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OBERAMMERGAU, Germany – Brig. Gen. John Hort, G3 for U.S. Army Europe, addresses more than 250 military personnel from 35 different nations in attendance for the Combined Training Conference here, 21 October. U.S. Army Europe and NATO Allied Land Command are co-hosting the conference, a semi-annual event held at NATO School Oberammergau, to plan combined training and exercises. Topics of focus for the multinational military planners include the NATO Connected Forces Initiative (CFI) to deliver the training and exercise element of the Readiness Action Plan (RAP) agreed at the 2014 Wales Summit, improving the quality and efficiency of combined training, and maintaining the relationships and interoperability forged between NATO allies and partners through operations in Afghanistan and elsewhere. The Combined Training Conference will shape the training and exercises conducted between NATO nations for years to come and is a demonstration of U.S. and NATO commitment to regional security. (U.S. Army Europe photo by Jesse Granger)
Built for the 3rd Annual Flickr Military Contest
Built 5/25/10
Large Diorama: Combined Arms
After a typical daily patrol, the mechanized platoon returns to base along the same route the unit has taken numerous times. The long road back to base is bordered on both sides by opium poppy fields and native farmers.
After passing one of the unsuspecting farm houses the American unit is attacked from a small building located at the 5 o’clock position of the Bradley Fighting vehicle. The U.S. forces have walked into a carefully and preciously planned ambush.
According to typical U.S. Army protocol, the Bradley and the 6 infantry soldiers immediately begin to engage the enemy threat. The Bradley turret quickly turns and begins to level the building where the attack began with its 25 mm M242 Chain Gun. The six soldiers in the rear of the vehicle quickly exit the Bradley and seek protective cover behind the steel reinforced aluminum armor. In the first few seconds of the firefight one American soldier goes down and helped to the cover behind the Bradley.
Multiple enemy forces pour from within the neighboring buildings, and the friendlies quickly realize they are greatly outnumbered. Realizing the unit is in grave danger, the commander calls to higher for air support. Luckily, there is a new UAV, the Seeker, in the air only 2 minutes from their location.
Unknown to the patrol, the leader of the enemy forces had planned to initiate the attack at a precise and exact time, which would call for the attack to begin when the American armored vehicle would be right on top of a buried IED (Improvised Explosive Device). The enemy commander’s plan has worked so far and he is about to detonate the IED with a cellular phone while hidden in the perceived safety of the larger building.
The American forces were ambushed with superior numbers and the enemy is about to spring the final trap that would spell doom for the entire unit. . . . . . . . . . . . .
However, thanks to the close coordination between land and air forces, the adept American commander is able to save his men from death by calling in a local UAV to level the area and eliminate the IED threat hidden within.
U.S. Soldiers of Alpha Company, 3rd Combined Arms Battalion, 69th Armored Regiment, 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Infantry Division exit a M2 Bradley Fighting Vehicle to mark a cleared road while conducting movement to contact training during exercise Combined Resolve IV at the U.S. Armyâs Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, May 25, 2015. Combined Resolve IV is an Army Europe directed exercise training a multinational brigade and enhancing interoperability with allies and partner nations. Combined Resolve trains on unified land operations against a complex threat while improving the combat readiness of all participants. The Combined Resolve series of exercises incorporates the U.S. Armyâs Regionally Aligned Force with the European Activity Set to train with European Allies and partners. The 7th Army JMTC is the only training command outside the continental United States, providing realistic and relevant training to U.S. Army, Joint Service, NATO, allied and multinational units, and is a regular venue for some of the largest training exercises for U.S. and European Forces. (U.S. Army photo by Spc. John Cress Jr./Released)
U.S. Soldiers of Alpha Battery, 1st Battalion, 82nd Field Artillery Regiment, 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division prepare to dry fire an M109A6 Paladin howitzer during exercise Combined Resolve II at the Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, May 20, 2014. Combined Resolve II is a multinational decisive action training environment exercise occurring at the Joint Multinational Training Command’s Hohenfels and Grafenwoehr Training Areas that involves more than 4,000 participants from 15 partner nations. The intent of the exercise is to train and prepare a U.S. led multinational brigade to interoperate with multiple partner nations and execute unified land operations against a complex threat while improving the combat readiness of all participants. (U.S. Army photo by Spc. Brian Chaney
U.S. Army M1A2 Abrams tanks of 2nd Battalion, 5th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry advance on the objective during exercise Combined Resolve II at the Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, May 21, 2014. Combined Resolve II is a multinational decisive action training environment exercise occurring at the Joint Multinational Training Command’s Hohenfels and Grafenwoehr Training Areas that involves more than 4,000 participants from 15 partner nations. The intent of the exercise is to train and prepare a U.S. led multinational brigade to interoperate with multiple partner nations and execute unified land operations against a complex threat while improving the combat readiness of all participants. (U.S. Army photo by Spc. Tyler Kingsbury/Released)
A U.S. Army M1A2 Abrams tank of 2nd Battalion, 5th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry advances on the objective during exercise Combined Resolve II at the Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, May 21, 2014. Combined Resolve II is a multinational decisive action training environment exercise occurring at the Joint Multinational Training Command’s Hohenfels and Grafenwoehr Training Areas that involves more than 4,000 participants from 15 partner nations. The intent of the exercise is to train and prepare a U.S. led multinational brigade to interoperate with multiple partner nations and execute unified land operations against a complex threat while improving the combat readiness of all participants. (U.S. Army photo by Spc. Tyler Kingsbury/Released)
Medic, Pfc. Blake Parker (right) directs Spc. Ryan Davis (left) to retrieve medical supplies from a field ambulance to treat a simulated casualty during the exercise Combined Resolve III, Oct. 28, 2014. Combined Resolve III is a U.S. Army Europe-directed multinational exercise at the Grafenwoehr and Hohenfels Training Areas, including more than 4,000 participants from NATO and partner nations. Combined Resolve III is designed to provide a complex training scenario that focuses on multinational unified land operations and reinforces the U.S. commitment to NATO and Europe. The exercise features the U.S. Army’s Regionally Aligned Forces for Europe-the 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division-which supports the U.S. European Command during Operation Atlantic Resolve. For more photos, videos, and stories from Combined Resolve III, go to www.eur.army/jmtc/CombinedResolveIII.html. (U.S. Army photo by 1st Lt. Henry Chan, 16th Sustainment Brigade Public Affairs, 21st Theater Sustainment Command)
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Hitman: Codename 47 is a stealth video game developed by IO Interactive and published by Eidos Interactive exclusively for Microsoft Windows. It is the first installment in the Hitman video game series.
