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Reyna Juana, wife of Rajah Humabon was baptized on April 14, 1521. She was the first Filipina Queen to accept Christianity. She was given the name Juana (Johanna) in honor of KIng Charle's mother. Magellan gave her a gift which was an image of the Child Jesus or the Sto. Niño.

You will find these paintings hanging inside Basilica Minore del Sto. Niño.

Church of the Holy Sepulchre by senior Pastor

Church of the Holy Sepulcher Ναός της Αναστάσεως Սուրբ Յարութիւն აღდგომის ტაძარი Sanctum Sepulchrum

Basic information

LocationOld City of Jerusalem

Geographic coordinates31°46′42.4″N 35°13′47.1″ECoordinates: 31°46′42.4″N 35°13′47.1″E

AffiliationChristianity

Year consecrated325/326

Ecclesiastical or organizational statusActive

Architectural description

Architect(s)Komnenos Mitilenos (1810)

Architectural typeChurch, Basilica

Architectural styleRomanesque, Baroque

FounderConstantine I

Completed335

Capacity8000

Dome(s)3

MaterialsStone,

The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, also called the Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre, or the Church of the Resurrection by Eastern Christians, is a church within the Christian Quarter of the walled Old City of Jerusalem. It is a few steps away from the Muristan.

The site is venerated as Golgotha (the Hill of Calvary), where Jesus of Nazareth was crucified, and is said also to contain the place where Jesus was buried (the Sepulchre). The church has been a paramount – and for many Christians the most important – pilgrimage destination since at least the 4th century, as the purported site of the resurrection of Jesus. Today it also serves as the headquarters of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, while control of the building is shared between several Christian churches and secular entities in complicated arrangements essentially unchanged for centuries. Today, the chuThis article is about the church building in Jerusalem. For other uses, see Holy Sepulchre (disambiguation).

Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Ναός της Αναστάσεως

Սուրբ Յարութիւն

აღდგომის ტაძარი

Sanctum Sepulchrum

Basic information

LocationOld City of Jerusalem

Geographic coordinates31°46′42.4″N 35°13′47.1″ECoordinates: 31°46′42.4″N 35°13′47.1″E

AffiliationChristianity

Year consecrated325/326

Ecclesiastical or organizational statusActive

Architectural description

Architect(s)Komnenos Mitilenos (1810)

Architectural typeChurch, Basilica

Architectural styleRomanesque, Baroque

FounderConstantine I

Completed335

Capacity8000

Dome(s)3

MaterialsStone, wood

The site is venerated as Golgotha (the Hill of Calvary), where Jesus of Nazareth was crucified, and is said also to contain the place where Jesus was buried (the Sepulchre). The church has been a paramount – and for many Christians the most important – pilgrimage destination since at least the 4th century, as the purported site of the resurrection of Jesus. Today it also serves as the headquarters of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, while control of the building is shared between several Christian churches and secular entities in complicated arrangements essentially unchanged for centuries. Today, the church is home to branches of Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy as well as to Roman Catholicism. Anglican and Protestant Christians have no permanent presence in the Church – and some have regarded the alternative Garden Tomb, elsewhere in Jerusalem, as the true place of Jesus's crucifixion and resurrection.

Construction

A diagram of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre showing traditional site of Calvary and the Tomb of Jesus

According to Eusebius, the Roman emperor Hadrian in the 2nd century built a temple dedicated to the Roman goddess Venus in order to bury the cave in which Jesus had been buried. The first Christian Emperor, Flavius Constantinus, ordered in about 325/326 that the temple be replaced by a church. During the building of the Church Constantine's mother, Helena, is believed to have rediscovered the True Cross, and a tomb (although there are some discrepancies among authors).

Golgotha altar

Constantine's church was built as two connected churches over the two different holy sites, including a great basilica (the Martyrium visited by Egeria in the 380s), an enclosed colonnaded atrium (the Triportico) with the traditional site of Golgotha in one corner, and a rotunda, called the Anastasis ("Resurrection"), which contained the remains of a rock-cut room that Helena and Macarius identified as the burial site of Jesus.

According to tradition, Constantine arranged for the rockface to be removed from around the tomb, without harming it, in order to isolate the tomb; in the centre of the rotunda is a small building called (in Greek) the Kouvouklion or (in Latin) the Aedicule, which supposedly encloses this tomb.

Each year, the Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates the anniversary of the consecration of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) on 13 September.

Damage and destruction

This building was damaged by fire in 614 when the Sassanid Empire, under Khosrau II, invaded Jerusalem and captured the True Cross which was restored in 630 by the Emperor Heraclius when he recaptured and rebuilt the church. After Jerusalem was captured by the Arabs it remained a Christian church with the early Muslim rulers protecting the city's Christian sites.

On 18 October 1009, Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ordered the complete destruction of the church as part of a more general campaign against Christian places of worship in Palestine and Egypt. The damage was extensive, with few parts of the early church remaining. Christian European reacted with shock and expulsions of Jews and an impetus to later Crusades.

