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TfL for Lahdun and Da Yoof Centah have worked together to produce an Underground livery that represents a new demographic of Tube customers in Lahdun.
Inspired by the recent changes to the iBus system, this fresh livery rich in urban Lahdun themes is being trialed on the Central line's '92 stock.
With each car carrying a unique artistic design, the entire Undergound fleet is expected to be converted in 2020. An ambitious target, but TfL for Lahdun say it's realistic because the livery is applied using spray paint in the depot, while the staff aren't looking.
What do you think?
Speinshart is one of the monasteries founded in the 12th century that were so important for the development of the Upper Palatinate.
The diverse Baroque richness of the monastery church is also beautifully expressed in the richly decorated arcantus carvings of the pews.
The artistic design of the seat bolsters, with their cherubs, birds, and flowers amidst the arcantus leaves, is particularly magnificent and brings much joy to admiring the Baroque carving.
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TWELVE :: MARABEL SET ::
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Armchair: 7 LI
Clutter:1-5 LI
Wall Art: 25 LI
Rug:1 LI
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Photography: Fraser Nelson
Artistic Design: Ashley Jephcott
Make-up: Adam Lum
Hair: Darby Nelson
Model: Michelle Hadbavny
Adelaide Railway Station
This grand landmark structure has greeted railway passengers arriving in the city for more than 80 years. The Adelaide Railway Station marks a period of transformation in the state’s railway system. It was a celebrated achievement at the time, but it was also mired in controversy.
In the early 1920s South Australia’s railway system was in a dismal state. The state government brought out Ohio-born William Alfred Webb from the United States to make improvements.
As the new Railway Commissioner, Webb made major changes. He built stronger bridges and bought bigger locomotives. He also decentralised railway administration, giving greater control to divisional superintendents. Within a few years, he had revolutionised the state’s railways.
Unfortunately, Webb did not foresee that automobiles would soon outpace rail.
Although mainly positive, Webb’s program and the building of the railway station came with a big price tag. The Railway Commissioner was heavily criticised and was the subject of debate in Parliament. His spending contributed to the near bankruptcy of the State Government by 1929. As the Great Depression set in, Webb returned to the US with a tarnished reputation. [Ref: Adelaide City Explorer]
THE RAILWAY STATION BUILDING
Foundation Stone Laying. Mr Gunn's Final Official Act
A noteworthy ceremony in the history of the State will take place at 11 am today, when the retiring Premier (Hon J Gunn) will lay the foundation stone of the new railway station at North Terrace.
Invitations for the occasion have been sent to members of the Ministry, members of both Houses of Parliament, and other representative citizens. It is also expected that the public generally will attend in large numbers. The Premier, who has authorized the whole of the detailed expenditure, in the work to date, and manifested a keen interest in its progress will, by this act, fittingly celebrate in a public way the termination of his position as Minister of Railways. The stone is to be set in the main portion of the facade, near the entrance to the ramp.
The building was begun at the end of last year, and it is expected to be completed by July, 1928. In addition to the usual railway facilities, accommodation will be provided for the whole of the clerical staff in Adelaide, numbering approximately 400. The frontage to North terrace is 225 ft and to a new roadway on the east, 390 ft. The whole construction is to be of reinforced concrete and steel frame, with brick cement walls. The height for the present will be of four floors with flat roof, and allowance has been made in the design for the addition of three extra floors at a future date. The floor area of the building is 303,000 super feet. The main passenger concourse is 370 ft by 41 ft by 40 ft high, covering 16 railheads. The main waiting hall is in the form of a Maltese cross, measuring 120 ft each way, with a concrete dome in the centre, 45 ft diameter, of a height of 70 ft above the floor level, supported by eight Ionic columns each 30 ft high, the four annexes each being 45 ft by 38 ft by 25 ft high. Country and suburban ticket halls each 100 ft by 25 ft by 25 ft high are arranged on the street level, with ramp and stair approaches to the passenger concourse, which is 18 ft 6 in below. The area of the parcels and luggage offices is approximately 30,000 super feet. In the construction of the building 2,250,000 bricks will be used, 20,000 cubic yards of concrete, and 1,200 tons of structural steel. The whole of the exterior elevations, the passenger concourse, the main waiting room, and ticket halls, will be finished with white cement and brown sand. All windows, doors, and office partitions throughout will be of steel: thus the whole building will be entirely fireproof. Immediately under the main waiting hall on the platform level will be a large, public dining room, 90 ft each way, adjoining which is to be a quick-lunch cafe, 70 ft by 36 ft. A hot water heating system is to be installed throughout, and the building will be replete with the most modern appliances, including a vacuum cleaning plant and tube system. The total cost is approximately £400,000.