The story centers on Agent 47, a genetically enhanced human clone branded with a barcode tattooed on the back of his head, who is rigorously trained in methods of murder. Upon escaping from a test facility, 47 is hired by the Agency, a European contract killing organization. His mission takes him to several locations in Asia and Europe to assassinate wealthy and decadent criminals.
In the basement of a remote sanatorium, a bald man, referred to as "Subject 47", is awakened by an unidentified man over a loudspeaker. Following the man's instructions, the Subject completes an obstacle course, undergoes firearms training, and practices various assassination techniques. He then ambushes and kills a guard, using his uniform to escape. The man watches him through the CCTV surveillance, with a satisfied laugh.
A year later, the Subject resurfaces as a hitman for the International Contract Agency (ICA), under the designation "Agent 47". He is briefed by his handler, Diana Burnwood, who sends him to Hong Kong to kill triad leader Lee Hong. He kills Hong's negotiator during a peace summit with a rival gang, frames him for a retaliatory car bombing, and assassinates the police chief protecting him, stripping Hong of his allies. He then infiltrates Hong's restaurant and assassinates him. For his next assignment, 47 travels to Colombia and kills cocaine trafficker Pablo Belisario Ochoa in a staged drug raid. His third target is Austrian mercenary Franz Fuchs, who has been hired to detonate a dirty bomb at an international conference in Budapest. 47 kills him at a hotel and recovers the bomb. His final contract takes him to Rotterdam, where he finds gunrunner Arkadij "Boris" Jegorov trying to sell weapons, including a nuclear warhead, to an extremist group. After confirming Jegorov's death, 47 finds a letter addressed to him, similar to the other three targets. He learns from Diana that all four were once part of a French Foreign Legion unit serving in Vietnam, and that they've been discussing something involving an "experimental human". The letters also mention a fifth man, Professor Ort-Meyer.
Diana then informs him that all four contracts were ordered by the same man in violation of Agency rules, and that her superiors have authorized an additional mission. 47 is to kill Odon Kovacs, a doctor at a sanatorium in Satu Mare, Romania, which turns out to be the one from which 47 escaped. Ort-Meyer is revealed to be the client, as well as the man who oversaw 47's orientation. Romanian special forces raid the building while 47 kills Kovacs, who he recognizes as Ort-Meyer's assistant.
47 then learns the truth behind his existence. He is the result of a cloning experiment which combined the genetic material of each of his four previous targets, as well as Ort-Meyer, with the goal of creating a flawless human being. Ort-Meyer orchestrated 47's escape from the asylum in order to test his performance in the outside world and ordered his associates' deaths because they wanted to use 47 for their own purposes.
With the help of CIA Agent Carlton Smith, who he rescued earlier during his time in Hong Kong, 47 discovers a sophisticated lab beneath the hospital. In response, Ort-Meyer reveals "Subject 48", a perfect replica of 47 who is both mindless and loyal. A squad of 48's are sent to hunt down 47, who manages to kill them using his superior training and experience.
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Cpl. Dennis Collins, Canadian Army, maintains his battle position as Moldovan Soldiers look on, during a situational training exercise at the Hohenfels Training Area, a part of exercise Combined Resolve III, Oct. 26, 2014. Combined Resolve III is a U.S Army Europe-directed multinational exercise at the Grafenwoehr and Hohenfels Training Areas, including more than 4,000 participants from NATO and partner nations. Combined Resolve III is designed to provide a complex training scenario that focuses on multinational unified land operations and reinforces the U.S commitment to NATO and Europe. The exercises features the U.S. Army’s Regionally Aligned Force for Europe-the 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division-which supports the U.S. European Command during Operation Atlantic Resolve. For more photos, videos, and stories from Combined Resolve III, go to www.eur.army.mil/jmtc/CombinedResolveIII.html. .(U.S. Army photo by Sarah Tate, JMTC PAO)
A M2A3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle uses brush for concealment as it provides security during a situational training exercise lane as a part of Combined Resolve VI at Hohenfels, Germany May 17. Combined Resolve VI is a squadron-level decisive action rotation at the Joint Multinational Readiness Center May 5-25 that is training 5th Squadron, 7th Cavalry Regiment on cavalry and reconnaissance tasks. (Photo by Maj. Randy Ready)
U.S. Army Spc. Adam Alexander of Assault Company, 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division, provides security while conducting a dismounted patrol during exercise Combined Resolve III at the Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, Oct. 25, 2014. Combined Resolve III is a multinational exercise, which includes more than 4,000 participants from NATO and partner nations, and is designed to provide a complex training scenario that focuses on multinational unified land operations and reinforces the U.S. commitment to NATO and Europe. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Ian Schell)
3D anaglyph of rim impact melt deposit on Unnamed crater on nearside highlands (38.112°N, 53.052°E; northeast of Mare Tranquillitatis), created from combining 2 LROC images.
