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The Château de Maintenon is a château, developed from the original castle, situated in the commune of Maintenon in the Eure-et-Loir département of France. It is best known as being the private residence of the second spouse of Louis XIV, Madame de Maintenon.
The castle has been classified as a Monument historique since 1944 by the French Ministry of Culture.
You might have guessed, but we simply adore these African Wild Cats!
This African Wild Cat was captured in the wild in the Kgalagadi.
As for the name, the according to the Cat Specialist Group www.catsg.com it would seem though that the African Wild Cats in southern Africa are now classified as Felis lybica cafra. (Thanks gerdavs.)
(The African Wild Cat is one of five subspecies of Felis silvestris, which is a species with a wide distribution through Africa, Europe, the Middle East and parts of Asia. The species also includes the Domestic cat, which genetic evidence suggests was domesticated in the Middle East. African wild cat and domestic cats often interbreed in the proximity of human habitations and this is one of the main threats to the survival of the wild subspecies in its pure form. Wild cats are nocturnal and prey on rodents, birds, reptiles and invertebrates. The female holds a territory and does not get any help from males in rearing her litter.
It is very similar in appearance to a domestic cat. The most distinguishable characteristic is the rich reddish-brown colour of the backs of the large ears, over the belly and on the back legs. The body is marked with vertical stripes but these can vary from faint to quite distinct. The tail is ringed with black and has a black tip. The chin and throat are white and the chest is usually paler than the rest of the body. The legs are proportionately longer than those of the domestic cat. The feet are jet black underneath. The skull is small, with a short muzzle this is a result of the reduction in the nasal cavity and the jaw length. The skull is broad and highly arched and relatively lightly built. The cheek bones (zygoma) are bowed from the sides of the skull and are thick and strongly built providing substantial attachments for the masseter and temporalis muscles that are important during killing and eating. The jaws only move vertically for cutting and gripping. The powerful masseter muscle is responsible for the vice-like killing grip.
Source: Biodiversity)
Post Sunset shot of Hingol National Park
Fact Sheet:
Geographical Location:
25*30'N-65*30'E
Physical Location:
Makran coast, Baluchistan province. Approximately 190 km west of Karachi
Total Area:
610, 043 hectares
Date Established:
1988 and 1997 (includes Dhrun Wildlife Sanctuary)
Best Time to Visit:
Mid October to November and December to mid March
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Description
Hingol National Park (HNP) – the largest National Park in Pakistan covers about 610,043 It and lies on the Makran coast approximately 190 kilometers (km) from Karachi. The area was declared reserved in 1988 for the first time. The park area includes parts of the three districts of Balochistan; Lasbela, Gawader and Owaran, and contains a variety of topographical features and vegetation. Large tracts of the HNP are covered with drift sand and can be classified as coastal semi desert. HNP includes the estuary of the Hingol river which supports a significant diversity of bird and fish species.
Wildlife:
In addition to a variety of bird species, Hingol is also known to support threatened invertebrates. The park is reported to be an excellent habitat to wild animals including over 3,000 ibexes, and 1500 Urials and more than 1,200 Chinkara, besides number of resident and migratory birds. The Houbara Bustard (Chlamydotis undulata), Dalmatian and Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) are regular visitors to the area.
The River Hingol has been nurturing crocodiles for centuries. The Marsh Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris), Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) and Green Marine Turtles (Cheloniamydas), endemic and threatened species of fish, such as the Mahasheer occur and schools of Plumbeous Dolphins (Sousa plumbea) are known from close in-shore areas.
Mammals:
The park has a relative high diversity of species for this type of desert environment. However, the population of a number of species is critically low including for Wolf, Leopard, Hyena, and possibly of Caracal and Honey Badger. Populations of Chinkara are common in the Harian Valley and the Northern Plains but vulnerable. The most recent sightings of wolf are from a few years back and no recent sightings have been obtained to confirm the survival of the Desert Wolf in the park. The population is either critically low or the last individuals have been recently killed.
The status of the following species needs to be studied in more detail to assess their survival changes, their current distribution within the park and the population densities: Urial, Chinkara, Desert Wolf, Leopard, Caracal, Hyena, Wild Boar, Honey Badger.
The park has large populations of Ibex, although population like those of many other species were decimated during the long period of extreme drought (1998-2004). Porcupine is abundant in many locations both in the lowland valley and the Mountain plateaux. It is reportedly increasing in numbers in several areas. The main reason is likely the local loss of predators such as Leopard, Hyena and Desert Wolf. Cape Hare is numerous in many valleys and flood plain areas, and so are their main predators the Foxes and Jackal. Certain rodent species in particular Mouse like Hamster and Indian Gerbil may be quite common.
Birds:
The total number of species thus far listed for Hingol National Park is 185 (Nov 2006). The Species Diversity of the Park is relatively high for a desert area due to the large variety of habitats including sea, sea coast, estuaries and mudflats, riverine habitat and mountains up to 1580 m. The highest number of species is found at the seacoast, the estuary and along the Hingol River and main tributaries the Nal, Parken, Arra and Babro-Mari River. Some 45% or almost nearly half of all species are related to water including the seacoast, the estuary, and the Hingol River areas. The major groups among these are the seagull and terns, the pelicans, flamingos, herons and egrets, the plovers and lapwings and the stints, sandpipers, godwits, shanks, coots, curlews, king fishers, Osprey, etc..
Only a small number or about 10 % are typically related to the desert areas. Bird diversity is typically low in the tree-poor and degraded broad valleys and the desert areas with very limited water sources. The typical desert related bird groups include the Wheat-ears, Common Babblers, Larks, Sand Grouses, Partridges, the Houbara Bustard, some Shrikes and Buntings.
Many other species use the desert area also including many birds of prey, insect eating birds such as Bee-eaters, Hoopoes, and seed eaters such as Pigeons and Doves, and birds with a more varied diet such as White-eared Bulbuls, Sparrows and the Brown-headed Raven and Shrikes.
The remainder of the birds some 45% consists of birds of prey (Eagles, Vultures, Hawks, Buzzards, Falcons), pigeons, owls, nightyars, woodpeckers, rollers, swallows, martins, wagtails, chats, robins, warblers, white-throats, flycatchers, sunbird, drongo, mynas, sparrows, buntings.
Bird biomass is low, except at the estuary and mudflats and tidal river where large groups of Pelicans, Flamingos, Waders (Plovers, Stints, Sandpipers, Shanks), Seagulls, Terns, and Ducks like to congregate.
Some bird species profit from the influence of cultivation, in particular culture following species such as House Sparrows, Silverbells, White-eared Bulbuls, Buntings, Common Babblers, White throats and Brown-headed Raven. The water harvesting systems result in agricultural areas with high trees of Kand Prosopis glandiflora, Kikar Acacia nilotica, and Ber Zizyphus mauritiana. In particular Ziziphus mauritiana attracts fruit-seed eating birds such as White-eared Bulbul, Lesser White-throats, House Sparrows and others. They also provide nesting sites for many bird species. Blossoms and fruits of trees such as Salvadora spp. and Capparis decidua, usually attract several bird species, including the Purple Sunbirds Nectarinia asiatica. These trees are however scarce and may have much decreased in numbers through cutting for construction wood and fuel wood.
The fields with ripening grains such as millet attract many seed eating birds including rock pigeons, doves, buntings, sparrows and others.
Several species find either their eastern limit or their western limit in the Hingol and surroundings. A typical example is the Brown-headed Raven.
The Brown-headed Raven Corvus rufficollis is a restricted range species. It is limited to the southern areas of Balochistan, Iran up to Oman and Egypt. The eastern limits of its total range are at the east boundary of the park, while a few individuals wandering up to Liari and the estuary of the Porali River. They occur all over the park beyond its northern boundaries.
Groups of some 4 –20 or more birds are found along each river and in each major valley. The Aghore group is the largest with more than 20 individuals. The total number of groups resident in the Park is estimated at 10-20 only.
A rare bird noted as limited range species with breeding in Balochistan coastal zone is the Sooty Falcon. It is regularly seen in Hingol and a group of 17 were sighted at Machi / Sangal mountain ridge and may be breeding in Hingol
At least half of the species listed for the park are migratory birds. The Park is part of the “Asian Flyway” used by birds from Siberia and Central Asia to migrate to the flood plains, lakes and sea coastal areas of Pakistan, India up to Bangladesh. Some birds migrate to East Africa crossing the Arabian Sea. A small number of birds show altitudinal migration over shorter distances. They come down from the higher altitudes within Pakistan to migrate to non-snow covered and warmer areas (e.g., Orphean Whitethroat). The number of species and number of individuals is therefore much higher in the winter period. Most species can be noted when migratory species pass through during the arrival-passage time in autumn (Aug-Nov) and their return in spring (Feb-May). A small number of species stay the whole winter in the park area, notably some Egrets and Herons. A very small number migrates from south east to northwest in summer times.
The largest concentrations of migratory birds can be found at the Hingol estuary and lower Hingol River plains. Several birds of Prey pass through the coastal area during the wintertime. A two day survey in Jan. 2006, listed 150 Great White Pelicans, 40 Spot-billed and 50 Dalmatian Pelicans, 18 Great Cormorants, 400 Little Cormorants, 75 Western Reef Egrets, 200 Little Egrets, a few Intermediate, Great Egrets and Purple Heron, and 32 Grey Heron, 16 Black Ibis, and 200 Spoonbils. Ducks were limited to Eurasian Wigeon (800), Gadwall (150), Common Teal (600), and Northern Shoveler (200), the total number of shorebirds-waders amounted to 16 out of 40 species including amongst others Great Stone Plover (2), Whimbrel (60) and Eurasian Curlew (35). The Gull-Terns were represented with 12 out of 20 species with high numbers of Herring Gull (2000), and Black-headed Gull (1400).
Reptiles:
The Marsh Crocodile, Olive Ridley and Green Marine Turtles, Desert Monitor lizard, Yellow Monitor lizard, and different species of lizard and chameleon.
Source:
Shot taken in HNP during a Widlife Survey of the Park:
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La Presqu'île de Kermorvan
***********************************
Située dans la commune du Conquet, ville et port de
pêche. C'est une zone désormais classée par le
conservatoire du littoral.
