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Life in Vienna underground
Life in Vienna underground began with the establishment of the Vienna sewer late 19th century, which became a refuge for unemployed and homeless. This was possible because the sewage system always has been largely walkable, even if this is not permissible for unauthorized persons. Against the rising number of shelter seekers eventually the police was involved.
Setting conditions
The completion of the Vienna sewer system fell in a time when Vienna was a rapidly expanding city. The rising job offer attracted a variety of people, of which, however, actually not all could not find work. Social Services as unemployment benefits or health insurance did not yet exist, nor were there homeless shelters or residences, and so the number of beggars and other people who had to live on the streets rose rapidly.
In the Vienna Sewer some people therefore quickly realised a new source of income and property. In heavy rain or thunderstorms, however, drains for inexperienced can become a deadly trap. The development of toxic or explosive gas mixtures (incoming gasoline etc.) can not be excluded too. The "terrible" or even "bestial stench" that is sometimes reported, however, does not prevail there. Even where faecal matter transporting water flows it smells more like in a wet basement, but it does not stink. Nevertheless, the unsecured stay in the sewers is perilous.
The marked by special detail and by lengthy search made on site, image-assisted social reports of Viennese journalists Max Winter and Emil Kläger this problem a large part of the population of Vienna made known and attracted great interest. 1905, Max Winter published his Social Reports from the Vienna underground under the title "In the underground Vienna" in book form. 1920 appeared, based on the social reportages of Emil Kläger, the documentary "Night Piece from the life of vagrants, derailed and fallen man" in Viennese cinemas. Both the newspaper reports and the book and the film are among the first social reports at all.
Sewer as livelihoods
Residents of the Vienna sewer in 1900, under a spiral staircase.
The access ways to the sewer were and are, among other things, housed in so-called "towers" that look like oversized advertising columns. Over spiral staircases one can by these descend into the Viennese "Underworld". Approximately 50 jobless and homeless people, but probably even more, spent a large part of each day with the fishing out of objects from the waste water, the so-called "Strotten". This "Strotters", as they were called soon earned their livelihood partly
by finding coins and jewelry, which though rarely occurred, but especially much earned,
by fishing out of bones and fat for sale at soap factories or
by getting out of all sorts of other useful articles.
Some of these Strotters - but also hundreds of "ordinary" homeless people - even lived in the sewers were they in some passages, chambers and air shafts found opportunities for "lving".
Shelters
The probably most well-known accommodation for the homeless and Strotters was the Zwingburg installed in a dry chamber under the Vienna Schwarzenberg sqaure. The name not least is based on the fact that it could only be reached by a drawn board, which had to be placed over a channel and at any time could be retracted. So even the police in the short run could be prevented from entering. In addition, the "fortress" Zwingburg had several escape routes in the form of side channels and shafts.
Police pursuit
Although the stay of unauthorized persons in the sewers, of course, was not allowed, the police but apprehended Strotters and homeless people could not too long detain. The number of homeless people and Strotters only diminished when in 1934 the "channel Brigade" was established, which should proceed harder not only against criminal gangs but also against vagabonds. In the meantime, also hostels for the homeless and dormitories had arisen that at least for a part of the "canal residents" could offer a reasonable alternative", such as the Meldemann street men's hostel, which became known due to the fact that Adolf Hitler three years spent here.
Today's meaning
Apart from World War II and the postwar period, as Allied secret agents drains of the divided city knew how to exploit them for themselves, upon which the film "The Third Man" is based plays the drains today due to many social institutions whose establishment with social democratic governments in the "Red Vienna " have their beginning as a refuge no significant role anymore. The latest newspaper reports about Strotters stem from the late 1950s, the term and the with it associated activities, however, at that time still a large part of the population of Vienna were known.
Leben im Wiener Untergrund
Das Leben im Wiener Untergrund begann mit der Errichtung der Wiener Kanalisation Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts, die zur Zuflucht für Arbeits- und Obdachlose wurde. Möglich war dies, weil die Kanalisation seit jeher weitgehend begehbar ist, auch wenn dies aus Sicherheitsgründen für Unbefugte verboten ist. Gegen die steigende Zahl der Unterschlupfsuchenden wurde schließlich polizeilich vorgegangen.
Rahmenverhältnisse
Die Fertigstellung der Wiener Kanalisation fiel in eine Zeit, als Wien eine stark expandierende Stadt war. Das steigende Arbeitsplatzangebot zog eine Vielzahl von Menschen an, von denen jedoch nicht alle tatsächlich auch Arbeit finden konnten. Soziale Fürsorge wie Arbeitslosengeld oder Krankenversicherung gab es damals noch nicht, ebenso wenig gab es Obdachlosenunterkünfte oder Wohnheime, und so stieg die Zahl von Bettlern und anderen Menschen, die auf der Straße leben mussten, rasant an.
In der Wiener Kanalisation erkannten einige Menschen daher schnell eine neue Einkommensquelle und Unterkunft. Bei starkem Regen oder Gewittern kann die Kanalisation allerdings für Unerfahrene zur tödlichen Falle werden. Auch die Entwicklung giftiger oder explosiver Gasgemische (einlaufendes Benzin etc.) ist nicht auszuschließen. Der „enorme“ oder gar „bestialische Gestank“ von dem manchmal berichtet wird, herrscht dort jedoch nicht. Selbst wo Fäkalien transportierendes Wasser fließt, riecht es eher wie in einem feuchten Keller, aber es stinkt nicht. Trotzdem ist der ungesicherte Aufenthalt in der Kanalisation lebensgefährlich.
Die durch besondere Ausführlichkeit gekennzeichneten und durch langwierige Recherchen vor Ort entstandenen, bildunterstützten Sozialreportagen der Wiener Journalisten Max Winter und Emil Kläger machten diese Problematik einem großen Teil der Wiener Bevölkerung bekannt und stießen auf großes Interesse. 1905 brachte Max Winter seine Sozialreportagen aus dem Wiener Untergrund unter dem Titel „Im unterirdischen Wien“ in Buchform heraus. 1920 erschien, basierend auf den Sozialreportagen Emil Klägers, der Dokumentarfilm „Nachtstück aus dem Leben der Vaganten, der Entgleisten und Gestürzten“ in den Wiener Kinos. Sowohl die Zeitungsreportagen als auch das Buch und der Film zählen zu den ersten Sozialreportagen überhaupt.
Kanalisation als Lebensgrundlage
Bewohner der Wiener Kanalisation um 1900, unter einer Wendeltreppe.