The cloak room is the first office to have permanent quarters in the new building, and it is located on the extreme northeastern corner, and a start has already been made in the demolition of the old office near the assembly platform. The counters of the new quarters are polished hardwood, and the racks are convenient and commodious, the windows forming an artistic design in Flemish leadlight. The work on the station is being carried out departmentally, and 140 men are employed thereon. Up-to-date appliances are in use, including air compressors, concrete mixers, and other mechanical devices. At one period it was thought that work would be delayed, owing to the acceptance of the tender for steel girders being hung up. but it was kept going by the substitution of concrete piers, which incidentally, occupy more room. The acting chief engineer of railways (Mr C B Anderson) has the direct supervision of the undertaking, and the superintending officer (Mr J G Carson), who was formerly in charge of the construction of the new railway bridge over the River Murray at Murray Bridge, has charge of the outside work. The plans were drawn by Messrs Garlick & Jackman, architects, and the details for departmental purposes have been worked out by Mr A M Bonython (structural draftsman). [Ref: Register 24-8-1926]
New Railway Station
It has been decided by the Railway Department officials that there will be no official opening of the new Adelaide Station.
Following a previous announcement that a limited number would be asked to make an inspection of the premises, Mr W A Webb (Railways Commissioner) was besieged with applications for invitations. [Ref: News 16-7-1928]
NEW RAILWAY STATION
An inspection of. the new Railway Station offices in Adelaide will be made this morning by citizens who have been invited to do so by the Minister of Railways (Hon R LButler). [Ref: Register 30-7-1928]
WEIGH BABY AT THE ADELAIDE RAILWAY STATION
In many countries in the world at the present time there are Baby Health Centres at large railway depots where mothers, arriving in a strange city with babies, or waiting to catch a train can take their infants to be weighed and get advice on all matters pertaining to feeding and general care from a competent certified nurse.
Fully appreciating the value of the splendid work done at railway stations by Baby Welfare institutions, the Commissioner of Railways (Mr W A Webb) has placed a room in the new Adelaide railway station at the disposal of the Mothers' and Babies' Health Association, better known under the old title of School for Mothers.
This centre will be opened on Monday, 16 July. A trained nurse will be in attendance each week day from 9.30 am, 1 pm and from 2.0, 4.30 pm.
The large comfortable room that is to be the centre of the nurse’s activities has an entrance off the main waiting room on a level with North Terrace.
Numerous signs boards are being erected by the railway authorities to direct mothers to this room.
Take your baby to be weighed and seek the nurse's advice when next you are at the Adelaide station. [Ref: Bunyip (Gawler) 13-7-1928]
Since 2009, artistically designed stained-glass windows by Sigmar Polke have decorated the Grossmünster church. This well-known German artist crafted seven windows in the nave from agate. He cut this semi-precious stone into thin slices that would let light pass through them and give the appearance of brightly glowing walls. The brilliantly colorful result was then expanded with five figurative glass windows.
Filigree (also less commonly spelled filagree, and formerly written filigrann or filigrene) is a delicate kind of jewellery metalwork, usually of gold and silver, made with tiny beads or twisted threads, or both in combination, soldered together or to the surface of an object of the same metal and arranged in artistic motifs. It often suggests lace and remains popular in Indian and other Asian metalwork. It was popular as well in Italian and French metalwork from 1660 to the late 19th century. It should not be confused with ajoure jewellery work, the ajoure technique consisting of drilling holes in objects made of sheet metal.
The English word filigree is shortened from the earlier use of filigreen which derives from Latin "filum" meaning thread and "granum" grain, in the sense of small bead. The Latin words gave filigrana in Italian which itself became filigrane in 17th-century French
History
Though filigree has become a special branch of jewellery in modern times, it was historically part of the ordinary work of the jeweler. Indeed, all the jewelry of the Etruscans and Greeks (other than that intended for the grave, and therefore of an unsubstantial character) was made by soldering together and so building up the gold rather than by chiselling or engraving the material.