LRO Article here:
lroc.sese.asu.edu/news/index.php?/archives/557-Melt-on-a-...
Voronezh is a city and the administrative centre of Voronezh Oblast in southwestern Russia straddling the Voronezh River, located 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) from where it flows into the Don River. The city sits on the Southeastern Railway, which connects western Russia with the Urals and Siberia, the Caucasus and Ukraine, and the M4 highway (Moscow–Voronezh–Rostov-on-Don–Novorossiysk). In recent years the city has experienced rapid population growth, rising in 2021 to 1,057,681, up from 889,680 recorded in the 2010 Census, making it the 14th-most populous city in the country.
For many years, the hypothesis of the Soviet historian Vladimir Zagorovsky dominated: he produced the toponym "Voronezh" from the hypothetical Slavic personal name Voroneg. This man allegedly gave the name of a small town in the Chernigov Principality (now the village of Voronizh in Ukraine). Later, in the 11th or 12th century, the settlers were able to "transfer" this name to the Don region, where they named the second city Voronezh, and the river got its name from the city. However, now many researchers criticize the hypothesis, since in reality neither the name of Voroneg nor the second city was revealed, and usually the names of Russian cities repeated the names of the rivers, but not vice versa.
A comprehensive scientific analysis was conducted in 2015–2016 by the historian Pavel Popov. His conclusion: "Voronezh" is a probable Slavic macrotoponym associated with outstanding signs of nature, has a root voron- (from the proto-Slavic vorn) in the meaning of "black, dark" and the suffix -ezh (-azh, -ozh). It was not “transferred” and in the 8th - 9th centuries it marked a vast territory covered with black forests (oak forests) - from the mouth of the Voronezh river to the Voronozhsky annalistic forests in the middle and upper reaches of the river, and in the west to the Don (many forests were cut down). The historian believes that the main "city" of the early town-planning complex could repeat the name of the region – Voronezh. Now the hillfort is located in the administrative part of the modern city, in the Voronezh upland oak forest. This is one of Europe's largest ancient Slavic hillforts, the area of which – more than 9 hectares – 13 times the area of the main settlement in Kyiv before the baptism of Rus.
In it is assumed that the word "Voronezh" means bluing - a technique to increase the corrosion resistance of iron products. This explanation fits well with the proximity to the ancient city of Voronezh of a large iron deposit and the city of Stary Oskol. As well as the name of Voroneț Monastery known for its blue shade.
Folk etymology claims the name comes from combining the Russian words for raven (ворон) and hedgehog (еж) into Воронеж. According to this explanation two Slavic tribes named after the animals used this combination to name the river which later in turn provided the name for a settlement. There is not believed to be any scientific support for this explanation.
In the 16th century, the Middle Don basin, including the Voronezh river, was gradually conquered by Muscovy from the Nogai Horde (a successor state of the Golden Horde), and the current city of Voronezh was established in 1585 by Feodor I as a fort protecting the Muravsky Trail trade route against the slave raids of the Nogai and Crimean Tatars. The city was named after the river.
17th to 19th centuries
In the 17th century, Voronezh gradually evolved into a sizable town. Weronecz is shown on the Worona river in Resania in Joan Blaeu's map of 1645. Peter the Great built a dockyard in Voronezh where the Azov Flotilla was constructed for the Azov campaigns in 1695 and 1696. This fleet, the first ever built in Russia, included the first Russian ship of the line, Goto Predestinatsia. The Orthodox diocese of Voronezh was instituted in 1682 and its first bishop, Mitrofan of Voronezh, was later proclaimed the town's patron saint.
Owing to the Voronezh Admiralty Wharf, for a short time, Voronezh became the largest city of South Russia and the economic center of a large and fertile region. In 1711, it was made the seat of the Azov Governorate, which eventually morphed into the Voronezh Governorate.
In the 19th century, Voronezh was a center of the Central Black Earth Region. Manufacturing industry (mills, tallow-melting, butter-making, soap, leather, and other works) as well as bread, cattle, suet, and the hair trade developed in the town. A railway connected Voronezh with Moscow in 1868 and Rostov-on-Don in 1871.
Moldovan Soldiers move into position during a situational training exercise at the Hohenfels Training Area, as part of exercise Combined Resolve III, Oct. 26, 2014. Combined Resolve III is a U.S Army Europe-directed multinational exercise at the Grafenwoehr and Hohenfels Training Areas, including more than 4,000 participants from NATO and partner nations. Combined Resolve III is designed to provide a complex training scenario that focuses on multinational unified land operations and reinforces the U.S commitment to NATO and Europe. The exercises features the U.S. Army’s Regionally Aligned Force for Europe-the 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division-which supports the U.S. European Command during Operation Atlantic Resolve. For more photos, videos, and stories from Combined Resolve III, go to www.eur.army.mil/jmtc/CombinedResolveIII.html. .(U.S. Army photo by SGT Michael Broughey)
INDIANAPOLIS - FEBRUARY 25: Rod Woodson of the NFL Network interviews Keith Rivers of USC during the 2008 Scouting Combine at the RCA Dome in Indianapolis, Indiana on February 25, 2008. (Photo by Ben Liebenberg/NFL Photos/Getty Images)
Relief, or relievo rilievo, is a sculptural technique. The term relief is from the Latin verb relevo, to raise. To create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that the sculpted material has been raised above the background plane. What is actually performed when a relief is cut in from a flat surface of stone (relief sculpture) or wood (relief carving) is a lowering of the field, leaving the unsculpted parts seemingly raised. The technique involves considerable chiselling away of the background, which is a time-consuming exercise. On the other hand, a relief saves forming the rear of a subject, and is less fragile and more securely fixed than a sculpture in the round, especially one of a standing figure where the ankles are a potential weak point, especially in stone. In other materials such as metal, clay, plaster stucco, ceramics or papier-mache the form can be just added to or raised up from the background, and monumental bronze reliefs are made by casting. There are different degrees of relief depending on the degree of projection of the sculpted form from the field, for which the Italian appellations are still sometimes used. The full range includes high relief (alto-rilievo), where more than 50% of the depth is shown and there may be undercut areas, mid-relief (mezzo-rilievo), low-relief (basso-rilievo, or French: bas-relief /ˌbɑːrɪˈliːf/), and shallow-relief or rilievo schiacciato, where the plane is scarcely more than scratched in order to remove background material. There is also sunk relief, which was mainly restricted to Ancient Egypt. However the distinction between high relief and low relief is the clearest and most important, and these two are generally the only terms used to discuss most work. The definition of these terms is somewhat variable, and many works combine areas in more than one of them, sometimes sliding between them in a single figure; accordingly some writers prefer to avoid all distinctions. The opposite of relief sculpture is counter-relief, intaglio, or cavo-rilievo, where the form is cut into the field or background rather than rising from it; this is very rare in monumental sculpture.