Die Zugänge zur Kanalisation waren und sind unter anderem in so genannten „Türmen“ untergebracht, die wie übergroße Litfaßsäulen aussehen. Über Wendeltreppen kann man durch diese in die Wiener „Unterwelt“ absteigen. Um die 50 Stellen- und Obdachlose, vermutlich aber noch mehr, verbrachten einen großen Teil jedes Tages mit dem Herausfischen von Gegenständen aus den Abwässern, dem so genannten „Strotten“. Diese „Strotter“, wie man sie bald nannte, verdienten ihren Lebensunterhalt teilweise
durch das Finden von Münzen und Schmuck, was zwar eher selten vorkam, aber besonders viel einbrachte,
durch das Herausfischen von Knochen und Fett zum Verkauf an Seifenfabriken oder
durch das Herausholen von allerlei anderen brauchbaren Gegenständen.
Einige dieser Strotter – aber auch mehrere hundert „gewöhnliche“ Obdachlose – lebten sogar in der Kanalisation, wo sie in manchen Gängen, Kammern und Luftschächten Möglichkeiten zum „Wohnen“ vorfanden.
Unterschlüpfe
Die wohl bekannteste Unterkunft für Obdachlose und Strotter war die in einer trockenen Kammer eingerichtete „Zwingburg“ unter dem Wiener Schwarzenbergplatz. Der Name rührte nicht zuletzt daher, dass sie nur durch ein Brett, welches über einen Kanal gelegt werden musste und jederzeit eingezogen werden konnte, zu erreichen war. So konnte selbst die Polizei kurzfristig vom Eindringen abgehalten werden. Zudem verfügte die „Zwingburg“ über mehrere Fluchtwege in Form von Seitenkanälen und -schächten.
Polizeiliche Verfolgung
Zwar war der Aufenthalt von Unbefugten in der Kanalisation natürlich nicht gestattet, die Polizei konnte aufgegriffene Strotter und Obdachlose aber nicht allzu lange festhalten. Die Zahl der Strotter und Obdachlosen nahm erst ab, als 1934 die „Kanalbrigade“ gegründet wurde, die nicht nur gegen kriminelle Banden, sondern auch gegen Vagabunden härter vorgehen sollte. In der Zwischenzeit waren auch Obdachlosen- und Wohnheime entstanden, die zumindest für einen Teil der „Kanalbewohner“ eine vernünftige Alternative bieten konnten, so zum Beispiel das Männerwohnheim Meldemannstraße, das dadurch bekannt wurde, dass Adolf Hitler hier drei Jahre verbrachte.
Heutige Bedeutung
Abgesehen vom Zweiten Weltkrieg und der Nachkriegszeit, als alliierte Geheimagenten die Kanalisation der geteilten Stadt für sich zu nutzen wussten, worauf auch der Film „Der dritte Mann“ aufbaut, spielt die Kanalisation heute aufgrund zahlreicher sozialer Einrichtungen, deren Errichtung im sozialdemokratisch regierten „Roten Wien“ ihren Anfang nahm, als Zufluchtsort keine nennenswerte Rolle mehr. Die letzten Zeitungsberichte über Strotter stammen aus den späten 1950er Jahren, der Begriff und die mit ihm verbundene Tätigkeit waren aber damals noch einem Großteil der Wiener Bevölkerung bekannt.
Warkworth Castle in Northumberland is forever associated with the Percy Earls of Northumberland but the site did not start with them. Indeed there is some mystery over who first built it and when. Located on a tight bend in the River Coquet and about a mile from the sea, the castle sits on the neck of this land which means that the enclosed space becomes an outer ward with the river as its moat on three sides. The medieval church and modern village now occupy the bend.
As an easy to defend site, close to the English/Scottish border, the speculation is that it may have had some sort of fortification well before the present building but this is now elusive - especially so if the first fortification was of mere earth and timber. Henry, son of King David I of Scotland, was granted the site around 1139 AD and he, in turn, granted salt pans to various local monks. As the new Earl of Northumberland the old guide book speculates that he either built the first castle or he improved an existing motte and bailey with new stone walls; the guide book certainly notes ‘Norman’ foundations at various points in the current building. A castle certainly exists in documents of 1157 AD.
King John of England confirmed the castle to Robert of Clavering in 1199 AD. Robert spent much time in the area as Sheriff of Northumberland and was gifted other local estates. He is thought to have built the main gateway, some of the walls and improved the Great Hall. He may also have built or improved the keep but this work has since vanished under the large and luxurious later Percy building. The Claverings held the castle but such was its importance that royal troops were also garrisoned here at times - at the king’s expense - due to the Scottish wars. In 1322 the constable of the castle sent 26 light horsemen (hobilars) to join the English army. The Scots were beaten off in 1327 and again the following year when Robert The Bruce besieged it.
The last Clavering male died in debt in 1332 and the castle eventually passed to Henry, the second Lord Percy of Alnwick. He improved the gatehouse and walls and may have added the Grey Mare’s Tail tower on the eastern side. From this time onwards Warkworth was the second castle home of the Percys and much favoured by them. The third Percy lord was a great soldier in the 100 Years War in France and was created Earl of Northumberland in 1377 before winning the battles of Otterburn and Homildon Hill against the Scots.
Sometime during this period extensive building work was carried out by the Percys with the keep on the motte being rebuilt as a sumptuous and comfortable building with decent accommodation, ample water management and drainage. It even had a very modern feature - a light well extending down the centre of the building to draw in both light and fresh air. For the ‘grim north’ this was a very princely home.
However after supporting Henry IV’s 1399 coup against Richard II, the Percys fell out with King Henry and rebelled - leading to executions and a period of disgrace. During this time Warkworth was attacked by a royal army with gunpowder artillery and it surrendered after seven discharges of the royal cannons. It is thus the first British castle to be successfully attacked by artillery despite the claims of nearby Bamburgh Castle.
John, Duke of Bedford held the castle for 11 years before it was returned to the next Percy - Henry, Earl of Northumberland. He was drawn into disputes with the junior Nevilles (the Earls of Salisbury and Warwick) but was supported by the senior Nevilles, the Earls of Westmoreland, who had their own issues with the junior Nevilles. Inevitably all this was mostly about money and inheritance. It paved the way to private battles between these families BEFORE the so-called Wars of the Roses. Indeed the first Battle of St Albans in 1455 may be more of a Mafia-style ‘hit’ as the Yorkists were lead by the three Richards (York, Salisbury and Warwick) and the principal dead were the Duke of Somerset, Henry Percy and a Percy kinsman, Lord Clifford.
