, built in the 13th century by Edward I as a royal palace and military fortress, was at the core of a medieval walled town. The Romans left their mark too – 1000 years earlier they constructed their fort of Segontium on the hill above (its foundations still exist). Other attractions include Welsh Highland Railway (which runs for 25 miles to Porthmadog), Hwylfan Fun Centre, Redline Indoor Karting and the scenic Lôn Eifion recreational cycle route. Waterside Doc Fictoria is home to Galeri (contemporary arts complex with theatre and cinema). The Caernarfon Record Office has archives of Gwynedd (documents, images, maps and newspapers) stretching back 400 years. Cae’r Gors at nearby Rhosgadfan was home of Kate Roberts, one of Wales’s most celebrated writers.
For More Info: www.visitsnowdonia.info/caernarfon
Leyland constructer Q131 SES tow truck build date unknown in the livery of Dundee corporation seen at the Horsham bus rally Hop oast park and ride
Construction du nouveau Palais de Justice de Paris.
Pays : France 🇫🇷
Région : Île-de-France
Département : Paris (75)
Ville : Paris (75000)
Quartier : 17ᵉ arrondissement
Adresse : 9, avenue de la Porte de Clichy
Fonction : Administration
Construction : 2014 → 2017
• Architecte : Renzo Piano
• Gros œuvre : Bouygues Bâtiment
Niveaux : R+41
Hauteur : 160.00 m
SHON : 104 100 m²
Surface du terrain : 17 547 m²
Alexander Harmer
Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá
Did the Native Americans have the opton not to participate in this labor?
Background:
Mission Era Drawings of A.B Dodge and Alexander Harmer
This gallery presents fifteen original drawings commemorating seminal mission events. These were rendered in the early 1900s.
In the years before photographic images became widely available, books and magazines (like Gleason's Pictorials) relied on drawings and paintings to capture the likeness of important people and to depict events. Lithographs, images made on a form of printing press, were common. Even with the advent of photography in the 19th century, artistic renderings remained the primary means of communicating the look and feel of places that had long disappeared or events that could only be recorded or recreated by a drawing or painting.
When Fr. Zephyrin Engelhardt, the Franciscan scholar and historian, published his seminal work The Missions and Missionaries of California, he included drawings done by A.B. Dodge and Alexander Harmer, two accomplished California artists known for their realistic rendering. Their sketches cover a broad range of mission era events, from the founding of the first mission in San Diego in 1769 to the raising of the United States Flag in Monterey in 1846. There are scenes of everyday life; settlers returning from church, for example, and an Indian on a caretta.
Both artists researched and drew Mission churches that had disappeared in the last half of the 19th century. While the artists' styles were noticeably different (Harmer's drawing are darker and have more detail) both men had a keen eye and exceptional talent. Harmer sometimes put his name on a drawing, at other times he put a logo at the bottom.
The California Missions Resource Center maintains a collection of the colorized versions of these 42 historic drawings.
www.missionscalifornia.com/content/mission-era-drawings-a...
#construction #heavyduty #business #mgiconstruction #build #heavyequipment #constructinghistory #mgicorp
Le bois de Boulogne, situé à l'Ouest de Paris auquel il appartient, depuis qu'il a été détaché au milieu du XIXe siècle de la ville de Boulogne-sur-Seine (auj. Boulogne-Billancourt), dont il a conservé le nom, est le dernier reste de la forêt de Rouvray, qui s'étendait jadis sur les plaines et les coteaux de la rive droite de la Seine, jusqu'à Saint-Ouen. Cette forêt fut longtemps repaire de vagabonds et de voleurs, et dans lequel les anciens rois firent des chasses splendides. Appelé bois de Saint-Cloud après le démembrement de cette antique forêt, il reçut sa dénomination actuelle au XIVe siècle, avec le petit hameau de Menus-lez-Saint-Cloud, - lorsque des pèlerins y construisirent une église consacrée à Notre-Dame de Boulogne-sur-Mer.
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Bois de Boulogne : le lac.
Le lac du bois de Boulogne.
Un grand nombre de souvenirs historiques se rattachent à cet endroit : l'Abbaye de Longchamps (Longchamp), dont il ne reste que quelques ruines et deux tourelles des bâtiments fondés en 1256 par Isabelle de France, soeur de saint Louis; la Croix Catelan, élevée (d'après un récit d'allure légendaire) par Philippe le Bel à l'endroit où fut assassiné Arnauld de Catalan, troubadour provençal, messager de la comtesse de Provence; le château de Madrid, édifié par François Il, au retour de sa captivité en Espagne, démoli en 1793, et dont il ne reste que quelques communs; le pavillon de Bagatelle, construit par la duchesse de Charolais et transformé par le comte d'Artois en Folie dont le délicieux parc était à certains jours ouvert aux Parisiens; le château de la Muette, que la duchesse de Berry, Louis XV et la Dubarry ont rendu célèbre; enfin le Ranelagh, bal favori des Muscadins et des dames de la nouvelle Athènes. Cruellement dévasté par l'invasion qui mit fin à l'épopée napoléonienne, le bois de Boulogne n'en devint pas moins, en 1830, le rendez-vous des Parisiens élégants. Il ne méritait guère cet honneur : sa végétation pauvre, ses routes droites, mal entretenues et sans horizons en faisaient une promenade indigne de la capitale de la France.
Par une loi du 25 juin 1852, l'Etat fut autorisé à céder le Bois de Boulogne à la ville de Paris, à la charge par elle d'y faire les travaux qui ont complètement changé sa physionomie en le transformant en un vaste parc paysager, et de subvenir à toutes les dépenses de surveillance et d'entretien. Les plans furent tracés, d'après les indications de l'Empereur lui-même, par Varé, architecte paysagiste, et achevés par Barillet-Deschamps, jardinier en chef. Alphand, ingénieur des ponts et chaussées, a dirigé les travaux d'art. Les dépenses faites par la ville se sont élevées à plus de 4 millions de francs.
Cette métamorphose, entreprise dès 1853, commença par la création de deux lacs, dont le plus grand ne mesure pas moins de 19 hectares y compris les deux îles d'une superficie de 80 000 m². Avec les déblais provenant des fouilles, on forma la butte Mortemart d'où l'on découvre l'ensemble du Bois et de jolis points de vue sur les hauteurs qui dominent Paris. Pour donner un écoulement aux eaux du grand lac, on creusa le ruisseau de Longchamps, qui, après avoir serpenté sous bois, va former la cascade de la Mare aux biches et vient se perdre dans un réservoir de 8000 m², qui alimente la grande cascade. Un autre ruisseau alimenta les mares d'Armenonville, de Neuilly et de Madrid. L'approvisionnement d'eau des lacs, cascades et ruisseaux fut assuré par une conduite d'amenée des eaux de l'Ourcq et par le puits artésien de Passy, terminé en 1864, qui fournissait environ 10000 mètres cubes d'eau par vingt-quatre heures. Les eaux de la Seine, levées par les machines de Chaillot, servirent à l'arrosage des parties hautes du Bois.
