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The skilled craftsmen of the Woodland Period designed and built structures for many purposes. Their buildings were weather tight and snug during the winter months and could be made open and airy in the summer. Permanent settlements of multi-family houses were typically located near a river, stream or large spring.
Village Design
Larger towns might have 100 houses while smaller villages numbered from two to fifty homes. The houses in a village might be spread out over 100 acres. Usually each house had a nearby garden.
The two hand-colored pictures at left are copies of engravings by Theodor de Bry based on earlier drawings by John White.
In the "Village of Secoton", the artist chose to depict the houses and fields in a grid-like pattern. This stylized view allowed the artist to show many aspects of village life in a single image. The small hut in the corn field provided shelter for children whose job it was to guard the crops from animals.
In the "Village of Pomeiock," the open houses reveal raised platforms within. Notice the cupola-like roof on one of the buildings. The entire village is surrounded by a protective stockade.
The Long House
The Long House could be 100 feet long and twenty four feet wide. As many as twenty people could live in a large house. Doors were placed at either end of the home and the reed mats or bark sheets which covered the outside of the house could be removed to form windows. At the center was the fire pit with a hole in the roof above to vent the smoke. Larger houses might be partitioned with hanging mats. Low benches built along the interior wall provided a place to sit and sleep. Another style of house, the roundhouse, was dome-shaped and smaller - large enough for six to eight people.
Photo and transcription by Kevin Borland. Part of the "Woodland Indians of Arlington" exhibit at the Gulf Branch Nature Center. Photo of reproduction roundhouse from the Powhatan Village, Jamestown settlement, Virginia, photographer unknown. Similar photograph available (attribution required, non-commercial use only), courtesy of Bill Barber. Source of depicted Long House diagram unknown. Public domain electronic image of de Bry's "Village of Pomeiock" available at www.learnnc.org/lp/multimedia/6237. Public domain electronic image of de Bry's "Village of Secoton" available at www.learnnc.org/lp/multimedia/6276. Original John White watercolors on display at The Mariners' Museum, Newport News, VA. Source of background image unknown.
The Roman Catholic church of St Charles in Gosforth was built in 1911 (replacing an earlier iron-built structure) and is a handsome building with two small west steeples flanking the main facade and a wide cruciform body culminating in a shallow apse. The interior is partially enlivened by marble-cladding, particularly around the sanctuary.
The outstanding features here however are in glass, principally the two large windows that dominate the north and south transepts, the largest windows in the church and both filled with gloriously rich stained glass by Harry Clarke Studios of Dublin and installed in 1945 (long after the death of Clarke himself and most likely designed by his successor Richard King). The south window depicts the Nativity, whilst that to the north represents the Deposition, with Christ's body being removed from the Cross. There is a further window by the same studio in the south nave clerestorey depicting Christ before Pilate, somewhat smaller and sadly less accessible.
This is a thoroughly rewarding church to visit for lovers of stained glass, though it is best to check with the church about access as it isn't always open outside mass times.
Prince of Wales Hotel, Waterton Park, Alberta, Canada
In 1913 Louis Warren Hill Sr., chairman of the Great Northern Railway, visited Waterton and announced his desire to include a Canadian lodge in his expanding hotel and chalet development in Glacier National Park. What motivated Hill to proceed was the 1923 end of Prohibition in Alberta. A resort hotel in Waterton could lure American tourists to Glacier and then north across the U.S.-Canada border to Alberta so they could legally drink alcohol. Hill selected the Cardston contractors Douglas Oland and James Scott. A storm in December 1926 nearly tore down the half-built structure. Oland and Scott were also hampered by Louis Hill’s ever-changing vision of the final project. The Prince of Wales Hotel was originally supposed to look much like Many Glacier Hotel. A third of the way through the build, Hill decided to radically change the roofline and add three storeys. The hotel was opened on July 25, 1927, too much acclaim. Orignial estimated cost to build the hotel was $250,000 but final tab was $1,000,000. Funding was through Louis Hill's inheritance - the Canadian entity for the Prince of Wales Hotel was known as Canadian Rockies Hotel Company LTD with Hill as President. With 87 rooms on 7 floors under a steeply gable roof the hotel looked like a Swiss kings palace. (History provided by Glacier Park Foundation.)
The Prince of Wales Hotel was luxury in the wilderness with steam-heated rooms, hot and cold running water, electricity, a full service dining room, an elevator, laundry, beauty parlor and barber shop, all overseen by professional and uniformed staff. Rooms rented for $8 to $12 a day, American plan. A couple of weeks later, a tavern opened to serve beer to thirsty Americans.