The castle passed into Yorkist hands and - at various times - the Earl of Warwick directed sieges at Alnwick, Bamburgh and Dunstanburgh using Warkworth as his base. Warwick’s brother John Neville was given the castle and the earldom of Northumberland for a time but Edward IV eventually returned it to Henry Percy, the 4th Earl of Northumberland. John Neville was thus ‘downgraded’ to 1st Marquis of Montague and was thoroughly alienated by this action, leading to John joining his brother Warwick in rebellion against Edward IV. Warkworth’s Montague Tower is probably his work.
The 4th Percy earl carried out some work in his own right. One oddity is that a collegiate church was planned right in front of the keep which would have cut the keep off from the rest of the inner bailey. We know this as the present church foundations contain a tunnel which would have passed under the massive building to allow access to the keep from the bailey. However the guide book suggests the church was never finished and that the foundation crypts were partly buried and then became used for storage.
Henry the 4th earl became infamous for not supporting King Richard III at Bosworth in 1485. He then managed to get himself killed by the locals at Cocklodge in 1489 and is now buried in Beverley Cathedral. Later Percys got involved in the 16th century religious conflicts in England and none of them came out of it well. One even got involved in the Gunpowder Plot against the new Protestant King James I of England. One footnote is that King James visited Warkworth in this period and found it ruined and overrun by goats and sheep in every chamber. Some of his party went into the castle and were: “Much moved to see it so spoiled and so badly kept”.
Later Percys favoured Alnwick over Warkworth and it was one of these (now a Duke) who turned the site over to the future Ministry of Public Building and Works in 1922. It is now an English Heritage site and well worth a visit.
Daniil Shapiro, associate director, production development, Cerulli Associates.
Brian McCabe, partner, Ropes and Gray.
Nick Elward, senior vice president, head of institutional product and ETFs, Natixis Investment Managers.
Associates from around the world attend an expo with suppliers during Shareholders week 2013 #WMTShares corporate.walmart.com
Associates from around the world attend an expo with suppliers during Shareholders week 2013 #WMTShares corporate.walmart.com
CONSTRUCTION – SALE & PURCHASE – RENT
Nadeem Azhar Lone Lone Associates
051-5800909 051-4347666
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The Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg meets Jacob Hutchings from Restaurant Associates (part of Compass Group) as he launches 'Made by apprentices' at Admiralty House, 13th March, to showcase the creative talents of apprentices and highlight their contribution to some of the country's most well-respected exports, good and services, #Madebyapprentices, #NAW2013
For more information please contact Emily Shelton 020 3287 4541 emily.shelton@claremont.org.uk or Simon Francis 07738 487259 simon.francis@claremont.org.uk
Picture by Michael Crabtree. mobile +44 7976 251 824 michael@michaelcrabtree.co.uk
Donor Associates Reception
President Michael S. Roth and members of the Trustee Associates, President’s Circle, Founders Club, Willbur Fisk Associates, College Row Society, John Wesley Associates, 1831 Society, Douglas Cannon Club, Foss Hill Club, Day Society, and Olin Associates at a pre-game reception. (Photo by John Van Vlack)
History Reduta Theatre
Reduta Theatre - the oldest theater building in Central Europe
The Reduta building today is the result of a complex construction development, which, with numerous alterations and extension was carried out continuously for several centuries. Its foundation was the corner house of Liechtenstein, which in 1600 was bought out the town and set up in it the new tavern, later called the Great, representation object specified rare visits to the city. In 1634 the house was bought side, the reconstruction and integration with the existing facility was a closed storey Reduta complex that today has an adequate range. Occasional theatrical production took place in the town tavern, probably since the 60th of the 17th century until 1733, it was in the east wing of the complex where was built their own theater-type bottom with deep perspective stage. During 1785 and 1786, succumbed object devastating fires and during the Napoleonic wars and the fourth Franco-Austrian war was devastated when it served as a military hospital and improvised dormitory. On the reconstruction that followed participated a number of important contemporary architects and artists, among them members of the famous family of Italian painters, decorators and set designers Lorenzo, Vincenzo and Antonio Sacchettiové.
With the era of theater in the east wing of the Reduta is associated and included the name of Emanuel Schikaneder, librettist of Mozart's Magic Flute and theater director from 1807 to 1809, or the events of 176, when the Reduta played the first show in Brno, Czech Love Watchman, and rehearsed in English by Baden theater company, and here is where with his sister Nanerl performed eleven year old Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. In commemoration of this important event was in 2008 before Reduta Mozart monument unveiled by Kurt Gebauer. After a fire in 1870, the theater has been restored in the 20th century took over the theater hall ballroom in the western part of the building. Contemporary architectural design is the work of Brno Reduta studio DRNH, vos - The authors of Antonín Novák, Petr Valenta , Radovan Smejkal and Edward Endive, co-authors of the proposal were Klára Michálková and Karel Spáčil a collaborator in the implementation stage of Miroslav Melena. Reconstruction, which was implemented in 2002-05, gently combine the modern with the original elements preserved architecture, theater again placed in the east wing and the whole building back its social and representative function. The culmination of reconstruction was an art wall decoration Mozart hall vaults cafes and artistic treatise terrazzo in the atrium, which made Escaping .
In 1919 benefited Brno Reduta German theater, from that year on the playing regularly alternated with the Czech National Theatre. The Czech audience that Reduta before had was too accustomed to attend, it has become popular until after the Second World War, when it (until its closure in disrepair in 1993) then set anchor operas . In the modern history Reduta first began performance after the first reconstruction in October 2005 a joint project of drama, opera and ballet NDB: Night and Day Vitus Zouhar The Soldier's Tale by Igor Stravinsky. Currently, the building appears with his productions all NDB files and with the overall concept of its own production Reduta is creating and implementing its own artistic section .