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La cascade du bois de Boulogne.
Les travaux qui suivirent eurent pour objet de transformer la plupart des allées droites en routes sinueuses, empierrées pour les voitures, sablées pour les cavaliers, et en sentiers sous bois pour les piétons. De nos jours, ces allées sont envahies par des foules de cyclistes chaque dimanche. Enfin après avoir créé de vastes pelouses autour des lacs, on planta en grands arbres et en arbustes de choix les îles du grand lac, les nouvelles entrées du Bois et les abords des routes principales. De plus, pour la commodité des promeneurs, la ville de Paris repoussa jusqu'aux extrémités du Bois les portes d'octroi.
Dans ce renouvellement de la plus ancienne et de la plus fréquentée des grandes promenades de Paris, on a scrupuleusement respecté les souvenirs historiques qu'elle renferme : la croix Catelan, la tour et le moulin de Lonchamps qui furent restaurés avec soin. De gracieuses constructions furent élevées pour orner les différentes parties du Bois et l'on remarque l'heureux effet du kiosque et de l'exèdre des îles du grand lac, les pavillons d'habitation des gardes, les chalets-restaurants et le Pavillon chinois de l'Exposition universelle de 1878, donné par le maréchal de Mac-Mahon à la ville de Paris. Divers concessionnaires ont encore augmenté l'attrait du bois de Boulogne par la création de l'hippodrome de Longchamp (1854), pour les courses plates et de l'hippodrome l'Auteuil (1873), pour les courses d'obstacles. Le pré Catelan, autrefois exploité par une entreprise particulière, devint, avec son joli parc et ses élégantes constructions, un des endroits les plus goûtés du public. Les promeneurs se portèrent également très tôt au Jardin (zoologique) d'acclimation créé de 1858 à 1861 dans la partie Nord du bois, entre la porte des Sablons et celle de Neuilly, et qui dispose aujourd'hui d'un vaste espace destiné aux enfants.
La forme générale de ce jardin, parfaitement appropriée à sa destination qu'on lui faisait, est celle d'un vallon à pentes douces dont le centre est occupé par un petit cours d'eau qui, sur plusieurs points de son parcours, s'élargit en bassins et se perd dans un petit lac d'une forme gracieuse. Enfin, le Cercle des Patineurs, établi sur la pelouse de Madrid en 1865, afin de réunir tous les jeux du sport et présente un fort bel aspect quand la saison permet d'y donner les fêtes pour lesquelles il a été créé. La superficie du bois de Boulogne était, à l'époque de la cession, de 676 hectares, mais par suite d'acquisitions, d'échanges et de ventes de terrains, la surface a été portée au chiffre actuel de 873 hectares.
Erection of the framework for an addition being constructed to the La Crosse Convention Center in La Crosse, Wisconsin.
Varosha - Maras is the southern quarter of the Famagusta, a de jure territory of Cyprus, currently under the control of Northern Cyprus. Varosha has a population of 226 in the 2011 Northern Cyprus census. The area of Varosha is 6.19 km2 (2.39 sq mi).
The name of Varosha derives from the Turkish word varoş (Ottoman Turkish: واروش, 'suburb'). The place where Varosha is located now was empty fields in which animals grazed.
In the early 1970s, Famagusta was the number-one tourist destination in Cyprus. To cater to the increasing number of tourists, many new high-rise buildings and hotels were constructed. During its heyday, Varosha was not only the number-one tourist destination in Cyprus, but between 1970 and 1974, it was one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world and was a favorite destination of such celebrities as Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, Raquel Welch, and Brigitte Bardot.
Before 1974, Varosha was the modern tourist area of the Famagusta city. Its Greek Cypriot inhabitants fled during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974, when the city of Famagusta came under Turkish control, and it has remained abandoned ever since. In 1984 a U.N. resolution called for the handover of the city to UN control and said that only the original inhabitants, who were forced out, could resettle in the town.
Entry to part of Varosha was opened to civilians in 2017.
In August 1974, the Turkish Army advanced as far as the Green Line, a UN-patrolled demilitarized zone between the Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, and controlled and fenced Varosha. Just hours before the Greek Cypriot and Turkish armies met in combat on the streets of Famagusta, the entire Greek Cypriot population fled to Paralimni, Dherynia, and Larnaca, fearing a massacre. The evacuation was aided and orchestrated by the nearby British military base. Paralimni has since become the modern-day capital of the Famagusta province of Greek Cypriot-led Cyprus.
The Turkish Army has allowed the entry of only Turkish military and United Nations personnel since 2017.
One such settlement plan was the Annan Plan to reunify the island that provided for the return of Varosha to the original residents. But this was rejected by Greek Cypriots in a 2004 referendum. The UN Security Council Resolution 550 states that it "considers attempts to settle any part of Varosha by people other than its inhabitants as inadmissible and calls for the transfer of this area to the administration of the United Nations".
The European Court of Human Rights awarded between €100,000 and €8,000,000 to eight Greek Cypriots for being deprived of their homes and properties as a result of the 1974 invasion. The case was filed jointly by businessman Constantinos Lordos and others, with the principal judgement in the Lordos case dating back to November 2010. The court ruled that, in the case of eight of the applicants, Turkey had violated Article 1 of Protocol 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights on the right of peaceful enjoyment of one's possessions, and in the case of seven of the applicants, Turkey had violated Article 8 on the right to respect for private and family life.
In the absence of human habitation and maintenance, buildings continue to decay. Over time, parts of the city have begun to be reclaimed by nature as metal corrodes, windows are broken, and plants work their roots into the walls and pavement and grow wild in old window boxes. In 2014, the BBC reported that sea turtles were observed nesting on the beaches in the city.
During the Cyprus Missile Crisis (1997–1998), the Turkish Cypriot leader, Rauf Denktaş, threatened to take over Varosha if the Cypriot government did not back down.
The main features of Varosha included John F. Kennedy Avenue, a street which ran from close to the port of Famagusta, through Varosha and parallel to Glossa beach. Along JFK Avenue, there were many well known high rise hotels including the King George Hotel, The Asterias Hotel, The Grecian Hotel, The Florida Hotel, and The Argo Hotel which was the favourite hotel of Elizabeth Taylor. The Argo Hotel is located near the end of JFK Avenue, looking towards Protaras and Fig Tree Bay. Another major street in Varosha was Leonidas (Greek: Λεωνίδας), a major street that came off JFK Avenue and headed west towards Vienna Corner. Leonidas was a major shopping and leisure street in Varosha, consisting of bars, restaurants, nightclubs, and a Toyota car dealership.
According to Greek Cypriots, 425 plots exist on the Varosha beach front, which extends from the Contandia hotel to the Golden Sands hotel. The complete number of plots in Varosha are 6082.
