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Upon the hand over to the United States, the Americans changed the name of the Castillo to Fort Marion. Structurally, they made few changes to the fort during this time. Many storerooms were converted to prison cells, due to their heavy doors and barred windows. Also, part of the moat was transformed into a battery as part of the American coastal defense system.
In October 1837, during the Second Seminole War, the Seminole chief, Osceola was taken prisoner while attending a peace conference under a flag of truce and imprisoned in the fort along with his followers. Imprisoned along with Osceola, were Uchee Billy, King Philip and his son Coacoochee (Wild Cat). Uchee Billy captured on September 10, 1937 would die at the fort two and half months later on November 29. His skull was kept by Dr. Frederick Weedon as a curio, who also decapitated Osceola's head after his death in Fort Moultrie, and kept that one in preservative.
On the night of November 19, 1837 Coacoochee along with Talmus Hadjo, 16 other Seminole braves and two Seminole women escaped from Fort Marion by squeezing through the eight inch opening of the embrasure located high in their cell and sliding down a makeshift rope into the moat. They made their way to their band's encampment where the Tomoka River meet the Atlantic. Due to their treatment they vowed to continue fighting and prolonged the war for four more years. In the past Coacoochee's Cell from which he escaped was part of the official lore of the fort.
In January 1861, Florida seceded from the United States in the opening months of the American Civil War. Union troops had withdrawn from the fort, leaving only one man behind as caretaker. In January 1861, Confederate troops marched on the fort. The Union soldier manning the fort refused to surrender it unless he was given a receipt for it from the Confederacy. He was given the receipt and the fort was taken by the Confederacy without a shot. Most of the artillery in the fort was sent to other forts, leaving the fort nearly defenseless.
The fort was taken back by Union forces on March 11, 1862, when the USS Wabash entered the bay, finding the city evacuated by Confederate troops. The city leaders were willing to surrender in order to preserve the town, and the city and the fort were retaken without firing a shot. Throughout the rest of the fort's operational history, it was used as a military prison.
Beginning in 1875, numerous Native American prisoners were held at the fort in the aftermath of the Indian Wars in the west. Many would die at the fort. Among the captives was Chief White Horse of the Kiowa.
During this period, Benjamin Henry Pratt, a Civil War veteran, supervised the prisoners and upgraded the conditions for them. He developed ways to give the men more autonomy and attempted to organize educational and cultural programs for them. They became a center of interest to northerners vacationing in St. Augustine, who included teachers and missionaries. Pratt recruited volunteers to teach the Indian prisoners English, Christian religion, and elements of American culture. He and most US officials believed that such assimilation was needed for the Indians' survival in the changing society.
The men were also encouraged to make art; they created hundreds of drawings. Some of the collection of Ledger Art by Fort Marion artists is held by the Smithsonian Institution. It may be viewed online.
Encouraged by the men's progress in education, citizens raised funds to send nearly 20 of the prisoners to college after they were released from Ft. Marion. Seventeen men went to the Hampton Institute, a historically black college. Others were sponsored and educated in New York state at private colleges. Among the latter were David Pendleton Oakerhater, as he became known, who was sponsored by US Senator Pendleton and his wife. He studied and later was ordained as an Episcopal priest. He returned to the West to work as a missionary with Indian tribes. He was later recognized by the Episcopal Church as a saint.
Based on his experience at Fort Marion, Pratt recommended wider education of Indian children, a cause which Senator Pendleton embraced. He sponsored a bill supporting this goal, and the US Army offered the Carlisle Barracks in central Pennsylvania as the site of the first Indian boarding school. Its programs were developed along the industrial school model of Hampton and Tuskegee Institutes, which officials thought appropriate to prepare Native Americans for what was generally rural reservation life. Through the early 20th century, the government founded 26 other Indian boarding schools, and permitted more than 450 boarding schools run by religious organizations.
From 1886-1887, approximately 491 Apaches were held prisoner at Fort Marion; many were of the Chiricahua and Warm Springs Apache bands from Arizona. There were 82 men and the rest were women and children. Among the men, 14, including Chatto, had previously been paid scouts for the US Army. Among the Chiricahua were members of the notable chief Geronimo's band, including his wife. Geronimo was sent to Fort Pickens, in violation of his agreed terms of surrender. While at the fort, many of the prisoners had to camp in tents, as there was not sufficient space for them. At least 24 Apaches died as prisoners and were buried in North Beach.
In 1898, over 200 deserters from the Spanish-American War were imprisoned at the fort. This marked one of the last uses of the fort as an operational base. In 1900, the fort was taken off the active duty rolls after 205 years of service under five different flags.