Reliefs are common throughout the world on the walls of buildings and a variety of smaller settings, and a sequence of several panels or sections of relief may represent an extended narrative. Relief is more suitable for depicting complicated subjects with many figures and very active poses, such as battles, than free-standing "sculpture in the round". Most ancient architectural reliefs were originally painted, which helped to define forms in low relief. The subject of reliefs is for convenient reference assumed in this article to be usually figures, but sculpture in relief often depicts decorative geometrical or foliage patterns, as in the arabesques of Islamic art, and may be of any subject.
Rock reliefs are those carved into solid rock in the open air (if inside caves, whether natural or man-made, they are more likely to be called "rock-cut"). This type is found in many cultures, in particular those of the Ancient Near East and Buddhist countries. A stela is a single standing stone; many of these carry reliefs.
TYPES
The distinction between high and low relief is somewhat subjective, and the two are very often combined in a single work. In particular, most later "high reliefs" contain sections in low relief, usually in the background. From the Parthenon Frieze onwards, many single figures have heads in high relief, but their lower legs are in low relief; the slightly projecting figures created in this way work well in reliefs that are seen from below (see Moissac portal in gallery). As unfinished examples from various periods show, raised reliefs, whether high or low, were normally "blocked out" by marking the outline of the figure and reducing the background areas to the new background level, work no doubt performed by apprentices (see gallery). Hyphens may or may not be used in all these terms, though they are rarely seen in "sunk relief" and are usual in "bas-relief" and "counter-relief". Works in the technique are described as "in relief", and, especially in monumental sculpture, the work itself is "a relief".
BAS RELIEF OR LOW RELIEF
A bas-relief ("low relief", from the Italian basso rilievo) or low relief is a projecting image with a shallow overall depth, for example used on coins, on which all images are in low relief. In the lowest reliefs the relative depth of the elements shown is completely distorted, and if seen from the side the image makes no sense, but from the front the small variations in depth register as a three-dimensional image. Other versions distort depth much less. It is a technique which requires less work, and is therefore cheaper to produce, as less of the background needs to be removed in a carving, or less modelling is required. In the art of Ancient Egypt and other ancient Near Eastern and Asian cultures, and also Meso-America, a very low relief was commonly used for the whole composition. These images would all be painted after carving, which helped to define the forms; today the paint has worn off in the great majority of surviving examples, but minute, invisible remains of paint can usually be discovered through chemical means.
The Ishtar Gate of Babylon, now in Berlin, has low reliefs of large animals formed from moulded bricks, glazed in colour. Plaster was sometimes used in Egypt and Rome, and probably elsewhere, but needs very good conditions to survive – Roman decorative plasterwork is mainly known from Pompeii and other sites buried by ash from Mount Vesuvius. Low relief was relatively rare in Western medieval art, but may be found, for example in wooden figures or scenes on the insides of the folding wings of multi-panel altarpieces.
Low relief is probably the most common type of relief found in Hindu-Buddhist arts of India and Southeast Asia. The low reliefs of 2nd-century BCE to 6th-century CE Ajanta Caves and 5th to 10th-century Ellora Caves in India are noted for they were carved out from rock-cut hill. They are probably the most exquisite examples of Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain arts in India. Most of these low reliefs are used in narrating sacred scriptures, such as those founds in 9th century Borobudur temple in Central Java, Indonesia, that narrating The birth of Buddha (Lalitavistara). Borobudur itself possess 1,460 panels of narrating low reliefs. Another example is low reliefs narrating Ramayana Hindu epic in Prambanan temple, also in Java. In Cambodia, the temples of Angkor are also remarkable for their collection of low reliefs. The Samudra manthan or "Churning of Ocean of Milk" of 12th-century Angkor Wat is an example of Khmer art. Another examples are low reliefs of Apsaras adorned the walls and pillars of Angkorian temples. The low reliefs of Bayon temple in Angkor Thom also remarkable on capturing the daily life of Khmer Empire.
The revival of low relief, which was seen as a classical style, begins early in the Renaissance; the Tempio Malatestiano in Rimini, a pioneering classicist building, designed by Leon Battista Alberti around 1450, uses low reliefs by Agostino di Duccio inside and on the external walls. Since the Renaissance plaster has been very widely used for indoor ornamental work such as cornices and ceilings, but in the 16th century it was used for large figures (many also using high relief) at the Chateau of Fontainebleau, which were imitated more crudely elsewhere, for example in the Elizabethan Hardwick Hall.