Un sentier côtier permet aux promeneurs de faire le
tour de la presqu’île Cette zone naturelle est vierge de
toute construction, à part quelques fortifications
anciennes et un phare.
The Kermorvan Peninsula
*********************************
Located in the commune of Le Conquet, city and port of
fishing. It is an area now classified by the
coastal conservancy.
A coastal path allows walkers to make the
tour of the peninsula This natural area is untouched by
any construction, apart from a few fortifications
old buildings and a lighthouse.
website: lesvoyageursdebelgique.com
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Yvoire, Haute-Savoie, Auvernia-Ródano-Alpes, France.
Yvoire (en francoprovenzal Ivouère) es una comuna y población de Francia, en la región de Auvernia-Ródano-Alpes, departamento de Alta Saboya, en el distrito de Thonon-les-Bains y cantón de Douvaine.
Está integrada en la Communauté de communes du Bas-Chablais.
Se trata de una villa medieval fortificada que se encuentra a orillas del lago Léman, en el extremo norte del cabo situado al oeste del golfo de Coudrée. La creación del señorío de Yvoire se produjo en el siglo XII, si bien las fortificaciones son del siglo XIV, erigidas por orden de Amadeo V de Saboya. En la actualidad es un destino turístico, incluido en las rutas de navegación del lago Léman, y que ha recibido distinciones tales como las cuatro flores de villa turística o la dedicación en 2006 de un sello por el servicio de correos francés.
Por su belleza y atractivo turístico es uno de los pueblos clasificados como Les plus beaux villages de France.
Yvoire (in Franco-Provençal Ivouère) is a commune and town in France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, Haute-Savoie department, in the district of Thonon-les-Bains and canton of Douvaine.
It is part of the Communauté de communes du Bas-Chablais.
It is a medieval fortified town located on the shores of Lake Geneva, at the northern end of the cape located west of the Gulf of Coudrée. The creation of the lordship of Yvoire took place in the 12th century, although the fortifications are from the 14th century, erected by order of Amadeo V of Savoy. Today it is a tourist destination, included in the navigation routes of Lake Geneva, and has received distinctions such as the four flowers of a tourist town or the dedication in 2006 of a stamp by the French postal service.
Due to its beauty and tourist appeal, it is one of the towns classified as Les plus beaux villages de France.
The road network of Madagascar, comprising about 4,500 unique roads spanning 31,640 kilometers (19,660 mi), is designed primarily to facilitate transportation to and from Antananarivo, the Malagasy capital. Transportation on these roads, most of which are unpaved and two lanes wide, is often dangerous. Few Malagasy own private vehicles; long-distance travel is often accomplished in taxi brousses ('bush taxis') which may be shared by 20 or more people.
While most primary roads are in good condition, the World Food Programme has classified nearly two-thirds of the overall road network as being in poor condition. These conditions may make it dangerous to drive at moderate-to-high speeds and dahalo (bandit) attacks pose a threat at low speeds. Many roads are impassable during Madagascar's wet season; some bridges (often narrow, one-lane structures) are vulnerable to being swept away. Few rural Malagasy live near a road in good condition; poor road connectivity may pose challenges in health care, agriculture, and education.
Drivers in Madagascar travel on the right side of the road. On some roads, to deter attacks from dahalo, the government of Madagascar requires that drivers travel in convoys of at least ten vehicles. Car collision fatalities are not fully reported, but the rate is estimated to be among the highest in the world. Random police checkpoints, at which travelers are required to produce identity documents, are spread throughout the country. Crops are transported by ox cart locally and by truck inter-regionally. Human-powered vehicles, once the only means of road transport, are still found in the form of pousse-pousses (rickshaws). Taxi brousses constitute a rudimentary road-based public transportation system in Madagascar. Rides on taxi brousses cost as little as 200 Malagasy ariary (roughly US$0.10) as of 2005, and vehicles involved are often overpacked, sometimes with the assistant driver riding on the outside of the vehicle. Stops on their routes are generally not fixed, allowing passengers to exit at arbitrary points.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_in_Madagascar
www.roadtripafrica.com/madagascar/practical-info/driving-...
internationaldriversassociation.com/madagascar-driving-gu...
La red de carreteras de Madagascar, que comprende alrededor de 4.500 carreteras únicas que abarcan 31.640 kilómetros (19.660 millas), está diseñada principalmente para facilitar el transporte hacia y desde Antananarivo, la capital malgache. El transporte por estas carreteras, la mayoría de las cuales no están pavimentadas y tienen dos carriles de ancho, suele ser peligroso. Son pocos los malgaches que poseen vehículos privados; Los viajes de larga distancia a menudo se realizan en taxis ("taxis rurales") que pueden ser compartidos por 20 o más personas.
Si bien la mayoría de las carreteras principales están en buenas condiciones, el Programa Mundial de Alimentos ha clasificado casi dos tercios de la red vial general como en malas condiciones. Estas condiciones pueden hacer que sea peligroso conducir a velocidades de moderadas a altas y los ataques de dahalo (bandidos) representan una amenaza a bajas velocidades. Muchas carreteras son intransitables durante la estación húmeda de Madagascar; algunos puentes (a menudo estructuras estrechas de un solo carril) son vulnerables a ser arrastrados. Son pocos los malgaches rurales que viven cerca de una carretera en buenas condiciones; La mala conectividad vial puede plantear desafíos en la atención de salud, la agricultura y la educación.
Los conductores en Madagascar circulan por el lado derecho de la carretera. En algunas carreteras, para disuadir los ataques desde Dahalo, el gobierno de Madagascar exige que los conductores viajen en convoyes de al menos diez vehículos. Las muertes por colisiones automovilísticas no se informan en su totalidad, pero se estima que la tasa se encuentra entre las más altas del mundo. Por todo el país hay puestos de control policial aleatorios, en los que los viajeros deben presentar documentos de identidad. Los cultivos se transportan en carretas de bueyes a nivel local y en camiones a nivel interregional. Los vehículos de propulsión humana, que alguna vez fueron el único medio de transporte por carretera, todavía se encuentran en forma de pousse-pousses (rickshaws). Los taxis constituyen un rudimentario sistema de transporte público por carretera en Madagascar. Los viajes en taxi cuestan tan solo 200 ariary malgaches (aproximadamente 0,10 dólares estadounidenses) en 2005, y los vehículos involucrados suelen estar demasiado llenos, a veces con el asistente del conductor viajando en el exterior del vehículo. Las paradas en sus rutas generalmente no son fijas, lo que permite a los pasajeros salir en puntos arbitrarios.
traslashuellasdemir.com/destinos-irresistibles/madagascar...
internationaldriversassociation.com/es/madagascar-driving...
This beautiful Malachite Butterfly was classified and given its scientific name by Carolus Linnaeus (1758) and Jacob Hübner (1761-1826; in 1823); as far as I can gather, Hübner devised 'Siproeta' for what Linnaeus called 'Papilio stelenes'. It's curious that these men get the credit for classifying our Malachite Green Wonder.
Well before their work, intrepid Maria Sibylla Merian (1647-1717), fine artist and excellent naturalist, had traveled to Surinam specifically as she herself writes 'om naauwkeuriger onderzoekinge te doen' - to do more precise research than possible in Europe - especially on exotic plants and insects. She published her magnificent results back in Holland in 1705. One of the first detailed descriptions and paintings in her wonderful Metamorphosis insectorum surinamensium is of a Pineapple and a Malachite in its various stages of development. Engagingly Merian writes about finding a caterpilar on that Pineapple in early May 1700; by May 10 it had transformed itself into a pupa and by the 18th it emerged as a Butterfly. She lovingly illustrates each of these stages. She's far more readable than the stark one-line Latin prose of either Linnaeus or Hübner. It must be said though that Linnaeus at least refers to her ('Merian. surin. 2.t.2') in the abbreviated shorthand which is his habit even if modern authors don't.
As for the Pineapple, Merian writes that 'the taste of this fruit is as if one mixes grapes, apricots, red berries, apples and pears, which can then all be relished at the same time'.
PS I have no idea how Hübner came up with 'Siproeta'. The best guess I have is that there may be by way of C[S]iproeta some connection to the Greek Κύπρος, for the isle of Cyprus perhaps for its copper ore deposits. Copper oxide is, of course, green, which would fit Malachite well! Likely far-fetched, though.
Oh, yes... as an afterthought, our Malachite's food plant here in the Butterfly House of the Amsterdam Zoo is Lantana camara, Tickberry, that pantropical pestweed! The photo doesn't show the color of its flower but it's white and yellow.
An uncommon species that visits our garden regularly. It is only found on Negros and Panay Islands in forest between 400 and 900m. It is classified as a vulnerable species due to the continued decrease in its habitat.
Valencia, Negros Island, Philippines
Dactylorhiza is a genus of flowering plants in the orchid family Orchidaceae. Its species are commonly called marsh orchids or spotted orchids Dactylorhiza were previously classified under Orchis, which has two round tubers.
Description
They are hardy tuberous geophytes. In a thickened underground stem, they can store a large amount of water to survive arid conditions. The tuber is flattened and finger-like. The long leaves are lanceolate and, in most species, also speckled. They grow along a rather long stem which reaches a height of 70–90 cm (28–35 in). Leaves higher on the stem are shorter than leaves lower on the stem. The inflorescence, compared to the length of the plant, is rather short. It consists of a compact raceme with 25-50 flowers. These develop from axillary buds. The dominant colors are white and all shades of pink to red, sprinkled with darker speckles.
Taxonomy
Etymology
The name Dactylorhiza is derived from Greek words δάκτυλος daktylos 'finger' and ῥίζα rhiza 'root', referring to the palmately two- to five-lobed tubers of this genus.
Species
Many species in this genus hybridise so readily that species boundaries themselves are vague (but see), with regular name changes and no clear answers. A few species colonise very well onto fresh industrial wastes such as pulverised fuel ash, where vast hybrid swarms can appear for a decade or more, before ecological succession replaces them.
Dactylorhiza alpestris : Alpine Dactylorhiza (Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians).
Dactylorhiza angustata (France).
Dactylorhiza aristata : Keyflower (E. China to Alaska).
