017_GHP_EcoOutlook_5dec19— Greater Houston Partnership's Annual Houston Region Economic Outlook event featuring a keynote presentation by Helen Currie, Chief Economist with ConocoPhillips December 5, 2019. (Photo by Richard Carson)

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Chronicles of PBY-5A Buno 2459; The top-scoring allied antisubmarine aircraft of WW.II

On November 15th 1941 PBY-5A Catalina Buno 2459 (c/n 300) rolls of the production line. It is one of a series of 33 for the U.S. Navy ordered in December 1939. Who would have thought at that time this Catalina would sink three submarines, damage one more, fight fires in Chilli and Canada and doing roundflights with passengers in the Netherlands, would still be flying almost 69 years later! The story of this Catalina truly is remarkable.

Buno. 2459’s first mentioning in the war diary of VP-73 is on December 23rd 1941. Three planes drawn from VP-83 are test flown at NAS Norfolk, Virginia and put on board seaplane tender USS Albemarle (AV-5) at NOB Norfolk for shipment to Iceland that day. One of these planes was Buno 2459 (73-P-9). The USS Albemarle departed on the 28th and transported one division of VP-73 (Second Division). Commanding officer was David W. Shafer. While on route to Iceland via Quonset Point, Rhode Island and Argentia, Newfoundland it picked two more Catalina’s of VP-83 at Quonset Point making a total of five Catalinas. After arriving at Hvalfjord, Iceland the five Catalina’s were flown to Fleet Air Base at Reykjavik between the 12th and the 16th of January.

The five PBY-5A Catalina’s replaced the PBY-5 of VP-73's Iceland division. This was done because winter operations at Iceland and Argentia were considered "extremely hazardous" as concluded in a study made by the Bureau of Aeronautics. On the 15th of January three PBY-5's of VP-73 at anchor in Skerjafjördur (seaplane anchorage adjacent to Reykjavik airfield) were lost during a storm with wind of 90 kts, gusting to 120 kts. The four PBY-5As that were already at the airfield were tied down but it took all hands and all available lines and weights to secure the planes.

Coastal Command

In January flight operations were curtailed because of the bad weather and familiarisation flights to check out pilots commenced not until the 21th. On February 1st Buno. 2459 starts an operational life common to many a Catalina: hours of boredom with a few moments of sheer terror. During February and March Buno 2459 made 20 operational flights. Six were on escort flights, two on ice-reconnaissance flights, one on antisubmarine patrol and eleven on the socalled “Hvalfjord Sweeps”, antisubmarine sweeps of the approaches to the naval anchorage at Hvalfjord. The ice-reconnaissance flights to Greenland (of which Buno 2459 flew its first on March 9th) were flown regularly by Iceland-based aircraft to establish the position of ice on the Denmark Strait, the stretch of ocean between Iceland and Greenland. A vast number of ships sailed through the Strait to reach the North Russian ports, including the infamous PQ/QP convoys bringing much needed war supplies to the hard-pressed Russians.

Although flight operations were badly affected by the bad weather in April, Buno 2459 was forced back twice because of zero visibility and icing, Buno 2459 made fifteen operational flights. During May a new duty was included into the operations of VP-73. The North Atlantic ferry route was inaugurated to handle the massive flow of air traffic from the United States to the European war theatre. Reykjavik was one of the sagging posts on this route and from this month on VP-73 would provide planes on stand-by for rescue operations. Also eight PBY-5As of VP-73's First Division arrived in Iceland.

During an ice-reconnaissance flight to Jan Mayen island on the 23rd of June, a flight of close to twelve hours, Buno 2459 sighted a German Heinkel He 111 north of Iceland. The enemy was not engaged with gunfire.

In July 1942 The Germans renewed their campaign against the transatlantic convoys and VP73 was to become heavily engaged in many of the ensuing battles. During the month of August the PBYs of VP-73 made nine attacks on U-boats. Buno 2459 attacked twice and sank its first. On August 9, shortly before noon, Lt.(jg) Henry C. Colee, Jr. took off in Buno 2459 to conduct an A/S sweep South West of Iceland. At 1706 hrs a U-boat was sighted three miles dead ahead. The U-boat's conning tower was all that was visible and it submerged immediately. Lt.(jg) Colee started Buno 2459's first attack and arrived one minute after the U-boat had disappeared and dropped six depth charges set to explode at a depth of 50 feet, in a stick 68 seconds after the U-boat submerged. All the bombs exploded but it was estimated that they caused no damage as the U-boat would have reached a safe depth. This was VP-73's fifth U-boat attack and Lt.(jg) Colee's second.

The British Task Force SN-73 passed Iceland 250 miles to the Southeast on the 20 August. Lt.(jg) Robert B. Hopgood took off in Buno 2459 from Reykjavik a few minutes before 3 a.m. to cover the Task Force. Shortly before dawn while flying in low visibility under a low cloud base at 500 feet he happened upon U464. U464 (commanded by Kapitänleutnant Harms) was a valuable type XIV Milchkuh Utanker. A type XIV Milchkuh could carry enough fuel-oil to replenish twelve type VIIC boats for four weeks. U464 had departed Kiel on 4 August and was on its maiden voyage to replenish U-boats in the Atlantic.

At first tbe fully surfaced U-boat was believed to be one of the task force's destroyers and a recognition signal was fired from the plane's blisters.

The initial sighted was made at a range of one and a half miles dead ahead. But when the plane came in closer the object was recognised as being a U-boat. Lt.(jg) Hopgood went straight for an attack, releasing five 250lb. depth charges directly across the U-boat's beam in what appears to have been a perfect straddle. The plane carried six depth charges but one failed to release. The explosion lifted the U-boat almost clear of the water and it was evidently badly damaged.

Following the attack Hopgood made several strafing runs firing his .30 and .50-caliber machine guns to which the enemy replied with accurate antiaircraft gunfire forcing the plane to withdraw to safe distance (after the plane returned to base 25 small shrapnel holes were discovered in its wings). For the next forty-five minutes Hopgood circled the disabled U-boat, but lost sight of it when a rain squall closed in on the area. He started searching for the convoy with which he remained until 0715 hrs. While searching for U464 again Hopgood first came across an oil-slick and then sighted an Icelandic fishing vessel (Skaftfellingur) with U464 alongside. The U-boat was heavily listing to one side and its crew were in process of boarding the fishing vessel. The plane made a low pass and was fired upon by the U-boat's crew. In fear of hitting the fishing vessel the gunfire was not returned. Hopgood returned to the convoy he'd been assigned to and summoned one of its destroyers (HMS Castletown) to the scene. While flying back and forth between the destroyer and the U-boat directing the destroyer to the scene he found the U-boat gone, presumably scuttled by its crew. Shortly afterwards the destroyer arrived and took 52 German prisoners on board (two German sailors were killed).

A rather interesting angle to this victory came later when the squadron learned from the British that the depth charge inflicting the mortal wound to U464 was one that had fallen harmlessly on the deck end was held in place by the deck grating. Apparently a 'green' seaman simply rolled the deadly bomb over the side. When it reached the depth for which its hydrostatic fuses were set to detonate the explosion it went off causing lethal damage to boat. Every submariner should have known that the only way to save the boat would have been to roll the bomb onto a raft or lifeboat and set it adrift.

Another interesting sideline to Hopgood's attack on U464 gave birth to a since-famous U.S. Navy phrase: "Sank sub, open club'. The Fleet Air Base and air detachment in Iceland were commanded by Captain (later Rear Admiral) Daniel V. Gallery, jr., a tough and uncompromising naval officer. Gallery was utterly distressed with VP-73's failure to sink U boats. The squadron had delivered some seven attacks on U-boats over the past few weeks, all of which were “muffed” in his opinion. He possibly felt that the poor performance of his crews was caused by too many late nights spent in the Officers Club, so he ordered the club closed until the squadron sank a U-boat. Captain Gallery also pointed out the requirements for obtaining confirmation of the sinking of the U-boat. "What it amounts to", he told the crews, "is that in order to obtain confirmation of the sinking of a German U-boat, you fellows have to bring in the sub skippers pants as proof. Following Hopgood's attack all ears at Coastal Command headquarters were glued to the radio listening to Hopgood's reports of the dramatic development taking place out at sea. The reports were all framed in very officies language and coded, of course. Then at the end when the destroyer had taken the Germans off the Icelandic fishing vessel, Hopgood's final report came in to Gallery in plain English, no code, saying: “Sank sub, open club”. And they sure did, they damn near blew the roof of the joint. Hopgood further requested that as soon as the U-boat skipper was given dry cloths, his pants be forwarded to Captain Gallery. The salt-encrusted trousers served as a valance over the mirror in VP-73s officers club bar for the remainder of the squadron's tour.