In later Western art, until a 20th-century revival, low relief was used mostly for smaller works or combined with higher relief to convey a sense of distance, or to give depth to the composition, especially for scenes with many figures and a landscape or architectural background, in the same way that lighter colours are used for the same purpose in painting. Thus figures in the foreground are sculpted in high-relief, those in the background in low-relief. Low relief may use any medium or technique of sculpture, stone carving and metal casting being most common. Large architectural compositions all in low relief saw a revival in the 20th century, being popular on buildings in Art Deco and related styles, which borrowed from the ancient low reliefs now available in museums. Some sculptors, including Eric Gill, have adopted the "squashed" depth of low relief in works that are actually free-standing.
Mid-relief, "half-relief" or mezzo-rilievo is somewhat imprecisely defined, and the term is not often used in English, the works usually being described as low relief instead. The typical traditional definition is that only up to half of the subject projects, and no elements are undercut or fully disengaged from the background field. The depth of the elements shown is normally somewhat distorted. Shallow-relief or rilievo stiacciato, used for the background areas of compositions with the main elements in low-relief, was perfected by the Italian Renaissance sculptor Donatello. It is a very shallow relief, which merges into engraving in places, and can be hard to read in photographs.
HIGH RELIEF
High relief (or altorilievo, from Italian) is where in general more than half the mass of the sculpted figure projects from the background, indeed the most prominent elements of the composition, especially heads and limbs, are often completely undercut, detaching them from the field. The parts of the subject that are seen are normally depicted at their full depth, unlike low relief where the elements seen are "squashed" flatter. High-relief thus uses essentially the same style and techniques as free-standing sculpture, and in the case of a single figure gives largely the same view as a person standing directly in front of a free-standing statue would have. All cultures and periods in which large sculptures were created used this technique in monumental sculpture and architecture.
Most of the many grand figure reliefs in Ancient Greek sculpture used a very "high" version of high-relief, with elements often fully free of the background, and parts of figures crossing over each other to indicate depth. The metopes of the Parthenon have largely lost their fully rounded elements, except for heads, showing the advantages of relief in terms of durability. High relief has remained the dominant form for reliefs with figures in Western sculpture, also being common in Indian temple sculpture. Smaller Greek sculptures such as private tombs, and smaller decorative areas such as friezes on large buildings, more often used low relief.
Hellenistic and Roman sarcophagus reliefs were cut with a drill rather than chisels, enabling and encouraging compositions extremely crowded with figures, like the Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus (250–260 CE). These are also seen in the enormous strips of reliefs that wound round Roman triumphal columns. The sarcophagi in particular exerted a huge influence on later Western sculpture. The European Middle Ages tended to use high relief for all purposes in stone, though like Ancient Roman sculpture their reliefs were typically not as high as in Ancient Greece. Very high relief reemerged in the Renaissance, and was especially used in wall-mounted funerary art and later on Neo-classical pediments and public monuments.
In Hindu-Buddhist art of India and Southeast Asia high relief can also be found, although it is not as common as low reliefs. Most of Hindu-Buddhist sculptures however also can be considered as a high relief, since these sculptures usually connected to a stella as the background to support the statue as well as provides additional elements such as aura or halo in the back of sculpture's head, or floral decoration. The examples of Indian high reliefs can be found in Khajuraho temple, that displaying voluptuous twisting figures that often describes the erotic Kamasutra positions. In 9th-century Prambanan temple, Central Java, the examples are the high reliefs of Lokapala devatas, the guardian of directions deities.
SUNK RELIEF
Sunk or sunken relief is largely restricted to the art of Ancient Egypt where it is very common, becoming after the Amarna period of Ahkenaten the dominant type used, as opposed to low relief. It had been used earlier, but mainly for large reliefs on external walls, and for hieroglyphs and cartouches. The image is made by cutting the relief sculpture itself into a flat surface. In a simpler form the images are usually mostly linear in nature, like hieroglyphs, but in most cases the figure itself is in low relief, but set within a sunken area shaped round the image, so that the relief never rises beyond the original flat surface. In some cases the figures and other elements are in a very low relief that does not rise to the original surface, but others are modeled more fully, with some areas rising to the original surface. This method minimizes the work removing the background, while allowing normal relief modelling.
The technique is most successful with strong sunlight to emphasise the outlines and forms by shadow, as no attempt was made to soften the edge of the sunk area, leaving a face at a right-angle to the surface all around it. Some reliefs, especially funerary monuments with heads or busts from ancient Rome and later Western art, leave a "frame" at the original level around the edge of the relief, or place a head in a hemispherical recess in the block (see Roman example in gallery). Though essentially very similar to Egyptian sunk relief, but with a background space at the lower level around the figure, the term would not normally be used of such works.
COUNTER RELIEF
Sunk relief technique is not to be confused with "counter-relief" or intaglio as seen on engraved gem seals - where an image is fully modeled in a "negative" manner. The image goes into the surface, so that when impressed on wax it gives an impression in normal relief. However many engraved gems were carved in cameo or normal relief.
A few very late Hellenistic monumental carvings in Egypt use full "negative" modelling as though on a gem seal, perhaps as sculptors trained in the Greek tradition attempted to use traditional Egyptian conventions.
SMALL OBJECTS
Small-scale reliefs have been carved in various materials, notably ivory, wood, and wax. Reliefs are often found in decorative arts such as ceramics and metalwork; these are less often described as "reliefs" than as "in relief". Small bronze reliefs are often in the form of "plaques" or plaquettes, which may be set in furniture or framed, or just kept as they are, a popular form for European collectors, especially in the Renaissance.