The lake-side community of Waterton Park got a shock when the Great Northern didn’t open the Prince of Wales Hotel in 1933, with the railway citing the downturn in economic conditions caused by the Great Depression. The railway said it would not reopen the hotel until a more direct route was built between Waterton and Glacier, versus all bus traffic having to go via Cardston. Construction of Chief Mountain International Highway was undertaken as a work relief project and completed in 1936, when the railway kept its promise and reopened the hotel. The new highway saved 30 miles from the Many Glacier Hotel to Waterton.
During 1935 when the hotel was closed, Waterton townsite faced the threat of a forest fire. Great Northern sent its chief engineer, Ray Sleeger, and other staff to Waterton to protect the shuttered hotel. The fire was snuffed out before it reached the town, and despite not having a hand in battling the blaze, the wily Sleeger sent a telegram to his bosses saying: “I saved the hotel.” Great Northern president W.P. Kenney famously replied: “Why?” By then Prohibition had ended in the United States so there was no need for the hotel, and given the financial times, the purpose for keeping the hotel was dubious. The hotel would again be closed, from 1942 to 1945, due to the Second World War.
The longest term for a manager of the Prince of Wales Hotel was set by Harley Boswell. Accompanied by his wife Anna, who worked as head housekeeper, the Boswells oversaw the Prince for 23 seasons (1930-1958). They’d cut their teeth at Chateau Lake Louise and at the Banff Springs Hotel. An American citizen, Harley Boswell eventually landed a job as assistant manager at the prestigious Palmer House in Chicago. He managed to get summers off each year to work in Waterton.
Operation of the Prince of Wales Hotel is taken over by a Minnesota corporation headed by Donald Knutson from 1957 to 1959. Major upgrades are made to the hotel, including installation of a fire suppression sprinkler system, new exterior fire escapes, installation of a new lobby light fixture, closing of the tavern and opening of a liquor lounge, and remodelling of the giftshop.
The Prince of Wales Hotel and other Great Northern-owned lodges in Glacier are sold in 1960 to Don Hummel, his brother Gail, and Don Ford, who pay $1.4 million. They assume operation under the name Glacier Park, Inc.
Robert Hayes begins as manager of the Prince of Wales. His last summer was 1972. In 1981 Don Hummel sells Glacier Park, Inc. to Greyhound Corp. of Phoenix, Arizona - later known as Viad Corporation and now marketed as PURSUIT Collection. Chris Caulfield has served as General Manager at Prince of Wales Hotel since 2015. The staff all don royal tartans, or kilts, in homage to the hotel’s British namesake, Prince Edward.
Prince of Wales Hotel
Waterton Park, Alberta, Canada
A lamppost illuminates a trullo in an alley in the historic center of Alberobello (Italy) at dayfall
An approximately 1884 photo (August / September) of the first official High School in Wichita, KS, a confirmed Sternberg-built structure. Sternberg built more of the government and commercial buildings and fine homes in Wichita, KS from about 1875 - 1906 than any other designer and builder during this time. Indeed this was a time of tremendous growth in Kansas. A few hundred to, at the height of the boom, a few thousand buildings were being completed in Wichita each year.
The 1888 book, "Portrait and Biographical Album of Sedgwick County, Kansas" (Chapman Brothers; Chicago, 1888) noted the following about the buildings Sternberg erected in the Wichita area...
“Ninety brick stores in Wichita stand as monuments of
his skill and industry, besides numberless other
buildings, probably twice as many as have been put
up by any other contractor in the city.”
This brick structure is no longer standing. It appears to be virtually complete minus a few windows and a marble insert over the side door. The front door to this school (to the right in the picture had marble inserts over the doorway. Before this brick building was built the grade school and high school were co-located together in a wood frame building (about a half a block north of this site). That building burned down in 1879. In building back, it was decided that the grade school and high school should be separate, hence the erection of the first high school in this photo. As of 1884, the grade school and high school were no longer co-located. Construction started on this in the Spring of 1884. It was located between Second Street and Third Street on the east side of Emporia. This high school opened, Sept. 16, 1884, with an attendance of 34 students. By December of 1884, the enrollment had increased to 42. This structure cost approximately $41,500 to construct, originally. As enrollment continued to increase, a large addition was made to this structure... the tower was removed and extra rooms were added in 1886. This was not a small addition. It at least doubled the size of the High School and may have been more space than was needed in 1886, but it needed to accommodate future population growth. See Photostream for photo of the expanded high school: "First High School - Expanded; Wichita, KS". In this photo of the expanded high school note the square windows on the right side of the building (2nd floor) yet all the new windows on the expanded (left) portion have arches.