Dactylorhiza aristata var. aristata : Keyflower (E. China to Alaska).
Dactylorhiza aristata var. kodiakensis : Kodiak Keyflower (Aleutian Is. to SW. Alaska).
Dactylorhiza armeniaca (Turkey) - has become synonym of Dactylorhiza euxina subsp. armeniaca (Hedrén) Kreutz
Dactylorhiza atlantica Kreutz & Vlaciha (Morocco)
Dactylorhiza baldshuanica (C. Asia).
Dactylorhiza baltica (Eastern Europe) (synonym of Dactylorhiza longifolia (Neuman) Aver.)
Dactylorhiza baumanniana (N. Greece).
Dactylorhiza baumanniana subsp. smolikana (B. Willing & E. Willing) H. Baumann & R. Lorenz (Greece)
Dactylorhiza bohemica (EC. Europe).
Dactylorhiza cordigera (Fr.) Soó (SE. Europe to Ukraine).
Dactylorhiza cordigera subsp. bosniaca (N. Balkan Pen).
Dactylorhiza cordigera subsp. cordigera (SE. Europe to Ukraine).
Dactylorhiza cordigera var. graeca (H.Baumann) Presser)
Dactylorhiza cordigera subsp. pindica (B. Willing & E. Willing) H. Baumann & R. Lorenz (NW. Greece).
Dactylorhiza cordigera var. rhodopeia Presser (Greece, Southeastern Europe, Europe)
Dactylorhiza cordigera subsp. siculorum (Romania to W. Ukraine).
Dactylorhiza ebudensis (Wief. ex R.M. Bateman & Denholm) P. Delforge : Hebridean marsh orchid
Dactylorhiza elata (Poir.) Soó : Stately Dactylorhiza (W. Europe to NW. Africa).
Dactylorhiza elata subsp. ambigua (Martrin-Donos) Kreutz
Dactylorhiza elata subsp. brennensis (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza elata subsp. elata (NW. Africa).
Dactylorhiza elata subsp. mauritanica B.Baumann & H. Baumann (Morocco, Algeria)
Dactylorhiza elata subsp. sesquipedalis (SW. Europe to Sicilia).
Dactylorhiza euxina (Nevski) Czerep.
Dactylorhiza euxina subsp. armeniaca (Hedrén) Kreutz
Dactylorhiza flavescens (Turkey to C. Asia).
Dactylorhiza foliosa : Richly leaved Dactylorhiza (Madeira).
Dactylorhiza fuchsii (Druce) Soó : common spotted orchid, Fuch's dactylorhiza (Europe to Siberia).
Dactylorhiza fuchsii subsp. carpatica (Batousek & Kreutz) Kreutz
Dactylorhiza fuchsii subsp. fuchsii (Europe to Siberia).
Dactylorhiza fuchsii subsp. hebridensis (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza fuchsii subsp. meyeri (Rchb.f.) Kulikov & E.G.Philippov
Dactylorhiza fuchsii subsp. okellyi (Ireland, W. Great Britain).
Dactylorhiza fuchsii subsp. psychrophila (Europe to Siberia).
Dactylorhiza fuchsii var. sooana (Borsos) Kreutz (Hungary)
Dactylorhiza fuchsii var. sudetica (Poech ex Rchb.f.) H.Baumann
Dactylorhiza gervasiana (Sicilia to S. Italy).
Dactylorhiza graeca (N. Greece) - has become synonym of Dactylorhiza cordigera var. graeca (H.Baumann) Presser)
Dactylorhiza graggeriana (W. Himalaya).
Dactylorhiza hatagirea (Pakistan to SE. Tibet).
Dactylorhiza iberica (Greece to Iran).
Dactylorhiza ilgazica (N. Turkey) - now synonym of Dactylorhiza urvilleana subsp. ilgazica (Kreutz) Kreutz
Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) Soó : early marsh orchid
Dactylorhiza incarnata var. baumgartneriana (B.Baumann, H.Baumann, R.Lorenz & Ruedi Peter) P.Delforge
Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. coccinea
Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. cruenta (Europe to Turkey).
Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. gemmana (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. incarnata (Europe to Mongolia).
Dactylorhiza incarnata nothosubsp. krylovii (W. Europe to Siberia).
Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. lobelii (Norway to The Netherlands).
Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. ochroleuca (Europe).
Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. pulchella (Europe).
Dactylorhiza incarnata nothosubsp. versicolor (Europe)
Dactylorhiza insularis : Island Dactylorhiza (W. Medit. to WC. Italy).
Dactylorhiza kafiriana (NE. Afghanistan to W. Himalaya).
Dactylorhiza kalopissii E.Nelson (N. Greece).
Dactylorhiza kalopissii subsp. macedonica (J.Hölzinger & Künkele) Kreutz
Dactylorhiza kalopissii subsp. pythagorae (Gölz & H.R.Reinhard) Kreutz
Dactylorhiza kulikalonica (C. Asia).
Dactylorhiza lapponica (Laest.ex Hartm.) Soó (N. Europe).
Dactylorhiza lapponica subsp. angustata (Arv.-Touv.) Kreutz
Dactylorhiza lapponica subsp. rhaetica H. Baumann & R. Lorenz (Alps of Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Italy and France)
Dactylorhiza libanotica (Lebanon)
Dactylorhiza longifolia (Europe to C. Asia).
Dactylorhiza macedonica (N. Greece) - now a synonym of Dactylorhiza kalopissii subsp. macedonica (J.Hölzinger & Künkele) Kreutz
Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó : heath spotted orchid, Moorland Spotted Orchid (NW. Africa, Europe to Siberia).
Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. battandieri (N. Algeria).
Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. caramulensis (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. elodes (Europe).
Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. ericetorum : heath spotted orchid (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. islandica (Iceland).
Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. kolaensis (Montell) Kreutz
Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. maculata (Europe to Siberia).
Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. maurusia (Morocco)
Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. podesta (Netherlands).
Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. rhoumensis (Great Britain)
Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. savogiensis (D.Tyteca & Gathoye) Kreutz
Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. schurii (Carpathians).
Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. sennia (Vollmar) Kreutz
Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. transsilvanica (SC. & SE. Europe).
Dactylorhiza magna (C. Asia).
Dactylorhiza majalis (Rchb.) P.F.Hunt & Summerh. : broad-leaved marsh orchid, western marsh orchid, fan orchid, common marsh orchid (Europe).
Dactylorhiza majalis var. brevifolia (Rchb.f.) Kreutz
Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. calcifugiens (Denmark)
Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. majalis (Europe).
Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. occidentalis (W. & SW. Ireland, N. Great Britain) (synonym of Dactylorhiza kerryensis (Wilmott) P.F. Hunt & Summerhayes)
Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. parvimajalis (D.Tyteca & Gathoye) Kreutz
Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. sphagnicola
Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. turfosa (Alps to W. Carpathians) - has become a synonym of Dactylorhiza traunsteineri subsp. turfosa (F.Proch.) Kreutz
Dactylorhiza markusii : Markus' Dactylorhiza (N. Portugal to W. Spain and Italy).
Dactylorhiza nieschalkiorum (N. Turkey).
Dactylorhiza occidentalis (Pugsley) P. Delforge : Irish marsh orchid (synonym of Dactylorhiza kerryensis (Wilmott) P.F. Hunt & Summerhayes)
Dactylorhiza osmanica (Turkey to Syria).
Dactylorhiza osmanica var. anatolica (Turkey).
Dactylorhiza osmanica var. osmanica (Turkey to Syria).
Dactylorhiza pindica (NW. Greece).
Dactylorhiza praetermissa : leopard marsh orchid, southern marsh orchid (W. & NW. Europe)
Dactylorhiza purpurella (T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson) Soó : northern marsh orchid (Great Britain, Ireland).
Dactylorhiza purpurella var. maculosa (T. Stephenson)
Dactylorhiza purpurella var. purpurella
Dactylorhiza purpurella var. cambrensis (R.H.Roberts) R.M.Bateman & Denholm 2005
Dactylorhiza pythagorae (E. Aegean Is.) - now a synonym of Dactylorhiza kalopissii subsp. pythagorae (Gölz & H.R.Reinhard) Kreutz
Dactylorhiza romana : Roman Dactylorhiza (Mediterranean)
Dactylorhiza russowii (Klinge) Holub (C. Europe to Siberia)
Dactylorhiza saccifera (Brongn.) Soó : Sack-carrying Dactylorhiza (Mediterranean)
Dactylorhiza saccifera subsp. bithynica (H.Baumann) Kreutz
Dactylorhiza saccifera subsp. gervasiana (Tod.) Kreutz
Dactylorhiza salina (Caucasus to Amur)
Dactylorhiza sambucina : elder-flowered orchid (Europe). Photos
Dactylorhiza sudetica (Europe to Siberia)
Dactylorhiza traunsteineri (Saut. ex Rchb.) Soó : narrow-leaved marsh orchid, Traunstein's Dactylorhiza (Europe to W. Siberia).
Dactylorhiza traunsteineri subsp. carpatica (Slovakia) - has become synonym of Dactylorhiza fuchsii subsp. carpatica (Batousek & Kreutz) Kreutz
Dactylorhiza traunsteineri subsp. turfosa (F.Proch.) Kreutz
Dactylorhiza traunsteineri subsp. curvifolia (N. & NE. Europe).
Dactylorhiza traunsteineri subsp. traunsteineri (Europe to W. Siberia).
Dactylorhiza traunsteineri subsp. wirtgenii (Höppner) Kreutz
Dactylorhiza traunsteinerioides (Pugsley) Landwehr (synonym of Dactylorhiza traunsteineri subsp. traunsteineri)
Dactylorhiza umbrosa (W. & C. Asia to Siberia)
Dactylorhiza urvilleana (Steud.) H.Baumann & Künkele (N. & NE. Turkey to Iran)
Dactylorhiza urvilleana subsp. bithynica (H.Baumann) H. Baumann & R. Lorenz
Dactylorhiza urvilleana subsp. phoenissa B. Baumann & H. Baumann (Lebanon)
Dactylorhiza urvilleana subsp. ilgazica (Kreutz) Kreutz
Dactylorhiza viridis : Frog orchid (Subarctic and subalpine Northern Hemisphere).