Various modelling techniques are used, such repoussé ("pushed-back") in metalwork, where a thin metal plate is shaped from behind using various metal or wood punches, producing a relief image. Casting has also been widely used in bronze and other metals. Casting and repoussé are often used in concert in to speed up production and add greater detail to the final relief. In stone, as well as engraved gems, larger hardstone carvings in semi-precious stones have been highly prestigious since ancient times in many Eurasian cultures. Reliefs in wax were produced at least from the Renaissance.
Carved ivory reliefs have been used since ancient times, and because the material, though expensive, cannot usually be reused, they have a relatively high survival rate, and for example consular diptychs represent a large proportion of the survivals of portable secular art from Late Antiquity. In the Gothic period the carving of ivory reliefs became a considerable luxury industry in Paris and other centres. As well as small diptychs and triptychs with densely packed religious scenes, usually from the New Testament, secular objects, usually in a lower relief, were also produced.
These were often round mirror-cases, combs, handles, and other small items, but included a few larger caskets like the Casket with Scenes of Romances (Walters 71264) in Baltimore, Maryland, in the United States. Originally there were very often painted in bright colours. Reliefs can be impressed by stamps onto clay, or the clay pressed into a mould bearing the design, as was usual with the mass-produced terra sigillata of Ancient Roman pottery. Decorative reliefs in plaster or stucco may be much larger; this form of architectural decoration is found in many styles of interiors in the post-Renaissance West, and in Islamic architecture.
WIKIPEDIA
Feeding the US, or one part of it, in Michigan. The wagons will be pulled away and the grain stored, also dried. Eventually, the corn will be sold, and, most likely, end up as animal or human food. Corn, or maize (Zea mays), with soybeans and wheat, are grown more than any other crops in the United States. Thank God for grasses. (Soybeans aren't grasses, but the other two are)
That's a sister-in-law piloting the machine, with my wife as a passenger.
U.S. Soldiers of the 3rd Infantry Division provide first aid to a simulated casualty after a respond to contact scenario during exercise Combined Resolve VI at the U.S. Army’s Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, May 22, 2016. Exercise Combined Resolve VI is designed to exercise the U.S. Army’s regionally allocated force to the U.S. European Command area of responsibility with multinational training at all echelons. Approximately 570 participants from 5 NATO and European partner nations will participate. The exercise involves around 500 U.S. troops and 70 NATO and European partner nations. Combined Resolve VI is a preplanned exercise that does not fall under Operation Atlantic Resolve. This exercise will train participants to function together in a joint, multinational and integrated environment and train U.S. rotational forces to be more flexible, agile and to better operate alongside our NATO Allies. (U.S. Army photo by Pfc. Gage Hull/Released)
A U.S. Soldier of 91st Brigade Engineer Battalion, 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division provides security while his fellow team members enter an M2/M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle during exercise Combined Resolve II at the Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany May 22, 2014. Combined Resolve II is a multinational decisive action training environment exercise occurring at the Joint Multinational Training Command’s Hohenfels and Grafenwoehr Training Areas that involves more than 4,000 participants from 15 partner nations. The intent of the exercise is to train and prepare a U.S. led multinational brigade to interoperate with multiple partner nations and execute unified land operations against a complex threat while improving the combat readiness of all participants. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Nicholaus Williams/Released)
A multinational formation gathers for the opening ceremony for exercise Combined Endeavor 2012 at the Joint Multinational Training Command in Grafenwoehr, Germany, Sept. 6. Combined Endeavor is a multinational command, control, communications and computer systems exercise designed to build and enhance communications and network interoperability between 41 nations and international organizations. (Photo by Tech. Sgt. Araceli Alarcon)
U.S. Army Major General Paul J. LaCamera, Commanding General of 4th Infantry Division, looks over the battle plans of the U.S. Soldiers of 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division at a company attack lane during exercise Combined Resolve III at the Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, Oct. 24, 2014. Nearly 100 soldiers from the 4th Infantry Div. headquarters are providing the Higher Command (HICON) during the exercise in their role as the U.S. Army's regionally aligned division to the U.S. European Command. Combined Resolve III is a multinational exercise, which includes more than 4,000 participants from NATO and partner nations, and is designed to provide a complex training scenario that focuses on multinational unified land operations and reinforces the U.S. commitment to NATO and Europe. (U.S. Army photo by Pfc. Lloyd Villanueva)
The making of this Shell Wreath combined two of my passions – crafts and beachcombing. This wreath is 6” in diameter, 3 pounds of shells, and a lot of glue sticks.