Reconstruction

In wide ranging negotiations between the Fatimids and the Byzantine Empire in 1027-8 an agreement was reached whereby the new Caliph Ali az-Zahir (Al-Hakim's son) agreed to allow the rebuilding and redecoration of the Church. The rebuilding was finally completed with the financing of the huge expense by Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos and Patriarch Nicephorus of Constantinople in 1048. As a concession, the mosque in Constantinople was re-opened and sermons were to be pronounced in az-Zahir's name. Muslim sources say a by-product of the agreement was the recanting of Islam by many Christians who had been forced to convert under Al-Hakim's persecutions. In addition, the Byzantines, while releasing 5,000 Muslim prisoners, made demands for the restoration of other churches destroyed by Al-Hakim and the re-establishment of a Patriarch in Jerusalem. Contemporary sources credit the emperor with spending vast sums in an effort to restore the Church of the Holy Sepulchre after this agreement was made. Despite the Byzantines spending vast sums on the project, "a total replacement was far beyond available resources. The new construction was concentrated on the rotunda and its surrounding buildings: the great basilica remained in ruins." The rebuilt church site consisted of "a court open to the sky, with five small chapels attached to it." The chapels were "to the east of the court of resurrection, where the wall of the great church had been. They commemorated scenes from the passion, such as the location of the prison of Christ and of his flagellation, and presumably were so placed because of the difficulties of free movement among shrines in the streets of the city. The dedication of these chapels indicates the importance of the pilgrims' devotion to the suffering of Christ. They have been described as 'a sort of Via Dolorosa in miniature'... since little or no rebuilding took place on the site of the great basilica. Western pilgrims to Jerusalem during the eleventh century found much of the sacred site in ruins."[12] Control of Jerusalem, and thereby the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, continued to change hands several times between the Fatimids and the Seljuk Turks (loyal to the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad) until the arrival of the Crusaders in 1099.

Crusader period

Many historians maintain that the main concern of Pope Urban II, when calling for the First Crusade, was the threat to Constantinople from the Turkish invasion of Asia Minor in response to the appeal of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos. Historians agree that the fate of Jerusalem and thereby the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was of concern if not the immediate goal of papal policy in 1095. The idea of taking Jerusalem gained more focus as the Crusade was underway. The rebuilt church site was taken from the Fatimids (who had recently taken it from the Abassids) by the knights of the First Crusade on 15 July 1099.

The First Crusade was envisioned as an armed pilgrimage, and no crusader could consider his journey complete unless he had prayed as a pilgrim at the Holy Sepulchre. Crusader Prince Godfrey of Bouillon, who became the first crusader monarch of Jerusalem, decided not to use the title "king" during his lifetime, and declared himself Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri (Protector (or Defender) of the Holy Sepulchre). By the crusader period, a cistern under the former basilica was rumoured to have been the location that Helena had found the True Cross, and began to be venerated as such; although the cistern later became the Chapel of the Invention of the Cross, there is no evidence for the rumour prior to the 11th century, and modern archaeological investigation has now dated the cistern to the 11th century repairs by Monomachos.

Crusader graffiti in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre

According to the German clergyman and orient pilgrim Ludolf von Sudheim, the keys of the Chapel of the Holy Sepulchre were in hands of the "ancient Georgians" and the food, alms, candles and oil for lamps were given them by the pilgrims in the south door of the church.

The chronicler William of Tyre reports on the renovation of the Church in the mid-12th century. The crusaders investigated the eastern ruins on the site, occasionally excavating through the rubble, and while attempting to reach the cistern, they discovered part of the original ground level of Hadrian's temple enclosure; they decided to transform this space into a chapel dedicated to Helena (the Chapel of Saint Helena), widening their original excavation tunnel into a proper staircase. The crusaders began to refurnish the church in a Romanesque style and added a bell tower. These renovations unified the small chapels on the site and were completed during the reign of Queen Melisende in 1149, placing all the Holy places under one roof for the first time. The church became the seat of the first Latin Patriarchs, and was also the site of the kingdom's scriptorium. The church was lost to Saladin, along with the rest of the city, in 1187, although the treaty established after the Third Crusade allowed for Christian pilgrims to visit the site. Emperor Frederick II regained the city and the church by treaty in the 13th century, while he himself was under a ban of excommunication, leading to the curious result of the holiest church in Christianity being laid under interdict. Both city and church were captured by the Khwarezmians in 1244.

Later periods

Church of the Holy Sepulchre (1885). Other than some restoration work, its appearance has essentially not changed since 1854. The Immovable Ladder, the small ladder below the top-right window, is also visible in recent photographs; this has remained in the same position since 1854 over a disagreement to move it.

The Franciscan friars renovated it further in 1555, as it had been neglected despite increased numbers of pilgrims. The Franciscans rebuilt the Aedicule, extending the structure to create an ante-chamber. After the renovation of 1555, control of the church oscillated between the Franciscans and the Orthodox, depending on which community could obtain a favorable firman from the Sublime Porte at a particular time, often through outright bribery, and violent clashes were not uncommon. There was no agreement about this question, although it was talked about it at the negotiations to the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699. In 1767, weary of the squabbling, the Porte issued a firman that divided the church among the claimants.

A fire severely damaged the structure again in 1808, causing the dome of the Rotunda to collapse and smashing the Edicule's exterior decoration. The Rotunda and the Edicule's exterior were rebuilt in 1809–1810 by architect Nikolaos Ch. Komnenos of Mytilene in the then current Ottoman Baroque style. The fire did not reach the interior of the Aedicule, and the marble decoration of the Tomb dates mainly to the 1555 restoration, although the interior of the ante-chamber, now known as the Chapel of the Angel, was partly re-built to a square ground-plan, in place of the previously semi-circular western end. Another decree in 1853 from the sultan solidified the existing territorial division among the communities and set a status quo for arrangements to "remain forever", caused differences of opinion about upkeep and even minor changes, including disagreement on the removal of the "Immovable Ladder", an exterior ladder under one of the windows; this ladder has remained in the same position since then.

The church after its 1808 restoration

The cladding of red marble applied to the Aedicule by Komminos has deteriorated badly and is detaching from the underlying structure; since 1947 it has been held in place with an exterior scaffolding of iron girders installed by the British Mandate. No plans have been agreed upon for its renovation.