Dactylorhiza viridis var. virescens (Temp. Asia, N. America)
Dactylorhiza viridis var. viridis (Subarctic and subalpine Northern Hemisphere)
Hybrids
Note : nothosubspecies = a hybrid subspecies; nothovarietas = subvariety.
Dactylorhiza × abantiana (D. iberica × D. nieschalkiorum) (Turkey).
Dactylorhiza × aldenii (D. iberica × D. kalopissii) (Greece).
Dactylorhiza × altobracensis (D. maculata × D. sambucina) (France, Austria).
Dactylorhiza × aschersoniana (D. incarnata × D. majalis) (W. & C. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × aschersoniana nothosubsp. aschersoniana (W. & C. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × aschersoniana nothosubsp. templinensis (D. incarnata subsp. ochroleuca × D. majalis) (C. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × aschersoniana nothovar. uliginosa (D. incarnata subsp.pulchella × D. majalis) (C. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × baicalica (D. incarnata subsp. cruenta × D. salina) (Siberia).
Dactylorhiza × balabaniana (D. iberica × D. urvilleana) (Turkey).
Dactylorhiza × bayburtiana (D. euxina × D. umbrosa) (Turkey).
Dactylorhiza × beckeriana (C. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × boluiana (D. nieschalkiorum × D. saccifera) (Turkey).
Dactylorhiza × bourdonii (D. brennensis × D. incarnata) (France).
Dactylorhiza × braunii (D. fuchsii × D. majalis) (Europe).
Dactylorhiza × braunii nothosubsp. braunii (Europe).
Dactylorhiza × braunii nothosubsp. lilacina (D fuchsii × D. majalis subsp. turfosa) (EC. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × braunii nothosubsp. monticola (D. fuchsii subsp. psychrophila × D. majalis) (Europe).
Dactylorhiza × braunii nothosubsp. smitakii (D. fuchsii subsp. sooana × D. majalis) (EC. Europe). te
Dactylorhiza × breviceras (D. osmanica × D. urvilleana) (Turkey).
Dactylorhiza × carnea (D. incarnata × D. maculata subsp. ericetorum) (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × carnea nothosubsp. ampolai (D. incarnata subsp. cruenta × D. maculata) (Europe).
Dactylorhiza × carnea nothosubsp. carnea (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × carnea nothosubsp. maculatiformis. (D. incarnata × D. maculata) (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × claudiopolitana (D. incarnata × D. schurii) (Europe.
Dactylorhiza × conigerum (D. maculata × D. viridis) (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × csatoi (D. cordigera × D. maculata) (SE. Europe).
Dactylorhiza czerniakowskae (C. Asia).
Dactylorhiza × daunia (D. romana × D. saccifera) (S. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × delamainii (D. elata subsp. sesquipedalis × D. maculata) (SW. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × dinglensis (D. maculata subsp. ericetorum × D. majalis subsp. occidentalis) (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × dinglensis nothosubsp. dinglensis (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × dinglensis nothosubsp. robertsii (D. maculata subsp. ericetorum × D. majalis subsp. cambrensi) (Great Britain).
Dactylorhiza × dinglensis nothosubsp. senayi (D. maculata subsp. elodes × D. majalis) (Europe).
Dactylorhiza × dinglensis nothosubsp. townsendiana (D. maculata subsp. ericetorum × D. majalis) (Europe).
Dactylorhiza × dinglensis nothosubsp. vermeuleniana (D. maculata × D. majalis) (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × drucei (D. majalis × D. viridis) (W. Europe)
Dactylorhiza × dubreuilhii (D. elata subsp. sesquipedalis × D. incarnata) (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × dufftiana (D. majalis × D. traunsteineri) (Europe).
Dactylorhiza × dufftii (D. incarnata × D. traunsteineri) (Europe).
Dactylorhiza × dufftii nothosubsp. dufftii (Europe).
Dactylorhiza × dufftii nothosubsp. gotlandica (D incarnata subsp. ochroleuca × D. traunsteineri) (Europe). Tuber geophyte
Dactylorhiza × dufftii nothosubsp. stenkyrkae (D. incarnata subsp. cruenta × D. traunsteineri) (Europe).
Dactylorhiza × erdingeri (D. sambucina × D. viridis) (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza euxina (NE. Turkey to Caucasus).
Dactylorhiza euxinavar. euxina (NE. Turkey to Caucasus).
Dactylorhiza euxinavar. markowitschii (NE. Turkey to Caucasus).
Dactylorhiza × flixensis (D. incarnata subsp. pulchella × D. traunsteineri.) (Switzerland).
Dactylorhiza × formosa (D. maculata subsp. ericetorum × D. purpurella) (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × fourkensis (D. baumanniana × D. sambucina) (Greece).
Dactylorhiza × gabretana (D. incarnata × D. maculata × D. sambucina) (Europe).
Dactylorhiza × genevensis (D. incarnata × D. latifolia × D. maculata) (Europe).
Dactylorhiza × godferyana (D. majalis × D. praetermissa) (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × grandis (D. fuchsii × D. praetermissa) (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × guilhotii (D. incarnata × D. viridis) (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × guillaumeae (D. incarnata × D. sambucina) (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × gustavssonii (D. iberica × D. saccifera) (Greece to Turkey).
Dactylorhiza × hallii (D maculata subsp. ericetorum × D. praetermissa) (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × hallii nothosubsp. hallii (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × hallii nothosubsp. nummiana (D. maculata subsp. elodes × D. praetermissa) (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × hochreutinerana (D. alpestris × D. incarnata) (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × insignis (D. praetermissa × D. purpurella) (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × ishorica (D. incarnata × D. longifolia) (European Russia).
Dactylorhiza × jenensis (D. maculata subsp. ericetorum × D. traunsteineri) (W. & NC. Europe)
Dactylorhiza × jestrebiensis (D. bohemica × D. majalis) (EC. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × juennensis (D. fuchsii × D. lapponica) (C. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × katarana (D kalopissii × D. saccifera) (Greece).
Dactylorhiza × kelleriana (D. fuchsii × D. traunsteineri) (Europe).
Dactylorhiza × kerasovinensis (D. pindica × D. saccifera) (Greece).
Dactylorhiza × kerneriorum (D. fuchsii × D. incarnata) (Europe).
Dactylorhiza × kerneriorum nothosubsp. kerneriorum (Europe).
Dactylorhiza × kerneriorum nothosubsp. lillsundica (D. fuchsii × D. incarnata subsp. ochroleuca) (N. & W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × kerneriorum nothosubsp. variablis (D. fuchsii subsp. hebridensis × D. incarnata) (W. Europe). *Dactylorhiza × komiensis (D. hebridensis × D. maculata) (E. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × kopdagiana (D. iberica × D. umbrosa) (Turkey).
Dactylorhiza × koutsourana (D. baumanniana × D. smolikana) (Greece).
Dactylorhiza × kuuskiae (D.longifolia × D. traunsteineri) (E. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × latirella (D. incarnata × D. purpurella) (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × lehmannii (D. incarnata × D. russowii) (Europe).
Dactylorhiza × megapolitana (D. fuchsii × D. russowii) (C. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × metsowonensis (D. kalopissii × D. sambucina) (Greece).
Dactylorhiza × mixtum (D. fuchsii × D. viridis) (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × mulignensis (D. incarnata subsp. pulchella × D. majalis) (C. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × nevskii (D. osmanica × D. umbrosa) (Turkey).
Dactylorhiza × ornonensis (D. elata subsp. sesquipedalis × D. incarnata × D. maculata) (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × paridaeniana (D. elata subsp. sesquipedalis × D. praetermissa) (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × pontica (D. urvilleana × D. viridis) (Turkey)
Dactylorhiza × prochazkana (D. bohemica × D. maculata) (EC. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × renzii (D. incarnata × D. nieschalkiorum) (Turkey).
Dactylorhiza × rizeana (D. euxina × D. urvilleana) (Turkey).
Dactylorhiza × rombucina (D. romana × D. sambucina) (C. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × ruppertii (D. majalis × D. sambucina) (Europe).
Dactylorhiza × salictina (D. pindica × D. smolikana) (Greece).
Dactylorhiza × serbica (D. incarnata × D. saccifera) (Europe).
Dactylorhiza × serreana (D. graeca × D. lagotis) (Greece).
Dactylorhiza × sivasiana (D. umbrosa × D. urvilleana) (Turkey).
Dactylorhiza × sooi (D. alpestris × D. fuchsii.) (Europe).
Dactylorhiza × souflikensis (D. baumanniana × D. pindica) (Greece).
Dactylorhiza × stagni-novi (D. brennensis × D. fuchsii) (Europe).
Dactylorhiza × szaboiana (D. cordigera × D. sudetica) (SE. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × transiens (D. fuchsii × D. maculata subsp. ericetorum) (Europe)
Dactylorhiza × transiens nothosubsp. corylensis (D. fuchsii subsp. hebridensis × D. maculata)
Dactylorhiza × transienssubsp. ericetorum (Europe). Tuber geophyte
Dactylorhiza × transiens nothosubsp. transiens (Europe). Tuber geophyte
Dactylorhiza × turcestanicum (D. umbrosa × D. viridis) (C. Asia).
Dactylorhiza × vallis-peenae (D. majalis × D. russowii) (C. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × venusta (D. fuchsii × D. purpurella) (Europe).
Dactylorhiza × venusta nothosubsp. hebridella (D. fuchsii subsp. hebridensis × D. purpurella) (Great Britain).
Dactylorhiza × venusta nothosubsp. venusta (Europe)
Dactylorhiza × viridella (D. purpurella × D. viridis) (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × vitosana (D. saccifera × D. sambucina) (SE. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × vogtiana (D. iberica × D. incarnata) (Turkey).
Dactylorhiza × vorasica (D. cordigera × D. sambucina) (Greece).
Dactylorhiza × weissenbachiana (D. incarnata × D. lapponica) (C. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × wiefelspuetziana (D. maculata × D. sphagnicola) (W. Europe).
This list follows the World checklist of monocotyledons, periodically amended from the "Orchid Research Newsletter".