Two months after Buno 2459's successful attack VP-84 took over the tasks of VP-73. About half of squadron VP-73 was already en route to the United States when orders were received to return to Iceland and then on to North-Africa. Some of VP-73's planes were probably quite battered and in need for overhaul so seven of these were exchanged for newer planes of VP-84. One of the planes passed to VP-84 was Buno 2459 which became 84-P-7. During its last operational flight for VP-73 on 5 October Buno 2459 came to battle U582 a type VIIC U-boat. Its assignment that day was to cover convoy HX-209 400 miles south of Iceland. The convoy was being pursued by a 'Wolf Pack' of seventeen U-boats. With the 'Wolf Pack' tactics, which the Germans started in August of 1942, one submarine would locate a convoy and call in others to attack the convoy en masse.

Fifteen minutes after reaching the convoy in the morning of 5 October, the crew of Buno 2459, with Chief Aviation Pilot M. Luke in command, sighted a fully surfaced U-boat ten miles away end about fifteen miles ahead of the convoy's starboard column. Diving from 2000 to 75 feet Luke dropped four 650lb. depth charges on the still visible U-boat in a perfect straddle: two bombs failing on each side of the U-boats hull. Following the explosions the U-boat sank from sight and the only evidence of damage was a patch of oil seen on the water after the attack.

There was every reason to believe that this attack resulted in the destruction of the U-boat. But for some reason this was overlooked when U-boat attacks were assessed after the war. The credit for sinking U582 was given to a Hudson of 269 squadron of the RAF. Research by Ragnar Ragnarsson shows that the mentioned Hudson sank.

Another U-boat on the same day in the same area (U619). In Robert L. Carlisto's book "Cats over the Atlantic: VPB-73 In World War II" the sinking of U582 is credited to another VP-73 plane: 73-P-12 (Buno 02974) flown by Ensign William R. Huey. Again Ragnar Ragnarsson's research shows this to be incorrect. Buno 02974 attacked U257 which is confirmed by war diary of the U-boat. The U-boat narrowly escaped with heavy damage.

As a result of the strong air coverage by RAF Liberators and the aforementioned Hudsons and Catalinas the 'Wolf Pack' was driven off and ordered to break off at first light the next moming. The rest of her voyage HX-209 sailed unmolested having lost only one tanker to the enemy. To Admiral Dönitz, C-in-C of the U bootwaffe, the operation against HX-209 was a total failure. Only one ship sunk for the price of two destroyed U-boats and a third heavily damaged. When VP-73 left Iceland the squadron's planes had made thirty attacks on U-boats. Two submarines were sunk, both by Buno 2459.

After heavy storms and few operational flights during the winter period of 1942-1943 the weather improved in April 1943. By then the U-boats had adopted so-called 'fight-back' tactic. With this tactic, instead of diving when an aircraft was sighted, a U-boat would stay surfaced and fight back when it was not possible to reach a depth of 80 meters before the plane reached the U-boat. Because standard Catalinas are unsuited for this type of warfare some Catalinas were fitted with a fixed .30 calibre gun in the bow. The barrel of the gun protruded through the air thermometer hole. Later experiments were even made with a 20 mm canon obtained from a P-38 squadron. Two planes were fitted with the experimental installation, one being Buno 2459. As we will see later on the canon was only fired once before it jammed.

The effectiveness of the .30 calibre gun was demonstrated several times but its use produced a serious snag: it upset the bomb aim when used during the final stage of the run. On several occasions when the pilot's attention was focused on firing the gun rather than on the bomb run, the plane drifted from its target upsetting the bomb aim. Another problem was the Catalina's high angle of incidence which caused the gunfire to fail short when the plane dove towards its target. On April 28 Lieutenant (jg) William A. Shevlin flew Buno 2459 to cover convoys ONS5 and SC127 when a U-boat was sighted by Shevlin's copitot Ensign Albert M. Slingluff. This was probably the 1100 ton type IXC/40 long-range U528. The U-boat's lookouts apparently spotted the plane before they were sighted themselves. The boat disappeared thirty-five seconds before the plane arrived over it's swirl. Wisely, Shevlin withheld his bombs but only this time. Because, later when he returned to the spot he sighted a fully surfaced U-boat was seen off the port bow at a range of three and a half miles. Visibility was poor and the U-boat's lookouts supposedly did not notice the approaching plane until it was only a mile away. As the enemy crash-dived Shevlin dove in. He crossed the boat from port quarter to starboard bow, raking it with 200 rounds from the .30-caliber fixed bow gun. The U-boat was still only half submerged when Shevlin released the four depth charges, aiming them to strike the water just ahead of the conning tower. But, because he had been pointing the Catalina's nose at the U-boat while firing his fixed bow gun, the depth charges dropped slightiy farther ahead than intended. Nevertheless, they hit the water close by the U-boat's bow and it is difficult to imagine that the boat had escaped unscatherd. Still, evidence of the damage being all-important, this well executed attack was officially judged as a near-miss due to "insufficient evidence of damage." Before long, however, the result of Shevlin's attack became known. On 11 May 1943 U528 (Oberleutnant zur See von Rabenau), one of the boats operating against ONS5, was sunk in the Bay of Biscay by British air and naval forces. Interrogation of the boat's survivors revealed that on 28 April the boat was attacked from the air with four depth charges that exploded close by its bow. Three torpedo tubes were damaged and the boat was unable to launch its warheads. Furthermore, several air bottles were put out of action and the boat was leaking fuel. After determining the extent of damage, von Rabenau decided U528 was unfit for further operations and headed back to port for repairs.

A “simple” Air Sea Rescue (ASR) flight nearly ended Bu 2459's career on 14 June 1943. Lieutenant (jg) 'Roy' Neff took off to search for the crew of a missing PBY-5A of VP-84. He had all disposable items be removed of the aircraft to be as light as possible for a possible open sea landing. The fixed .30-caliber nose gun was left in place though.

While circling a Faeroes fishing schooner the schooner, probably thinking it was under attack by a German reconnaissance aircraft, fored its ingenieus defence mechanism - a parachute cable. This parachute cabine consisted of a steel cabine with canisters at each end containing a small parachute. When fired in the flight path of an aircraft the cable wrapped around the wing of its target and the chutes discharged from the canisters. The drag thus created was designed to yank the plane to one side with such force that it would plunge to sea out of control. Although Buno 2459 suddenly jolted violently to one side, by a stroke of good fortune one of the canisters became embedded in the starboard aileron and did not discharge its chute. It did jam the aileron and the other chute trailed beside the tailplane, its chute fully open. With full opposite rudder Lieutenant Neff kept the PBY under control despite the hard starboard pull. But something had to be done fast. Ordnanceman A.B. Grant rushed to the bow and quickly dismantled the fixed .30-caliber gun from its mount and brought it to the starboard blister. He took aim and with superb marksmanship shot the chute canisters from both ends of the cabine with a few short bursts. After a landing at the emergency landing field Höfn on Iceland's Southeast coast, where the cabine was removed, Buno 2459 returned to base.