The current dome dates from 1870, although it was restored during 1994–1997, as part of extensive modern renovations to the church, which have been ongoing since 1959. During the 1970–1978 restoration works and excavations inside the building, and under the nearby Muristan, it was found that the area was originally a quarry, from which white meleke limestone was struck. To the east of the Chapel of Saint Helena, the excavators discovered a void containing a 2nd-century drawing of a Roman ship, two low walls which supported the platform of Hadrian's 2nd-century temple, and a higher 4th-century wall built to support Constantine's basilica. After the excavations of the early 1970s, the Armenian authorities converted this archaeological space into the Chapel of Saint Vartan, and created an artificial walkway over the quarry on the north of the chapel, so that the new Chapel could be accessed (by permission) from the Chapel of Saint Helena.

There was some controversy in 2010, when the Jerusalem City Council threatened to cut off water to the site, due to disputed water bills.

Entrance

The entrance to the church is through a single door in the south transept. This narrow way of access to such a large structure has proven to be hazardous at times. For example, when a fire broke out in 1840, dozens of pilgrims were trampled to death.[citation needed]

The Stone of Anointing

Calvary (Golgotha)

The Rock of Calvary as seen in the Chapel of Adam

Altar of the Crucifixion

On the south side of the altar via the ambulatory (an aisle surrounding the end of the choir or chancel of a church) is a stairway climbing to Calvary (Golgotha), traditionally regarded as the site of Jesus' crucifixion and the most lavishly decorated part of the church. The main altar there belongs to the Greek Orthodox, which contains The Rock of Calvary (12th Station of the Cross). The rock can be seen under glass on both sides of the altar, and beneath the altar there is a hole said to be the place where the cross was raised. Due to the significance of this, it is the most visited site in the Holy Sepulchre. The Roman Catholics (Franciscans) have an altar to the side, The Chapel of the Nailing of the Cross (11th Station of the Cross). On the left of the altar, towards the Eastern Orthodox chapel, there is a statue of Mary, believed to be working wonders (the 13th Station of the Cross, where Jesus' body was removed from the cross and given to his family).

Beneath the Calvary and the two chapels there, on the main floor, there is The Chapel of Adam. According to tradition, Jesus was crucified over the place where Adam's skull was buried. The Rock of Calvary is seen cracked through a window on the altar wall, the crack traditionally being said to be caused by the earthquake that occurred when Jesus died on the cross, and being said by more critical scholars to be the result of quarrying against a natural flaw in the rock.

Stone of Anointing

Just inside the entrance is The Stone of Anointing, also known as The Stone of Unction, which tradition claims to be the spot where Jesus' body was prepared for burial by Joseph of Arimathea. However, this tradition is only attested since the crusader era, and the present stone was only added in the 1810 reconstruction. The wall behind the stone was a temporary addition to support the arch above it, which had been weakened after the damage in the 1808 fire; the wall blocks the view of the rotunda, sits on top of the graves of four 12th-century kings, and is no longer structurally necessary. There is a difference of opinion as to whether it is the 13th Station of the Cross, which others identify as the lowering of Jesus from the cross and locate between the 11th and 12th station up on Calvary. The lamps that hang over the stone are contributed by Armenians, Copts, Greeks and Latins.

Rotunda and Aedicule

The Aedicule

The Rotunda is located in the centre of the Anastasis, beneath the larger of the church's two domes. In the centre of the Rotunda is the chapel called the Aedicule, which contains the Holy Sepulchre itself. The Aedicule has two rooms, the first holding the Angel's Stone, which is believed to be a fragment of the large stone that sealed the tomb; the second is the tomb itself. Due to the fact that pilgrims lay their hands on the tomb, it was placed in the fourteenth century a marble plaque on the tomb to prevent further damage to the tomb.

Under the status quo, the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Armenian Apostolic Churches all have rights to the interior of the tomb, and all three communities celebrate the Divine Liturgy or Holy Mass there daily. It is also used for other ceremonies on special occasions, such as the Holy Saturday ceremony of the Holy Fire led by the Greek Orthodox Patriarch. To its rear, within a chapel constructed of iron latticework upon a stone base semicircular in plan, lies the altar used by the Coptic Orthodox. Historically, the Georgians also retained the key to the Aedicule.

Beyond that to the rear of the Rotunda is a rough-hewn chapel containing an opening to a chamber cut from the rock, from which several kokh-tombs radiate. Although this space was discovered recently and contains no identifying marks, many Christians believe it to be the tomb of Joseph of Arimathea, and it is where the Syriac Orthodox celebrate their Liturgy on Sundays. To the right of the Sepulchre on the southeastern edge of the Rotunda is the Chapel of the Apparition, which is reserved for Roman Catholic use.

The Catholicon – On the east side opposite the Rotunda is the Crusader structure housing the main altar of the Church, today the Greek Orthodox catholicon. The second, smaller dome sits directly over the centre of the transept crossing of the choir where the compas, an omphalos once thought to be the centre of the world (associated to the site of the Crucifixion and the Resurrection), is situated. East of this is a large iconostasis demarcating the Orthodox sanctuary before which is set the throne of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem on the south side facing the throne of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch on the north side.

The "Holy Prison", or Prison of Christ

Prison of Christ – In the north-east side of the complex there is The Prison of Christ, alleged by the Franciscans to be where Jesus was held. The Greek Orthodox allege that the real place that Jesus was held was the similarly named Prison of Christ, within their Monastery of the Praetorium, located near the Church of Ecce Homo, at the first station on the Via Dolorosa. The Armenians regard a recess in the Monastery of the Flagellation, a building near the second station on the Via Dolorosa, as the Prison of Christ. A cistern among the ruins near the Church of St. Peter in Gallicantu is also alleged to have been the Prison of Christ.

Further to the east in the ambulatory are three chapels (from south to north):

Greek Chapel of St. Longinus – The Orthodox Greek chapel is dedicated to St. Longinus, a Roman soldier who according the New Testament pierced Jesus with a spear.