Jitka Novakova
Gautham Vasudev Menon (born 25 February 1973), more commonly known as Gautham Menon, is an Indian film director and producer, who predominantly works in Tamil cinema. Many of his films have been critically acclaimed, most notably his semi-autobiographical Vaaranam Aayiram (2008), Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa (2010) and his action-thrillers Kaakha Kaakha (2003), Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu (2006). Vaaranam Aayiram won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil. Gautham Menon spearheaded releasing movies of same content in different languages, simultaneously. He produces films through his London Stock Exchange-listed Photon Kathaas film production company.Early life and education[edit]
Gautham was born to a Malayali father and Tamil mother on 25 February 1973 in Ottapalam, a town in Palakkad district of Kerala. Although, born in Kerala he grew up in Trichy, Tamil Nadu.[1][2] He studied Mechanical Engineering in Mookambigai College of Engineering, Trichy.[3][4]
Career[edit]
Early work, 2001[edit]
Gautham Menon was a student of mechanical engineering at Mookambigai College of Engineering, Trichy in the batch of 1993, and his time there inspired to make his lead characters of Minnale, Vaaranam Aayiram and Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa, students of the same course.[5] He claims to have been inspired by films such as Dead Poets Society and Nayagan and expressed his desire to his parents to change career path and become a filmmaker and consequently wrote his first film at his college hostel. His mother insisted he became an ad film maker by shooting various commercials and took an apprenticeship under filmmaker Rajiv Menon. He went on to work as an assistant director for Minsara Kanavu in 1997, in which he also appeared in a cameo role.[6]
Gautham Menon launched a Tamil romantic film O Lala in 2000 with the project eventually changing producers and title into Minnale with Madhavan, who was at the beginning of his career, being signed on to portray the lead role.[7] About the making of the film, Menon revealed that he found it difficult as the team was new to the industry with only the editor of the film, Suresh Urs, being a prominent technician in the industry.[8] Menon had come under further pressure when Madhavan had insisted that Menon narrated the story to his mentor, Mani Ratnam, to identify if the film was a positive career move after the success of his Alaipayuthey. Despite initial reservations, Menon did so and Ratnam was unimpressed; however Menon has cited that he thought that Madhavan "felt sorry" and later agreed to continue with the project.[8] The film also featured Abbas and newcomer Reemma Sen in significant roles, whilst Menon introduced Harris Jayaraj as music composer with the film.[7] The film was advertised as a Valentine's Day release in 2001 and told the tale of a young man who falls in love with the girl engaged to his ex-college rival and how he manages to get married to her. Upon release it went on to become a large success commercially and won positive reviews from critics with claims that the film had a lot of " lot of verve and vigour" and that it was "technically excellent".[9]
The success of the film led to producer Vashu Bhagnani signing him on to direct the Hindi language remake of the film, Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein, which also featured Menon in a short role; having Madhavan with Dia Mirza and Saif Ali Khan added to the film. Menon was initially apprehensive but said it took "half an hour" to agree and against his intentions, the producer opted against retaining the technical crew of the original.[6] He changed a few elements, deleted certain scenes and added some more for the version. However in comparison, the film gained poor reviews with a critic citing that "the presentation is not absorbing" though stating that he " handled certain sequences with aplomb"; the film subsequently went on to become a below average grosser at the box office.[10] The failure of the film left him disappointed, with Menon claiming in hindsight that the film lacked the simplicity of the original with the producer's intervention affecting proceedings.[11] In 2011, the producer of the film approached him to remake the film with the producer's son Jackky Bhagnani in the lead role, but Menon was uninterested with the offer.[12]
Police duology, 2003–06[edit]
Menon returned in 2003 by directing the realistic police thriller Kaakha Kaakha featuring Suriya, Jyothika and Jeevan in the lead roles. The film portrayed the personal life of a police officer and how his life is affected by gangsters, showing a different perspective of police in comparison to other Tamil films of the time.[11] Menon revealed that he was inspired to make the film after reading of articles on how encounter specialists shoot gangsters and how their families get threatening calls in return, and initially approached Madhavan, Ajith Kumar and then Vikram for the role without success, with all three actors citing that they did not want to play a police officer. The lead actress Jyothika asked Menon to consider Suriya for the role, and he was subsequently selected after Menon saw his portrayal in Nandha.[13] He held a rehearsal of the script with the actors, a costume trial with Jyothika and then enrolled Suriya in a commando training school before beginning production, which he described as a "very planned shoot".[13] The film consequently opened to very positive reviews from critics on the way to becoming another success for Menon, with critics labeling it as a "career high film".[14] Furthermore, the film was described as for "action lovers who believe in logical storylines and deft treatment" with Menon being praised for his linear narrative screenplay.[15]
Gautham Menon subsequently remade the film in the Telugu language for producer Venkata Raju and went on to claim that the new version was better than the previous version and that his new lead actor Venkatesh was more convincing that Surya in the role.[16] The film also featured actress Asin and Saleem Baig in prominent roles and went on to earn commercial and critical acclaim with reviewers citing that "film redeems itself due to the technical excellence and masterful craft of Gautham", drawing comparisons of Menon with noted film makers Mani Ratnam and Ram Gopal Varma.[17] In July 2004, Menon also agreed terms to direct and produce another version of Kaakha Kaakha in Hindi with Sunny Deol in the lead role and revealed that the script was written five years ago with Deol in mind, but the film eventually failed to take off.[18] Producer Vipul Shah approached him to direct the Hindi version of the film in 2010 as Force with John Abraham and Genelia D'Souza, and Menon initially agreed before pulling out again.[19] Menon and the original producer, Dhanu, also floated an idea of an English-language version with a Chechnyan backdrop, though talks with a potential collaboration with Ashok Amritraj collapsed.[13]
Gautham Menon was then signed on to direct a venture starring Kamal Haasan and produced by Kaja Mohideen, and initially suggested a one-line story which went on to become Pachaikili Muthucharam for the collaboration.[13] Kamal Haasan wanted a different story and thus the investigative thriller film Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu, was written with Jyothika, Kamalinee Mukherjee, Prakash Raj, Daniel Balaji and Saleem Baig added to the cast. The film told another episode from a police officer's life, with an Indian cop moved to America to investigate the case of psychotic serial killers before returning to pursue the chase in India. During the shooting, the unit ran into problems after the producer had attempted suicide and as a result, Kamal Haasan wanted to quit the project.[13] Menon subsequently convinced him to stay on as they had taken advance payments. He has since revealed that unlike Kamal Haasan's other films, he did not take particular control of the script or production of the film. The film however had gone through change from the original script with less emphasis on the antagonists than Menon had hoped and he also revealed that scenes for songs were forced in and shot without him.[13] The film released in August 2006 and went on to become his third successive hit film in Tamil and once again, he won rave reviews for his direction.[20][21] Menon later expressed interest in remaking the film in Hindi with Amitabh Bachchan in the lead role without the love angle, though the project fell through after discussions. In 2012, he re-began negotiations with producers to make a Hindi version of the film with Shahrukh Khan in the lead role.[22] He has stated his intent on making a trilogy of police episode films, with a possible third featuring Vikram in the lead role.[13]
Success, 2007–08[edit]