Only ten days after the almost fatal incident, 24 June 1943, while flying south of Iceland Lieutenant (jg) Joseph W. Beach's copilot Lieutenant (jg) Albert M. Slingluff sighted a fully surfaced U-boat six miles slightly off the port bow. The Catalina was armed with three depth charges and a homing torpedo familiarly referred to by its users as “Fidol”. The U-boat spotted was U194 (Kapitänleutnant Hermann Hess); the first of the type IXD2 very long range Oberseekuh Ucruisers to put out of poil for an operation in the Indian Ocean. Lieutenant Beach went straight for his quarry, diving from 1600 feet. After initially not showing any reaction the U-boat suddenly brought its stem to point at the attacking plane. At the same time puffs of black smoke were seen at the conning tower, the Catalina was under fire. Beach aimed the Catalina's nose at the U-boat and pressed the firing button of the 20-mm fixed bow gun now fitted on the aircraft. As mentioned before, one round was fired before a gas jet broke. Afterwards the failure was attributed to the crew's lack of knowledge in the gun's operatie Beach unhesitatingly pressed home his attack while the U-boat's deck and conning tower were kept by the remaining .30-caliber gun. At an attitude of only 65 feet Beach crossed the U-boat stern to bow but the three depth charges failed to release. Pulling away from the attack Beach made a climbing left turn. The U-boat turned with him, keeping its stern pointed at the plane to bring the full force of its antiaircraft guns to bear. Beach circled his quarry at a distance while trying to manoeuvre the Catalina for abeam attack, but to no avail. The enemy always managed to keep his stem pointed in the plane’s direction. A remarkable feat considering that manoeuvrability was not a strong point of these large long-range boats. The second run was started from a mile and a half in face of heavy gunfire. As the Catalina passed over the U-boat stem, to bow the two starboard depth charges were released manually. Both fell short and exploded some 50 feet astern the boat. Beach came in almost immediately for the third time hoping the remaining depth charge would release. But the bomb release failed again. Kapitänleutnant Schoner had clearly had his fill and crash-dived. it was his last dive, for Beach dropped his 'Fidol' in the enemy's wake. Fifty seconds later the crew watched as the torpedo's shock wave caused a mushroom-like upheaval on the surface. The missile had found its target, but lacking the all-important visible evidence of damage the destruction of U194 could only be confirmed untit after the war.

Buno 2459 finished the war with three U-boats (U464, U582, and U194) sunk, and a fourth (U528) severely damaged.

During its operational assignment to VP-73 and VP-84, Buno 2459 flew a total of 195 operational missions, 92 with VP-73 and 103 with VP-84. The highest monthly tally was in May 1942 when it carried out 18 sorties for VP-73, closely followed by 17 with VP-84 in May 1943, the month the German U-boats were run out of the North Atlantic. It finished the war with three U-boats (U464, U582 and U194) sunk, and a fourth (U528) severely damaged. It is believed to be the highest score achieved by a single allied antisubmarine aircraft of any type in WW.II

Prior to its departure from Iceland on 1 September 1943, Buno 2459 transferred to FAW 7’s Hedron, where it remained until January 1944 when it was assigned to a unit named Atlanta Test 39. Buno 2459 was flown out of lceland to Quonset Point, R.I. by Lt. G.S. Smith on 1 September 1943, via BW-l, Greenland and Goose Bay,Labrador, arriving at Quonset Point on 3 September 1943. The total flying time from Reykjavik to Quonset Point was 20 hrs. 25 min.

The following September it was briefly assigned to the resident Operational Unit at NAS Anacostia, Washington, DC, before passing to the Naval Air Navigation Radio School at Gainsville, Georgia, in October. Towards the end of 1944, Buno 2459 spent a month or so with Assembly & Repair at Pensacola, presumably for maintenance, before transferring to the US Coast Guard in December 1944, and assigned to the Coast Guard Air Station at Elizabeth City, North Carolina, were it was taken on charge by the station's Operational Unit. It was still at Elizabeth City when stricken from the Navy's inventory on 31 October 1945.

By: Prudent Staal

133_GHP_SoireePortraits_2019.jpg -- Greater Houston Partnership “Emerald City” Soiree 2019 with photography sponsored by Conoco Phillips at Hotel ZaZa August 24, 2019. (Photo by Richard Carson)

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083_GHP_Diversity_25Oct22 - The Greater Houston Partnership Houston DiverseCity Summit, an inspiring one-day convening to advance equity and inclusion in the greater Houston region held at the Marriott Marquis October 25, 2022. (Photo by Richard Carson)

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Windy, but not a lot of rain or lightning activity as this cell made its way out to sea. Some mammatus is just visible in the cloud base.

225_GHP_SoireePortraits_2019.jpg -- Greater Houston Partnership “Emerald City” Soiree 2019 with photography sponsored by Conoco Phillips at Hotel ZaZa August 24, 2019. (Photo by Richard Carson)

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153_GHP_EconomicOutlook2018.JPG - Greater Houston Partnership Houston Region Economic Outlook featuring Ellen Zentner, Managing Director and Chief U.S. Economist with Morgan Stanley Research, on the national economy. In addition, the following panel of local experts will share their perspectives on the region's economyDecember 5, 2018. (Photo by Donna Carson)

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338_GHP_SoireePortraits_2019.jpg -- Greater Houston Partnership “Emerald City” Soiree 2019 with photography sponsored by Conoco Phillips at Hotel ZaZa August 24, 2019. (Photo by Richard Carson)

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F-16 Viper does a flyby.

Viper is one of the nicknames given to the Lockheed (formerly General Dynamics) F-16 Fighting Falcon. This one has a special paint job and is participating at the 2022 Wings Over Houston air show.

199_GHP_Diversity_25Oct22 - The Greater Houston Partnership Houston DiverseCity Summit, an inspiring one-day convening to advance equity and inclusion in the greater Houston region held at the Marriott Marquis October 25, 2022. (Photo by Richard Carson)

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Forced down in fog.

I was heading to the LAA Rally at Sywell in Northampton on Saturday departing from Halfpenny Green - flight time 45 minutes. Prior to take off the weather was glorious, and the weather report along my route was all clear; sun shining, nil wind. I took off at 07:45 entering Birmingham airspace and Basic Service at 08:00. I flew around the controlled airspace as requested and decided to have a peep at Warwick Castle and then out to Southam to the Cement Works VRP.

From nowhere, fog descended upon me and I flew around to find a way out. The cloud was coming down quickly and reduced my height to 500ft; that's very dangerous when you have no visibility.

Option 1: Turn back.

I did, no way out, I was surrounded by fog.

Option 2: Fly through the fog to find the ceiling.

No chance, that's how people die.

Option 3: Ditch it in a field:

Time was running out as the fog was coming down very quickly. I did numerous patrols at very low level to inspect all available fields and landed. Unfortunately, from the air you can't see if the ground is hard or soft. Upon landing, I very quickly discovered to my horror that it was soft and filled with tractor tyre ruts; too late I was down, but thankfully alive and all in one piece.

I heard a friend on the radio in a fixed wing flying through Birmingham airspace at 4,000 ft so I contacted him by telephone. He informed me the fog layer was very thin and would burn off in 30 minutes.

I sat in the field and considered my options.

Call a buddy with a trailer to get me out, or try to take off when the fog has cleared.

Getting collected would have taken a few days, but that was the safest option. Another option is to inspect the field to see if I can take off again. I walked around for and hour waiting for the fog to clear and finally found a possibility which was 300 metres long with a tree hedge at the end approximately 3 metres high. Hmmm.

I knew that with such a short take off and nil wind I'd be behind the power curve when first airborne so I took the aircraft to one edge of the field to give me the best option of flying around the inside perimeter of the trees to gain speed if I wasn't able to clear the hedge.

After a full aircraft and runway inspection, I marked out my abort point and started the engine. I'd made every safety precaution I could possibly think of and decided to attempt a take off.

After 10 minutes, engine temperatures and pressures were all good, prop was full fine and I started the pre-rotation process. The rough ground will sap all of the energy out of the rotors as it bounces so I needed to get off the ground as quickly as possible so I took all the power to the absolute limits, pre-rotation was faster than I'd ever been before, engine was full throttle and I let the brakes go and shot forward.

Thankfully, The nose wheel came up almost immediately, and she started to lift and take off. Phew, stage 1 complete, but this was the most dangerous phase. I was far below the power curve as my airspeed as 30 mph with the 3 metre hedge racing towards me.

My training took over and I pushed the stick forward, nose down flying less than 1 metre from the ground. My speed picked up rapidly, 40, 50, 60, 70 and I was close on the hedge now. At this speed I knew I'd have enough lift to clear the hedge so I pulled back very gently and flew clear of the hedge whilst still purchasing as much speed as I could muster. I circled the field as I knew it was free from obstructions and power cables.

At 90mph, I decided to climb, all readings were good and the aircraft was stable but I could only reach 400 ft due to the cloud base; still far too dangerous fly, so I back to square 1.

I tried to fly back home but the fog was cutting me off again. Here we go, I've been in the air a few minutes and now I have to find another field and do it all over again... and that's exactly what I did.

Now on the ground for a second time, I sat there for another 90 minutes waiting for the fog to clear.

After going through it all over again in the second field, I took to the air and continued my flight to Sywell. What a glorious sunny day for the LAA Rally... Who would have thought it!