Ancient work
Archaeological finds in ancient Mesopotamia indicate that filigree was incorporated into jewelry since 3,000 BC. Specific to the city of Midyat in Mardin Province in upper Mesopotamia, a form of filigree using silver and gold wires, known as "telkari", was developed in the 15th Century. To this day, expert craftsmen in this region continue to produce fine pieces of telkari.
The Egyptian jewelers employed wire, both to lay down on a background and to plait or otherwise arranged jour. But, with the exception of chains, it cannot be said that filigree work was much practiced by them. Their strength lay rather in their cloisonné work and their molded ornaments. Many examples, however, remain of round plaited gold chains of fine wire, such as those that are still made by the filigree workers of India, and known as trichinopoly chains. From some of these are hung smaller chains of finer wire with minute fishes and other pendants fastened to them.
In ornaments derived from Phoenician sites, such as Cyprus and Sardinia, patterns of gold wire are laid down with great delicacy on a gold ground, but the art was advanced to its highest perfection in the Greek and Etruscan filigree of the 6th to the 3rd centuries BC. A number of earrings and other personal ornaments found in central Italy are preserved in the Louvre and in the British Museum. Almost all of them are made of filigree work. Some earrings are in the form of flowers of geometric design, bordered by one or more rims each made up of minute volutes of gold wire, and this kind of ornament is varied by slight differences in the way of disposing the number or arrangement of the volutes. But the feathers and petals of modern Italian filigree are not seen in these ancient designs. Instances occur, but only rarely, in which filigree devices in wire are self-supporting and not applied to metal plates.
The museum of the Hermitage at Saint Petersburg contains an amazingly rich collection of Scythian jewelry from the tombs of the Crimea. Many bracelets and necklaces in that collection are made of twisted wire, some in as many as seven rows of plaiting, with clasps in the shape of heads of animals of beaten work. Others are strings of large beads of gold, decorated with volutes, knots and other patterns of wire soldered over the surfaces. In the British Museum a sceptre, probably that of a Greek priestess, is covered with plaited and netted gold wipe, finished with a sort of Corinthian capital and a boss of green glass
Asia
It is probable that in India and various parts of central Asia filigree has been worked from the most remote period without any change in the designs. Whether the Asiatic jewellers were influenced by the Greeks who settled on that continent, or merely trained under traditions held in common with them, it is certain that the Indian filigree workers retain the same patterns as those of the ancient Greeks and work them in the same way, down to the present day. Wandering workmen are given so much gold, coined or rough, which is weighed, heated in a pan of charcoal, beaten into wire, and then worked in the courtyard or verandah of the employer's house according to the designs of the artist, who weighs the complete work on restoring it and is paid at a specified rate for his labour. Very fine grains or beads and spines of gold, scarcely thicker than coarse hair, projecting from plates of gold are methods of ornamentation still used.
Cuttack, of the eastern Indian state Odisha, features traditional filigree work. It known as tarakasi in the Oriya language and most filigree work revolves around images of deities. Due to lack of patronage and modern design ideas, it is a dying art. Also noted is silver filigree of Karimnagar in Telangana state.
Threaded silver works date back to 3000 BC in the Near East. The cities of Mardin and Beypazari in Turkey are famous for its many workshops and stores in traditional historic bazaars.
Medieval Europe
Passing to later times, there are in many collections of medieval jewel work reliquaries, covers for Gospel books, etc., made either in Constantinople from the 6th to the 12th centuries, or in monasteries in Europe, in which studied and imitated Byzantine goldsmiths' work. These objects, besides being enriched with precious stones, polished, but not cut into facets, and with enamels, are often decorated with filigree. Large surfaces of gold are sometimes covered with scrolls of filigree soldered on, and corner pieces of the borders of book covers, or the panels of reliquaries, are frequently made up of complicated pieces of plaited work alternating with spaces encrusted with enamel. Byzantine filigree work occasionally has small stones set amongst the curves or knots. Examples of such decoration can be seen in the Victoria and Albert, and British Museums. Examples include the Cross of Lothair in Aachen.