His next project, Pachaikili Muthucharam, based on the novel Derailed by James Siegel, featured Sarath Kumar and Jyothika in the lead roles and was released in February 2007. Initially the lead role was offered to Kamal Haasan who passed the opportunity, while actors Cheran and Madhavan declined citing date and image problems respectively.[23] Menon met Sarath Kumar at an event where he cited he was looking to change his 'action' image and Menon subsequently cast him in the lead role.[23] During production, the film ran into further casting trouble with Simran dropping out her assigned role and was replaced by Shobana after another actress, Tabu, also rejected the role.[24] Shobana was also duly replaced by a newcomer, Andrea Jeremiah to portray the character of Kalyani in the film. The film was under production for over a year and coincided with the making of his previous film which was largely delayed. The film initially opened to positive reviews with a critic citing that Menon is "growing with each passing film. His style is distinctive, his vision clear, his team rallies around him and he manages to pull it off each time he attempts".[25][26] However the film became a financial failure for the producer, Venu Ravichandran and in regard to the failure of the film, Menon went on to claim that Sarath Kumar was "wrong for the film" and that he tweaked the story to fit his image; he also claimed that his father's ailing health and consequent death a week before the release had left him mentally affected.[23]
His next release, Vaaranam Aayiram, saw him re-collaborate with Suriya, who played dual roles in the film. The film illustrates the theme of how a father often came across in his son's life as a hero and inspiration, and Menon dedicated the film to his late father who had died in 2007.[27] The pre-production of the film, then titled Chennaiyil Oru Mazhaikaalam began in 2003, with Menon planning his a romantic film with Suriya as a follow-up to their successful previous collaboration, Kaakha Kaakha.[28] Abhirami was signed and then dropped due to her height before a relatively new actress at the time Asin was selected to make her debut in Tamil films with the project. The first schedule of the film began in January 2004 in Visakhapatanam and consequently romantic scenes with Suriya and Asin were shot for ten days and then a photo shoot with the pair.[28] The film was subsequently stalled and was eventually relaunched with a new cast including Divya Spandana, Simran and Sameera Reddy in 2006 with Oscar Ravichandran stepping in as producer, who opted for a change of title. Menon has described the film as "autobiographical and a very personal story and if people didn’t know, that 70% of this [the film] is from my life".[23] The film's production process became noted for the strain and the hard work that Suriya had gone through to portray the different roles with production taking close to two years.[27] The film released to a positive response, with critics heaping praise on Suriya's performance while claiming that the film was "just a feather in Gautam's hat" and that it was "hardly a classic".[29] The film was made at a budget of 150 million rupees and became a commercial success, bringing in almost 220 million rupees worldwide.[27] It went on to become Menon's most appreciated work till date winning five Filmfare Awards, nine Vijay Awards and the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil for 2008 amongst other accolades.
Romance and experimentation, 2010–present[edit]
In 2010, Menon made a return to romantic genre after nine years with the Tamil romantic film Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa, starring Silambarasan and Trisha Krishnan.[30] The film explored the complicated relationship between a Hindu Tamil assistant director, Karthik, and a Syrian Christian Malayali girl, Jessie and their resultant emotional conflicts. The film featured music by A. R. Rahman in his first collaboration with Menon whilst cinematographer Manoj Paramahamsa was also selected to be a part of the technical crew. Menon cited that he was "a week away from starting the film with a newcomer" before his producer insisted they looked at Silambarasan, with Menon revealing that he was unimpressed with the actor's previous work.[8] The film was in production for close to a year and throughout the opening week of filming, promotional posters from classic Indian romantic films were released featuring the lead pair.[31] Prior to release, the film became the first Tamil project to have a music soundtrack premiere outside of India, with a successful launch at the BAFTA in London.[32] Upon release, the film achieved positive reviews, with several critics giving the film "classic" status, whilst also become a commercially successful venture.[33][34] Reviewers praised Menon citing that "credit for their perfect portrayal, of course, goes to Gautam Menon. This is one director who's got the pulse of today's urban youth perfectly" and that "crafted a movie that will stay in our hearts for a long, long time."[34] The film was simultaneously released with a Telugu version, titled Ye Maaya Chesave featuring a fresh cast of Naga Chaitanya and debutante Samantha in the lead roles. Like the Tamil version, the film won critical acclaim and being given "classic" status from critics.[35][34][36]
Menon had also made progress over the previous two years directing the psychological thriller Nadunisi Naaygal featuring his assistant and debutant Veera Bahu and Sameera Reddy in the lead roles. Menon claimed that the film was inspired by a true event from the USA, while also claiming that a novel also helped form the story of the film.[8] During the making, he explicitly revealed that the film was for "the multiplex audience" and would face a limited release, citing that "it will not cater to all sections of the audience".[8] He promoted the film by presenting a chat show dubbed as Koffee with Gautham where he intereviewed Bharathiraja and Silambarasan, both of whom had previously worked in such psychological thriller films with Sigappu Rojakkal and Manmadhan. The film, which was his first home production under Photon Kathaas and did not have a background score, told the story of a victim of child abuse and the havoc he causes to women, narrating the events of a particular day. The film opened to mixed reviews with one critic citing it as "above average" but warning that "don’t go expecting a typical Gautham romantic film" and that it "is definitely not for the family audiences", while criticizing that "there are too many loopholes in the story, raising doubts about logic".[37] In contrast another critic dubbed it as an "unimpressive show by l director Menon, as it is neither convincing nor appealing, despite having some engrossing moments".[38] A group of protesters held a protest outside Gautham's house on reason for misusing a goddess name in his film and also showing explicit sex and violent scenes, claiming that it was against the Indian, in particular Tamil culture.[39]
Menon returned to Bollywood with the Hindi remake of Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa, titled Ekk Deewana Tha, with Prateik Babbar and Amy Jackson in the lead roles.[40] Unlike the South Indian versions, the film opened to unanimously below average reviews, with critics noting the story "got lost in translation",[41] and became a box office failure.[42] Post-release, Menon admitted that he "got the casting wrong", and subsequently other Hindi films he had pre-planned were dropped.[43] During the period, Menon also began pre-production work on the first film of an action-adventure series of films titled Yohan starring Vijay in the title role. However after a year of pre-production, the director shelved the film citing differences of opinion about the project.[44] Menon's next releases were the romantic films Neethaane En Ponvasantham in Tamil and Yeto Vellipoyindhi Manasu in Telugu, both co-produced by Photon Kathaas. Jiiva and Nani played the lead roles in each version respectively, while Samantha was common in both films. Ilaiyaraaja was chosen as music composer for the film, which told the story of three stages in the life of a couple.[45][46] A third Hindi version Assi Nabbe Poorey Sau, was also shot simultaneously with Aditya Roy Kapoor essaying the lead role, though the failure of Ek Deewana Tha saw production ultimately halted.[47][48] The films both opened to average reviews and collections, with critics noting Menon "falls into the trap every seasoned filmmaker dreads -- of repeating his own mandatory formula" though noting that the film has its "sparkling moments".[49][50] The lukewarm response of the film prompted a legal tussle to ensue between Menon and the film's producer Elred Kumar, prompting the director to release an emotionally charged letter attempting to clear his name of any financial wrongdoing.[51] Menon was then briefly associated with the anthology film, X, helping partially direct a script written by Thiagarajan Kumararaja before opting out and being replaced by Nalan Kumarasamy.[52] He also began production work on a big-budgeted venture titled Dhruva Natchathiram, signing up an ensemble cast including Suriya, Trisha Krishnan and Arun Vijay, with a series of posters issued and an official launch event being held. However in October 2013, the lead actor walked out of the film citing Menon's lack of progress in developing the script and the film was subsequently dropped.[53]
Menon's upcoming films include the romantic drama Sattendru Maaruthu Vaanilai with Silambarasan,[54] and an untitled project with Ajith Kumar that entered production in April 2014.[55]
The entrance to the Associated Press Building at Rockefeller Center, August 1975. The sculpture over the doors is called, "News," by Isamu Noguchi. AP moved out of this building in 2004.