Armenian Chapel of Division of Robes –

Greek Chapel of the Derision – the southernmost chapel in the ambulatory.

Armenian compound

Chapel of Saint Helena, Jerusalem

Chapel of Saint Helena- between the first two chapels are stairs descending to Chapel of Saint Helena.

Chapel of Saint Vartan – on the north side of the Chapel of Saint Helena is an ornate wrought iron door, beyond which a raised artificial platform affords views of the Quarry, and which leads to the Chapel of Saint Vartan. The latter Chapel contains archaeological remains from Hadrian's temple and Constantine's basilica. These areas are usually closed.

Chapel of the Invention of the Holy Cross – another set of 22 stairs from the Chapel of Saint Helena leads down to the Roman Catholic Chapel of the Invention of the Holy Cross believed to be the place where the True Cross was found.

North of the Aedicule

The Franciscan Chapel of St. Mary Magdalene – The chapel indicates the place where Mary Magdalene met Jesus after his resurrection.

The Franciscan Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament (or Chapel of the Apparition) – in memory of Jesus' meeting with his mother after the Resurrection.

South of the Aedicule

The three Greek Orthodox chapels of St. James the Just, St. John the Baptist and of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste, south of the rotunda and on the west side of the front courtyard originally formed the baptistery complex of the Constantinean church, the southern most chapel being the vestibule, the middle chapel being the actual baptistery and the north chapel being the chamber in which the patriarch chrismated the newly baptized before leading them into the rotunda north of this complex.

Status quo

The primary custodians are the Eastern Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic, and Roman Catholic Churches, with the Greek Orthodox Church having the lion's share. In the 19th century, the Coptic Orthodox, the Ethiopian Orthodox and the Syriac Orthodox acquired lesser responsibilities, which include shrines and other structures within and around the building. Times and places of worship for each community are strictly regulated in common areas.

Establishment of the 1853 status quo did not halt the violence, which continues to break out every so often even in modern times. On a hot summer day in 2002, a Coptic monk moved his chair from its agreed spot into the shade. This was interpreted as a hostile move by the Ethiopians, and eleven were hospitalized after the resulting fracas.

In another incident in 2004, during Orthodox celebrations of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, a door to the Franciscan chapel was left open. This was taken as a sign of disrespect by the Orthodox and a fistfight broke out. Some people were arrested, but no one was seriously hurt.

On Palm Sunday, in April 2008, a brawl broke out when a Greek monk was ejected from the building by a rival faction. Police were called to the scene but were also attacked by the enraged brawlers. On Sunday, 9 November 2008, a clash erupted between Armenian and Greek monks during celebrations for the Feast of the Cross.

Under the status quo, no part of what is designated as common territory may be so much as rearranged without consent from all communities. This often leads to the neglect of badly needed repairs when the communities cannot come to an agreement among themselves about the final shape of a project. Just such a disagreement has delayed the renovation of the edicule, where the need is now dire, but also where any change in the structure might result in a change to the status quo, disagreeable to one or more of the communities.

A less grave sign of this state of affairs is located on a window ledge over the church's entrance. Someone placed a wooden ladder there sometime before 1852, when the status quo defined both the doors and the window ledges as common ground. This ladder, the "Immovable Ladder", remains there to this day, in almost exactly the same position it can be seen to occupy in century-old photographs and engravings.[39][40] An engraving by David Roberts in 1839 also shows the same ladder in the same position.

No one controls the main entrance. In 1192, Saladin assigned responsibility for it to the Muslim Nuseibeh family. The Joudeh Al-Goudia family were entrusted as custodian to the keys of the Holy Sepulchre by the Ottomans few hundred years later, and both families now share the responsibility.[citation needed] This arrangement has persisted into modern times.[citation needed]

Connection to Temple of Aphrodite

The site of the Church had been a temple of Aphrodite prior to Constantine's edifice being built. Hadrian's temple had actually been located there because it was the junction of the main north-south road with one of the two main east-west roads and directly adjacent to the forum (which is now the location of the (smaller) Muristan); the forum itself had been placed, as is traditional in Roman towns, at the junction of the main north-south road with the (other) main east-west road (which is now El-Bazar/David Street). The temple and forum together took up the entire space between the two main east-west roads (a few above-ground remains of the east end of the temple precinct still survive in the Russian Mission in Exile).

From the archaeological excavations in the 1970s, it is clear that construction took over most of the site of the earlier temple enclosure and that the Triportico and Rotunda roughly overlapped with the temple building itself; the excavations indicate that the temple extended at least as far back as the Aedicule, and the temple enclosure would have reached back slightly further. Virgilio Canio Corbo, a Franciscan priest and archaeologist, who was present at the excavations, estimated from the archaeological evidence that the western retaining wall, of the temple itself, would have passed extremely close to the east side of the supposed tomb; if the wall had been any further west any tomb would have been crushed under the weight of the wall (which would be immediately above it) if it had not already been destroyed when foundations for the wall were made.

Other archaeologists have criticised Corbo's reconstructions. Dan Bahat, the former city archaeologist of Jerusalem, regards them as unsatisfactory, as there is no known Temple of Aphrodite matching Corbo's design, and no archaeological evidence for Corbo's suggestion that the Temple Building was on a platform raised high enough to avoid including anything sited where the Aedicule is now; indeed Bahat notes that many temples to Aphrodite have a rotunda-like design, and argues that there is no archaeological reason to assume that the present rotunda wasn't based on a rotunda in the temple previously on the site.

Location

The Bible describes Jesus' tomb as being outside the city wall, as was normal for burials across the ancient world, which were regarded as unclean, but the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is in the heart of Hadrian's city, well within the Old City walls, which were built by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in 1538 Some have claimed that the city had been much narrower in Jesus' time, with the site then having been outside the walls; since Herod Agrippa (41–44) is recorded by history as extending the city to the north (beyond the present northern walls), the required repositioning of the western wall is traditionally attributed to him as well.