In the north of Europe, the Saxons, Britons and Celts were from an early period skillful in several kinds of goldsmiths' work. Admirable examples of filigree patterns laid down in wire on gold, from Anglo-Saxon tombs, may be seen in the British Museum, notably a brooch from Dover, and a sword-hilt from Cumberland. The Staffordshire Hoard of Anglo-Saxon gold and silver (estimated 700 CE) discovered in a field in Staffordshire, England, on 5 July 2009 contains numerous examples of very fine filigree described by archaeologist Kevin Leahy as "incredible".
Irish filigree work of the Insular period is more thoughtful in design and more extremely varied in pattern. The Royal Irish Academy in Dublin contains a number of reliquaries and personal jewels, of which filigree is the general and most remarkable ornament. The Tara brooch has been copied and imitated, and the shape and decoration of it are well known. Instead of fine curls or volutes of gold thread, the Irish filigree is varied by numerous designs by which one thread can be traced through curious knots and complications, which, disposed over large surfaces, balance one another, but always with special varieties and arrangements difficult to trace with the eye. The long thread appears and disappears without breach of continuity, the two ends generally worked into the head and the tail of a serpent or a monster.
The reliquary containing the "Bell of Saint Patrick" is covered with knotted work in many varieties. A two-handled chalice, called the "Ardagh Chalice" found near Limerick in 1868, is ornamented with work of this kind of extraordinary fineness. Twelve plaques on a band round the body of the vase, plaques on each handle and round the foot of the vase have a series of different designs of characteristic patterns, in fine filigree wire work wrought on the front of the repoussé ground.
Much of the medieval jewel work all over Europe down to the 15th century, on reliquaries, crosses, croziers, and other ecclesiastical goldsmiths' work, is set off with bosses and borders of filigree. Filigree work in silver was practised by the Moors of Spain during the Middle Ages with great skill, and was introduced by them and established all over the Iberian Peninsula, hence it was carried to the Spanish colonies in America. The Portuguese filigree work of the 17th and 18th centuries is of extraordinary complexity, and silver filigree jewelry of delicate and artistic design is still made in considerable quantities throughout the country.
The manufacture spread over the Balearic Islands, and among the populations that border the Mediterranean. It is still made all over Italy, and in Portugal, Malta, Macedonia, Albania, the Ionian Islands and many other parts of Greece. That of the Greeks is sometimes on a large scale, with several thicknesses of wires alternating with larger and smaller bosses and beads, sometimes set with turquoises, and mounted on convex plates, making rich ornamental headpieces, belts, and breast ornaments. Filigree silver buttons of wire-work and small bosses are worn by the peasants in most of the countries that produce this kind of jewelry.
Silver filigree brooches and buttons are also made in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Little chains and pendants are added to much of this northern work.
Some very curious filigree work was brought to Great Britain from Abyssinia after the Battle of Magdala: armguards, slippers, and cups, some of which are now in the Victoria and Albert Museum. They are made of thin plates of silver, over which the wirework is soldered. The filigree is subdivided by narrow borders of simple pattern, and the intervening spaces are made up of many patterns, some with grains set at intervals.
Methods of fabrication and uses
The art may be said to consist in curling, twisting and plaiting fine pliable threads of metal, and uniting them at their points of contact with each other, and with the ground, by means of flux such as borax, by the help of the blowpipe. When granulated motifs are desired, small beads are made traditionally by using precious metal wire or fine sheet to start with, which is cut up in small pieces mixed with flux and placed in the small holes of a pitted block of charcoal (or any other suitable refractory material) and are then melted with a blowpipe (or today with a blowtorch), after which the bits of wire curl up and take a natural spherical like shape to end up in minuscule grains which slightly differ one from the other.[9][10] Small grains or beads of the same metals are often set in the eyes of volutes, on the junctions, or at intervals at which they will set off the wirework effectively. The more delicate work is generally protected by framework of stouter wire.
Brooches, crosses, earrings, buttons and other personal ornaments of modern filigree are generally surrounded and subdivided by bands of square or flat metal, giving consistency to the filling up, which would not otherwise keep its proper shape.
Filigree jewelry design, and its twisting and soldering techniques, have an application in other metal-work such as wrought iron hanging wall brackets and silertoned doors.