Anyone know which organisation issued this medal?
.
Enamels: n/a.
Finish: n/a.
Material: Sterling silver.
Fixer: Bale to take a suspension loop.
Size: 7/8” x 1 7/8” including the bale (23mm x 37mm).
Process: Die stamped.
Imprint: Maker’s mark WJD (William James Dingley) & hallmarked for Birmingham 1959 (K). Reverse side of this medal is plain/uniscribed.
Col. Douglas Guttormsen, Arlington National Cemetery director of engineering, talks with Arlington County Resident Donna DiFelice at the Sheraton Pentagon City Hotel during a Public Scoping Meeting to discuss the proposed ANC Southern Expansion Project and Associated Roadway Realignment in Arlington County, April 27, 2016, in Arlington, Va. ANC is proposing to increase its contiguous acreage by utilizing an area adjacent to the existing cemetery, the former Navy Annex site. (U.S. Army photo by Rachel Larue/Arlington National Cemetery/released)
Port and Marina Office, Fleetwood, Lancashire, FY7 6PP
Situated on the edge of Morecambe Bay, the Port of Fleetwood has accessible trunk road links to the M6, from which the M61 and M65 are within easy reach. The nearest cities are Lancaster to the north and Blackpool, Preston, and Blackburn to the south and east.
Associates from around the globe enjoy walking around the University of Arkansas campus in Fayetteville, Arkansas during their visit for the 2011 Walmart Shareholders' Meeting. To watch the replay of the event, view videos, and join the conversation, visit www.walmartstores.com/shareholdersmeeting
Offices above a railway terminus, London UK - Foggo Associates'
Cannon Place development has eight stories of commercial offices bridge across Cannon Street Station, supported on a structure which bears on the few available ground-bearing locations. Although Foggo Associates’ design was not initially approached as an exercise in virtuoso structural engineering, although this came later, almost as a by-product. The architects objectives were first to design high-quality flexible office space with maximum plot density and decent floor-to-ceiling heights, and second to improve the station environments and public realm. With underground tunnels, mainline railway tracks, a service road and archaeology zones, Foggo Associates didn’t have the option of plonking down columns willy-nilly. Most of these had to be located in a central area where there were existing foundations. Load paths could then be transferred above the station. So far so good, but supports at the office perimeter would still be required. The architects answer, inspired by the Forth Bridge, was to erect four colossal vertical trusses, two on the east elevation and two on the west. More monumental still, eight storey-high star-shaped configurations of steel wishbone trusses not only connect and brace these trusses, but also cantilever to the north and south. These in turn support the 67.5m-wide steel tensile cable-braced trusses of the north and south elevations, supported and adjusted by strand jacks during the construction phase.
Principal steel beams spanning north to south between this exoskeleton and the inboard columns support composite slabs with lightweight concrete, avoiding deep transfer structures. With 21m spans, these beams are deep enough for 550mm-diameter openings for the meticulously co-ordinated services, which would usually occupy a deep ceiling void below. These are integrated with stacked service cores providing on-floor plant and aligned with service zones at station level. An elephant’s ear-shaped tower to the east accommodates additional plant and services, so they don’t have to be located on the roof, where they would restrict the available clearance for office accommodation. Result: tidy rectangular office plates with only eight free standing columns per floor, each of which can be divided into four tenancies, with 2.8m-high ceilings and atria braced by horizontal diagonal members that bring touches of daylight into the deep-plan floor plates. Scenic lifts in the atria provide animation and are cleverly fitted with side-slung pulleys to reduce the required depths of pits, which are suspended above the station, where a minimum soffit level applies.
Cannon Place’s eight-storey star members are hardly dainty, and were never intended to be. They also throw the whole scale of the west facade into limbo, which is exhilarating, although their detailed design might have been more neatly engineered. The mainline and Underground stations now have more presence on the street, with better pedestrian circulation and access. There’s a legible glazed entrance hall to the offices and more appealing on-street retail, plus daylight in the Underground ticket office. Some of London’s most memorable railway termini are the ones you approach as you cross the Thames, but these aren’t always its most architecturally distinguished. Cannon Place is now more memorable as architecture, engineering and public realm.
Associates from around the world attend an expo with suppliers during Shareholders week 2013 #WMTShares corporate.walmart.com
Back side of painting "Beyond the Forest" showing a sticker of Thompson Associates, Avati's agent in the late 40s. Formerly owned by Jane Hammell Myer, Avati's first wife.
Adventist Review associate editor Roy Adams, left, and online editor Carlos Medley, right, flank veteran National Public Radio correspondent Cokie Roberts, who was a keynote speaker at the 2010 Associated Church Press convention in Arlington, Virginia. Medley also served as convention committee chairman for the ACP event. [photo: Steven Chavez/Adventist Review]
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Associate Professor Natasa Nord monitoring a district heating system.