There are 281 cases of Greek Cypriots who filed to the Immovable Property Commission (IPC) of Northern Cyprus for compensation.
In 2020, Greek Cypriot Demetrios Hadjihambis filed a lawsuit seeking state compensation for financial losses.
The population of Varosha was 226 in the 2011 Northern Cyprus census.
In 2017, Varosha's beach was opened for the exclusive use of Turks (both Turkish Cypriots and Turkish nationals).
In 2019, the Government of Northern Cyprus announced it would open Varosha to settlement. On 14 November 2019, Ersin Tatar, the prime minister of Northern Cyprus, announced that Northern Cyprus aims to open Varosha by the end of 2020.
On 25 July 2019, Varosha Inventory Commission of Northern Cyprus started its inventory analysis on the buildings and other infrastructure in Varosha.
On 9 December 2019, Ibrahim Benter, the Director-General of the Turkish Cypriot EVKAF religious foundation's administration, declared all of Maraş/Varosha to be the property of EVKAF. Benter said "EVKAF can sign renting contracts with Greek Cypriots if they accept that the fenced-off town belongs to the Evkaf."
In 2019–20, inventory studies of buildings by the Government of Northern Cyprus were concluded. On 15 February 2020, the Turkish Bar Association organised a round table meeting at the Sandy Beach Hotel in Varosha, which was attended by Turkish officials (Vice President Fuat Oktay and Justice Minister Abdulhamit Gül), Turkish Cypriot officials, representatives of the Turkish Cypriot religious foundation Evkaf, and Turkish and Turkish Cypriot lawyers.
On 22 February 2020, Cyprus declared it would veto European Union funds to Turkish Cypriots if Varosha were opened to settlement.
On 6 October 2020, Ersin Tatar, the Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus, announced that the beach area of Varosha would reopen to the public on 8 October 2020. Turkey's president, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, said Turkey fully supported the decision. The move came ahead of the 2020 Northern Cypriot presidential election, in which Tatar was a candidate. Deputy Prime Minister Kudret Özersay, who had worked on the reopening previously, said that this was not a full reopening of the area, that this was just a unilateral election stunt by Tatar. His People's Party withdrew from the Tatar cabinet, leading to the collapse of the Turkish Cypriot government. The EU's diplomatic chief condemned the plan and described it as a "serious violation" of the U.N. ceasefire agreement. In addition, he asked Turkey to stop this activity. The U.N. Secretary-General expressed concern over Turkey's decision.
On 8 October 2020, some parts of Varosha were opened from the Officers' Club of Turkish and Turkish Cypriot Army to the Golden Sands Hotel.
In November 2020, the Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Turkey's ambassador to Nicosia, visited Varosha. In addition, the main avenue in Varosha has been renamed after Semih Sancar, Chief of the General Staff of Turkey from 1973 to 1978, a period including the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus.
The European Parliament on 27 November, asked Turkey to reverse its decision to re-open part of Varosha and resume negotiations aimed at resolving the Cyprus problem on the basis of a bi-communal, bi-zonal federation and called on the European Union to impose sanctions against Turkey, if things do not change. Turkey rejected the resolution, adding that Turkey will continue to protect both its own rights and those of Turkish Cypriots. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus presidency also condemned the resolution.
On 20 July 2021, Tatar, the president of Northern Cyprus announced the start of the 2nd phase of the opening of Varosha. He encouraged Greek Cypriots to apply Immovable Property Commission of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus to claim their properties back if they have any such rights.
Bilal Aga Mosque, constructed in 1821 and taken out of service in 1974, was re-opened on 23 July 2021.
In response to a decision by the government of Turkish Cyprus, the presidential statement of the United Nations Security Council dated on 23 July said that settling any part of the abandoned Cypriot suburb of Varosha, "by people other than its inhabitants, is 'inadmissible'." The same day, Turkey rejected the presidential statement of the UNSC on Maras (Varosha), and said that these statements were based on Greek-Greek Cypriot propaganda, were groundless and unfounded claims, and inconsistent with the realities on the Island. On 24 July 2021, the presidency of Northern Cyprus condemned the presidential statement of the UNSC dated on 23 July, and stated that "We see and condemn it as an attempt to create an obstacle for the property-rights-holders in Varosha to achieve their rights".
By 1 January 2022, nearly 400,000 people had visited Varosha since its opening to civilians on 6 October 2020.
On 19 May 2022, Northern Cyprus opened a 600m long X 400m wide stretch of beach on the Golden Sands beach (from the King George Hotel to the Oceania Building) in Varosha for commercial use. Sun beds and umbrellas were installed.
UNFICYP said it would raise the decision taken by Turkish Cypriot authorities to open that stretch of beach in Varosha with the Security Council, spokesperson for the peacekeeping force Aleem Siddique said on Friday. The UN announced its "position on Varosha is unchanged and we are monitoring the situation closely".
In October 2022, the Turkish Cypriots announced that public institutions will be opened in the city.
In April 2023, Cleo Hotel, the 7-floor Golden Seaside Hotel, and the 3-star Aegean Hotel were purchased by a Turkish Cypriot businessman (from their Greek Cypriot owners) who will operate them within 2025.
On 10 August 2023, the Government of Northern Cyprus decided to construct a marina and tourist facility in Varosha.
Varosha was analyzed by Alan Weisman in his book The World Without Us as an example of the unstoppable power of nature.
Filmmaker Greek Cypriot Michael Cacoyannis described the city and interviewed its exiled citizens in the film Attilas '74, produced in 1975.
In 2021, the Belarusian group Main-De-Gloire dedicated a song to this city that has become a ghostly place.
Northern Cyprus, officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus. It is recognised only by Turkey, and its territory is considered by all other states to be part of the Republic of Cyprus.
Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the northeast to Morphou Bay, Cape Kormakitis and its westernmost point, the Kokkina exclave in the west. Its southernmost point is the village of Louroujina. A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia, the island's largest city and capital of both sides.
A coup d'état in 1974, performed as part of an attempt to annex the island to Greece, prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. This resulted in the eviction of much of the north's Greek Cypriot population, the flight of Turkish Cypriots from the south, and the partitioning of the island, leading to a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983. Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic, political and military support.
Attempts to reach a solution to the Cyprus dispute have been unsuccessful. The Turkish Army maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus with the support and approval of the TRNC government, while the Republic of Cyprus, the European Union as a whole, and the international community regard it as an occupation force. This military presence has been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions.
Northern Cyprus is a semi-presidential, democratic republic with a cultural heritage incorporating various influences and an economy that is dominated by the services sector. The economy has seen growth through the 2000s and 2010s, with the GNP per capita more than tripling in the 2000s, but is held back by an international embargo due to the official closure of the ports in Northern Cyprus by the Republic of Cyprus. The official language is Turkish, with a distinct local dialect being spoken. The vast majority of the population consists of Sunni Muslims, while religious attitudes are mostly moderate and secular. Northern Cyprus is an observer state of ECO and OIC under the name "Turkish Cypriot State", PACE under the name "Turkish Cypriot Community", and Organization of Turkic States with its own name.