Granulated work
A few words must be added as to the granulated work. Such decoration consists of minute beads, globules of gold, soldered to form patterns on a metal surface. Granulation was employed by Mesopotamian craftsmen. Sumerians are thought to be the first to practice this technique of metalwork. Its use is rare in Egypt. It occurs in Cyprus at an early period, as for instance on a gold pendant in the British Museum from Enkomi in Cyprus (10th century BC). The pendant is in the form of a pomegranate, and has upon it a pattern of triangles, formed by more than 3,000 minute globules separately soldered on. It also occurs on ornaments of the 7th century BC from Camirus in Rhodes. But these globules are large, compared with those found on Etruscan jewelry. Fortunato Pio Castellani, who had made the antique jewelry of the Etruscans and Greeks his special study, with the intention of reproducing the ancient models, found it for a long time impossible to revive this particular process of delicate soldering. He overcame the difficulty at last, by the discovery of a traditional school of craftsmen at Sant'Angelo in Vado, by whose help his well-known reproductions were completed. (Wikipedia)
Art Eats Bakery
Greenville, SC, 29607
Phone: 864-201-4448
Email: sales@arteats.com
We specialize in gourmet one of a kind custom artist designed cake that taste as fantastic as they look. Anything you can dream of can be created in edible art. Make you wedding, birthday, shower or other event unique and memorable with one of our designer cakes. Your friends and family will be impressed with the professional quality look and taste of the cake you serve. See our Food network audition video www.youtube.com/watch?v=qsEr3J5siTg
All of our cakes and icings are made from scratch with the highest quality ingredients available. We even make our own fondant and it taste great. We only bake to order except our Friday and Saturday limited specials, so check our advance ordering information.
Please visit our website for more photos and information.
Make your appointment today for a cake tasting and consultation. We specialize in creative artistic designed cakes that are as delicious as they look for any special day. A wedding, birthday, aniversary, new baby, shower, Groom's,ect. should be celebrated in style. Your special day can be as unique as you are. Cakes can be sculpted into any shape you desire. Sugar or chocolate sculpture adornments of flowers, seashells, ribbons, purses, shoes, jewelry, figures, ect. add a unique element that can even be made as a keepsake. All decorations are edible unless otherwise stated. Personalize your day to reflect your style. Serving Greenville, Simpsonville, Mauldin, Greer and surrounding Upstate South Carolina areas. email at sales@arteats.com
Belvedere Castle
Upper Belvedere, 2011
(further pictures you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
Lower Belvedere, 2010
Vienna's most famous castles system, the Upper Belvedere and Lower Belvedere Palace, the city owes the former champion in the fight against the Ottomans, Prince Eugene of Savoy. This one had for himself the of two castles (Lower Belvedere, Upper Belvedere Palace ) consisting and with a park and other side attractions equipped estate as a summer residence in the style of Versailles built. Within ten years (1714-1723/24) Lukas von Hildebrandt built his biggest project, which is one of the most beautiful Baroque works in the world.
After the death of Prince Eugene, who remained unmarried, his whole estate passed to his sister Victoria, who sold it low priced to the imperial court in 1752. So the estate 1894-1914 served as a residential area for the heir to the throne, Franz Ferdinand, dying in the attack in Sarajevo with his wife in 1914. Even Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg lived from 1934-1938 in the Upper Belvedere Castle. 1955 the plant became the scene of a major political event, the foreign ministers of France, Britain, Soviet Union, United States and Austria signing the treaty for independence in the Marble Hall of the Upper Belvedere. Today, in the formerly as a residential complex and representation residences used palaces are especially exhibitions of Austrian artists located.
Lower Belvedere Palace
The 1716 finished Lower Belvedere Palace looks in comparison to its opposite counterpart quite modest, though the castle has a rich interior decoration in the Baroque style. So forms the center of the mainly single-storey building the two-story marble hall, which with golden ornaments and painted mock architecture (Gaetano Fanti) was decorated. The famous frescoes by Martino Altomonte (1914) in the Marble Hall show the original owner of the castle Prince Eugene as he receives his hat and stick - alike Apollo on clouds dormant. In addition, invites the Golden Room, with its mirrors, the golden paneling as well as paintings of personalized continents, elements and seasons to marvel. This space, especially the interior, was once part of the city palace of the Türkenbesiegers (vanquisher of the Turks) before anything was transferred in 1770 to the Lower Castle. In addition to the Marble Hall and the Golden Room convince the other rooms in their equipment and artistic design. In the former bedchamber visitors can admire the relief of Raphael Donner and in the Marble Gallery stucco decorations by Santino Bussi with life-size mythological niche figures by Domenico Parodi. The Hall of Grotesques also could be interesting for art lovers: On one hand, the grotesque paintings by Jonas Drentwett can be viewed, which are intended to represent the Prince in his functions as a warlord and patron of the Arts. On the other hand, attracts the ceiling fresco depicting the four seasons as well as the design of the corners of the room with the four elements everyone's attention.