Read more about the research group Energy and Indoor Environment: www.ntnu.edu/ept/energy-environment
Photo: Geir Mogen / NTNU
Associates from around the globe enjoy walking around the University of Arkansas campus in Fayetteville, Arkansas during their visit for the 2011 Walmart Shareholders' Meeting. To watch the replay of the event, view videos, and join the conversation, visit www.walmartstores.com/shareholdersmeeting
Associates from around the globe enjoy walking around the University of Arkansas campus in Fayetteville, Arkansas during their visit for the 2011 Walmart Shareholders' Meeting. To watch the replay of the event, view videos, and join the conversation, visit www.walmartstores.com/shareholdersmeeting
Pinning ceremony for the Austin Community College students who completed the Nursing Associate Degree program on Wednesday, May 10, 2017 at the ACC Eastview Campus.
At Pevensey Castle
Pevensey Castle: a Saxon Shore fort, Norman defences, a medieval enclosure castle, and later associated remains
The monument includes Anderita Saxon Shore fort, traces of later, Norman defences, an enclosure castle, a 16th century gun emplacement and World War II defences situated on a low spur of sand and clay which now lies around 2km north west of the present East Sussex coastline at Pevensey. During the Roman and medieval periods the spur formed a peninsula projecting into a tidal lagoon and marshland, but coastal deposition and land reclamation have gradually built up the ground around it so that it is now completely land-locked. The roughly oval, north east-south west aligned Roman fort is the earliest of the structures which make up the monument and has been dated to the first half of the fourth century AD. Covering almost 4ha, the fort survives in the form of substantial ruins and buried remains. It is enclosed by a massive defensive wall with a flint and sandstone rubble core faced by coursed greensand and ironstone blocks, interspersed with red tile bonding courses. The whole is up to 3.7m thick and survives to a height of up to 8.1m. The wall was originally topped by a wall walk and parapet. Part excavation in 1906-8 showed that the wall was constructed on footings of rammed chalk and flints underpinned by oak piles and held together by a framework of wooden beams. Investigation of the internal face indicated that this was stepped upwards from a wide base so as to provide extra strength and support. Despite these precautions, a landslip on the south eastern side of the fort has resulted in the destruction of a c.180m length of the perimeter walls and, although fragments of the fallen masonry do survive, most have been removed over the years. Smaller sections of wall have also collapsed along the north western and eastern stretches. The defensive strength provided by the perimeter wall was enhanced by irregularly-spaced, externally projecting semicircular bastions with diameters of around 5m. There were originally at least 15 of these, of which 10 survive today. The fort was entered from its south western, landward approach by way of the main gateway. In front of this a protective ditch 5.5m wide was dug, and, although this became infilled over the years, a 40m stretch located towards its south eastern end has been recut and exposed. The ditch would have been spanned originally by a wooden bridge, although this no longer survives. The main gateway takes the form of a rectangular gatehouse set back between two solid semicircular bastions 8m apart. The 2.7m wide, originally arched entrance is flanked by two oblong guardrooms and the whole gateway structure projects beyond the inner face of the perimeter wall into the fort and is thought to have been originally two or even three storeys high. On the eastern side of the fort is a more simply designed subsidiary gateway, originally a 3m wide archway entrance, giving access to part of the adjacent Roman harbour, now overlain by Pevensey village. The extant archway is a modern reconstruction of the Norman rebuilding of the original entrance. Traces of a wooden causeway which led from it into the fort have been found during partial excavation. Midway along the north western stretch of perimeter wall is a now ruined postern c.2m wide, approached by a curved passage set within the wall. Part excavation between 1906-1908 indicated that the internal buildings which housed the garrison of up to 1,000 men, along with their livestock and supplies, were constructed of timber infilled with wattle and daub. A c.1m sq timber-lined Roman well was found in the south western sector of the fort, at the bottom of which were the remains of the wooden bucket with rope still attached. The well was found to have been filled with rubbish in Roman times and the presence of the bones of cattle, sheep, red deer, wild boar, wild birds, domestic dogs and cats, along with sea shells, gives some indication of the diet and lifestyle of the fort's original inhabitants. Anderita is thought to have been abandoned by its garrison by the latter half of the 4th century AD, and although little is known of its subsequent history until the 11th century, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records a massacre of Britons by the invading Saxons at the fort in AD 491. The Bayeux Tapestry states that William the Conquerer landed at Pevensey in 1066, and the Norman army are believed to have made use of the Roman fort as one of their first armed camps. The defences at Pevensey and the surrounding land were granted to King William's half-brother Robert, Count of Mortain. The medieval defences then went through at least 300 years of development, culminating in the construction of a stone built enclosure castle within the largely intact walls of the earlier Roman fort. It is thought that the first Norman defences took the form of a wooden palisade surrounded by a bank and ditch, and a c.40m length of partially infilled ditch up to 9m wide which survives across the north eastern sector of the earlier fort may indicate their original extent. Limited excavations in 1993-94 showed that the ground surface in the south eastern sector of the fort, in the vicinity of the later stone-built keep, was artificially raised some time before 1200, suggesting that a motte may also have been constructed. The original Roman gateways were rebuilt and a new ditch dug in front of the south western gate. Most of the Norman defences and interior wooden buildings will now survive in buried form beneath the later medieval castle, although herringbone-pattern repairs to the Roman masonry, by then serving as the outer bailey of the medieval defences, also date from this time. Around 1100 the defences were strengthened and the accommodation improved by the addition of a masonry keep in the south eastern sector of the earlier fort. The subject of a complex history of alteration, collapse and repair, the keep utilises part of the earlier, Roman perimeter wall and bastions. It takes the form of a rectangular block measuring c.16.8m by c.9m internally, reinforced by apsidal projections on all sides. Now surviving in ruined form up to first floor level, the keep originally took the form of a tall tower with an entrance on the first floor. A rectangular building measuring 7.6m by 6m was later constructed in the south eastern angle between the keep and the Roman wall. At around 1200 work began on the construction of a smaller, stone-built inner bailey in the south eastern sector of the earlier fort. An L-shaped ditch around 20m wide was dug to define the new enclosure, and this retains water in its northern arm. The material excavated from the ditch and from the destruction of the earlier bank was spread over much of the outer bailey to a depth of up to 1.5m. The ditch was recut during extensive renovations carried out during the early 20th century. The first structure to be built in this phase was the gatehouse to the south west which has an arched entrance between