Distribution and habitat
These terrestrial orchids grow in basic soils in wet meadows, bogs, heathland and in areas sparsely populated by trees. They are distributed throughout the subarctic and temperate northern hemisphere. It is found across much of Europe, North Africa and Asia from Portugal and Iceland to Taiwan and Kamchatka, including Russia, Japan, China, Central Asia, the Middle East, Ukraine, Scandinavia, Germany, Poland, Italy, France, the United Kingdom, etc. Inclusion of the widespread frog orchid, often called Coeloglossum viride, into Dactylorhiza as per some recent classifications, expands the genus distribution to include Canada and much of the United States.
just a cute little smg i threw up with mostly all the "secret" or "hidden" parts, i must say, i quite like this one alot;] .
Number: CT-
Rank- [classified]
Nickname- [classified]
Log entry
Location: Outpost on Geonosis
Time: Months after the battle of Geonosis
This place is horrid. I have been stuck here for months now.Soon I will be transferred to a new unit, the 253rd. I was stationed here after the succesful invasion during which most of my unit was killed.Our outpost was quickly constructed and is undermanned.Everyone here wants to leave but it looks like I am the only one that will be leaving soon. The planet is nothing but dust, dirt and debris from the recent battle. Hopefully this 253rd legion will be better than here.
Sorry about the really poor log I am not much of a writer.
This is a new species for my prairie wildlife species collection, the 121st bird species I've photographed in my local city park. Red-breasted nuthatches are one of several birds of the northern forest that are classified as "irruptive", meaning they move into Kansas in large numbers in some years but are virtually absent in others.
Classified Abnormalities.
Trame secondarie ombre sinistre sangue che scorre inseguimenti di pesca ping pong sensoriale miliardi di sinapsi capelli tremanti che tirano fibre,
pensées folles drogues persuasives harceler psychoses salles terribles délires gorge gorges enduites présence absorbante cerveau,
Das Experimentieren mit schwebenden Stimmen, die mit den Fingern gleiten, verzweifelte Blasen, instabile Fantasien, umschließen unbeschreibliche Gefühle,
nunc mutata est rationalis, perceptiones reducing claves portae fidem secreta mentis crystal quæ emuncta sunt, grauis causa quae removent Lorem mentis jam fruges,,
αλαζονικό περιστρεφόμενο καταπληκτικό λογοτεχνικό ταξίδι αποτελεσματικός ρεαλισμός συγκέντρωση περίεργα χάπια περιπετειώδη οπτικά χρόνια εγκεφαλικό φλοιό ευκαλύπτου συνείδηση καταβροχθίζοντας πνευματικά χαρτιά,
高地森林オーディオ気質熱狂的な改訂悪名高い松泥沼方法雄大な帆洗練されたグロテスクな暗い枝強力な写真神経のマルチングを破裂させる.
Steve.D.Hammond.
Saint-Léon-le-Grand Church is a Catholic religious building located in the heart of the village of Saint-Léon-le-Grand in Quebec (Canada).
It was built between 1819 and 1824 and was enlarged in 1914. The church was cited as a heritage building by the municipality of the parish of Saint-Léon-le-Grand in 1999 and was classified as a heritage building in 2011 by the Ministry of Culture and Communications.
L'église Saint-Léon-le-Grand est un édifice religieux catholique situé au cœur du village de Saint-Léon-le-Grand au Québec (Canada).
Elle a été construite entre 1819 et 1824 et a été agrandie en 1914. L'église a été citée immeuble patrimonial par la municipalité de la paroisse de Saint-Léon-le-Grand en 1999 et été classée immeuble patrimonial en 2011 par le ministère de la Culture et des Communications.
This galaxy is known as Mrk 820 and is classified as a lenticular galaxy — type S0 on the Hubble Tuning Fork. The Hubble Tuning Fork is used to classify galaxies according to their morphology. Elliptical galaxies look like smooth blobs in the sky and lie on the handle of the fork. They are arranged along the handle based on how elliptical they are, with the more spherical galaxies furthest from the tines of the fork, and the more egg-shaped ones closest to the end of the handle where it divides. The two prongs of the tuning fork represent types of unbarred and barred spiral galaxies.
Lenticular galaxies like Mrk 820 are in the transition zone between ellipticals and spirals and lie right where the fork divides. A closer look at the appearance of Mrk 820 reveals hints of a spiral structure embedded in a circular halo of stars.
Surrounding Mrk 820 in this image is a good sampling of other galaxy types, covering almost every type found on the Hubble Tuning Fork, both elliptical and spiral. Most of the smears and specks are distant galaxies, but the prominent bright object at the bottom is a foreground star called TYC 4386-787-1.
Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA and N. Gorin (STScI), Acknowledgement: Judy Schmidt
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission.
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A late running Aurizon 6MX1 led by RailFirst lease unit GL102 with former VR G535 rolls downgrade at Clapham with a good length train on March 22, 2025.
GL102 is one of 12 locomotives rebuilt by Goninan from ex-NSWGR 442 class ALCos with GE 7FDL-12 power plants and classified as a C30-MMi.
During the days of Timetable & Train Order operation, classification lights on locomotives were an important safety feature. Able to be illuminated in white, green, or red, class lights were used to indicate whether a locomotive was pulling an unscheduled extra train, had a second section of the same train following it, or was on the tail end of a train, respectively. When computers and electronic communication methods came into use during the 1960s and 70s, TT&TO operation was phased out, and classification lights were no longer needed. Many new locomotives were built without them, some older ones had their class lights removed, and today, it's rare to find a locomotive with class lights still intact. One survivor is Hartwell Railroad number 1973, a former CSX, ex-Conrail, nee Penn Central GP38, seen here at Lavonia, Georgia.
Former South Railway Schools class 4-4-0 No. 925 ‘Cheltenham’ eases into Ropley station during Mid Hants Railway’s Autumn Steam Gala on the Watercress Line.
The SR Schools class were a very successful design and were built to haul heavy passenger traffic. Although relatively compact, the Schools class were not short on power; they were the most powerful 4-4-0 design ever produced in Europe. Classified 5P by British Railways, they were capable of hauling 400-ton express trains.
Thanks for your visit… Any comment you make on my photograph is greatly appreciated and encouraging! But please do not use this image without permission.
This "Least Tern" was seen behind a fence that protects nesting birds from "human interference" !
"The Least Tern is classified as threatened, endangered, or as a species of concern for most states because of loss of nesting habitat, and the interior population has been federally listed as endangered since 1985. www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Least_Tern/lifehistory
Seen at Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve.
The black-bellied tern (Sterna acuticauda) is classified as being endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The rationale behind this is that the riverine habitats in which it breeds are under threat in much of southeastern Asia and, although it has an extensive range, it is believed to be extinct in southern China, Nepal, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. Only in Pakistan, India and Bangladesh are there larger populations, and even in these countries, this bird is thought to be seriously declining, and there may be fewer than one thousand mature individuals in existence.The threats it faces include the degradation of the islands and sandspits on which it breeds, the collection of eggs for food, predation of eggs and chicks by dogs, cats and crows, flooding of nesting sites by the construction of river dams, competition for fish by local fishermen, entanglement in nets, disturbance, extraction of water, sand and gravel dredging and pollution
31108 drifts into Ely with a southbound passenger working, 21st August 1976.
Locomotive History
31108 was built by Brush at the Falcon works Loughborough as D5526 and entered traffic in April 1959, allocated to Stratford MPD. The first ten class 31/1’s D5520 – 29 (31102 – 11) where built with headcode discs with D5530 (31112) being the first built with headcode boxes, however due to supply difficulties, in order to maintain locomotive deliveries to British Railways Brush fitted ten of the next thirty two locomotives D5535/39/43/47/51/52/55/56/59/62 (31117/21/25/29/33/34/37/38/41/44) with headcode discs. D5526 transferred to Ipswich in November 1959 and would remain there for the next nine years. In the early 1968 it entered Doncaster works for classified repair during which its unreliable Mirrlees JVS12T 1365bhp engine was replaced by a 1470bhp English Electric 12SVT engine and re-entering traffic in May 1968. The next twenty three years were spent at March (1968, 1977, 1983), Finsbury Park (1974), Stratford (1980, 1982, 1987), Immingham (1982, 1990) and Tinsley (1987). In June 1991 it was stopped for engine repairs. These repairs were never completed and 31108 was withdrawn from service in September 1991. 31108 was stored in the open at Scunthorpe for three and a half years until purchased by A1A Locomotives and moved to Butterley. Following overhaul it re-entered traffic in June 2000.
Praktica LTL, Orwochrome UT18
Excerpt from Wikipedia:
Right whales or black whales are three species of large baleen whales of the genus Eubalaena: the North Atlantic right whale (E. glacialis), the North Pacific right whale (E. japonica) and the Southern right whale (E. australis). They are classified in the family Balaenidae with the bowhead whale. Right whales have rotund bodies with arching rostrums, V-shaped blowholes and dark gray or black skin. The most distinguishing feature of a right whale is the rough patches of skin on its head, which appear white due to parasitism by whale lice. Right whales can grow up to more than 18 m (59 ft) long with a highest-recorded length of 19.8 m (65 ft). Right whales are very robust whales, weighing 100 short tons (91 t; 89 long tons) or more. The largest known right whales can attain 20.7 m (68 ft) in length and weigh up to 135,000 kg (298,000 lb). Specimens measuring 21.3 m (70 ft) and weighing 150,000 kg (330,000 lb) are documented in whaling records but not scientifically confirmed. Their immense bulk makes right whales significantly heavier than other whales of similar or greater length such as the humpback, gray, sperm and even fin whales. In fact, right whales rank only behind the blue whale in sheer body mass. One (apocryphal) explanation for their name is that whalers identified them as the "right" whale to kill on a hunt due to the plentiful oil and baleen they could provide.