Several distinct periods of Cypriot intercommunal violence involving the two main ethnic communities, Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, marked mid-20th century Cyprus. These included the Cyprus Emergency of 1955–59 during British rule, the post-independence Cyprus crisis of 1963–64, and the Cyprus crisis of 1967. Hostilities culminated in the 1974 de facto division of the island along the Green Line following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. The region has been relatively peaceful since then, but the Cyprus dispute has continued, with various attempts to solve it diplomatically having been generally unsuccessful.
Cyprus, an island lying in the eastern Mediterranean, hosted a population of Greeks and Turks (four-fifths and one-fifth, respectively), who lived under British rule in the late nineteenth-century and the first half of the twentieth-century. Christian Orthodox Church of Cyprus played a prominent political role among the Greek Cypriot community, a privilege that it acquired during the Ottoman Empire with the employment of the millet system, which gave the archbishop an unofficial ethnarch status.
The repeated rejections by the British of Greek Cypriot demands for enosis, union with Greece, led to armed resistance, organised by the National Organization of Cypriot Struggle, or EOKA. EOKA, led by the Greek-Cypriot commander George Grivas, systematically targeted British colonial authorities. One of the effects of EOKA's campaign was to alter the Turkish position from demanding full reincorporation into Turkey to a demand for taksim (partition). EOKA's mission and activities caused a "Cretan syndrome" (see Turkish Resistance Organisation) within the Turkish Cypriot community, as its members feared that they would be forced to leave the island in such a case as had been the case with Cretan Turks. As such, they preferred the continuation of British colonial rule and then taksim, the division of the island. Due to the Turkish Cypriots' support for the British, EOKA's leader, Georgios Grivas, declared them to be enemies. The fact that the Turks were a minority was, according to Nihat Erim, to be addressed by the transfer of thousands of Turks from mainland Turkey so that Greek Cypriots would cease to be the majority. When Erim visited Cyprus as the Turkish representative, he was advised by Field Marshal Sir John Harding, the then Governor of Cyprus, that Turkey should send educated Turks to settle in Cyprus.
Turkey actively promoted the idea that on the island of Cyprus two distinctive communities existed, and sidestepped its former claim that "the people of Cyprus were all Turkish subjects". In doing so, Turkey's aim to have self-determination of two to-be equal communities in effect led to de jure partition of the island.[citation needed] This could be justified to the international community against the will of the majority Greek population of the island. Dr. Fazil Küçük in 1954 had already proposed Cyprus be divided in two at the 35° parallel.
Lindley Dan, from Notre Dame University, spotted the roots of intercommunal violence to different visions among the two communities of Cyprus (enosis for Greek Cypriots, taksim for Turkish Cypriots). Also, Lindlay wrote that "the merging of church, schools/education, and politics in divisive and nationalistic ways" had played a crucial role in creation of havoc in Cyprus' history. Attalides Michael also pointed to the opposing nationalisms as the cause of the Cyprus problem.
By the mid-1950's, the "Cyprus is Turkish" party, movement, and slogan gained force in both Cyprus and Turkey. In a 1954 editorial, Turkish Cypriot leader Dr. Fazil Kuchuk expressed the sentiment that the Turkish youth had grown up with the idea that "as soon as Great Britain leaves the island, it will be taken over by the Turks", and that "Turkey cannot tolerate otherwise". This perspective contributed to the willingness of Turkish Cypriots to align themselves with the British, who started recruiting Turkish Cypriots into the police force that patrolled Cyprus to fight EOKA, a Greek Cypriot nationalist organisation that sought to rid the island of British rule.
EOKA targeted colonial authorities, including police, but Georgios Grivas, the leader of EOKA, did not initially wish to open up a new front by fighting Turkish Cypriots and reassured them that EOKA would not harm their people. In 1956, some Turkish Cypriot policemen were killed by EOKA members and this provoked some intercommunal violence in the spring and summer, but these attacks on policemen were not motivated by the fact that they were Turkish Cypriots.
However, in January 1957, Grivas changed his policy as his forces in the mountains became increasingly pressured by the British Crown forces. In order to divert the attention of the Crown forces, EOKA members started to target Turkish Cypriot policemen intentionally in the towns, so that Turkish Cypriots would riot against the Greek Cypriots and the security forces would have to be diverted to the towns to restore order. The killing of a Turkish Cypriot policeman on 19 January, when a power station was bombed, and the injury of three others, provoked three days of intercommunal violence in Nicosia. The two communities targeted each other in reprisals, at least one Greek Cypriot was killed and the British Army was deployed in the streets. Greek Cypriot stores were burned and their neighbourhoods attacked. Following the events, the Greek Cypriot leadership spread the propaganda that the riots had merely been an act of Turkish Cypriot aggression. Such events created chaos and drove the communities apart both in Cyprus and in Turkey.
On 22 October 1957 Sir Hugh Mackintosh Foot replaced Sir John Harding as the British Governor of Cyprus. Foot suggested five to seven years of self-government before any final decision. His plan rejected both enosis and taksim. The Turkish Cypriot response to this plan was a series of anti-British demonstrations in Nicosia on 27 and 28 January 1958 rejecting the proposed plan because the plan did not include partition. The British then withdrew the plan.
In 1957, Black Gang, a Turkish Cypriot pro-taksim paramilitary organisation, was formed to patrol a Turkish Cypriot enclave, the Tahtakale district of Nicosia, against activities of EOKA. The organisation later attempted to grow into a national scale, but failed to gain public support.
By 1958, signs of dissatisfaction with the British increased on both sides, with a group of Turkish Cypriots forming Volkan (later renamed to the Turkish Resistance Organisation) paramilitary group to promote partition and the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as dictated by the Menderes plan. Volkan initially consisted of roughly 100 members, with the stated aim of raising awareness in Turkey of the Cyprus issue and courting military training and support for Turkish Cypriot fighters from the Turkish government.
In June 1958, the British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, was expected to propose a plan to resolve the Cyprus issue. In light of the new development, the Turks rioted in Nicosia to promote the idea that Greek and Turkish Cypriots could not live together and therefore any plan that did not include partition would not be viable. This violence was soon followed by bombing, Greek Cypriot deaths and looting of Greek Cypriot-owned shops and houses. Greek and Turkish Cypriots started to flee mixed population villages where they were a minority in search of safety. This was effectively the beginning of the segregation of the two communities. On 7 June 1958, a bomb exploded at the entrance of the Turkish Embassy in Cyprus. Following the bombing, Turkish Cypriots looted Greek Cypriot properties. On 26 June 1984, the Turkish Cypriot leader, Rauf Denktaş, admitted on British channel ITV that the bomb was placed by the Turks themselves in order to create tension. On 9 January 1995, Rauf Denktaş repeated his claim to the famous Turkish newspaper Milliyet in Turkey.