Most of the shells came from my favorite Florida beaches. I will add a raffia bow on top and a hook in the rear for hanging. I thought these would look nice on a lanai, a nautical themed bathroom, or in a den. I also thought about using shells for candle centerpieces. Have a wonderful day.. Deb
Serbian Forces soldiers pull security during exercise Combined Resolve at the Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, Nov. 17, 2013. The intent of the exercise is to train and prepare U.S. led multinational brigades to interoperate with multiple partner nations against a complex threat. The 7th Army JMTC is the only training command outside the continental United States, providing realistic and relevant training to U.S. Army, Joint Service, NATO, allied and multinational units, and is a regular venue for some of the largest training exercises for U.S. and European Forces. (U.S. Army photo by Spc. Brian Chaney)
INDIANAPOLIS - FEBRUARY 26: Dwight Lowery of San Jose State participates in drills during the 2008 Scouting Combine at the RCA Dome in Indianapolis, Indiana on February 26, 2008. (Photo by Ben Liebenberg/NFL Photos/Getty Images)
A U.S. Soldier of Alpha Company, 5th Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment provides security from a M2 Bradley Fighting Vehicle while conducting defensive operations during exercise Combined Resolve VI at the U.S. Army’s Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, May 21, 2016. Exercise Combined Resolve VI is designed to exercise the U.S. Army’s regionally allocated force to the U.S. European Command area of responsibility with multinational training at all echelons. Approximately 570 participants from 5 NATO and European partner nations will participate. The exercise involves around 500 U.S. troops and 70 NATO and European partner nations. Combined Resolve VI is a preplanned exercise that does not fall under Operation Atlantic Resolve. This exercise will train participants to function together in a joint, multinational and integrated environment and train U.S. rotational forces to be more flexible, agile and to better operate alongside our NATO Allies. (U.S. Army photo by Pfc. Malik Gibson/ Released)
建筑画报: 波特兰购物中心是一条城市景观购物大街，其长度贯穿整个城市中心，融合了多种交通方式，刺激了邻里发展，是波特兰市重要的公民核心场所。在新的时机，这里需要被改建成为可持续的城市中心公共活动与交通空间。这个始于1976年的项目是一个雄心勃勃的企划，解决了市中心堵塞的交通问题，吸引投资，重新定义公民空间。有过境游客专用通道，宽阔的人行道，茂密的行道树和高品质的公共设施，很多创举在美国都是第一次出现，因此获奖无数。在上世纪80到90年代，这里引入了轻轨交通。随着时间的推移，这里的情况逐渐恶化，维护费用也开始缩减，最后变成不受欢迎的地区。为了解决这个问题，并考虑到2030年将有一百万的新增市民，城市交通运输服务商TriMet和波特兰政府、地铁企业联盟还有城市设计师一起合作，共同开发一个振兴计划。规划重申购物中心的重要角色，以此为关键进行发展，让其成为多种交通运输方式的枢纽。（人行道、自行车道、机动车道、新型轻轨和大容量公共汽车系统）项目长1.7英里，，穿越了波特兰市中心6个不同的地区共116个街区，算的上是全国最大的交通项目：58个市中心街区及十字路口的修缮重建、强化人行道设施，改善45个公交候车区、新增公共艺术、改善机动车和自行车专道、改善停车区和卸载区。投入2.2亿美元，是波特兰市最大的公共项目。TriMet是美国广为人知的交通行业专家，他们有着城市设计，景观设计等跨学科的设计和施工专业团队。这个备受瞩目的基础设计改建在早期便进行广泛的评估和调查，对各个级别和空间，条件，行为，发展潜力等等进行综合考量最后制定设计决策。最后巴士和轻轨共享两个过境通道，汽车和自行车可以轻松的进入公共交通系统。在视野开阔处设置街景元素，把交通运输功和街道生活融合起来，人们在这里走、坐、停留、看、谈话、用餐、购物。走廊在整体上保持统一（地面铺装、照明、候车厅、引导标识和基础街道装置）的同时具有多样性（公共艺术、辅助街道装置以及雨水景观特征）。这里的原始材料没有被浪费掉，花岗岩，砖，铸铁被保存和很好的重新利用。原有600株树木被保留，新增115株。道路交叉口用更高品质的材料铺设。项目在各个尺度上都体现了可持续性：对城市核心进行了再度投资，强化城市结构，提高城市流动性，提供更多清洁能源的交通选择，形成了公私合作的未来战略投资关系。项目使高质量原材料得以保存和更新，同时路灯、指示灯和交通运输站点引入了新的节能技术。新增的透水铺装，开放景观带和汇水点对18块人行道区域的径流进行拦截。回收并翻新了大部分路面，金属，玻璃和木材。这个项目的重要目标是赋予整个街区更多的活力，因此，TriMet及其合作方开启了一项针对市区企业的宣传计划，包括提供设计/许可援助和低息贷款，称为BBB计划。150亿美元的私人投资改善了40个商店，两个酒店以及相关的机构。这种公私机构，商业和社区的合作模式是这个项目长期发展的关键。“They have taken a good idea and made it even better. It’s a great expenditure of public money and so far ahead of what anyone else is doing. It’s another example of Portland continuing to stay ahead. They were unafraid of taking out what didn’t work and fixing it, which is difficult to do in cities. ”—2011 Professional Awards Jury “提出一个好点子，并将它做得更好。将公共开支物尽其用，远远领先旁人。波特兰将继续领先，以勇气和毅力完成城市的超级挑战。” ——2011年专业奖评委委员会（感谢 ZGF Architects LLP, Portland, OR & gooood）>订阅《建筑画报》 | 微信：shejishe | 微博：@设计社 >http://www.shejishe.com/submit 来自http://dd.mu/sT4+W
A Moldovan Soldier races towards the objective during a situational training exercise at the Hohenfels Training Area, as part of exercise Combined Resolve III, Oct. 26, 2014. Combined Resolve III is a U.S Army Europe-directed multinational exercise at the Grafenwoehr and Hohenfels Training Areas, including more than 4,000 participants from NATO and partner nations. Combined Resolve III is designed to provide a complex training scenario that focuses on multinational unified land operations and reinforces the U.S commitment to NATO and Europe. The exercises features the U.S. Army’s Regionally Aligned Force for Europe-the 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division-which supports the U.S. European Command during Operation Atlantic Resolve. For more photos, videos, and stories from Combined Resolve III, go to www.eur.army.mil/jmtc/CombinedResolveIII.html.
(U.S. Army photo by Sarah Tate, JMTC PAO)
Aeroflot—at one time the largest airline in the world, with a fleet larger than all American airlines combined—traces its lineage to the establishment of Dobrolet in March 1923. Dobrolet was formed by the Soviet Union’s government in recognition that the Soviet Air Force could not both defend the largest nation in the world’s borders and administer civil aviation at the same time. Dobrolet was, like everything else in the Communist system, wholly owned by the Soviet government, and commenced operations with flights from Moscow to Novgorod in July 1923. In 1932, Dobrolet was merged with two other state airlines based in Ukraine and Georgia, and in 1933 was renamed Aeroflot (“air fleet”).