Upper Belvedere Palace
The representation castle of the former Prinz- Eugen-estate served primarily of the joyful coming together for lavish celebrations or enjoyment of many art treasures. It was completed in 1724 and is, due to its richly decorated façade, considered as the more marvelous of the two castles. The mentioned enjoyment of art is already visible at the richly decorated facade and is continued in the design of the castle rooms. Four powerful atlases of Mattielli in the Sala terrene carry the vault of the room and the white stucco decorations by Santino Bussi are continued in the hallway under the theme of the prince virtues. The two-story marble hall is here - as well as in the Lower Belvedere Palace - the center of the building. The ceiling painting "Allegory of Glory " by Carlo Innocenzo Carlone symbolizes the eternal glory of the prince in the midst of princely virtues. The Apollo-Aura-Fresco ("victory of light over darkness") in the garden room, too, also by Carlo Innocenzo Carlone, heroises Prince Eugene as a bringer of light and Türkenbesieger (defeater of the Ottomans). The frescoes in two other Ostsälen (east halls) are continuing the topic, yet these have been created by Ciacomo del Pò. Other images of high quality, thematically but biblically oriented can be found in the chapel and in the south-east tower of the castle. Here is on one hand, the dome image "God the Father" (Carlo Carlone ) to mention, as well as the altarpiece "Resurrection of Christ" (Solimena). "In the Gold Room in the Northwest Tower arised Canelettos famous view of Vienna from 1760".
Garden
Between the Upper and Lower Belvedere Palace is the beautifully landscaped garden. This one was layed out by the Parisian garden architect Dominique Girard. The axially landscaped terrace garden with symmetrical staircases, however, goes back to a concept of Hildebrandt. This construction permits from the front terrace of the Upper Belvedere a beautiful view over the sloping gardens to the towers of Vienna and the mountain ranges of the Vienna Woods behind them. The upper lawn area designed Girard in accordance with French geometries with cascades, stairs and water features, as well as laterally limited hedges and avenues. Once adorned numerous sculptures the garden grounds, too. Those have been distributed thematically and according to the altitude. So were found on the lower garden level sculptures which should symbolize the four elements. In the central region was the Parnassus represented and on the higher garden level have been found sculptures to Olympus. However, hereof have been preserved only a few sculptures, including eight muses and the symbolic figures of the Prince of Hercules and Apollo in the lower ground floor. Furthermore, two sphinx figures are standing as stone guards in front of the garden side main entrance of the upper Belvedere.
The garden also includes a botanical garden and an Alpine garden. In the former, the personal physician of Maria Theresia Gerard van Swietjens grew various medicinal herbs. Today, the Botanic Garden is owned by the University of Vienna. In contrast, the Alpine Garden was founded in the Schönbrunn Palace in 1803 by the Archdukes Johann, Rainer and Anton and 1865 moved to the Belvedere gardens. In this oldest alpine garden in Europe today can be visited the historic Alpine Plants collection of federal gardens. The there cultivated 4,000 plant species encompass in addition to numerous rare alpine plants also a rhododendron and a bonsai collection.
On the way from one to the other castle you get not only to a number of commercial buildings in the palace complex but also to the Menagerie and the famous Orangery, which served during the lifetime of Prince Eugene as heated winter garden for the orange trees.