Many lessons learned and an invaluable experience, although I'm not sure I'd want to experience it ever again, although I cannot ignore the fact that I probably will and I must be fully prepared for it as I was on this occasion.

I believe my favourite mantra saved me on that morning which is "Never compromise speed for height". I held my nerve at only 1 metre from the ground to gain speed which gave me all the flight control I needed. Trying to gain height without sufficient speed would have ended in disaster.

Whilst at Sywell, I met with my instructor, shook his hand and thanked him for everything he'd taught me.

034_GHP_SoireeCandids_2019.JPG -- Greater Houston Partnership “Emerald City” Soiree 2019 with photography sponsored by Conoco Phillips at Hotel ZaZa August 24, 2019. (Photo by Richard Carson)

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Included out of interest (and because Amy Lloyd has nagged me) these are my 'press day' shots from an early Fighter Meet at North Weald, probably Fighter Meet '90 or '91. They are poor quality and had to be scanned from prints as the negatives were even worse.

The only current female Spitfire pilot, Carolyn Grace, was there with her former D-Day Spitfire Mark IX. This aircraft shot down a JU88 on D-Day and was subsequently turned into a two-seater.

One of the Hannahs, probably Mark Hannah, staged a couple of low fly-bys in a De Haviland Vampire. How low? The grass around us 'cracked' audibly every time he passed. I also met Gary Numan and had a long chat with him while another reporter from a rival newspaper was kicking me in the ankle and trying to get me to shut-up about aeroplanes so she could ask him about his latest album.

The best bit was the flight in the PBY Catalina. They took the press up in the Cat and Carolyn Grace flew alongside of each machine-gun blister and allowed us to do air-to-air photography. We were just on the edge of the cloud base so the results were milky, at best, but i have just run them through Photoshop to improve the content and contrast.

Remember, all these are scanned from 35mm postcard-sized prints.

Now part of a set: www.flickr.com/photos/barryslemmings/sets/72157605106159145/

091_GHP_SoireePortraits_2019.jpg -- Greater Houston Partnership “Emerald City” Soiree 2019 with photography sponsored by Conoco Phillips at Hotel ZaZa August 24, 2019. (Photo by Richard Carson)

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Download full resolution individual photos/videos by clicking the "down-facing arrow" below the preview image on the right hand side of the page. You will then be prompted to select a destination for the photo on your local computer.

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149_GHP_SoireePortraits_2019.jpg -- Greater Houston Partnership “Emerald City” Soiree 2019 with photography sponsored by Conoco Phillips at Hotel ZaZa August 24, 2019. (Photo by Richard Carson)

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Download full resolution individual photos/videos by clicking the "down-facing arrow" below the preview image on the right hand side of the page. You will then be prompted to select a destination for the photo on your local computer.

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Chronicles of PBY-5A Buno 2459; The top-scoring allied antisubmarine aircraft of WW.II

On November 15th 1941 PBY-5A Catalina Buno 2459 (c/n 300) rolls of the production line. It is one of a series of 33 for the U.S. Navy ordered in December 1939. Who would have thought at that time this Catalina would sink three submarines, damage one more, fight fires in Chilli and Canada and doing roundflights with passengers in the Netherlands, would still be flying almost 69 years later! The story of this Catalina truly is remarkable.

Buno. 2459’s first mentioning in the war diary of VP-73 is on December 23rd 1941. Three planes drawn from VP-83 are test flown at NAS Norfolk, Virginia and put on board seaplane tender USS Albemarle (AV-5) at NOB Norfolk for shipment to Iceland that day. One of these planes was Buno 2459 (73-P-9). The USS Albemarle departed on the 28th and transported one division of VP-73 (Second Division). Commanding officer was David W. Shafer. While on route to Iceland via Quonset Point, Rhode Island and Argentia, Newfoundland it picked two more Catalina’s of VP-83 at Quonset Point making a total of five Catalinas. After arriving at Hvalfjord, Iceland the five Catalina’s were flown to Fleet Air Base at Reykjavik between the 12th and the 16th of January.

The five PBY-5A Catalina’s replaced the PBY-5 of VP-73's Iceland division. This was done because winter operations at Iceland and Argentia were considered "extremely hazardous" as concluded in a study made by the Bureau of Aeronautics. On the 15th of January three PBY-5's of VP-73 at anchor in Skerjafjördur (seaplane anchorage adjacent to Reykjavik airfield) were lost during a storm with wind of 90 kts, gusting to 120 kts. The four PBY-5As that were already at the airfield were tied down but it took all hands and all available lines and weights to secure the planes.

Coastal Command

In January flight operations were curtailed because of the bad weather and familiarisation flights to check out pilots commenced not until the 21th. On February 1st Buno. 2459 starts an operational life common to many a Catalina: hours of boredom with a few moments of sheer terror. During February and March Buno 2459 made 20 operational flights. Six were on escort flights, two on ice-reconnaissance flights, one on antisubmarine patrol and eleven on the socalled “Hvalfjord Sweeps”, antisubmarine sweeps of the approaches to the naval anchorage at Hvalfjord. The ice-reconnaissance flights to Greenland (of which Buno 2459 flew its first on March 9th) were flown regularly by Iceland-based aircraft to establish the position of ice on the Denmark Strait, the stretch of ocean between Iceland and Greenland. A vast number of ships sailed through the Strait to reach the North Russian ports, including the infamous PQ/QP convoys bringing much needed war supplies to the hard-pressed Russians.

Although flight operations were badly affected by the bad weather in April, Buno 2459 was forced back twice because of zero visibility and icing, Buno 2459 made fifteen operational flights. During May a new duty was included into the operations of VP-73. The North Atlantic ferry route was inaugurated to handle the massive flow of air traffic from the United States to the European war theatre. Reykjavik was one of the sagging posts on this route and from this month on VP-73 would provide planes on stand-by for rescue operations. Also eight PBY-5As of VP-73's First Division arrived in Iceland.

During an ice-reconnaissance flight to Jan Mayen island on the 23rd of June, a flight of close to twelve hours, Buno 2459 sighted a German Heinkel He 111 north of Iceland. The enemy was not engaged with gunfire.

In July 1942 The Germans renewed their campaign against the transatlantic convoys and VP73 was to become heavily engaged in many of the ensuing battles. During the month of August the PBYs of VP-73 made nine attacks on U-boats. Buno 2459 attacked twice and sank its first. On August 9, shortly before noon, Lt.(jg) Henry C. Colee, Jr. took off in Buno 2459 to conduct an A/S sweep South West of Iceland. At 1706 hrs a U-boat was sighted three miles dead ahead. The U-boat's conning tower was all that was visible and it submerged immediately. Lt.(jg) Colee started Buno 2459's first attack and arrived one minute after the U-boat had disappeared and dropped six depth charges set to explode at a depth of 50 feet, in a stick 68 seconds after the U-boat submerged. All the bombs exploded but it was estimated that they caused no damage as the U-boat would have reached a safe depth. This was VP-73's fifth U-boat attack and Lt.(jg) Colee's second.

The British Task Force SN-73 passed Iceland 250 miles to the Southeast on the 20 August. Lt.(jg) Robert B. Hopgood took off in Buno 2459 from Reykjavik a few minutes before 3 a.m. to cover the Task Force. Shortly before dawn while flying in low visibility under a low cloud base at 500 feet he happened upon U464. U464 (commanded by Kapitänleutnant Harms) was a valuable type XIV Milchkuh Utanker. A type XIV Milchkuh could carry enough fuel-oil to replenish twelve type VIIC boats for four weeks. U464 had departed Kiel on 4 August and was on its maiden voyage to replenish U-boats in the Atlantic.

At first tbe fully surfaced U-boat was believed to be one of the task force's destroyers and a recognition signal was fired from the plane's blisters.

The initial sighted was made at a range of one and a half miles dead ahead. But when the plane came in closer the object was recognised as being a U-boat. Lt.(jg) Hopgood went straight for an attack, releasing five 250lb. depth charges directly across the U-boat's beam in what appears to have been a perfect straddle. The plane carried six depth charges but one failed to release. The explosion lifted the U-boat almost clear of the water and it was evidently badly damaged.