In 1924, the fort was designated a National Monument. In 1933 it was transferred to the National Park Service from the War Department. In 1942, in honor of its Spanish heritage, Congress authorized renaming the fort as Castillo de San Marcos. As an historic property of the National Park Service, the National Monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on October 15, 1966. The National Park Service manages the Castillo together with Fort Matanzas National Monument. In 1975, the Castillo was designated an Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers.
Since being transferred to the Park Service, the Castillo has become a popular tourist attraction. It occupies 2.5 acres (10,100 m²) in downtown St. Augustine, Florida.
Image was captured by a camera suspended by a kite line Kite Aerial Photography (KAP)
Vicky at Castillo de San Marcos. St Augustine. Florida. Hasselblad Carl Zeiss Sonnar 250mm f5.6 + Nikon D60. Manual.
Photos from Castillo de San Marcos 1 S Castillo Dr St Augustine, FL 32084 during sunset over St. Johns County Florida at the Old City. HDR image processed in Photomatix Pro HDR software.
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Local call number: RC04676
Title: "On the golf links, St. Augustine, Fla."
Date: 1902
General Note: The Castillo de San Marcos, built between 1672 and 1695, is the oldest masonry fort in the continental United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.
Creator: Detroit Photographic Co.
Physical descrip: 1 photoprint - b&w - 7 x 9 in.
Series Title: Reference Collection
Repository: State Library and Archives of Florida, 500 S. Bronough St., Tallahassee, FL 32399-0250 USA. Contact: 850.245.6700. Archives@dos.myflorida.com
Persistent URL: floridamemory.com/items/show/28138
The Castillo de San Marcos National Monument in St. Augustine, Florida. The fort is the oldest masonry fort in the continental U.S.; it was constructed by the Spanish between 1672 and 1695. The fort was besieged twice by the British but was never taken by force. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.
Persistent URL: floridamemory.com/items/show/84436
Local call number: C673005
Title: Costumed conquistadors at Castillo de San Marcos: St. Augustine, Florida
Date: July 1968
Photographer: Francis P. Johnson
Physical descrip: 1 photoprint - b&w - 3 x 3 in.
Series Title: Department of Commerce Collection
Repository: State Library and Archives of Florida, 500 S. Bronough St., Tallahassee, FL 32399-0250 USA. Contact: 850.245.6700. Archives@dos.myflorida.com
The Castillo de San Marcos in St. Augustine, FL. The fort was built by the Spanish in 1672. It is a U.S. National Monument.
Great visit to Castillo de San Marcos National Monument in St. Augustine, Florida on Friday July 29, 2016. This Castillo de San Marcos is the oldest masonry fort in the continental United States and the iconic image of Spanish settlement in Florida. Visited this beautiful monument when I was a child - happy to head back as an adult! Saw this Brown Anole Lizard at the parapet on the upper level.
Portrait Vicky at Castillo de San Marcos. St Augustine. Florida. Hasselblad Carl Zeiss Sonnar 250mm f5.6 + Nikon D60. Manual. They web: www.nps.gov/casa/
From an album (AL-66) donated to the museum by Jean Jermy which contains images from his time in the US Navy, circa 1918-20.
Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum Archive
From an album (AL-66) donated to the museum by Jean Jermy which contains images from his time in the US Navy, circa 1918-20.
Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum Archive
Some Pictures of our stay in St. Augustine, Florida. We didn't realize that we were walking into the tail end of the 450th birthday celebrations for the town.
Following a pirate attack on the Spanish settlement of St. Augustine, in 1688 the queen of Spain commissioned the construction of a masonry fort to protect the colony. A local stone called coquina, the Spanish word for cockles or little shells was the material chosen to construct this fortress. One of the unique properties of coquina was its ability to literally absorb cannon balls without shattering.
From an album (AL-66) donated to the museum by Jean Jermy which contains images from his time in the US Navy, circa 1918-20.
Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum Archive
St. Augustine, Florida
Begun by the Spanish in 1672, more than a century after the founding of the city of St. Augustine in 1565, Castillo de San Marcos was built as a defense against further raids by English pirates.
In 1763, when the British gained control of Florida through the Treaty of Paris, the fort was renamed to its English equivalent, Fort St. Mark. In 1821, the fort became the property of the United States and was renamed Fort Marion, after Revolutionary War hero Francis Marion. It remained a military fort from 1695 until 1933.
The original name of Castillo de San Marcos was restored by an Act of Congress in 1942, and it is one of the National Monuments of the United States.
From an album (AL-66) donated to the museum by Jean Jermy which contains images from his time in the US Navy, circa 1918-20.
Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum Archive
From an album (AL-66) donated to the museum by Jean Jermy which contains images from his time in the US Navy, circa 1918-20.
Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum Archive