All three species are migratory, moving seasonally to feed or give birth. The warm equatorial waters form a barrier that isolates the northern and southern species from one another although the southern species, at least, has been known to cross the equator. In the Northern Hemisphere, right whales tend to avoid open waters and stay close to peninsulas and bays and on continental shelves, as these areas offer greater shelter and an abundance of their preferred foods. In the Southern Hemisphere, right whales feed far offshore in summer, but a large portion of the population occur in near-shore waters in winter. Right whales feed mainly on copepods but also consume krill and pteropods. They may forage the surface, underwater or even the ocean bottom. During courtship, males gather into large groups to compete for a single female, suggesting that sperm competition is an important factor in mating behavior. Although the blue whale is the largest animal on the planet, the testes of the right whale are actually ten times larger than those of the blue whale – with each weighing up to 525 kilograms (1,160 lb), they are by far the largest of any animal on Earth. Gestation tends to last a year, and calves are born at 1 short ton (0.91 t; 0.89 long tons) in weight and 4–6 m (13–20 ft) in length. Weaning occurs after eight months.
Right whales were a preferred target for whalers because of their docile nature, their slow surface-skimming feeding behaviors, their tendency to stay close to the coast, and their high blubber content (which makes them float when they are killed, and which produced high yields of whale oil). Today, the North Atlantic and North Pacific right whales are among the most endangered whales in the world, and both species are protected in the United States by the Endangered Species Act. The North Atlantic right whale has a single surviving breeding population in the western North Atlantic, and is classed as critically endangered, with a total population best estimate of 411 individuals remaining alive as of 2017. The North Pacific right whale population is classed overall as endangered and has two surviving populations, eastern and western, with the western Pacific population much larger at an estimated 1147 individuals in 2016. The eastern North Pacific population has fewer than 50 individuals remaining, and this population is considered critically endangered.
Excerpt from newfoundlandandlabrador.com:
Come visit our whale exhibit to gain a deeper understanding of Right Whales. The almost complete skeleton on display dates back to the 16th century when whalers from Europe hunted whales for the fat that could be rendered into oil. The exhibit features panels that tell the story of the eating, mating and migration patterns of the whales. Then you can learn about ongoing research and protection measures to protect the remaining but endangered population of right whales and how you might help.
Presently butterflies are classified in three superfamilies, Hedyloidea, consisting of the 'American moth-butterflies', Hesperioidea, consisting of the 'skippers' and Papilionoidea or 'true butterflies'. The last two superfamilies are probably sister taxa, so the butterflies collectively are thought to constitute a natural group or clade.
The scope of the term butterfly depends on how far the concept is extended. Currently, most experts include the superfamilies Hedyloidea (the American moth-butterflies), Hesperioidea (the skippers) and Papilionoidea (the so-called 'true' butterflies). This concept of butterflies including the Hedyloidea is a recently expanded one, but it makes the group a natural clade, the Rhopalocera. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
An ACe and a couple of GEVOs lead BNSF train H-NEWLIN1-25A through Old Union Depot Interlocking on Track 80 of the KCT North-South Corridor. This is a fairly new train, operating between Newton, KS and Lincoln, NE. Recently, BNSF has begun routing some traffic out of Kansas City, which is part of an effort to keep 1,000+ fewer cars to be humped and classified at Argentine Yard in Kansas City, KS. 7/26/20.
Miami is a seaport city at the southeastern corner of the U.S. state of Florida and its Atlantic coast. As the seat of Miami-Dade County, the municipality is the principal, central, and the most populous city of the Miami metropolitan area and part of the second-most populous metropolis in the southeastern United States.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Miami's metro area is the eighth-most populous and fourth-largest urban area in the U.S., with a population of around 5.5 million.
Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Group's inventory. In 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities. In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami "America's Cleanest City", for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and citywide recycling programs.
According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, and the world's fifth-richest city in terms of purchasing power. Miami is nicknamed the "Capital of Latin America" and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality.
Miami has the third tallest skyline in the U.S. with over 300 high-rises. Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, and many large national and international companies. The Civic Center is a major center for hospitals, research institutes, medical centers, and biotechnology industries.
For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known as the "Cruise Capital of the World", has been the number one cruise passenger port in the world. It accommodates some of the world's largest cruise ships and operations and is the busiest port in both passenger traffic and cruise lines.
Metropolitan Miami is the major tourism hub in the American South, number two in the U.S. after New York City and number 13 in the world, including the popular destination of Miami Beach.
Credit for the data above is given to the following websites:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgewater_(Miami)
© All Rights Reserved - you may not use this image in any form without my prior permission.
I took this photo at Kenroku-en. Japan.
Kenrokuen (兼六園) in Kanazawa is justifiably classified as one of Japan's "three most beautiful landscape gardens".
Miami is a seaport city at the southeastern corner of the U.S. state of Florida and its Atlantic coast. As the seat of Miami-Dade County, the municipality is the principal, central, and the most populous city of the Miami metropolitan area and part of the second-most populous metropolis in the southeastern United States.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Miami's metro area is the eighth-most populous and fourth-largest urban area in the U.S., with a population of around 5.5 million.
Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Group's inventory. In 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities. In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami "America's Cleanest City", for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and citywide recycling programs.
According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, and the world's fifth-richest city in terms of purchasing power. Miami is nicknamed the "Capital of Latin America" and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality.
Miami has the third tallest skyline in the U.S. with over 300 high-rises. Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, and many large national and international companies. The Civic Center is a major center for hospitals, research institutes, medical centers, and biotechnology industries.
For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known as the "Cruise Capital of the World", has been the number one cruise passenger port in the world. It accommodates some of the world's largest cruise ships and operations, and is the busiest port in both passenger traffic and cruise lines.
Metropolitan Miami is the major tourism hub in the American South, number two in the U.S. after New York City and number 13 in the world, including the popular destination of Miami Beach.
Credit for the data above is given to the following websites:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgewater_(Miami)
© All Rights Reserved - you may not use this image in any form without my prior permission.
Following, a text, in english, from Wikipedia the free encyclopedia:
Great Egret
For the similar Australasian species, see Eastern Great Egret.
The Great Egret (Ardea alba), also known as the Great White Egret or Common Egret or (now not in use) Great White Heron,[1][2] is a large, widely-distributed egret. Distributed across most of the tropical and warmer temperate regions of the world, in southern Europe it is rather localized. In North America it is more widely distributed, and it is ubiquitous across the Sun Belt of the United States and in the rainforests of South America. It is sometimes confused with the Great White Heron in Florida, which is a white morph of the closely related Great Blue Heron (A. herodias). Note, however, that the name Great White Heron has occasionally been used to refer to the Great Egret.
Description:
The Great Egret is a large bird with all-white plumage that can reach one meter in height, weigh up to 950 grams (2.1 lb) and a wingspan of 165 to 215 cm. It is thus only slightly smaller than the Great Blue or Grey Heron (A. cinerea). Apart from size, the Great Egret can be distinguished from other white egrets by its yellow bill and black legs and feet, though the bill may become darker and the lower legs lighter in the breeding season. In breeding plumage, delicate ornamental feathers are borne on the back. Males and females are identical in appearance; juveniles look like non-breeding adults. It is a common species, usually easily seen. It has a slow flight, with its neck retracted. This is characteristic of herons and bitterns, and distinguishes them from storks, cranes, ibises, and spoonbills, which extend their necks in flight.
The Great Egret is not normally a vocal bird; at breeding colonies, however, it often gives a loud croaking cuk cuk cuk.
Systematics and taxonomy:
Like all egrets, it is a member of the heron family, Ardeidae. Traditionally classified with the storks in the Ciconiiformes, the Ardeidae are closer relatives of pelicans and belong in the Pelecaniformes instead. The Great Egret—unlike the typical egrets—does not belong to the genus Egretta but together with the great herons is today placed in Ardea. In the past, however, it was sometimes placed in Egretta or separated in a monotypic genus Casmerodius.
Subspecies
There were four subspecies in various parts of the world, which differ but little. Differences are bare part coloration in the breeding season and size; the largest A. a. modesta from Asia and Australasia is now considered a full species, the Eastern Great Egret (Ardea modesta). The remaining three subspecies are:
Ardea alba alba (Europe)
Ardea alba egretta (Americas)
Ardea alba melanorhynchos (Africa)
Ecology and status:
The Great Egret is partially migratory, with northern hemisphere birds moving south from areas with colder winters. It breeds in colonies in trees close to large lakes with reed beds or other extensive wetlands. It builds a bulky stick nest.
The Great Egret is generally a very successful species with a large and expanding range. In North America, large numbers of Great Egrets were killed around the end of the 19th century so that their plumes could be used to decorate hats. Numbers have since recovered as a result of conservation measures. Its range has expanded as far north as southern Canada. However, in some parts of the southern United States, its numbers have declined due to habitat loss. Nevertheless, it adapts well to human habitation and can be readily seen near wetlands and bodies of water in urban and suburban areas. In 1953 the Great Egret in flight was chosen as the symbol of the National Audubon Society, which was formed in part to prevent the killing of birds for their feathers.[3][4]
The Great Egret is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.
Diet:
The Great Egret feeds in shallow water or drier habitats, feeding mainly on fish, frogs, small mammals, and occasionally small birds and reptiles, spearing them with its long, sharp bill most of the time by standing still and allowing the prey to come within its striking distance of its bill which it uses as a spear. It will often wait motionless for prey, or slowly stalk its victim.
Though it might appear that they feed on the parasites of African buffaloes, they actually feed on leafhoppers, grasshoppers and other insects which are stirred open as buffaloes move about in water.
In culture:
The Great Egret is depicted on the reverse side of a 5-Brazilian reais banknote.
"White Egrets" is the title of Saint Lucian Poet Derek Walcott's fourteenth collection of poems.
A seguir, texto em português da Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre:
Garça-branca-grande
A garça-branca-grande (Casmerodius albus, sin. Ardea alba), também conhecida apenas como garça-branca, é uma ave da ordem Ciconiiformes. É uma garça de vasta distribuição e pode ser encontrada em todo o Brasil.
Dieta:
Se alimenta de presas aquáticas, depois de aproximar-se sorrateiramente com o corpo abaixado e o pescoço recolhido e bicar seu alimento, esticando seu longo pescoço.
Taxonomia:
Subespécies
C. a. modesta - Ásia e Australasia
C. a. alba - Europa
C. a. egretta - América do Norte
C. a. melanorhynchos - África
Ipê Amarelo, Tabebuia [chrysotricha or ochracea].
Ipê-amarelo em Brasília, Brasil.