If the western city wall was originally to the east of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, then the western hill, on which it is sited, would have been advantageous to an enemy. However, a wall would imply the existence of a defensive ditch outside it, so an earlier wall could not be immediately adjacent to site of the tomb, which combined with the presence of the Temple Mount would make the city inside the wall quite thin; essentially for the traditional site to have been outside the wall, the city would have had to be limited to the lower parts of the Tyropoeon Valley, rather than including the defensively advantageous western hill. Since these geographic considerations imply that, not including the hill within, the walls would be willfully making the city prone to attack from it, some scholars, including the late 19th century surveyors of the Palestine Exploration Fund, consider it unlikely that a wall would ever have been built that would cut the hill off from the city in the valley; archaeological evidence for the existence of an earlier city wall in such a location has never been found. The area immediately to the south and east of the sepulchre was a quarry and outside the city during the early 1st century as excavations under the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer across the street demonstrated. This obviated the need for a defensive ditch or fosse since the line of the city wall would follow the south lip of the quarry. The quarry and tombs associated with it are north, not west of the main city and west only of the merchant area in the Tyropoeon Valley, which was enclosed by the Second Wall.

Although, in 2007, Dan Bahat stated that Six graves from the first century were found on the area of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. That means, this place [was] outside of the city, without any doubt, ...., the dating of the tombs is based on the fact that they are in the kokh style, which was common in 1st century; however, the kokh style of tomb was also common in the first to 3rd centuries BC.

The likelihood of a 1st-century tomb being built to the west of the city is questionable, as according to the late 1st-century rabbinic leader, Akiva ben Joseph, quoted in the Mishnah, tombs should not built to the west of the city, as the wind in Jerusalem generally blows from the west, and would blow the smell of the corpses and their impurity over the city, and the Temple Mount. Additionally, the Aedicule would be quite close to the city even if the west wall of the city had been to its east; yet Akiba remarks that Jewish law insists that tombs should not be built within 50 cubits of a city. The archaeological record indicates that the instructions reported by Akiba, for choosing a burial location, were rigidly adhered to; almost all of the tombs from classical Jerusalem are to the east of the city, on the Mount of Olives, except for a few located over a kilometre to the west, and those in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.

However, what is assumed to be a niche for the Torah scroll in the building probably originally built as a Judeo-Christian synagogue between AD 70 and AD 135 on the traditional site of the Cenacle or upper room of the Last Supper and now identified as the site of the King David's Tomb is oriented not towards the Temple Mount, but towards the site of the Holy Sepulchre, which would seem to indicate that the Christian community that had built it had already begun to transfer many of the religious traditions originally associated with the Temple to the sites they associated with Christ's death and resurrection (such as the burial place of Adam and the centre of the world).

Carter getting baptized by tori.denney

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Jason Nelson - Evidence of Everything Exploding - Austrália | Australia

Jonathan Monaghan - French Penguin - Estados Unidos | United States

Juliana Yamashita - Metro Tracks - Brasil | Brazil

Kevin Evensen – Danses - Estados Unidos | United States

Kika Nicolela – Flickering - Brasil | Brazil

Kristoffer Ørum, Anders Bojen, Rune Graulund, Maja Zander, Kaspar Bonnén, Stig W. Jørgensen, Palle R Jensen, Ida Marie Hede Bertelsen, Peter Rasmussen, Kasper Hesselbjerg, Ulrik Nørgaard, Daphne Bidstrup, Andreas Pallisgaard & Kristian Haarløv - Radiant Copenhagen - Dinamarca | Denmark

lemeh42 - Inner Klänge – Itália | Italy

Leonardo Uehara - An interactive sound tale - Brasil | Brazil

Martin John Callanan - I wanted to see all the news from today - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Maya Watanabe – ABRASIS – França | France

Michael Takeo Magruder - Data_plex (economy) - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Michael Takeo Magruder - Data_sea - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Michele Barker & Anna Munster - Duchenne's Smile - Austrália | Australia

Miriam Thyes - Global Vulva - Alemanha | Germany

mitumBACK: Coelestine Engels, Markus Hafner & Christof Berthold – mitumBACK - Áustria | Austria

moddr: Gordan Savicic, Walter Langelaar & Danja Vassiliev - Web 2.0 Suicidemachine - Holanda - Netherlands

Não se Cale!: Amanda Miyuki de Sá, Danilo Polo Cain, Douglas Ferreira Neto, Fábio Henrique Alves Will, Patrícia Hitomi Nakazone, Talles Marques Duarte - NÃO SE CALE: A VIOLÊNCIA CONTRA A MULHER A PARTIR DAS PROPOSTAS FOTOGRÁFICAS DE BARBARA KRUGER – Brasil | Brazil

Nicholas Knouf – MAICgregator - Estados Unidos | United States

Nicole Kenney & KS Rives - Before I die I want to - Estados Unidos | United States

Nicole Stenger – DYNASTY - França | France

Osvaldo Cibils - 300x300artsport - Itália | Italy

Owen Eric Wood – Holobomo - Canadá | Canada

Owen Eric Wood – Parallel - Canadá | Canada

OZCAN TURKMEN - ENTROPIC POETRY - Turquia | Turkey

Pipol - TV Cronópios - Brasil | Brazil

Rachelmauricio – towtom - Brasil | Brazil

Rachelmauricio – TexET - Brasil | Brazil

Rachelmauricio - NO_HAHAB - Brasil | Brazil

Regina Pinto – AlphaAlpha - Brasil | Brazil

Regina Pinto - DAVID DANIEL'S 200+ HUMANS BEINGÈD HYMN TO HUMANITY - Brasil | Brazil

rgb3000 - superfreedraw.com - Alemanha | Germany

Richard O'Sullivan – Monitor - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Richard O'Sullivan - Broken Windows - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Roderick Coover – Canyonlands - Estados Unidos | United States