The crisis reached a climax on 12 June 1958, when eight Greeks, out of an armed group of thirty five arrested by soldiers of the Royal Horse Guards on suspicion of preparing an attack on the Turkish quarter of Skylloura, were killed in a suspected attack by Turkish Cypriot locals, near the village of Geunyeli, having been ordered to walk back to their village of Kondemenos.
After the EOKA campaign had begun, the British government successfully began to turn the Cyprus issue from a British colonial problem into a Greek-Turkish issue. British diplomacy exerted backstage influence on the Adnan Menderes government, with the aim of making Turkey active in Cyprus. For the British, the attempt had a twofold objective. The EOKA campaign would be silenced as quickly as possible, and Turkish Cypriots would not side with Greek Cypriots against the British colonial claims over the island, which would thus remain under the British. The Turkish Cypriot leadership visited Menderes to discuss the Cyprus issue. When asked how the Turkish Cypriots should respond to the Greek Cypriot claim of enosis, Menderes replied: "You should go to the British foreign minister and request the status quo be prolonged, Cyprus to remain as a British colony". When the Turkish Cypriots visited the British Foreign Secretary and requested for Cyprus to remain a colony, he replied: "You should not be asking for colonialism at this day and age, you should be asking for Cyprus be returned to Turkey, its former owner".
As Turkish Cypriots began to look to Turkey for protection, Greek Cypriots soon understood that enosis was extremely unlikely. The Greek Cypriot leader, Archbishop Makarios III, now set independence for the island as his objective.
Britain resolved to solve the dispute by creating an independent Cyprus. In 1959, all involved parties signed the Zurich Agreements: Britain, Turkey, Greece, and the Greek and Turkish Cypriot leaders, Makarios and Dr. Fazil Kucuk, respectively. The new constitution drew heavily on the ethnic composition of the island. The President would be a Greek Cypriot, and the Vice-President a Turkish Cypriot with an equal veto. The contribution to the public service would be set at a ratio of 70:30, and the Supreme Court would consist of an equal number of judges from both communities as well as an independent judge who was not Greek, Turkish or British. The Zurich Agreements were supplemented by a number of treaties. The Treaty of Guarantee stated that secession or union with any state was forbidden, and that Greece, Turkey and Britain would be given guarantor status to intervene if that was violated. The Treaty of Alliance allowed for two small Greek and Turkish military contingents to be stationed on the island, and the Treaty of Establishment gave Britain sovereignty over two bases in Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
On 15 August 1960, the Colony of Cyprus became fully independent as the Republic of Cyprus. The new republic remained within the Commonwealth of Nations.
The new constitution brought dissatisfaction to Greek Cypriots, who felt it to be highly unjust for them for historical, demographic and contributional reasons. Although 80% of the island's population were Greek Cypriots and these indigenous people had lived on the island for thousands of years and paid 94% of taxes, the new constitution was giving the 17% of the population that was Turkish Cypriots, who paid 6% of taxes, around 30% of government jobs and 40% of national security jobs.
Within three years tensions between the two communities in administrative affairs began to show. In particular disputes over separate municipalities and taxation created a deadlock in government. A constitutional court ruled in 1963 Makarios had failed to uphold article 173 of the constitution which called for the establishment of separate municipalities for Turkish Cypriots. Makarios subsequently declared his intention to ignore the judgement, resulting in the West German judge resigning from his position. Makarios proposed thirteen amendments to the constitution, which would have had the effect of resolving most of the issues in the Greek Cypriot favour. Under the proposals, the President and Vice-President would lose their veto, the separate municipalities as sought after by the Turkish Cypriots would be abandoned, the need for separate majorities by both communities in passing legislation would be discarded and the civil service contribution would be set at actual population ratios (82:18) instead of the slightly higher figure for Turkish Cypriots.
The intention behind the amendments has long been called into question. The Akritas plan, written in the height of the constitutional dispute by the Greek Cypriot interior minister Polycarpos Georkadjis, called for the removal of undesirable elements of the constitution so as to allow power-sharing to work. The plan envisaged a swift retaliatory attack on Turkish Cypriot strongholds should Turkish Cypriots resort to violence to resist the measures, stating "In the event of a planned or staged Turkish attack, it is imperative to overcome it by force in the shortest possible time, because if we succeed in gaining command of the situation (in one or two days), no outside, intervention would be either justified or possible." Whether Makarios's proposals were part of the Akritas plan is unclear, however it remains that sentiment towards enosis had not completely disappeared with independence. Makarios described independence as "a step on the road to enosis".[31] Preparations for conflict were not entirely absent from Turkish Cypriots either, with right wing elements still believing taksim (partition) the best safeguard against enosis.
Greek Cypriots however believe the amendments were a necessity stemming from a perceived attempt by Turkish Cypriots to frustrate the working of government. Turkish Cypriots saw it as a means to reduce their status within the state from one of co-founder to that of minority, seeing it as a first step towards enosis. The security situation deteriorated rapidly.
Main articles: Bloody Christmas (1963) and Battle of Tillyria
An armed conflict was triggered after December 21, 1963, a period remembered by Turkish Cypriots as Bloody Christmas, when a Greek Cypriot policemen that had been called to help deal with a taxi driver refusing officers already on the scene access to check the identification documents of his customers, took out his gun upon arrival and shot and killed the taxi driver and his partner. Eric Solsten summarised the events as follows: "a Greek Cypriot police patrol, ostensibly checking identification documents, stopped a Turkish Cypriot couple on the edge of the Turkish quarter. A hostile crowd gathered, shots were fired, and two Turkish Cypriots were killed."
In the morning after the shooting, crowds gathered in protest in Northern Nicosia, likely encouraged by the TMT, without incident. On the evening of the 22nd, gunfire broke out, communication lines to the Turkish neighbourhoods were cut, and the Greek Cypriot police occupied the nearby airport. On the 23rd, a ceasefire was negotiated, but did not hold. Fighting, including automatic weapons fire, between Greek and Turkish Cypriots and militias increased in Nicosia and Larnaca. A force of Greek Cypriot irregulars led by Nikos Sampson entered the Nicosia suburb of Omorphita and engaged in heavy firing on armed, as well as by some accounts unarmed, Turkish Cypriots. The Omorphita clash has been described by Turkish Cypriots as a massacre, while this view has generally not been acknowledged by Greek Cypriots.