twin, semicircular external towers, now ruined. The basement chambers beneath each tower have ashlar-faced walls and barrel-vaulted ceilings, the southern chamber being entered by way of a newel staircase, the northern by a trapdoor. Both were used to house prisoners. Many subsequent alterations included the replacement, during the 15th century, of the wooden bridge over the outer ditch by a stone causeway. The originally embattled curtain wall enclosing the inner bailey was built within the ditch and inner berm around 1250. This survives almost to its full original height and is faced with coursed Greensand ashlar. Three semicircular external towers provided flanking cover from the narrow embrasures which pierce their walls. Each has a narrow staircase to a basement, a branch staircase off it into the ditch and a room and garderobe, or latrine, at ground floor level. Upper rooms were entered by way of the wall walk and were heated by fireplaces. The basement of the northernmost tower has two rib-vaulted bays, the keeled ribs resting on stiff-leaf corbels. The interior castle buildings continued to be built mainly of wood and these will survive in buried form, although the stone foundations of a chapel were exposed during partial excavation of the northern sector of the inner bailey. Around 20m south east of the chapel is a large stone-lined well at least 15.5m deep, and near this is a pile of medieval stone missile-balls, a selection of those recovered from the ditch. These were thrown from trebuchets during the four sieges of the castle. William, Count of Mortain forfeited Pevensey after an unsuccessful rebellion against Henry I in 1101 and the castle, which remained in the royal gift until the later Middle Ages, passed into the hands of the de Aquila family. The most famous siege took place in 1264-65 when the supporters of Henry III, fleeing from their defeat by the Barons at Lewes, took refuge in the castle. In 1372 the castle was given to John of Gaunt, and during his period of office was used to imprison James I, King of Scotland, who had been seized in 1406, and Joan, Queen of Navarre, accused of witchcraft by her stepson, Henry V. By 1300, the sea had gradually begun to recede from around the castle and its military importance declined as a result. Contemporary records show that the castle walls were constantly in need of expensive repair and by the end of the 14th century were not being properly maintained, although the roof leads were kept intact until the middle of the 15th century. By 1500 the castle had ceased to be inhabited and fell rapidly into decay. The threat of the Spanish Armada led to some renewed interest in the defensive value of the site, and a survey of 1587 records that the castle housed two demi-culverins, or heavy guns. These were sited on the contemporary, south east orientated, M-shaped earthen gun emplacement situated in the outer bailey around 90m north east of the main Roman gateway. This takes the form of a raised level platform c.20m long bounded on the seaward side by a slight bank c.0.4m high and around 3m wide. One of the cast iron guns, manufactured in the East Sussex Weald, is now housed within the inner bailey on a modern replica carriage. From the 17th century the castle passed through the hands of various private owners. Valued as a picturesque ruin during the 18th and 19th centuries, it features in many contemporary engravings and illustrations. In 1925 the Duke of Devonshire presented the monument to the state, and extensive repairs began with a view to opening the monument to the public. These were interrupted by the outbreak of World War II, when the castle resumed its original military purpose of protecting the south coast. The castle was refortified in May 1940 as an observation and command post. It was continuously occupied by regular troops, including Canadian forces and the United States Army Air Corps, who used it as a radio direction centre, and by the Home Guard until 1944. The World War II defences include two pillboxes and three machine gun posts of concrete faced with rubble and flints, carefully concealed and camouflaged within the earlier Roman and medieval fabric. An internal tower was built just to the south of the Roman east gateway and a blockhouse housing anti-tank weapons was built in front of the main Roman gateway. The blockhouse no longer survives. Modifications carried out to the medieval mural towers included lining the interiors with brick and inserting wooden floors. In 1945 the monument was returned to peaceful use and is now in the guardianship of the Secretary of State and open to the public.
[Historic England]
Associates from around the world attend an expo with suppliers during Shareholders week 2013 #WMTShares corporate.walmart.com
This seismogram is from the Gun Hill seismic station on Barbados. The noise is from a magnitude 6.5 earthquake that hit northern Peru at 10:58 AM, local time, on 3 February 2022. The epicenter was about 54 kilometers east-northeast of the town of Porvenir, Peru. The hypocenter was about 110 kilometers deep. Shaking resulted from normal faulting along a ~north-south striking fault zone.
This quake may be a strong aftershock from a magnitude 7.5 event in the same area on 28 November 2021.
See info. at:
earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000ghm5/exec...
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An earthquake is a natural shaking or vibrating of the Earth caused by sudden fault movement and a rapid release of energy. Earthquake activity is called "seismicity". The study of earthquakes is called "seismology". The actual underground location of an earthquake is the hypocenter, or focus. The site at the Earth's surface, directly above the hypocenter, is the epicenter. Minor earthquakes may occur before a major event - such small quakes are called foreshocks. Minor to major quakes after a major event are aftershocks.
Most earthquakes occur at or near tectonic plate boundaries, such as subduction zones, mid-ocean ridges, collision zones, and transform plate boundaries. They also occur at hotspots - large subsurface mantle plumes (Examples: Hawaii, Yellowstone, Iceland, Afar).
Earthquakes generate four types of shock waves: P-waves, S-waves, Love waves, and Rayleigh waves. P-waves and S-waves are body waves - they travel through solid rocks. Love waves and Rayleigh waves travel only at the surface - they are surface waves. P-waves are push-pull waves that travel quickly and cause little damage. S-waves are up-and-down waves (like flicking a rope) that travel slowly and cause significant damage. Love waves are side-to-side surface waves, like a slithering snake. Rayleigh waves are rotational surface waves, somewhat like ripples from tossing a pebble into a pond.
Earthquakes are associated with many specific hazards, such as ground shaking, ground rupturing, subsidence (sinking), uplift (rising), tsunamis, landslides, fires, and liquefaction.
Some famous major earthquakes in history include: Shensi, China in 1556; Lisbon, Portugal in 1755; New Madrid, Missouri in 1811-1812; San Francisco, California in 1906; Anchorage, Alaska in 1964; and Loma Prieta, California in 1989.
Designed by Fred Pojezny, Jr.
1956
This is a detail shot of the decorative front of the main reception desk in the office and is not an original feature.
The front of the desk was wood that was slatted in a vertical pattern that reminded me of the concrete work on the First Christian Church and Benham Building (links to these buildings are provided below). However, termites got to the wood and ruined it.
The owner then created this wonderful frontpiece that I think blends in perfectly with the rest of the office. The front door to the office was made to match this, as well.
First Christian Church detail:
flickr.com/photos/25726169@N03/2559094578/in/set-72157605...
Benham Building detail:
flickr.com/photos/25726169@N03/2561613847/in/set-72157605...