Wichita's population growth was indeed rapid during this time 1880s. For example Wichita's population in 1880 was 4,911, but by 1890, it was almost 24,000. This type of growth wasn't unusual for Kansas towns at this time. After the Civil War ended in 1865, black people began moving to Kansas to take part in the great prosperity being promoted through Kansas agriculture. Printed flyers were circulated encouraging colored people to go to Kansas and blacks generally associated Kansas with the underground railroad and abolitionism, so indeed they moved. Nicodemus, Kansas in particular was at one point a community entirely comprised of colored persons. Many towns in Kansas including Great Bend, Garden City, Larned, Kiowa, Dodge City were experiencing explosive growth. The people moving to Kansas came from many places (of course eastern states like New York and Pennsylvania) but mainly the Ohio Valley region (i.e, Ohio and Illinois). Immigrants from countries such as Germany, Russia, and Ireland also came to Kansas because of deliberate recruiting efforts by the railroads. These immigrants brought with them unique customs (which although unusual by local standards were generally well accepted by locals). Indeed early Kansas was very open to different races and cultures, even though this changed in the early 1900s. These foreign immigrants also brought with them wealth which was used to buy land and land offices were very busy places in many small Kansas towns. In fact they were so busy not uncommonly, people camped out over night in front of the local land office in order to get a good spot in line the next day to either buy or sell. Because of the pandemonium in front of many land offices, rules were established (a "pecking order" of sorts) to ensure that people waiting outside were being served in a fair and systemmatic way. This undoubtedly cut down on many a fist fights.
W.H. Sternberg designed and built up more of the area (by about twice) than any other contractor and all during one of the greatest economic booms in U.S. history. In fact, he was such familiar name that in some years, simply listing him in the city directory by name only (no address) was sufficient. An address was not required for Mr. Sternberg (at least this year). All other contractors, however, required an address. Given that this was a directory, an ommission of an address is unlikely. Also in those early directories, it was not unusual to simply list commonly known buildings and people by name without an address, for example, "Fletcher Building" or "Bitting Building". Because they were commonly-known, an address was really redundant and was frequently omitted. In New York City this would be similar to saying, "Empire State Building"... and if anyone needs an address at that point, there may be a problem! Following is a "copy & paste" of the Contractors and Builders from the 1890 Wichita City Directory:
Contractors and Builders
Downing B H, ab 211 n Main
Gribi S G, 201 n Water
Minick Andrew, 114 s Lawrence
Parsons F F, 118 s Main
Sawyer J K, 208 Sedgwick
Smith A, rear 447 n Lawrence
Stem W P, 124 s Lawrence
Sternberg W H
Woody Enoch, 1055 n Topeka
Your thoughts, comments, ideas, stories and/or additional information about this place and/or this photo are welcome and appreciated!
This photo is courtesy of the Wichita Public Library, (www.wichita.lib.ks.us).
The Roman Catholic church of St Charles in Gosforth was built in 1911 (replacing an earlier iron-built structure) and is a handsome building with two small west steeples flanking the main facade and a wide cruciform body culminating in a shallow apse. The interior is partially enlivened by marble-cladding, particularly around the sanctuary.
The outstanding features here however are in glass, principally the two large windows that dominate the north and south transepts, the largest windows in the church and both filled with gloriously rich stained glass by Harry Clarke Studios of Dublin and installed in 1945 (long after the death of Clarke himself and most likely designed by his successor Richard King). The south window depicts the Nativity, whilst that to the north represents the Deposition, with Christ's body being removed from the Cross. There is a further window by the same studio in the south nave clerestorey depicting Christ before Pilate, somewhat smaller and sadly less accessible.
This is a thoroughly rewarding church to visit for lovers of stained glass, though it is best to check with the church about access as it isn't always open outside mass times.
The Roman Catholic church of St Charles in Gosforth was built in 1911 (replacing an earlier iron-built structure) and is a handsome building with two small west steeples flanking the main facade and a wide cruciform body culminating in a shallow apse. The interior is partially enlivened by marble-cladding, particularly around the sanctuary.