The Soviet government, under the 1933 Five-Year Plan, made air transportation a priority for the nation, given the gigantic distances necessary to link the USSR. Though the Aeroflot plan also called for the airline to operate primarily Soviet aircraft (which included the gigantic Tupolev ANT-20 and the even larger Maxim Gorky, at the time the largest airliners ever built), the majority of Aeroflot’s aircraft were actually license-built DC-3s.
World War II and the Soviet Union’s struggle for survival after the German invasion of June 1941 led to Aeroflot being nationalized and incorporated into the Soviet Air Force. Aeroflot aircraft and crews were to fly some 1.5 million sorties during the war, namely during the siege of Stalingrad, and paid a heavy price for their efforts. Following war’s end, Aeroflot was returned to civilian control, although all Aeroflot pilots held reserve commissions in the Soviet Air Force and would be called upon for military missions when needed.
By 1956, Aeroflot was carrying 1.6 million passengers a year over a route network that stretched nearly 200,000 miles. Even this was not enough: the Soviet government sought to modernize and expand the airline still further. In that same year, Aeroflot became the first airline to introduce jet passenger service on a regular basis, using the Tupolev Tu-104 (a conversion of the Tu-16 Badger bomber), and operated the world’s largest and longest-ranged airliner for the time, the Tu-114, which was capable of flying nonstop from Murmansk to Havana, Cuba. Besides its extensive passenger and cargo network, Aeroflot aircraft also served to transport Soviet heads of state to foreign nations, oil exploration in Siberia, ice patrol duties, and cropdusting; aircraft with Aeroflot colors were also photographed by Western aircraft engaging in clearly military duties, such as electronic intelligence and cargo missions to client states.
Due to these varied duties, Aeroflot’s fleet would expand to no less than 10,000 aircraft and helicopters by the 1970s. Aeroflot also was the sole Soviet flag carrier, and by the 1970s had expanded international flights to the United States and points in the Western Hemisphere. Its potential was limited by the Soviet aircraft industry’s lack of true wide-bodied aircraft (the Ilyushin Il-62 and Tupolev Tu-134/154 jet airliners could carry only a fraction of the passengers of a Boeing 747) and the limitations of the Cold War: Aeroflot’s operations to the eastern United States had to stage through Shannon Airport in Ireland, as Aeroflot aircraft were not allowed to land at most Western European airports. This worsened after the Soviet shootdown of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 in September 1983: in retaliation, President Ronald Reagan revoked Aeroflot’s rights to fly in and out of American territory.
The breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 was to have a huge impact on Aeroflot. Though the airline remained in operation and became Russia’s flag carrier, it was forced to concentrate mainly on international routes from Moscow, as former Soviet republics declared independence and formed their own airlines, usually taking over former Aeroflot aircraft and using former Aeroflot crews. Aeroflot also gained a reputation for operating noisy, uncomfortable, obsolescent Soviet-era airliners—which other nations no longer under the Soviet yoke quickly got rid of.
With this in mind, in 1994 the Russian government sold off 49 percent of Aeroflot’s stock to private investors, and embarked on a massive modernization and rebranding effort that did away with the austere look of the Soviet era in favor of bright colors incorporating the Russian flag (though efforts to change Aeroflot’s winged hammer-and-sickle corporate logo failed, due to both tradition and the influence of President Vladimir Putin). The Soviet-era aircraft were gradually retired and replaced with a mix of Western aircraft (mainly Airbus A320s and Boeing 767s) and newer Russian designs (the Ilyushin Il-96 and Sukhoi Superjet 100). Today, the airline is regarded as one of the better airlines of Eastern Europe and flies to 62 nations and 116 destinations.
The Tupolev Tu-144 was the Soviet Union's attempt to field a supersonic airliner before the Anglo-French Concorde. While successful in this (it flew two months before the Concorde), the SST idea may have been beyond the technological capabilities of the Soviet Union. The aircraft was remarkably unsafe, with fatigue cracks common in brand-new aircraft, engine failures depressingly common, and various other technical problems. Even if these were overcome, cabin noise from the engines was so loud no one could hear each other. Though kept in service for prestige, Aeroflot only did so under considerable political pressure. Passenger flights only lasted between 1977 and 1978, though cargo flights lasted until 1983. Aside from occasional test flights, the Tu-144 fleet was grounded afterwards.
CCCP-68001 was the Tu-144 prototype, and appears as it did when it was first rolled out in 1970 and exhibited at the Paris Air Show in 1971. It completed the test program and probably flew more hours than any other Tu-144. Sadly, it was scrapped in 1985.
Czech soldiers of Task Force Mechanized Company, 42nd Mechanized Battalion, 4th Rapid Deployment Brigade conduct a cordon and search scenario during exercise Combined Resolve IV at the U.S. Army’s Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, May 25, 2015. Combined Resolve IV is an Army Europe directed exercise training a multinational brigade and enhancing interoperability with allies and partner nations. Combined Resolve trains on unified land operations against a complex threat while improving the combat readiness of all participants. The Combined Resolve series of exercises incorporates the U.S. Army’s Regionally Aligned Force with the European Activity Set to train with European Allies and partners. The 7th Army JMTC is the only training command outside the continental United States, providing realistic and relevant training to U.S. Army, Joint Service, NATO, allied and multinational units, and is a regular venue for some of the largest training exercises for U.S. and European Forces. (U.S. Army photo by Pfc. Courtney Hubbard/Released)