Further ceasefires were arranged between the two sides, but also failed. By Christmas Eve, the 24th, Britain, Greece, and Turkey had joined talks, with all sides calling for a truce. On Christmas day, Turkish fighter jets overflew Nicosia in a show of support. Finally it was agreed to allow a force of 2,700 British soldiers to help enforce a ceasefire. In the next days, a "buffer zone" was created in Nicosia, and a British officer marked a line on a map with green ink, separating the two sides of the city, which was the beginning of the "Green Line". Fighting continued across the island for the next several weeks.
In total 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the violence. 25,000 Turkish Cypriots from 103-109 villages fled and were displaced into enclaves and thousands of Turkish Cypriot houses were ransacked or completely destroyed.
Contemporary newspapers also reported on the forceful exodus of the Turkish Cypriots from their homes. According to The Times in 1964, threats, shootings and attempts of arson were committed against the Turkish Cypriots to force them out of their homes. The Daily Express wrote that "25,000 Turks have already been forced to leave their homes". The Guardian reported a massacre of Turks at Limassol on 16 February 1964.
Turkey had by now readied its fleet and its fighter jets appeared over Nicosia. Turkey was dissuaded from direct involvement by the creation of a United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) in 1964. Despite the negotiated ceasefire in Nicosia, attacks on the Turkish Cypriot persisted, particularly in Limassol. Concerned about the possibility of a Turkish invasion, Makarios undertook the creation of a Greek Cypriot conscript-based army called the "National Guard". A general from Greece took charge of the army, whilst a further 20,000 well-equipped officers and men were smuggled from Greece into Cyprus. Turkey threatened to intervene once more, but was prevented by a strongly worded letter from the American President Lyndon B. Johnson, anxious to avoid a conflict between NATO allies Greece and Turkey at the height of the Cold War.
Turkish Cypriots had by now established an important bridgehead at Kokkina, provided with arms, volunteers and materials from Turkey and abroad. Seeing this incursion of foreign weapons and troops as a major threat, the Cypriot government invited George Grivas to return from Greece as commander of the Greek troops on the island and launch a major attack on the bridgehead. Turkey retaliated by dispatching its fighter jets to bomb Greek positions, causing Makarios to threaten an attack on every Turkish Cypriot village on the island if the bombings did not cease. The conflict had now drawn in Greece and Turkey, with both countries amassing troops on their Thracian borders. Efforts at mediation by Dean Acheson, a former U.S. Secretary of State, and UN-appointed mediator Galo Plaza had failed, all the while the division of the two communities becoming more apparent. Greek Cypriot forces were estimated at some 30,000, including the National Guard and the large contingent from Greece. Defending the Turkish Cypriot enclaves was a force of approximately 5,000 irregulars, led by a Turkish colonel, but lacking the equipment and organisation of the Greek forces.
The Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1964, U Thant, reported the damage during the conflicts:
UNFICYP carried out a detailed survey of all damage to properties throughout the island during the disturbances; it shows that in 109 villages, most of them Turkish-Cypriot or mixed villages, 527 houses have been destroyed while 2,000 others have suffered damage from looting.
The situation worsened in 1967, when a military junta overthrew the democratically elected government of Greece, and began applying pressure on Makarios to achieve enosis. Makarios, not wishing to become part of a military dictatorship or trigger a Turkish invasion, began to distance himself from the goal of enosis. This caused tensions with the junta in Greece as well as George Grivas in Cyprus. Grivas's control over the National Guard and Greek contingent was seen as a threat to Makarios's position, who now feared a possible coup.[citation needed] The National Guard and Cyprus Police began patrolling the Turkish Cypriot enclaves of Ayios Theodoros and Kophinou, and on November 15 engaged in heavy fighting with the Turkish Cypriots.
By the time of his withdrawal 26 Turkish Cypriots had been killed. Turkey replied with an ultimatum demanding that Grivas be removed from the island, that the troops smuggled from Greece in excess of the limits of the Treaty of Alliance be removed, and that the economic blockades on the Turkish Cypriot enclaves be lifted. Grivas was recalled by the Athens Junta and the 12,000 Greek troops were withdrawn. Makarios now attempted to consolidate his position by reducing the number of National Guard troops, and by creating a paramilitary force loyal to Cypriot independence. In 1968, acknowledging that enosis was now all but impossible, Makarios stated, "A solution by necessity must be sought within the limits of what is feasible which does not always coincide with the limits of what is desirable."
After 1967 tensions between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots subsided. Instead, the main source of tension on the island came from factions within the Greek Cypriot community. Although Makarios had effectively abandoned enosis in favour of an 'attainable solution', many others continued to believe that the only legitimate political aspiration for Greek Cypriots was union with Greece.
On his arrival, Grivas began by establishing a nationalist paramilitary group known as the National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston B or EOKA-B), drawing comparisons with the EOKA struggle for enosis under the British colonial administration of the 1950s.
The military junta in Athens saw Makarios as an obstacle. Makarios's failure to disband the National Guard, whose officer class was dominated by mainland Greeks, had meant the junta had practical control over the Cypriot military establishment, leaving Makarios isolated and a vulnerable target.
During the first Turkish invasion, Turkish troops invaded Cyprus territory on 20 July 1974, invoking its rights under the Treaty of Guarantee. This expansion of Turkish-occupied zone violated International Law as well as the Charter of the United Nations. Turkish troops managed to capture 3% of the island which was accompanied by the burning of the Turkish Cypriot quarter, as well as the raping and killing of women and children. A temporary cease-fire followed which was mitigated by the UN Security Council. Subsequently, the Greek military Junta collapsed on July 23, 1974, and peace talks commenced in which a democratic government was installed. The Resolution 353 was broken after Turkey attacked a second time and managed to get a hold of 37% of Cyprus territory. The Island of Cyprus was appointed a Buffer Zone by the United Nations, which divided the island into two zones through the 'Green Line' and put an end to the Turkish invasion. Although Turkey announced that the occupied areas of Cyprus to be called the Federated Turkish State in 1975, it is not legitimised on a worldwide political scale. The United Nations called for the international recognition of independence for the Republic of Cyprus in the Security Council Resolution 367.
In the years after the Turkish invasion of northern Cyprus one can observe a history of failed talks between the two parties. The 1983 declaration of the independent Turkish Republic of Cyprus resulted in a rise of inter-communal tensions and made it increasingly hard to find mutual understanding. With Cyprus' interest of a possible EU membership and a new UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 1997 new hopes arose for a fresh start. International involvement from sides of the US and UK, wanting a solution to the Cyprus dispute prior to the EU accession led to political pressures for new talks. The believe that an accession without a solution would threaten Greek-Turkish relations and acknowledge the partition of the island would direct the coming negotiations.