The outstanding features here however are in glass, principally the two large windows that dominate the north and south transepts, the largest windows in the church and both filled with gloriously rich stained glass by Harry Clarke Studios of Dublin and installed in 1945 (long after the death of Clarke himself and most likely designed by his successor Richard King). The south window depicts the Nativity, whilst that to the north represents the Deposition, with Christ's body being removed from the Cross. There is a further window by the same studio in the south nave clerestorey depicting Christ before Pilate, somewhat smaller and sadly less accessible.
This is a thoroughly rewarding church to visit for lovers of stained glass, though it is best to check with the church about access as it isn't always open outside mass times.
Fitzrovia Chapel,, Fitrovia Place/Pearson Square, Fitzrovia, London, England, UK. Formerly the Middlesex Hospital Chapel. Architects: John Loughborough Pearson and Frank L Pearson. 1891-1929. Interior.
Temple of Isis on the roof of the great temple of Dendera (Dandara) illustration by David Roberts (1796-1864).
This is the old Log Cabin Association Consolidated School, located atop a knoll overlooking US 74-441 at the community of Barker’s Creek, near Dillsboro, North Carolina. The building was one of three elementary schools constructed between 1949 and 1952, which consolidated the last remaining rural wood-frame one-room and two-room schools in the county, with the other two schools, with similar designs, being located at the communities Addie (Scott’s Creek Township) and Argura/Sols Creek (Canada Township). The Log Cabin School was the first to be built, with construction starting in 1949 due to the condemnation of the old Barker’s Creek School in 1947, due to how dilapidated it had become. The Log Cabin School opened in 1950, and Consolidated the schools at Dicks Creek (now Dicks Creek Baptist Church), Wilmot, and Barker’s Creek into a single, modern facility with a gymatorium, library, cafeteria, bathrooms, central heating, and separated classroom spaces, none of which were amenities that existed in the schools it replaced. The modernist building features several long window bays that provide ample light to the interior spaces, with the classrooms having glass block to provide diffuse sunlight, and the building heavily using steel-frame awning windows for ventilation. The school also features some interesting detailing, including curved brick faces at the front entrance, pilaster-like facade elements, and a vertical element of bricks turned at an angle that breaks up the center of the massing of the large brick face of the gym’s facade. The school operated from 1950 until 1980, when, prompted by a drop in enrollment, it was Consolidated with nearby Qualla Elementary School to form Smokey Mountain Elementary School. The school sat vacant, with sporadic activity until 1995, when the deteriorated structure was renovated and converted into an antique mall. However, the building was put up for sale about 13 years ago, and has since sat vacant and fallen into serious disrepair, with a failed roof and vandalism taking their toll. It needs serious renovation to be used, but thankfully, it is a well-built structure that is still sound.
The school remains on the market, though pictures in the listing are inaccurate as to its current state, which has severely deteriorated from the pristine building it was in 2006, when the antique mall closed. The building needs a new roof, replacement window glass, a thorough cleaning, paint job, new ceilings and floors, and new doors if it is reused. Electrical systems in the building were stolen by scrappers, and need to be completely replaced. Some plumbing fixtures remain, but they have been subject to severe vandalism over the decade the building has sat empty. As for the HVAC system, the building did at one time have a boiler, installed in 1950, and an air conditioning system that was installed circa 1995, but both of these systems are likely non-functional due to water damage and vandalism, and will need to be replaced. The wooden interior structures in the gym also need to be torn out, along with all electrical fixtures. All of this will need to be done if the building is to be used again, but it does have the upside of being a solid concrete, brick, steel, and concrete masonry structure that has taken the elements on remarkably well, and can still be salvaged with the right resources and care put into it. The building is by no means unstable or in a state of collapse, as it was built very solidly, and could make a great adaptive reuse opportunity for the right person or organization. I hope to see this building saved and reused, as it is one of only a few mostly intact modernist school buildings from the late 1940s/early 1950s left in this part of the state.
Tamil Nadu is the southeast part of India, one of the 28 states that composed the country, its capital is Chennai; this region, formerly called Madras State, is considered as the heart of Dravidian culture; Tamil Nadu is also known as a land of temples, about 30 000 are located in this area; the Tamil culture and traditions, rich and various occur in many aspects of life such as architecture, dance, food, music, religious pilgrimage, festivals; the magnificence of its landscapes, its hill stations, its eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites and the vitality of its fauna (tigers, elephants, monkeys and gaurs) make this region one of the most visited in India
© Eric Lafforgue www.ericlafforgue.com