Roderick Coover - SOMETHING THAT HAPPENED ONLY ONCE - Estados Unidos | United States

Rosa Menkman - Glitch Studies Manifesto - Holanda - Netherlands

Rui Filipe Antunes - Senhora da Graça - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Sally Grizell Larson – Axiom - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Sergio Sotomayor - Madera (Wood) - Espanha | Spain

Silvia Laurentiz - Poesias Digitais: Projeto Percorrendo Escrituras - Brasil | Brazil

Spot - Dreams In High Fidelity II - Estados Unidos | United States

Stanza – Sondcities - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Stuart Pound - Dance 0-19 - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Stuart Pound - She's not there - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Stuart Pound - Bus Stop version 2010 - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Stuart Pound - Not you again! - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Stuart Pound - Oh no, not you again! - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Stuart Pound - Sticky Pixels - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Susanne Berkenheger - The Last Days of Second Life - Alemanha | Germany

Tchello d'Barros - "Convergências" | "Convergences" - Brasil | Brazil

Tim Webster - Wonderlands: Machu Picchu - Austrália | Australia

Tina Velho - Tão longe...tão perto - Brasil | Brazil

Trace Sanderson aka Lainy Voom & Tamara Russel aka Gala Charron - Virtual Build Archive (VBA) - Reino Unido e Estados Unidos | United Kingdom and United States

Tuvalu Vizualization Project: Hidenori Watanave, Makiko Suzuki & Shuichi Endou - Tuvalu Vizualization Project - Japão | Japan

UBERMORGEN.COM - SUPERENCHANCED GENERATOR - Áustria | Austria

UBERMORGEN.COM - UGI - UNIVERSAL HEALTH - Áustria | Austria

VJ Eletro-I-MAN - Projeto Representa Corisco - Espanha | Spain

Wilton Azevedo, Rita Varlesi & Savana Pace – Atame: a Angústia do Precário - Brasil | Brazil

ZAO – hearts - Brasil | Brazil

HIPERSÔNICA PARTICIPANTES | HYPERSONICA PARTICIPANTS

++CAYCE POLLARD coletivodeartecomputacional; Nicolau Centola e Fabrizio Poltronieri - A Night in São Paulo - Brasil | Brazil

4propri8 - Junglow Drift - Brasil | Brazil

all your gardening needs – Arranco - Brasil | Brazil

Basavizi: André Damião Bandeira, Fernando Visockis & Sérgio Saad - HID - Human Improvisation Delight - Brasil | Brazil

Berger Rond - Stairs of Unsteady - Canadá | Canada

Carlos Dohrn - x → y - Brasil | Brazil

Carol Robinson – BILLOWS - França | France

Claudio Parodi - The Mother of All Feedback - Itália | Italy

Daniel Gazana - MISTÉRIO MUDO - Brasil | Brazil

Daniel Gazana - RE-CONNECT - Brasil | Brazil

Daniel Gazana - THE KINGDOM OF THE STEEL PORTAL - Brasil | Brazil

Danilo Rossetti - Metropolis parte 1 - Brasil | Brazil

Debashis Sinha - The Bell Garden - Canadá | Canada

Edilson Cardoso - Hâhnio - Ruídos para Filmes de Horror B - Brasil | Brazil

Eduardo Patrício - Electric Talk M.M.S. - Brasil | Brazil

Edwin Lo - Auditory Scenes: The other side of Tides in Limbo - China | China

Emanuele Battisti - Electrode - Study on Pink Noise N.1 - Itália | Italy

Felipe Kirst Adami - Piano Harm - Brasil | Brazil

Franklin Valverde – Sonóricos - Brasil | Brazil

Graeme Truslove - Divergent Dialogues - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Graeme Truslove – Concrètisations - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Graeme Truslove – Portals - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Graeme Truslove – Elements - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Gustavo Alfaix - (en)treses - Brasil | Brazil

John Young – Lamentations - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Kunkuni Mix Project: Rosa Apablaza & Federico Duret - Posible Objetivo Patera - Holanda | Netherlands

Minusbaby - Subversive Motives in Chip Music or The 8bitpeople's party - Estados Unidos | United States

Ocp – Rejects - Portugal | Portugal

Panayiotis KOKORAS - Contruct Synthesis - Grécia | Greece

PAULO GUICHENEY - rec on struction - Brasil | Brazil

Philip Mantione - Dialtone and Strings - Estados Unidos | United States

Regina Porto - Metrópolis São Paulo - Brasil | Brazil

Rohan De Livera – Haiku - Sri Lanka | Sri Lanka

Secret Axis Sonic Collective: Vanderlei Lucentini, Kojiro Umezaki, Yann Novak, Manrico Montero, Terjen Paulsen, Adam Tindale, Scott Smalwood, Zbgniew Karkowski & Hangchul Ki - Secret Axis - Brasil | Brazil

SIMPLE.NORMAL: CLEBER GAZANA – CONSTRUCT - Brasil | Brazil

Sol Rezza - 25 segundos de vida - México | Mexico

The Tiny Orchestra - THE LANGUAGE OF WAITING - Canadá | Canada

Túlio Falcão - Túlio Falcão apresenta: a música de Enrorlando di Falcus - Brasil | Brazil

Vanessa Rossetto - Dogs in English Porcelain - Estados Unidos | United States

Victor Valentim – Estralactides - Brasil | Brazil

HIPERSÔNICA SCREENING – HYPERSONICA SCREENING

Daniel Gazana - MAN-MACHINE-TIME - Brasil | Brazil

Eduardo Raccah – EY - Alemanha | Germany

Fernando Velázquez - SP, automata landscape - Brasil | Brazil

Jaap: Harriet Payer Anderss, Jorge Esquivelzeta - Sound of this City - México | Mexico