Following the attack Hopgood made several strafing runs firing his .30 and .50-caliber machine guns to which the enemy replied with accurate antiaircraft gunfire forcing the plane to withdraw to safe distance (after the plane returned to base 25 small shrapnel holes were discovered in its wings). For the next forty-five minutes Hopgood circled the disabled U-boat, but lost sight of it when a rain squall closed in on the area. He started searching for the convoy with which he remained until 0715 hrs. While searching for U464 again Hopgood first came across an oil-slick and then sighted an Icelandic fishing vessel (Skaftfellingur) with U464 alongside. The U-boat was heavily listing to one side and its crew were in process of boarding the fishing vessel. The plane made a low pass and was fired upon by the U-boat's crew. In fear of hitting the fishing vessel the gunfire was not returned. Hopgood returned to the convoy he'd been assigned to and summoned one of its destroyers (HMS Castletown) to the scene. While flying back and forth between the destroyer and the U-boat directing the destroyer to the scene he found the U-boat gone, presumably scuttled by its crew. Shortly afterwards the destroyer arrived and took 52 German prisoners on board (two German sailors were killed).

A rather interesting angle to this victory came later when the squadron learned from the British that the depth charge inflicting the mortal wound to U464 was one that had fallen harmlessly on the deck end was held in place by the deck grating. Apparently a 'green' seaman simply rolled the deadly bomb over the side. When it reached the depth for which its hydrostatic fuses were set to detonate the explosion it went off causing lethal damage to boat. Every submariner should have known that the only way to save the boat would have been to roll the bomb onto a raft or lifeboat and set it adrift.

Another interesting sideline to Hopgood's attack on U464 gave birth to a since-famous U.S. Navy phrase: "Sank sub, open club'. The Fleet Air Base and air detachment in Iceland were commanded by Captain (later Rear Admiral) Daniel V. Gallery, jr., a tough and uncompromising naval officer. Gallery was utterly distressed with VP-73's failure to sink U boats. The squadron had delivered some seven attacks on U-boats over the past few weeks, all of which were “muffed” in his opinion. He possibly felt that the poor performance of his crews was caused by too many late nights spent in the Officers Club, so he ordered the club closed until the squadron sank a U-boat. Captain Gallery also pointed out the requirements for obtaining confirmation of the sinking of the U-boat. "What it amounts to", he told the crews, "is that in order to obtain confirmation of the sinking of a German U-boat, you fellows have to bring in the sub skippers pants as proof. Following Hopgood's attack all ears at Coastal Command headquarters were glued to the radio listening to Hopgood's reports of the dramatic development taking place out at sea. The reports were all framed in very officies language and coded, of course. Then at the end when the destroyer had taken the Germans off the Icelandic fishing vessel, Hopgood's final report came in to Gallery in plain English, no code, saying: “Sank sub, open club”. And they sure did, they damn near blew the roof of the joint. Hopgood further requested that as soon as the U-boat skipper was given dry cloths, his pants be forwarded to Captain Gallery. The salt-encrusted trousers served as a valance over the mirror in VP-73s officers club bar for the remainder of the squadron's tour.

Two months after Buno 2459's successful attack VP-84 took over the tasks of VP-73. About half of squadron VP-73 was already en route to the United States when orders were received to return to Iceland and then on to North-Africa. Some of VP-73's planes were probably quite battered and in need for overhaul so seven of these were exchanged for newer planes of VP-84. One of the planes passed to VP-84 was Buno 2459 which became 84-P-7. During its last operational flight for VP-73 on 5 October Buno 2459 came to battle U582 a type VIIC U-boat. Its assignment that day was to cover convoy HX-209 400 miles south of Iceland. The convoy was being pursued by a 'Wolf Pack' of seventeen U-boats. With the 'Wolf Pack' tactics, which the Germans started in August of 1942, one submarine would locate a convoy and call in others to attack the convoy en masse.

Fifteen minutes after reaching the convoy in the morning of 5 October, the crew of Buno 2459, with Chief Aviation Pilot M. Luke in command, sighted a fully surfaced U-boat ten miles away end about fifteen miles ahead of the convoy's starboard column. Diving from 2000 to 75 feet Luke dropped four 650lb. depth charges on the still visible U-boat in a perfect straddle: two bombs failing on each side of the U-boats hull. Following the explosions the U-boat sank from sight and the only evidence of damage was a patch of oil seen on the water after the attack.

There was every reason to believe that this attack resulted in the destruction of the U-boat. But for some reason this was overlooked when U-boat attacks were assessed after the war. The credit for sinking U582 was given to a Hudson of 269 squadron of the RAF. Research by Ragnar Ragnarsson shows that the mentioned Hudson sank.

Another U-boat on the same day in the same area (U619). In Robert L. Carlisto's book "Cats over the Atlantic: VPB-73 In World War II" the sinking of U582 is credited to another VP-73 plane: 73-P-12 (Buno 02974) flown by Ensign William R. Huey. Again Ragnar Ragnarsson's research shows this to be incorrect. Buno 02974 attacked U257 which is confirmed by war diary of the U-boat. The U-boat narrowly escaped with heavy damage.

As a result of the strong air coverage by RAF Liberators and the aforementioned Hudsons and Catalinas the 'Wolf Pack' was driven off and ordered to break off at first light the next moming. The rest of her voyage HX-209 sailed unmolested having lost only one tanker to the enemy. To Admiral Dönitz, C-in-C of the U bootwaffe, the operation against HX-209 was a total failure. Only one ship sunk for the price of two destroyed U-boats and a third heavily damaged. When VP-73 left Iceland the squadron's planes had made thirty attacks on U-boats. Two submarines were sunk, both by Buno 2459.

After heavy storms and few operational flights during the winter period of 1942-1943 the weather improved in April 1943. By then the U-boats had adopted so-called 'fight-back' tactic. With this tactic, instead of diving when an aircraft was sighted, a U-boat would stay surfaced and fight back when it was not possible to reach a depth of 80 meters before the plane reached the U-boat. Because standard Catalinas are unsuited for this type of warfare some Catalinas were fitted with a fixed .30 calibre gun in the bow. The barrel of the gun protruded through the air thermometer hole. Later experiments were even made with a 20 mm canon obtained from a P-38 squadron. Two planes were fitted with the experimental installation, one being Buno 2459. As we will see later on the canon was only fired once before it jammed.

The effectiveness of the .30 calibre gun was demonstrated several times but its use produced a serious snag: it upset the bomb aim when used during the final stage of the run. On several occasions when the pilot's attention was focused on firing the gun rather than on the bomb run, the plane drifted from its target upsetting the bomb aim. Another problem was the Catalina's high angle of incidence which caused the gunfire to fail short when the plane dove towards its target. On April 28 Lieutenant (jg) William A. Shevlin flew Buno 2459 to cover convoys ONS5 and SC127 when a U-boat was sighted by Shevlin's copitot Ensign Albert M. Slingluff. This was probably the 1100 ton type IXC/40 long-range U528. The U-boat's lookouts apparently spotted the plane before they were sighted themselves. The boat disappeared thirty-five seconds before the plane arrived over it's swirl. Wisely, Shevlin withheld his bombs but only this time. Because, later when he returned to the spot he sighted a fully surfaced U-boat was seen off the port bow at a range of three and a half miles. Visibility was poor and the U-boat's lookouts supposedly did not notice the approaching plane until it was only a mile away. As the enemy crash-dived Shevlin dove in. He crossed the boat from port quarter to starboard bow, raking it with 200 rounds from the .30-caliber fixed bow gun. The U-boat was still only half submerged when Shevlin released the four depth charges, aiming them to strike the water just ahead of the conning tower. But, because he had been pointing the Catalina's nose at the U-boat while firing his fixed bow gun, the depth charges dropped slightiy farther ahead than intended. Nevertheless, they hit the water close by the U-boat's bow and it is difficult to imagine that the boat had escaped unscatherd. Still, evidence of the damage being all-important, this well executed attack was officially judged as a near-miss due to "insufficient evidence of damage." Before long, however, the result of Shevlin's attack became known. On 11 May 1943 U528 (Oberleutnant zur See von Rabenau), one of the boats operating against ONS5, was sunk in the Bay of Biscay by British air and naval forces. Interrogation of the boat's survivors revealed that on 28 April the boat was attacked from the air with four depth charges that exploded close by its bow. Three torpedo tubes were damaged and the boat was unable to launch its warheads. Furthermore, several air bottles were put out of action and the boat was leaking fuel. After determining the extent of damage, von Rabenau decided U528 was unfit for further operations and headed back to port for repairs.