This tree is in Brasília, Capital of Brazil.
Text, in english, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Trumpet tree" redirects here. This term is occasionally used for the Shield-leaved Pumpwood (Cecropia peltata).
Tabebuia
Flowering Araguaney or ipê-amarelo (Tabebuia chrysantha) in central Brazil
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Bignoniaceae
Tribe: Tecomeae
Genus: Tabebuia
Gomez
Species
Nearly 100.
Tabebuia is a neotropical genus of about 100 species in the tribe Tecomeae of the family Bignoniaceae. The species range from northern Mexico and the Antilles south to northern Argentina and central Venezuela, including the Caribbean islands of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti) and Cuba. Well-known common names include Ipê, Poui, trumpet trees and pau d'arco.
They are large shrubs and trees growing to 5 to 50 m (16 to 160 ft.) tall depending on the species; many species are dry-season deciduous but some are evergreen. The leaves are opposite pairs, complex or palmately compound with 3–7 leaflets.
Tabebuia is a notable flowering tree. The flowers are 3 to 11 cm (1 to 4 in.) wide and are produced in dense clusters. They present a cupular calyx campanulate to tubular, truncate, bilabiate or 5-lobed. Corolla colors vary between species ranging from white, light pink, yellow, lavender, magenta, or red. The outside texture of the flower tube is either glabrous or pubescentThe fruit is a dehiscent pod, 10 to 50 cm (4 to 20 in.) long, containing numerous—in some species winged—seeds. These pods often remain on the tree through dry season until the beginning of the rainy.
Species in this genus are important as timber trees. The wood is used for furniture, decking, and other outdoor uses. It is increasingly popular as a decking material due to its insect resistance and durability. By 2007, FSC-certified ipê wood had become readily available on the market, although certificates are occasionally forged.
Tabebuia is widely used as ornamental tree in the tropics in landscaping gardens, public squares, and boulevards due to its impressive and colorful flowering. Many flowers appear on still leafless stems at the end of the dry season, making the floral display more conspicuous. They are useful as honey plants for bees, and are popular with certain hummingbirds. Naturalist Madhaviah Krishnan on the other hand once famously took offense at ipé grown in India, where it is not native.
Lapacho teaThe bark of several species has medical properties. The bark is dried, shredded, and then boiled making a bitter or sour-tasting brownish-colored tea. Tea from the inner bark of Pink Ipê (T. impetiginosa) is known as Lapacho or Taheebo. Its main active principles are lapachol, quercetin, and other flavonoids. It is also available in pill form. The herbal remedy is typically used during flu and cold season and for easing smoker's cough. It apparently works as expectorant, by promoting the lungs to cough up and free deeply embedded mucus and contaminants. However, lapachol is rather toxic and therefore a more topical use e.g. as antibiotic or pesticide may be advisable. Other species with significant folk medical use are T. alba and Yellow Lapacho (T. serratifolia)
Tabebuia heteropoda, T. incana, and other species are occasionally used as an additive to the entheogenic drink Ayahuasca.
Mycosphaerella tabebuiae, a plant pathogenic sac fungus, was first discovered on an ipê tree.
Tabebuia alba
Tabebuia anafensis
Tabebuia arimaoensis
Tabebuia aurea – Caribbean Trumpet Tree
Tabebuia bilbergii
Tabebuia bibracteolata
Tabebuia cassinoides
Tabebuia chrysantha – Araguaney, Yellow Ipê, tajibo (Bolivia), ipê-amarelo (Brazil), cañaguate (N Colombia)
Tabebuia chrysotricha – Golden Trumpet Tree
Tabebuia donnell-smithii Rose – Gold Tree, "Prima Vera", Cortez blanco (El Salvador), San Juan (Honduras), palo blanco (Guatemala),duranga (Mexico)
A native of Mexico and Central Americas, considered one of the most colorful of all Central American trees. The leaves are deciduous. Masses of golden-yellow flowers cover the crown after the leaves are shed.
Tabebuia dubia
Tabebuia ecuadorensis
Tabebuia elongata
Tabebuia furfuracea
Tabebuia geminiflora Rizz. & Mattos
Tabebuia guayacan (Seem.) Hemsl.
Tabebuia haemantha
Tabebuia heptaphylla (Vell.) Toledo – tajy
Tabebuia heterophylla – roble prieto
Tabebuia heteropoda
Tabebuia hypoleuca
Tabebuia impetiginosa – Pink Ipê, Pink Lapacho, ipê-cavatã, ipê-comum, ipê-reto, ipê-rosa, ipê-roxo-damata, pau d'arco-roxo, peúva, piúva (Brazil), lapacho negro (Spanish); not "brazilwood"
Tabebuia incana
Tabebuia jackiana
Tabebuia lapacho – lapacho amarillo
Tabebuia orinocensis A.H. Gentry[verification needed]
Tabebuia ochracea
Tabebuia oligolepis
Tabebuia pallida – Cuban Pink Trumpet Tree
Tabebuia platyantha
Tabebuia polymorpha
Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC.[verification needed] (= T. pentaphylla (L.) Hemsley) – Pink Poui, Pink Tecoma, apama, apamate, matilisguate
A popular street tree in tropical cities because of its multi-annular masses of light pink to purple flowers and modest size. The roots are not especially destructive for roads and sidewalks. It is the national tree of El Salvador and the state tree of Cojedes, Venezuela
Tabebuia roseo-alba – White Ipê, ipê-branco (Brazil), lapacho blanco
Tabebuia serratifolia – Yellow Lapacho, Yellow Poui, ipê-roxo (Brazil)
Tabebuia shaferi
Tabebuia striata
Tabebuia subtilis Sprague & Sandwith
Tabebuia umbellata
Tabebuia vellosoi Toledo
Ipê-do-cerrado
Texto, em português, da Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.
Ipê-do-cerrado
Classificação científica
Reino: Plantae
Divisão: Magnoliophyta
Classe: Magnoliopsida
Subclasse: Asteridae
Ordem: Lamiales
Família: Bignoniaceae
Género: Tabebuia
Espécie: T. ochracea
Nome binomial
Tabebuia ochracea
(Cham.) Standl. 1832
Sinónimos
Bignonia tomentosa Pav. ex DC.
Handroanthus ochraceus (Cham.) Mattos
Tabebuia chrysantha (Jacq.) G. Nicholson
Tabebuia hypodictyon A. DC.) Standl.
Tabebuia neochrysantha A.H. Gentry
Tabebuia ochracea subsp. heteropoda (A. DC.) A.H. Gentry
Tabebuia ochracea subsp. neochrysantha (A.H. Gentry) A.H. Gentry
Tecoma campinae Kraenzl.
ecoma grandiceps Kraenzl.
Tecoma hassleri Sprague
Tecoma hemmendorffiana Kraenzl.
Tecoma heteropoda A. DC.
Tecoma hypodictyon A. DC.
Tecoma ochracea Cham.
Ipê-do-cerrado é um dos nomes populares da Tabebuia ochracea (Cham.) Standl. 1832, nativa do cerrado brasileiro, no estados de Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Pernambuco, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e Paraná.
Está na lista de espécies ameaçadas do estado de São Paulo, onde é encontrda também no domínio da Mata Atlântica[1].
Ocorre também na Argentina, Paraguai, Bolívia, Equador, Peru, Venezuela, Guiana, El Salvador, Guatemala e Panamá[2].
Há uma espécie homônima descrita por A.H. Gentry em 1992.
Outros nomes populares: ipê-amarelo, ipê-cascudo, ipê-do-campo, ipê-pardo, pau-d'arco-do-campo, piúva, tarumã.
Características
Altura de 6 a 14 m. Tronco tortuso com até 50 cm de diâmetro. Folhas pilosas em ambas as faces, mais na inferior, que é mais clara.
Planta decídua, heliófita, xerófita, nativa do cerrado em solos bem drenados.
Floresce de julho a setembro. Os frutos amadurecem de setembro a outubro.
FloresProduz grande quantidade de sementes leves, aladas com pequenas reservas, e que perdem a viabilidade em menos de 90 dias após coleta. A sua conservação vem sendo estudada em termos de determinação da condição ideal de armazenamento, e tem demonstrado a importância de se conhecer o comportamento da espécie quando armazenada com diferentes teores de umidade inicial, e a umidade de equilíbrio crítica para a espécie (KANO; MÁRQUEZ & KAGEYAMA, 1978). As levíssimas sementes aladas da espécie não necessitam de quebra de dormência. Podem apenas ser expostas ao sol por cerca de 6 horas e semeadas diretamente nos saquinhos. A germinação ocorre após 30 dias e de 80%. As sementes são ortodoxas e há aproximadamente 72 000 sementes em cada quilo.
O desenvolvimento da planta é rápido.
Como outros ipês, a madeira é usada em tacos, assoalhos, e em dormentes e postes. Presta-se também para peças torneadas e instrumento musicais.
Tabebuia alba (Ipê-Amarelo)
Texto, em português, produzido pela Acadêmica Giovana Beatriz Theodoro Marto
Supervisão e orientação do Prof. Luiz Ernesto George Barrichelo e do Eng. Paulo Henrique Müller
Atualizado em 10/07/2006
O ipê amarelo é a árvore brasileira mais conhecida, a mais cultivada e, sem dúvida nenhuma, a mais bela. É na verdade um complexo de nove ou dez espécies com características mais ou menos semelhantes, com flores brancas, amarelas ou roxas. Não há região do país onde não exista pelo menos uma espécie dele, porém a existência do ipê em habitat natural nos dias atuais é rara entre a maioria das espécies (LORENZI,2000).
A espécie Tabebuia alba, nativa do Brasil, é uma das espécies do gênero Tabebuia que possui “Ipê Amarelo” como nome popular. O nome alba provém de albus (branco em latim) e é devido ao tomento branco dos ramos e folhas novas.
As árvores desta espécie proporcionam um belo espetáculo com sua bela floração na arborização de ruas em algumas cidades brasileiras. São lindas árvores que embelezam e promovem um colorido no final do inverno. Existe uma crença popular de que quando o ipê-amarelo floresce não vão ocorrer mais geadas. Infelizmente, a espécie é considerada vulnerável quanto à ameaça de extinção.