Pink Twins - Defenestrator - Finlândia | Finland

Roberto Doati – Sindrome scamosciata - Itália | Italy

Rodrigo F. Cadiz - ID-FUSIONES - Chile | Chile

Sandra Crisp – Oceanics - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Soundsthatmatter – skinstryment - Brasil | Brazil

Soundsthatmatter – bwavssh - Brasil | Brazil

Soundsthatmatter – soundstrain - Brasil | Brazil

FILE MAQUINEMA | FILE MACHINIMA

Andrzej Kozlowski aka CapKosmaty - Apocalypsis Ex Machinima - Polônia | Poland

Annie Ok - My life as an avatar (03-10) - Estados Unidos | United States

Annie Ok - My life as an avatar (04-08) - Estados Unidos | United States

Annie Ok - My life as an avatar (06-08) - Estados Unidos | United States

Basile Vignes aka Tutsy Navarathna - To Each one his own Dreams - Índia | India

Basile Vignes aka Tutsy Navarathna - Vegetal Planet - Índia | India

Berardo Carboni aka Finally Outlander – Volavola - Itália | Italy

Bernard Capitaine aka Iono Allen - The story of Susa Bubble - França | France

Chantal Gerads aka Chantal Harvey - A Woman´s Trial - Holanda | Netherlands

Corndog & Oil Tiger Machinima Team - War of Internet Addiction - China | China

Daniel Wasiluk aka Surgee - The Demise - Polônia | Poland

Egils Mednis aka Demoplay - The Ship - Letônia | Latvia

Elise Carlson aka Lyric Lundquist - Cradle and Trap - Estados Unidos | United States

Elise Carlson aka Lyric Lundquist - Cyberspace is Vast - Estados Unidos | United States

Elise Carlson aka Lyric Lundquist - Sideways Time - Estados Unidos | United States

Elizabeth Pickrd aka Liz Solo - The Death of an avatar - Canadá | Canada

Harrison Heller aka Nefarious Guy & Amorphous Blob Productions – Clockwork - Estados Unidos | United States

Iain Friar aka IceAxe – Clockwork - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Iain Friar aka IceAxe – Embers - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

J. Joshua Diltz - Six Days - Estados Unidos | United States

James Thorpe aka Blackace - Daddy is Home - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Les Riches Douaniers: Gilles Richard & Fabrice Zoll - Chevauchée Nocturne - França | France

Les Riches Douaniers: Gilles Richard & Fabrice Zoll – Kamikaze - França | France

Luca Lisci aka Voom – Prometheus - Itália | Italy

Luca Lisci aka Voom - The Blue Planet - Itália | Italy

Luca Lisci aka Voom - Valentina 'Riflesso' - Itália | Italy

Mark Capell aka Hardy Capo - Control Point - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Miguel Moreira aka Hadj Ling - The Black Chant - Portugal | Portugal

Pineapple Pictures: Kate Fosk & Michael Joyce – Voices - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Piotr Kopik - Big Psomm 2 - Polônia | Poland

Rob Wright aka Robbie Dingo - Watch the world(s) - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Sam Goldwater aka Lorka - The Monad - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Simone Schleu aka Sisch - Saving Grace - Alemanha | Germany

Simone Schleu aka Sisch – Transient - Alemanha | Germany

The Do Group: Clemens Fobianke aka Cisko Vandeverre - Der Erlköning - Alemanha | Germany

The Do Group: Clemens Fobianke aka Cisko Vandeverre - Der Handschuh - Alemanha | Germany

Tobias Lundmark aka Dopefish & Malu05 - Among Fables and Men - Suécia | Sweden

Tom Jantol - Brief Encounter - Croácia | Croatia

Tom Jantol - Wizard of OS: The Fish Incident - Croácia | Croatia

Tony Bannan aka Ammo Previz - Folie à Deux - Austrália | Australia

Trace Sanderson aka Lainy Voom – Fall - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Trace Sanderson aka Lainy Voom – Postcard - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Trace Sanderson aka Lainy Voom – Push - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Van Aerden & Nicolas Bonne – Metabup - França | France

Van Aerden & Nicolas Bonne - Transbup (Trailer) - França | France

Vivian Kendall aka Osprey Therian - Alazi Sautereau - Estados Unidos | United States

Vivian Kendall aka Osprey Therian - Virtual Reality in the Future - Estados Unidos | United States

Zachariah Scott - Jill´s song - Estados Unidos | United States

GAMES

Alexandre Machado | 44 Bico Largo - Robo Sucata - Brasil | Brazil

Behold Studios | Buraco de Bala - Luna - Magnetoware Adventures - Brasil | Brazil

Eddy Boxerman & Dave Burke – Osmos - Canadá | Canada

Elias Holmlid, Dmitri Kurteanu, Guy Lima Jr. & Stefan Mikaelsson – Continuity - Suécia | Sweden

Erik Svedäng - Blueberry Garden - Suécia | Sweden

Florian Faller & Adrian Stutz – Feist - Suíça | Switzerland

Grupo Yellow Jam: Luciano José Firmino Júnior, Luiz José Barbosa de Moura Souza, Rafael Valle Barradas & Heloise Dantas Oliveira - Last Hope - Brasil | Brazil

Guilherme Bischoff, Francesco Sciamarella, Cauê Madeira & Evandro Valente | Kidguru Studios – Lumaki - Brasil | Brazil

Jairo Margatho | Overplay - Night Life - Brasil | Brazil

Joannie Wu & Lee Byron – Fireflies - Estados Unidos | United States

Kokoromi & Polytron - super HYPERCUBE - Canada | Canadá

Leonardo Arantes | Isis Interactive Graphics - Freestyle Challenge - Brasil | Brazil