A “simple” Air Sea Rescue (ASR) flight nearly ended Bu 2459's career on 14 June 1943. Lieutenant (jg) 'Roy' Neff took off to search for the crew of a missing PBY-5A of VP-84. He had all disposable items be removed of the aircraft to be as light as possible for a possible open sea landing. The fixed .30-caliber nose gun was left in place though.

While circling a Faeroes fishing schooner the schooner, probably thinking it was under attack by a German reconnaissance aircraft, fored its ingenieus defence mechanism - a parachute cable. This parachute cabine consisted of a steel cabine with canisters at each end containing a small parachute. When fired in the flight path of an aircraft the cable wrapped around the wing of its target and the chutes discharged from the canisters. The drag thus created was designed to yank the plane to one side with such force that it would plunge to sea out of control. Although Buno 2459 suddenly jolted violently to one side, by a stroke of good fortune one of the canisters became embedded in the starboard aileron and did not discharge its chute. It did jam the aileron and the other chute trailed beside the tailplane, its chute fully open. With full opposite rudder Lieutenant Neff kept the PBY under control despite the hard starboard pull. But something had to be done fast. Ordnanceman A.B. Grant rushed to the bow and quickly dismantled the fixed .30-caliber gun from its mount and brought it to the starboard blister. He took aim and with superb marksmanship shot the chute canisters from both ends of the cabine with a few short bursts. After a landing at the emergency landing field Höfn on Iceland's Southeast coast, where the cabine was removed, Buno 2459 returned to base.

Only ten days after the almost fatal incident, 24 June 1943, while flying south of Iceland Lieutenant (jg) Joseph W. Beach's copilot Lieutenant (jg) Albert M. Slingluff sighted a fully surfaced U-boat six miles slightly off the port bow. The Catalina was armed with three depth charges and a homing torpedo familiarly referred to by its users as “Fidol”. The U-boat spotted was U194 (Kapitänleutnant Hermann Hess); the first of the type IXD2 very long range Oberseekuh Ucruisers to put out of poil for an operation in the Indian Ocean. Lieutenant Beach went straight for his quarry, diving from 1600 feet. After initially not showing any reaction the U-boat suddenly brought its stem to point at the attacking plane. At the same time puffs of black smoke were seen at the conning tower, the Catalina was under fire. Beach aimed the Catalina's nose at the U-boat and pressed the firing button of the 20-mm fixed bow gun now fitted on the aircraft. As mentioned before, one round was fired before a gas jet broke. Afterwards the failure was attributed to the crew's lack of knowledge in the gun's operatie Beach unhesitatingly pressed home his attack while the U-boat's deck and conning tower were kept by the remaining .30-caliber gun. At an attitude of only 65 feet Beach crossed the U-boat stern to bow but the three depth charges failed to release. Pulling away from the attack Beach made a climbing left turn. The U-boat turned with him, keeping its stern pointed at the plane to bring the full force of its antiaircraft guns to bear. Beach circled his quarry at a distance while trying to manoeuvre the Catalina for abeam attack, but to no avail. The enemy always managed to keep his stem pointed in the plane’s direction. A remarkable feat considering that manoeuvrability was not a strong point of these large long-range boats. The second run was started from a mile and a half in face of heavy gunfire. As the Catalina passed over the U-boat stem, to bow the two starboard depth charges were released manually. Both fell short and exploded some 50 feet astern the boat. Beach came in almost immediately for the third time hoping the remaining depth charge would release. But the bomb release failed again. Kapitänleutnant Schoner had clearly had his fill and crash-dived. it was his last dive, for Beach dropped his 'Fidol' in the enemy's wake. Fifty seconds later the crew watched as the torpedo's shock wave caused a mushroom-like upheaval on the surface. The missile had found its target, but lacking the all-important visible evidence of damage the destruction of U194 could only be confirmed untit after the war.

Buno 2459 finished the war with three U-boats (U464, U582, and U194) sunk, and a fourth (U528) severely damaged.

During its operational assignment to VP-73 and VP-84, Buno 2459 flew a total of 195 operational missions, 92 with VP-73 and 103 with VP-84. The highest monthly tally was in May 1942 when it carried out 18 sorties for VP-73, closely followed by 17 with VP-84 in May 1943, the month the German U-boats were run out of the North Atlantic. It finished the war with three U-boats (U464, U582 and U194) sunk, and a fourth (U528) severely damaged. It is believed to be the highest score achieved by a single allied antisubmarine aircraft of any type in WW.II

Prior to its departure from Iceland on 1 September 1943, Buno 2459 transferred to FAW 7’s Hedron, where it remained until January 1944 when it was assigned to a unit named Atlanta Test 39. Buno 2459 was flown out of lceland to Quonset Point, R.I. by Lt. G.S. Smith on 1 September 1943, via BW-l, Greenland and Goose Bay,Labrador, arriving at Quonset Point on 3 September 1943. The total flying time from Reykjavik to Quonset Point was 20 hrs. 25 min.

The following September it was briefly assigned to the resident Operational Unit at NAS Anacostia, Washington, DC, before passing to the Naval Air Navigation Radio School at Gainsville, Georgia, in October. Towards the end of 1944, Buno 2459 spent a month or so with Assembly & Repair at Pensacola, presumably for maintenance, before transferring to the US Coast Guard in December 1944, and assigned to the Coast Guard Air Station at Elizabeth City, North Carolina, were it was taken on charge by the station's Operational Unit. It was still at Elizabeth City when stricken from the Navy's inventory on 31 October 1945.

By: Prudent Staal

136_GHP_Diversity_25Oct22 - The Greater Houston Partnership Houston DiverseCity Summit, an inspiring one-day convening to advance equity and inclusion in the greater Houston region held at the Marriott Marquis October 25, 2022. (Photo by Richard Carson)

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059_GHP_SoireePortraits_2019.jpg -- Greater Houston Partnership “Emerald City” Soiree 2019 with photography sponsored by Conoco Phillips at Hotel ZaZa August 24, 2019. (Photo by Richard Carson)

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499_GHP_SoireePortraits_2019.jpg -- Greater Houston Partnership “Emerald City” Soiree 2019 with photography sponsored by Conoco Phillips at Hotel ZaZa August 24, 2019. (Photo by Richard Carson)

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348_GHP_SoireePortraits_2019.jpg -- Greater Houston Partnership “Emerald City” Soiree 2019 with photography sponsored by Conoco Phillips at Hotel ZaZa August 24, 2019. (Photo by Richard Carson)

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378_GHP_SoireePortraits_2019.jpg -- Greater Houston Partnership “Emerald City” Soiree 2019 with photography sponsored by Conoco Phillips at Hotel ZaZa August 24, 2019. (Photo by Richard Carson)

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View On Black

Yes! Another one of Dunraven Bay. Well! I couldn't let that good llight go to waste could I? And..... there may be more yet to process. I've still not got tired of them!!.

111_GHP_Airports2018.JPG - Greater Houston Partnership State of the Airports address at the Hilton Americas December 14, 2018 at Partnership tower. (Photo by Richard Carson)

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In an effort to align with the USAID Digital Strategy and recognize USAID Missions, Bureaus and partners that are empowering countries in a digital age, USAID launched the 2022 Digital Development Awards (the Digis), the fourth round of these awards. The Digis recognize and celebrate USAID-funded projects and activities that use digital technology to sustain open, secure, and inclusive digital ecosystems in order to improve measurable development and humanitarian-assistance outcomes. After receiving nearly 200 applications from USAID Missions around the world, five winners were selected for the 2022 Digital Development Awards, including USAID/Nepal: Building Hope Along the Karnali River Basin (BHAKARI), implemented by MercyCorps Nepal.

The remote Karnali River Basin is home to some of the most vulnerable and socially excluded communities in Nepal, and, when a crisis hits, reaching families with life-saving humanitarian assistance can be extremely difficult. Organizations often provide cash and vouchers as assistance so that participants can satisfy their own specific needs. However, it can be complex and costly to meet with rural participants in person to enroll them in these types of programs.

The USAID/Nepal Building Hope Along the Karnali River Basin (BHAKARI) program, implemented by Mercy Corps Nepal, deploys a suite of digital solutions to address these and other challenges throughout the phases of an emergency. BHAKARI partnered with Viamo, a global social enterprise, to transmit free, trustworthy, and accurate messages to complement the cash and voucher assistance to over 3 million people in Nepal. BHAKARI has used Viamo’s Platform (hotlines, IVR calls and mobile trainings) to provide training on cash and voucher assistance and spread educational, informational, and interactive messages about nutrition, hygiene and health, disasters, gender equality and social inclusion, and how to maximize effectiveness of cash assistance to ensure food security and nutrition.