A Tabebuia alba, natural do semi-árido alagoano está adaptada a todas as regiões fisiográficas, levando o governo, por meio do Decreto nº 6239, a transformar a espécie como a árvore símbolo do estado, estando, pois sob a sua tutela, não mais podendo ser suprimida de seus habitats naturais.
Taxonomia
Família: Bignoniaceae
Espécie: Tabebuia Alba (Chamiso) Sandwith
Sinonímia botânica: Handroanthus albus (Chamiso) Mattos; Tecoma alba Chamisso
Outros nomes vulgares: ipê-amarelo, ipê, aipê, ipê-branco, ipê-mamono, ipê-mandioca, ipê-ouro, ipê-pardo, ipê-vacariano, ipê-tabaco, ipê-do-cerrado, ipê-dourado, ipê-da-serra, ipezeiro, pau-d’arco-amarelo, taipoca.
Aspectos Ecológicos
O ipê-amarelo é uma espécie heliófita (Planta adaptada ao crescimento em ambiente aberto ou exposto à luz direta) e decídua (que perde as folhas em determinada época do ano). Pertence ao grupo das espécies secundárias iniciais (DURIGAN & NOGUEIRA, 1990).
Abrange a Floresta Pluvial da Mata Atlântica e da Floresta Latifoliada Semidecídua, ocorrendo principalmente no interior da Floresta Primária Densa. É característica de sub-bosques dos pinhais, onde há regeneração regular.
Informações Botânicas
Morfologia
As árvores de Tabebuia alba possuem cerca de 30 metros de altura. O tronco é reto ou levemente tortuoso, com fuste de 5 a 8 m de altura. A casca externa é grisáceo-grossa, possuindo fissuras longitudinais esparas e profundas. A coloração desta é cinza-rosa intenso, com camadas fibrosas, muito resistentes e finas, porém bem distintas.
Com ramos grossos, tortuosos e compridos, o ipê-amarelo possui copa alongada e alargada na base. As raízes de sustentação e absorção são vigorosas e profundas.
As folhas, deciduais, são opostas, digitadas e compostas. A face superior destas folhas é verde-escura, e, a face inferior, acinzentada, sendo ambas as faces tomentosas. Os pecíolos das folhas medem de 2,5 a 10 cm de comprimento. Os folíolos, geralmente, apresentam-se em número de 5 a 7, possuindo de 7 a 18 cm de comprimento por 2 a 6 cm de largura. Quando jovem estes folíolos são densamente pilosos em ambas as faces. O ápice destes é pontiagudo, com base arredondada e margem serreada.
As flores, grandes e lanceoladas, são de coloração amarelo-ouro. Possuem em média 8X15 cm.
Quanto aos frutos, estes possuem forma de cápsula bivalvar e são secos e deiscentes. Do tipo síliqua, lembram uma vagem. Medem de 15 a 30 cm de comprimento por 1,5 a 2,5 cm de largura. As valvas são finamente tomentosas com pêlos ramificados. Possuem grande quantidade de sementes.
As sementes são membranáceas brilhantes e esbranquiçadas, de coloração marrom. Possuem de 2 a 3 cm de comprimento por 7 a 9 mm de largura e são aladas.
Reprodução
A espécie é caducifólia e a queda das folhas coincide com o período de floração. A floração inicia-se no final de agosto, podendo ocorrer alguma variação devido a fenômenos climáticos. Como a espécie floresce no final do inverno é influenciada pela intensidade do mesmo. Quanto mais frio e seco for o inverno, maior será a intensidade da florada do ipê amarelo.
As flores por sua exuberância, atraem abelhas e pássaros, principalmente beija-flores que são importantes agentes polinizadores. Segundo CARVALHO (2003), a espécie possui como vetor de polinização a abelha mamangava (Bombus morio).
As sementes são dispersas pelo vento.
A planta é hermafrodita, e frutifica nos meses de setembro, outubro, novembro, dezembro, janeiro e fevereiro, dependendo da sua localização. Em cultivo, a espécie inicia o processo reprodutivo após o terceiro ano.
Ocorrência Natural
Ocorre naturalmente na Floresta Estaciobal Semidecicual, Floresta de Araucária e no Cerrado.
Segundo o IBGE, a Tabebuia alba (Cham.) Sandw. é uma árvore do Cerrado, Cerradão e Mata Seca. Apresentando-se nos campos secos (savana gramíneo-lenhosa), próximo às escarpas.
Clima
Segundo a classificação de Köppen, o ipê-amarelo abrange locais de clima tropical (Aw), subtropical úmido (Cfa), sutropical de altitude (Cwa e Cwb) e temperado.
A T.alba pode tolerar até 81 geadas em um ano. Ocorre em locais onde a temperatura média anual varia de 14,4ºC como mínimo e 22,4ºC como máximo.
Solo
A espécie prefere solos úmidos, com drenagem lenta e geralmente não muito ondulados (LONGHI, 1995).
Aparece em terras de boa à média fertilidade, em solos profundos ou rasos, nas matas e raramente cerradões (NOGUEIRA, 1977).
Pragas e Doenças
De acordo com CARVALHO (2003), possui como praga a espécie de coleópteros Cydianerus bohemani da família Curculionoideae e um outro coleóptero da família Chrysomellidae. Apesar da constatação de elevados índices populacionais do primeiro, os danos ocasionados até o momento são leves. Nas praças e ruas de Curitiba - PR, 31% das árvores foram atacadas pela Cochonilha Ceroplastes grandis.
ZIDKO (2002), ao estudar no município de Piracicaba a associação de coleópteros em espécies arbóreas, verificou a presença de insetos adultos da espécie Sitophilus linearis da família de coleópteros, Curculionidae, em estruturas reprodutivas. Os insetos adultos da espécie emergiram das vagens do ipê, danificando as sementes desta espécie nativa.
ANDRADE (1928) assinalou diversas espécies de Cerambycidae atacando essências florestais vivas, como ingazeiro, cinamomo, cangerana, cedro, caixeta, jacarandá, araribá, jatobá, entre outras como o ipê amarelo.
A Madeira
A Tabebuia alba produz madeira de grande durabilidade e resistência ao apodrecimento (LONGHI,1995).
MANIERI (1970) caracteriza o cerne desta espécie como de cor pardo-havana-claro, pardo-havan-escuro, ou pardo-acastanhado, com reflexos esverdeados. A superfície da madeira é irregularmente lustrosa, lisa ao tato, possuindo textura media e grã-direita.
Com densidade entre 0,90 e 1,15 grama por centímetro cúbico, a madeira é muito dura (LORENZI, 1992), apresentando grande dificuldade ao serrar.
A madeira possui cheiro e gosto distintos. Segundo LORENZI (1992), o cheiro característico é devido à presença da substância lapachol, ou ipeína.
Usos da Madeira
Sendo pesada, com cerne escuro, adquire grande valor comercial na marcenaria e carpintaria. Também é utilizada para fabricação de dormentes, moirões, pontes, postes, eixos de roda, varais de carroça, moendas de cana, etc.
Produtos Não-Madeireiros
A entrecasca do ipê-amarelo possui propriedades terapêuticas como adstringente, usada no tratamento de garganta e estomatites. É também usada como diurético.
O ipê-amarelo possui flores melíferas e que maduras podem ser utilizadas na alimentação humana.
Outros Usos
É comumente utilizada em paisagismo de parques e jardins pela beleza e porte. Além disso, é muito utilizada na arborização urbana.
Segundo MOREIRA & SOUZA (1987), o ipê-amarelo costuma povoar as beiras dos rios sendo, portanto, indicado para recomposição de matas ciliares. MARTINS (1986), também cita a espécie para recomposição de matas ciliares da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, abrangendo alguns municípios das regiões Norte, Noroeste e parte do Oeste do Estado do Paraná.
Aspectos Silviculturais
Possui a tendência a crescer reto e sem bifurcações quando plantado em reflorestamento misto, pois é espécie monopodial. A desrrama se faz muito bem e a cicatrização é boa. Sendo assim, dificilmente encopa quando nova, a não ser que seja plantado em parques e jardins.
Ao ser utilizada em arborização urbana, o ipê amarelo requer podas de condução com freqüência mediana.
Espécie heliófila apresenta a pleno sol ramificação cimosa, registrando-se assim dicotomia para gema apical. Deve ser preconizada, para seu melhor aproveitamento madeireiro, podas de formação usuais (INQUE et al., 1983).
Produção de Mudas
A propagação deve realizada através de enxertia.
Os frutos devem ser coletados antes da dispersão, para evitar a perda de sementes. Após a coleta as sementes são postas em ambiente ventilado e a extração é feita manualmente. As sementes do ipê amarelo são ortodoxas, mantendo a viabilidade natural por até 3 meses em sala e por até 9 meses em vidro fechado, em câmara fria.
A condução das mudas deve ser feita a pleno sol. A muda atinge cerca de 30 cm em 9 meses, apresentando tolerância ao sol 3 semanas após a germinação.
Sementes
Os ipês, espécies do gênero Tabebuia, produzem uma grande quantidade de sementes leves, aladas com pequenas reservas, e que perdem a viabilidade em poucos dias após a sua coleta. A sua conservação vem sendo estudada em termos de determinação da condição ideal de armazenamento, e tem demonstrado a importância de se conhecer o comportamento da espécie quando armazenada com diferentes teores de umidade inicial, e a umidade de equilíbrio crítica para a espécie (KANO; MÁRQUEZ & KAGEYAMA, 1978).
As levíssimas sementes aladas da espécie não necessitam de quebra de dormência. Podem apenas ser expostas ao sol por cerca de 6 horas e semeadas diretamente nos saquinhos. A quebra natural leva cerca de 3 meses e a quebra na câmara leva 9 meses. A germinação ocorre após 30 dias e de 80%.
As sementes são ortodoxas e há aproximadamente 87000 sementes em cada quilo.
Preço da Madeira no Mercado
O preço médio do metro cúbico de pranchas de ipê no Estado do Pará cotado em Julho e Agosto de 2005 foi de R$1.200,00 o preço mínimo, R$ 1509,35 o médio e R$ 2.000,00 o preço máximo (CEPEA,2005).