Luiz Gerosa | Interama - Esther Art Gallery - Brasil | Brazil

Paulo Biagioni – Mutualismo - Brasil | Brazil

Philip Mangione - Chameleon Puzzle Runners - Brasil | Brazil

Q-Games - PixelJunk Eden - Japão | Japan

Rafael Fernandes | TecToy Digital - Vovó a solta - Brasil | Brazil

Rob Jagnow – Cogs - Estados Unidos | United States

Steph Thirion – Eliss - Portugal | Portugal

Tales of Tales – Vanitas - Belgica | Belgium

Tiago Fernandes | TecToy Digital - Dragon vs Heroes - Brasil | Brazil

Tiger Style Games - Spider: The Secret of Bryce Manor - Estados Unidos | United States

Tyler Glaiel – Closure - Estados Unidos | United States

Petri Purho - Crayon Physics Deluxe - Finlândia | Finland

INSTALAÇÕES | INSTALLATIONS

Andrew Hieronymi - Virtual Ground - Estados Unidos | United States

Corby & Baily, Jonathan Mackenzie - Southern Ocean Studies # 1.0 - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Electronic Shadow: Naziha Mestaoui & Yacine Aït Kaci – SuperFluidity - França | France

Ernesto Klar - Luzes relacionais (Relational Lights) - Estados Unidos e Venezuela | United States and Venezuela

Guto Nóbrega – Breathing - Brasil | Brazil

Jarbas Jácome – Vitalino - Brasil | Brazil

Jeraman & Filipe Calegario - Marvim Gainsbug - Brasil | Brazil

Jonas Bohatsch - v+ - Áustria | Austria

Jörg Piringer - abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz for iPhone - Áustria | Austria

Jorge Luis Crowe - 2x (Power of two) - Argentina | Argentina

José Luis de Vicente, Irma Vilà & Bestiario - Atlas of Electromagnetic Space - Espanha | Spain

Keiko Takahashi & Shinji Sasada - Diorama Table - Japão | Japan

LEMUR: League of Electronic Musical Urban Robots & Eric Singer - LEMUR GuitarBot II - Estados Unidos | United States

Luo, He-Lin & Chen, I- Chun - Light Calligraphy - Taiwan (R.O.C.) | Taiwan (R.O.C.)

Markus Decker, Dietmar Offenhuber & Ushi Reiter - From Dust Till Dawn - Áustria | Austria

MARS: Media Arts Research Studies: Monika Fleischmann & Wolfgang Strauss – Mediaflow - Alemanha | Germany

Muk - disc.o - Áustria | Austria

Multitouch Barcelona: Dani Armengol, Roger Pujol, Xavier Vilar & Pol Pla - Hi! A real human interface - Espanha | Spain

Myrto Karanika & Jeremy Keenan – Strings - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Pierre Proske - Frame Seductions - França e Austrália | France and Australia

Rachel Zuanon & Geraldo Lima – BioBodyGame - Brasil | Brazil

Raquel Kogan – Reler - Brasil | Brazil

Ricardo Barreto, Maria Hsu & AMUDI: Núcleo de Arte e Tecnologia da Escola Politécnica de Engenharia da USP: Breno Flesch Franco, Daniel Augusto Azevedo Moori, Erica Usui, Guilherme Wang de Farias Barros, João Flesch Fortes, Leandro Molon e Nadia Sumie Nobre Ota – feelMe - Brasil | Brazil

Ricardo Brazileiro – METROBANG - Brasil | Brazil

Rob Seward - Death Death Death - Estados Unidos | United States

Robert Mathy - Light Frequency Fingertips - Áustria | Austria

Sebastian Schmieg - Roy Block - Alemanha | Germany

SWAMP: Douglas Easterly, Matt Kenyon & Tiago Rorke – Tardigotchi - Nova Zelândia | New Zealand

Yacine Sebti - Jump! - Bélgica e Marrocos | Belgium and Morocco

PERFORMANCE

27/07

Minusbaby (Richard Alexander Caraballo) - Subversive Motives in Chip Music, or The 8bitpeoples' Party - Estados Unidos | United States

Celia Eid, Sébastien Béranger & Amilcar Zani – Dislocations - Brasil | Brazil

28/07

Jaime E Oliver LR - Silent Percussion Project - Peru | Peru

Panetone - Short lived like a butterfly - Brasil | Brazil

29/07

HEARTCHAMBERORCHESTRA - TERMINALBEACH: Erich Berger [Áustria e Finlândia | Austria and Finland] & Peter Votava [Áustria e Alemanha | Austria and Germany]

30/07

MooM: Dino Vicente & Bill Meirelles - Câmara Secreta - Brasil | Brazil

Ricardo Carioba - dáblio (w) - Brasil | Brazil

DOCUMENTA

27/07

Gustavo Godinho & Vladimir Cunha - Brega S/A- Brasil | Brazil

Claudio Mojope - Talk o Meu Coração ZunZunZunTV - Brasil | Brazil

28/07

Andreas Johnsen & Rasmus Poulsen - Man Ooman (Man Woman) - Dinamarca | Denmark

Fenton Bayle & Randy Barbato - Party Monster: The Shockumentary - Estados Unidos | United States

29/07

João Wainer & Roberto T. Oliveira – PIXO - Brasil | Brazil

Otávio Donasci - 30 Anos de Vídeocriaturas - Brasil | Brazil

30/07

Andreas Johnsen - Good Copy Bad Copy - Dinamarca | Denmark

Robert Baca & Joshua Rizzo - Welcome to Macintosh - Estados Unidos | United States

cameron getting baptized by tori.denney

jenny getting baptized by tori.denney

FILE São Paulo 2010 | Hipersônica by keila k.