BHAKARI also uses cloud-based software Laligurans, developed by Aria Technologies Nepal, for cash and voucher project management. The software helps BHAKARI register cash and voucher assistance participants, distribute cash and vouchers, and connect local vendors to wholesalers.

Pushpa, a single mother in a small village in Nepal’s remote Karnali River Basin, is part of a Community Disaster Management Committee (CDMC), along with many other women in her community. As part of this committee, the women work together to help their community prepare for and respond to natural disasters. Additionally, as part of BHAKARI’s emergency response program, she and other vulnerable households from her community receive support in the form of cash and vouchers which can be redeemed for food and supplies.

She shares, “The program staff use their phones to make a list of what we need…rice, eggs, soap. They provide us vouchers after which we come to the shop and receive the items from our list, which is packed and ready for us when we arrive. The items are provided to us after the shop owners scan our voucher in their phones.” These vouchers help Pushpa, and others in her community, provide for their families during the dry season when food is more scarce.

The BHAKARI program has intentionally designed each intervention to make cash and voucher assistance more accessible to the most marginalized and underserved groups—including poor laborers and their families, women, and people with disabilities. Interactive voice response “push messaging,” which disseminated key program messages by calling participants’ mobile phones, allowed BHAKARI to reach even those with low digital literacy.

BHAKARI has been incredibly collaborative, partnering with a national technology service provider, 101 local vendors, two transfer service providers, 22 regional and local agriculture input suppliers, and multiple departments of the Nepal Government and district governments. Additionally, private sector actors and local vendors can be mobilized quickly to respond to communities in remote geographical regions in the case of shocks or disasters.

Photo Credit: Suraj Ratna Shakya for USAID

388_GHP_SoireePortraits_2019.jpg -- Greater Houston Partnership “Emerald City” Soiree 2019 with photography sponsored by Conoco Phillips at Hotel ZaZa August 24, 2019. (Photo by Richard Carson)

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051_GHP_SoireeCandids_2019.JPG -- Greater Houston Partnership “Emerald City” Soiree 2019 with photography sponsored by Conoco Phillips at Hotel ZaZa August 24, 2019. (Photo by Richard Carson)

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263_GHP_SoireePortraits_2019.jpg -- Greater Houston Partnership “Emerald City” Soiree 2019 with photography sponsored by Conoco Phillips at Hotel ZaZa August 24, 2019. (Photo by Richard Carson)

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Download full resolution individual photos/videos by clicking the "down-facing arrow" below the preview image on the right hand side of the page. You will then be prompted to select a destination for the photo on your local computer.

This cloud based gallery will be available for three months in order to enable you to download all of the photos to your computer for safe long term storage. While the gallery may be in the cloud for longer than this time you should endeavor to file and secure the photos for future use in whatever manner you deem appropriate.

Shenandoah National Park, Virginia.

A large mass of low clouds (dense fog) lying across the Virginia Piedmont at sunrise on a January morning, as seen from the Old Rag View Overlook in the central District of Shenandoah National Park in Virginia. To give you a sense of scale, there are several mountains underneath that massive blanket of fog.

Although I only see this phenomena a few times a year, I never tire of it. It is so surreal, spectacular and amazing to see firsthand. This is the first time I've captured one with a decent sunrise on the horizon. Usually the sky is clear when this happens and the sun produces glaring white conditions.

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The meteorological definition of fog is a cloud (stratus) which has its cloud base on or close to ground.

Half a dozen times a year, an atmospheric inversion may produce a strange effect: fog lies like a soft white blanket on the Shenandoah Valley and the Piedmont, while the mountaintop is clear. Then you can look down on a "fog ocean," with the lower peaks rising above it like islands.

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HDR -- 3 brackets from a single RAW (-2 | 0 | +2) merged and tone mapped.

THANKS FOR VIEWING!

The Reparto Sperimentale di Volo (RSV) test pilot's returned to RIAT 2024 with a fully aerobatic display from their Alenia C-27J Spartan. The high cloud base on a couple of show days allowed for the full display to be performed which includes numerios derry turns, barrel rolls, and even a full loop. Not too shabby for a cargo aircraft! -19/07/2024

041_GHP_SoireeCandids_2019.JPG -- Greater Houston Partnership “Emerald City” Soiree 2019 with photography sponsored by Conoco Phillips at Hotel ZaZa August 24, 2019. (Photo by Richard Carson)

***DOWNLOAD INSTRUCTIONS***

Download full resolution individual photos/videos by clicking the "down-facing arrow" below the preview image on the right hand side of the page. You will then be prompted to select a destination for the photo on your local computer.

This cloud based gallery will be available for three months in order to enable you to download all of the photos to your computer for safe long term storage. While the gallery may be in the cloud for longer than this time you should endeavor to file and secure the photos for future use in whatever manner you deem appropriate.

052_GHP_SoireePortraits_2019.jpg -- Greater Houston Partnership “Emerald City” Soiree 2019 with photography sponsored by Conoco Phillips at Hotel ZaZa August 24, 2019. (Photo by Richard Carson)

***DOWNLOAD INSTRUCTIONS***

Download full resolution individual photos/videos by clicking the "down-facing arrow" below the preview image on the right hand side of the page. You will then be prompted to select a destination for the photo on your local computer.

This cloud based gallery will be available for three months in order to enable you to download all of the photos to your computer for safe long term storage. While the gallery may be in the cloud for longer than this time you should endeavor to file and secure the photos for future use in whatever manner you deem appropriate.

084_GHP_SoireePortraits_2019.jpg -- Greater Houston Partnership “Emerald City” Soiree 2019 with photography sponsored by Conoco Phillips at Hotel ZaZa August 24, 2019. (Photo by Richard Carson)

***DOWNLOAD INSTRUCTIONS***

Download full resolution individual photos/videos by clicking the "down-facing arrow" below the preview image on the right hand side of the page. You will then be prompted to select a destination for the photo on your local computer.

This cloud based gallery will be available for three months in order to enable you to download all of the photos to your computer for safe long term storage. While the gallery may be in the cloud for longer than this time you should endeavor to file and secure the photos for future use in whatever manner you deem appropriate.

130_GHP_County_15nov19— Greater Houston Partnership State of the County luncheon and address by Harris County Judge Lina Hidalgo November 15, 2019. (Photo by Richard Carson)

***DOWNLOAD INSTRUCTIONS***

Download full resolution individual photos/videos by clicking the "down-facing arrow" below the preview image on the right hand side of the page. You will then be prompted to select a destination for the photo on your local computer.

This cloud based gallery will be available for three months in order to enable you to download all of the photos to your computer for safe long term storage. While the gallery may be in the cloud for longer than this time you should endeavor to file and secure the photos for future use in whatever manner you deem appropriate.

028_GHP_SoireeCandids_2019.JPG -- Greater Houston Partnership “Emerald City” Soiree 2019 with photography sponsored by Conoco Phillips at Hotel ZaZa August 24, 2019. (Photo by Richard Carson)

***DOWNLOAD INSTRUCTIONS***

Download full resolution individual photos/videos by clicking the "down-facing arrow" below the preview image on the right hand side of the page. You will then be prompted to select a destination for the photo on your local computer.

This cloud based gallery will be available for three months in order to enable you to download all of the photos to your computer for safe long term storage. While the gallery may be in the cloud for longer than this time you should endeavor to file and secure the photos for future use in whatever manner you deem appropriate.

Web and Mobile App Development Company - Cloud based computing Services

I recently received a request to make a pair of cloud shoes for the owner of an Enchanted Doll. I was surprised to learn how tiny ED's feet are. Needless to say, I had to create a new cloud base and calculate the shrinkage rate of porcelain. Through trial and error I think I got the right size. I won't know for certain until I ship them out and they are placed on those tiny, regal feet. I included a comparison between my doll's feet and ED's feet, the difference is remarkable.

320_GHP_SoireePortraits_2019.jpg -- Greater Houston Partnership “Emerald City” Soiree 2019 with photography sponsored by Conoco Phillips at Hotel ZaZa August 24, 2019. (Photo by Richard Carson)

***DOWNLOAD INSTRUCTIONS***

Download full resolution individual photos/videos by clicking the "down-facing arrow" below the preview image on the right hand side of the page. You will then be prompted to select a destination for the photo on your local computer.