Over the course of two years a concrete plan, the Annan plan was formulated. In 2004 the fifth version agreed upon from both sides and with the endorsement of Turkey, US, UK and EU then was presented to the public and was given a referendum in both Cypriot communities to assure the legitimisation of the resolution. The Turkish Cypriots voted with 65% for the plan, however the Greek Cypriots voted with a 76% majority against. The Annan plan contained multiple important topics. Firstly it established a confederation of two separate states called the United Cyprus Republic. Both communities would have autonomous states combined under one unified government. The members of parliament would be chosen according to the percentage in population numbers to ensure a just involvement from both communities. The paper proposed a demilitarisation of the island over the next years. Furthermore it agreed upon a number of 45000 Turkish settlers that could remain on the island. These settlers became a very important issue concerning peace talks. Originally the Turkish government encouraged Turks to settle in Cyprus providing transfer and property, to establish a counterpart to the Greek Cypriot population due to their 1 to 5 minority. With the economic situation many Turkish-Cypriot decided to leave the island, however their departure is made up by incoming Turkish settlers leaving the population ratio between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots stable. However all these points where criticised and as seen in the vote rejected mainly by the Greek Cypriots. These name the dissolution of the „Republic of Cyprus", economic consequences of a reunion and the remaining Turkish settlers as reason. Many claim that the plan was indeed drawing more from Turkish-Cypriot demands then Greek-Cypriot interests. Taking in consideration that the US wanted to keep Turkey as a strategic partner in future Middle Eastern conflicts.
A week after the failed referendum the Republic of Cyprus joined the EU. In multiple instances the EU tried to promote trade with Northern Cyprus but without internationally recognised ports this spiked a grand debate. Both side endure their intention of negotiations, however without the prospect of any new compromises or agreements the UN is unwilling to start the process again. Since 2004 negotiations took place in numbers but without any results, both sides are strongly holding on to their position without an agreeable solution in sight that would suit both parties.
Kadina Cemetery. The cemetery for Kadina was established in 1867 for the fast growing town. It followed typical 19th Century cemetery design with a strong axis line for dividing the four areas of the cemetery and a protective wall around the entire perimeter of the cemetery in local limestone. Its size is indicative of the size and importance of the town of Kadina in the 1860s. The unique feature of the cemetery though is the large and impressive mortuary building in the middle. It was designed for horse pulled hearses to be able to stop and rest in the middle for the unloading of the coffin. Side rooms were for use of cemetery authorities. It is constructed in limestone with brick quoins, now painted. A central chimney provides ventilation. The date above the arch is 1876.It has buttresses on the side walls, blind windows on the façade and a pediment as a gable end. It is not mysterious but it is unique in SA. It is not a chapel.
Sur une colline, ce petit château composé d'un logis quadrangulaire a été construit au milieu du XIXe siècle. Les chaînages d’angles, les encadrements de portes, de fenêtres, les lucarnes étaient en pierre de grès rouge que l’on retrouve dans plusieurs constructions sur la commune de la région. Il est aujourd’hui à l’abandon, après avoir été détruit par un incendie.
Construction de l'immeuble Totem comprenant des bureaux et 44 places de stationnement.
Pays : France 🇫🇷
Région : Grand Est (Lorraine)
Département : Meurthe-et-Moselle (54)
Ville : Nancy (54000)
Quartier : Nancy Est
Adresse : rue Jacques Villermaux
Fonction : Bureaux
Construction : 2019 → 2020
• Architecte : Breda Architecte
• Gros œuvre : GTM-HALLÉ
PC n° 54 395 17 R0121 délivré le 29 mars 2018
Niveaux : R+3
Hauteur : 12.78 m
Surface de plancher : 2 593.10 m²
Superficie du terrain : 2 942 m²
Category A listed historic building originally constructed in 1861 with many subsequent alterations.
"The New Town is a central area of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. A masterpiece of city planning, it was built in stages between 1767 and around 1850, and retains much of its original neo-classical and Georgian period architecture. Its best known street is Princes Street, facing Edinburgh Castle and the Old Town across the geological depression of the former Nor Loch. Together with the Old Town, the New Town was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995.
Edinburgh (/ˈɛdɪnbərə/; Scots: Edinburgh; Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Èideann [ˈt̪uːn ˈeːtʲən̪ˠ]) is the capital of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian on the Firth of Forth's southern shore.
Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is the seat of the Scottish Government, the Scottish Parliament and the supreme courts of Scotland. The city's Palace of Holyroodhouse is the official residence of the monarch in Scotland. The city has long been a centre of education, particularly in the fields of medicine, Scots law, literature, philosophy, the sciences and engineering. It is the second largest financial centre in the United Kingdom (after London) and the city's historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdom's second most visited tourist destination attracting 4.9 million visits including 2.4 million from overseas in 2018.
Edinburgh is Scotland's second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The official population estimates are 488,050 (2016) for the Locality of Edinburgh (Edinburgh pre 1975 regionalisation plus Currie and Balerno), 518,500 (2018) for the City of Edinburgh, and 1,339,380 (2014) for the city region. Edinburgh lies at the heart of the Edinburgh and South East Scotland city region comprising East Lothian, Edinburgh, Fife, Midlothian, Scottish Borders and West Lothian.
The city is the annual venue of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. It is home to national institutions such as the National Museum of Scotland, the National Library of Scotland and the Scottish National Gallery. The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city, is placed 20th in the QS World University Rankings for 2020. The city is also known for the Edinburgh International Festival and the Fringe, the latter being the world's largest annual international arts festival. Historic sites in Edinburgh include Edinburgh Castle, the Palace of Holyroodhouse, the churches of St. Giles, Greyfriars and the Canongate, and the extensive Georgian New Town built in the 18th/19th centuries. Edinburgh's Old Town and New Town together are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site, which has been managed by Edinburgh World Heritage since 1999." - info from Wikipedia.
Summer 2019 I did a solo cycling tour across Europe through 12 countries over the course of 3 months. I began my adventure in Edinburgh, Scotland and finished in Florence, Italy cycling 8,816 km. During my trip I took 47,000 photos.
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Burmanska house is a house in Art Nouveau Baroque in Southern Blasieholmshamnen 4 on Blasieholmen in Stockholm . It is built as a residence but has also been office, and has since become a hotel.
The building was constructed in 1911 as an upscale apartment building. In 1934 moved the Swedish Employers' Confederation (SAF) and remained until 2001.
The property was acquired in 2004 by the Grand Group , which also owns the buildings the Grand Hôtel and Bolinderska palace in the same neighborhood. Subsequently, the house has been remodeled in 2006 and inaugurated 76 new hotel rooms and one large suite .
Wikipedia
Constructed by students of Canterbury College of Arts Canterbury UK to commemorate humans and animals who have died in war.
Construction d’un viaduc de doublement au Pulvermühle à Luxembourg Ville.
Pays : Luxembourg🇱🇺
Ville : Luxembourg Ville
Quartier : Avranches
Adresse : rue Bisserwee
Fonction : Pont
Construction : 2015 → 2020
• Gros œuvre : BAM Bouw / CLE
Largeur : 242.00 m
Hauteur : entre 12.00 et 24.00 m
Construction d'un parc de stationnement de 377 places et restructuration du pont des Fusillés dans la ZAC Nancy Grand Coeur.
Pays : France 🇫🇷
Région : Grand Est (Lorraine)
Département : Meurthe-et-Moselle (54)
Ville : Nancy (54000)
Quartier : Nancy Centre
Adresse : boulevard Joffre
Fonction : Parking
Construction : 2016 → 2019
• Architecte : Cabinet Beal et Blanckaert
• Gros œuvre : Eiffage Construction Lorraine
Permis d'aménager n° 54 395 15 00001 délivré le 21 décembre 2015
Superficie du terrain : 6 092 m²
Superficie de l'ouvrage à démolir : 1 666 m²
Construction du Parc Eolien des 7 Domaines sur les communes de Manhoué et Aboncourt-sur-Seille en Moselle.
Pays : France 🇫🇷
Région : Grand Est (Lorraine)
Département : Moselle (57)
Villages : Manhoué (57590) / Aboncourt-sur-Seille (57590)
Construction : 2020 → 2021
Nombre d'éoliennes : 6
Modèle : Vestas V110
► Hauteur de la nacelle : 125 m
► Diamètre du rotor : 110 m
► Hauteur totale en bout de pales : 180 m
► Puissance unitaire : 2,2 MW
Constructed in 1871 for the Atchison & Nebraska City Railroad, which became part of the Burlington system in 1885. The rail line was abandoned in the 1930's and the depot was relocated to its Main Street location in 1938.
Built between 1937 and 1959, the Organic Modern-style Taliesin West was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and constructed by his apprentices to serve as the winter home of Wright and his Taliesin Fellowship. The complex, which consists of many buildings, began as a set of temporary, tent-like structures in the late 1930s, before evolving into more permanent buildings over the course of the 1940s, reflecting the ever-experimenting nature of the Taliesin Fellowship and Frank Lloyd Wright, something also seen at the original Taliesin in Wisconsin. Wright developed an architecture at Taliesin West that reflected the surrounding desert environment, with long, low stone buildings featuring long and narrow expanses of glass, shed roofs, stone walls, and timber framing, with rooflines that reflected the surrounding mountains, small areas of non-desert plantings, and buildings that were, alternatively, reminiscent of tent pavilions and stone caves. The complex is clustered around the main building, with much of the site remaining an undisturbed natural desert landscape, an increasingly rare feature of the greater Phoenix Area, which was already beginning to disappear during Wright’s lifetime. The site is home to rocks with petroglyphs created by the indigenous Hohokam people, along with remnants of their habitation of the site prior to their migration out of the region during a period of climate change, which was accompanied by severe flooding that damaged their irrigation canal infrastructure, in the 14th and 15th Centuries. The buildings surround various courts, gardens, and natural areas, and many incorporate Chinese sculptures near their entrances, collected by Frank Lloyd Wright due to his lifelong fascination with East Asian art.
The buildings consist of a main building, with a stone vault at its northwest corner. Built in 1937 as the first structure at Taliesin West, the cave-like stone vault meant to protect drawings created by Wright and the Taliesin Fellowship in the event of a fire, influenced by the fires that had previously destroyed Taliesin in Wisconsin. From this initial structure extends, to the southeast, a drafting studio with a canvas roof, large roof beams, ribbon windows, stone walls, and a wooden pergola on its northern flank, which contained the main drafting studio of the Taliesin Fellowship, and has a large entrance terrace on its south facade, with steps leading down to the pool and the prow at the southwest corner of the complex. To the east of the drafting studio is the kitchen, which features an exterior bell tower that would signal members of the Taliesin Fellowship to come to the dining room for meals, and dining room, which served as a large communal space for the Taliesin Fellowship and Wright. These public and communal spaces sit west of a breezeway that connects the northern patio with the sunset terrace on the south side of the complex. On the southwest side of sunset terrace is the Garden Room, a large living room utilized by both the Taliesin Fellowship members, as well as Wright’s family, as a gathering space, which encloses a small walled garden and, along with the breezeway, marks the transition between the more communal, public spaces at the western end of the main building with the more private rooms to the east. The eastern portion of the main building contains bedrooms and bathrooms for the Wright family, and a weaving studio utilized by Olgivanna to create textiles, with a ventilation tower, the tallest section of the complex, being located on the north side of this wing.
To the east of the main building are various cottages and residences for the Taliesin Fellowship, as well as Sun Cottage, the former residence of Iovanna Wright, the daughter of Olgivanna and Frank Lloyd Wright, which are simpler versions of the main building, and remain private living quarters today, not open to visitors taking tours of the complex. At the southeast corner of these structures is the cave-like Kiva, originally constructed to serve as a theater for the Taliesin Fellowship, which features stone walls and a rooftop terrace, and is connected to the main building via a covered walkway. At the northern end of the original complex is Frank Lloyd Wright’s office, which is extremely similar to the drafting studio, but at a smaller scale, and features the same ribbon windows, canvas roof with large beams, and stone walls seen on the drafting studio. To the north of the office is the Cabaret Theatre, built in 1950, which replaced the Kiva as a performance space and meeting space for the Taliesin Fellowship, and consists of a long, low cave-like structure built of stone and concrete that is embedded into the surrounding landscape. On the east side of the theater is the music pavilion, originally built in 1957, which was destroyed by fire and rebuilt in 1963 according to the original plans, and rivals the main building in size. West of these structures is the Visitor’s Center and Maintenance Building, which was built in the early 2000s to allow for additional visitor capacity at Taliesin West. Following the design of the rest of the complex, the visitor center harmonizes with the rest of Taliesin West, feeling like a natural extension of the buildings constructed with oversight by Wright.
Taliesin West was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1982. The structure is also part of The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright UNESCO World Heritage Site, listed in 2019. Taliesin West is the final resting place of the remains of Frank Lloyd Wright and Olgivanna Wright, which, controversially, led to the exhumation of Frank Lloyd Wright from Unity Chapel Cemetery in Spring Green, Wisconsin following Olgivanna’s death in 1985. The complex remained in use by the Taliesin Fellowship until it became The School of Architecture in 1986, which remained in operation seasonally at both Taliesin and Taliesin West until moving its operations to another location in Scottsdale in 2020. Taliesin West today is owned and operated by the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, which continues conservation work on the buildings, including reconstruction of various wings that were built quickly with low-quality materials, ensuring that the buildings continue to stand and remain open to visitors in perpetuity.
Construction estimée: 1890.
Immeuble typique de coin de rue du quartier jumellant commerce au rez-de-chaussée et logements à l'étage. Le commerce a toutefois été éclipsé et muré. Plusieurs autres éléments d'origine sont toujours en place: tourelle d'angle, gracieux balcons galbés en fer forgé, corniche ouvragée.
Un témoin de l'histoire de l'ancien Saint-Henri.