This cloud based gallery will be available for three months in order to enable you to download all of the photos to your computer for safe long term storage. While the gallery may be in the cloud for longer than this time you should endeavor to file and secure the photos for future use in whatever manner you deem appropriate.

007_SoireeWall_11Nov21 - Greater Houston Partnership Soirée annual gala celebrating Houston as a truly global city at Hotel ZaZa chaired by Margaret and Thad Hill November 11, 2021. (Photo by Richard Carson)

***DOWNLOAD INSTRUCTIONS***

Download full resolution individual photos/videos by clicking the "down-facing arrow" below the preview image on the right hand side of the page. You will then be prompted to select a destination for the photo on your local computer.

This cloud based gallery will be available for three months in order to enable you to download all of the photos to your computer for safe long term storage. While the gallery may be in the cloud for longer than this time you should endeavor to file and secure the photos for future use in whatever manner you deem appropriate.

020_SoireeWall_11Nov21 - Greater Houston Partnership Soirée annual gala celebrating Houston as a truly global city at Hotel ZaZa chaired by Margaret and Thad Hill November 11, 2021. (Photo by Richard Carson)

***DOWNLOAD INSTRUCTIONS***

Download full resolution individual photos/videos by clicking the "down-facing arrow" below the preview image on the right hand side of the page. You will then be prompted to select a destination for the photo on your local computer.

This cloud based gallery will be available for three months in order to enable you to download all of the photos to your computer for safe long term storage. While the gallery may be in the cloud for longer than this time you should endeavor to file and secure the photos for future use in whatever manner you deem appropriate.

WFreeform (2016, #parametric #data-driven #3Dprinting bracelet)

Part of data-driven project for @Freeform (formerly ABC Family) brand relaunch, commissioned by Deep Local. WFreeform is my personal execution and constitutes one of 5 parametric designs, the entire project being a collaboration with Madeline Gannon and Deep Local creatives.

Coded in Processing using Modelbuilder, Hemesh and Toxiclibs libraries for scaling to headless cloud-based model generation. Data input consists of users' Twitter feeds, with 5000 total users picked via online sweepstakes.

061_GHP_SoireePortraits_2019.jpg -- Greater Houston Partnership “Emerald City” Soiree 2019 with photography sponsored by Conoco Phillips at Hotel ZaZa August 24, 2019. (Photo by Richard Carson)

***DOWNLOAD INSTRUCTIONS***

Download full resolution individual photos/videos by clicking the "down-facing arrow" below the preview image on the right hand side of the page. You will then be prompted to select a destination for the photo on your local computer.

This cloud based gallery will be available for three months in order to enable you to download all of the photos to your computer for safe long term storage. While the gallery may be in the cloud for longer than this time you should endeavor to file and secure the photos for future use in whatever manner you deem appropriate.

019_GHP_SoireePortraits_2019.jpg -- Greater Houston Partnership “Emerald City” Soiree 2019 with photography sponsored by Conoco Phillips at Hotel ZaZa August 24, 2019. (Photo by Richard Carson)

***DOWNLOAD INSTRUCTIONS***

Download full resolution individual photos/videos by clicking the "down-facing arrow" below the preview image on the right hand side of the page. You will then be prompted to select a destination for the photo on your local computer.

This cloud based gallery will be available for three months in order to enable you to download all of the photos to your computer for safe long term storage. While the gallery may be in the cloud for longer than this time you should endeavor to file and secure the photos for future use in whatever manner you deem appropriate.

A funnel cloud is a funnel-shaped cloud of condensed water droplets, associated with a rotating column of wind and extending from the base of a cloud (usually a cumulonimbus or towering cumulus cloud) but not reaching the ground or a water surface. A funnel cloud is usually visible as a cone-shaped or needle like protuberance from the main cloud base. Funnel clouds form most frequently in association with supercell thunderstorms.

If a funnel cloud touches the ground it becomes a tornado. Most tornadoes begin as funnel clouds, but many funnel clouds do not make ground contact and so do not become tornadoes. Also, a tornado does not necessarily need to have an associated condensation funnel—if strong cyclonic winds are occurring at the surface (and connected to a cloud base, regardless of condensation), then the feature is a tornado. Some tornadoes may appear only as a debris swirl, with no obvious funnel cloud extending below the rotating cloud base. A funnel cloud is quite noticeable as it passes overhead aloft. The sounds heard are described as buzzing bees, roaring, a sucking sound, or a waterfall-like sound. A pressure drop is often noticeable as well, in the form of popping ears in anyone below the funnel cloud. A funnel cloud that touches down on, or moves over water is a waterspout.

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Cunit, Tarragona (Spain).

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ENGLISH

Fractus clouds are small, ragged cloud fragments which, usually found under an ambient cloud base, form or have broken off a larger cloud, and are generally sheared by and shredded-looking due to strong winds. Fractus have irregular patterns, appearing much like torn pieces of cotton candy, change constantly, often forming and dissipating rapidly. They do not have defined base. Sometimes they are persistent and form very near the surface. Common kinds are scud and "cloud tags".

More info: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractus_cloud

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CASTELLANO

Las nubes fractus son nubess pequeñas, y fragmentarias que, usualmente se hallan bajo un ambiente nuboso, formando o habiendo formado de nubes más grandes, y generalmente cortadas por fuertes vientos. Las fractus tienen patrones irregulares, aparentando ser piezas de torno, o algodón, cambiando constantemente, con frecuencia formándose y disipándose rápidamente. No tienen definida su base nubosa. A veces son persistentes y se forman muy cerca de la superficie. Clase comunes son las cumulus fragmentadas bajo un puerto (scud) y "nubes marcas".

Más info: es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus_fractus

My personal favourite viaduct. Such awesome engineering. The mist hanging over the hills and the cloud base just above the viaduct, gives a super silhouette, not normally seen.

403_GHP_SoireePortraits_2019.jpg -- Greater Houston Partnership “Emerald City” Soiree 2019 with photography sponsored by Conoco Phillips at Hotel ZaZa August 24, 2019. (Photo by Richard Carson)

***DOWNLOAD INSTRUCTIONS***

Download full resolution individual photos/videos by clicking the "down-facing arrow" below the preview image on the right hand side of the page. You will then be prompted to select a destination for the photo on your local computer.

This cloud based gallery will be available for three months in order to enable you to download all of the photos to your computer for safe long term storage. While the gallery may be in the cloud for longer than this time you should endeavor to file and secure the photos for future use in whatever manner you deem appropriate.

145_GHP_Board_EOreception_4dec18.JPG - Greater Houston Partnership Board reception for elected officials at Partnership headquarters December 4, 2018. (Photo by Richard Carson)

***DOWNLOAD INSTRUCTIONS***

Download full resolution individual photos/videos by clicking the "down-facing arrow" below the preview image on the right hand side of the page. You will then be prompted to select a destination for the photo on your local computer.

This cloud based gallery will be available for three months in order to enable you to download all of the photos to your computer for safe long term storage. While the gallery may be in the cloud for longer than this time you should endeavor to file and secure the photos for future use in whatever manner you deem appropriate.

099_GHP_SoireePortraits_2019.jpg -- Greater Houston Partnership “Emerald City” Soiree 2019 with photography sponsored by Conoco Phillips at Hotel ZaZa August 24, 2019. (Photo by Richard Carson)

***DOWNLOAD INSTRUCTIONS***

Download full resolution individual photos/videos by clicking the "down-facing arrow" below the preview image on the right hand side of the page. You will then be prompted to select a destination for the photo on your local computer.

This cloud based gallery will be available for three months in order to enable you to download all of the photos to your computer for safe long term storage. While the gallery may be in the cloud for longer than this time you should endeavor to file and secure the photos for future use in whatever manner you deem appropriate.

286_GHP_SoireePortraits_2019.jpg -- Greater Houston Partnership “Emerald City” Soiree 2019 with photography sponsored by Conoco Phillips at Hotel ZaZa August 24, 2019. (Photo by Richard Carson)

***DOWNLOAD INSTRUCTIONS***

Download full resolution individual photos/videos by clicking the "down-facing arrow" below the preview image on the right hand side of the page. You will then be prompted to select a destination for the photo on your local computer.

This cloud based gallery will be available for three months in order to enable you to download all of the photos to your computer for safe long term storage. While the gallery may be in the cloud for longer than this time you should endeavor to file and secure the photos for future use in whatever manner you deem appropriate.