Exhibitions and collections
The palace complex for several decades already no longer serves as a residential area for rulers or politicians. Instead, most of the spaces, especially in the Upper Belvedere Palace, are being returned to their original functions. They serve today primarily for presentation and admiration of many valuable art treasures. So can be found in the individual buildings different, always changing exhibitions such as the current on the topic of "gold". This exhibition could be visited until 17th June 2012. In addition, the Austrian Gallery Belvedere has numerous collections of different art directions. So are included in the stock collections to the Middle Ages, Baroque, Classicism, Expressionism and Impressionism as well as works of Art Nouveau, postwar and contemporary art. Particularly noteworthy at this point are the collection of Messerschmidt with his character heads, of Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, of Gustav Klimt, of Egon Schiele and of Oskar Kokoschka.
www.belvedere.at/de/ausstellungen/aktuelle-ausstellungen
wienwiki.wienerzeitung.at/WIENWIKI/Schloss_Belvedere
Im Kreuzgang befinden sich Gedenksteine und Grabplatten, die vom Spätmittelalter bis in die Zeit des Klassizismus reichen. Als man den Kreuzgang von 1961 bis 1967 renovierte, brachte man Grabplatten, die noch gut erhalten waren, in den Wänden an, um eine weitere Zerstörung zu verhindern. Die anderen beließ man auf dem Boden. Bei dieser Renovierung fand man im Südflügel des Ganges auch Reste spätmittelalterlicher gotischer Bemalungen.
Es handelt sich bei den Platten um Augsburger Patriziergrabstätten, deren künstlerische Gestaltung vor allem zwischen dem 15. und dem 18. Jahrhundert beeindruckend reichhaltig ist.
www.augsburgwiki.de/index.php/AugsburgWiki/SanktAnna
In the cloister there are memorial stones and tomb slabs dating from the late Middle Ages to the Neoclassical period. When the cloister was renovated between 1961 and 1967, gravestones, which were still in good condition, were placed in the walls to prevent further destruction. The others were left on the floor. During this renovation, remains of late medieval Gothic paintings were also found in the south wing of the corridor.
These slabss are Augsburg patrician gravestones, whose artistic design is impressively rich, especially between the 15th and 18th centuries.
www.augsburgwiki.de/index.php/AugsburgWiki/SanktAnna
Die Kirche wurde 1321 von Karmeliten erbaut . St. Anna vereinigt Baustile von der Gotik bis zum Klassizismus. Zwischen dem 7. und 20. Oktober 1518 wohnte Martin Luther in dem Kloster Sankt Anna. Am Rand eines Reichstages sollte sich Martin Luther einem Verhör durch den päpstlichen Legaten Kardinal Cajetan unterziehen. Weil es in Augsburg kein Kloster der Augustiner-Eremiten gab, zu denen Martin Luther damals noch zählte, lud ihn der Prior des Karmelitenklosters, Johannes Frosch, ein, bei ihm zu logieren. Die beiden Geistlichen kannten sich von der gemeinsamen Studienzeit in Erfurt. Schon im Sommer 1518 war in Rom der Ketzereiprozess über Martin Luther eröffnet worden, zu dem er auch vorgeladen war. Weil sich aber der Landesherr Luthers dafür einsetzte, brauchte sich Martin Luther nicht in Rom zu verantworten, sondern konnte nach Augsburg kommen, um sich dort den Befragungen zu stellen.
Kardinal Cajetan war bei den wichtigsten Parteigängern von Papst und Kaiser, den Fuggern, in der Maximilianstraße untergebracht. Dort fanden auch die Gespräche oder wenn man will Verhöre Martin Luthers am 12., 13. und 14. Oktober 1518 statt.
Leider brachten die Gespräche zwischen Martin Luther und Kardinal Cajetan kein Ergebnis. Und weil Martin Luther und seine Augsburger Parteigänger sich sorgten, dass es Martin Luther genauso wie Johannes Hus, der 100 Jahre früher als Ketzer verbrannt wurde, erginge, floh der Verhörte in der Nacht vom 20. auf den 21. Oktober 1518 heimlich aus Augsburg, wobei ihm seine Sympathisanten halfen.
Der Prior des Karmelitenklosters Johannes Frosch schloss sich später der Reformation an, trat 1523 von seinem Amt zurück und heiratete 1525. Zu Weihnachten des Jahres 1523 wurde in der Anna-Kirche die erste protestantische Liturgie gefeiert und das Abendmahl unter beiderlei Gestalt ausgeteilt. Der Bischof von Augsburg hatte dagegen keine Handhabe, weil die Klöster weder seiner noch der städtischen Jurisdiktion unterstanden. So konnte Johannes Frosch 1523 unter dem Schutz des Stadtrats auch eine evangelische Gottesdienstordnung einführen. Faktisch war durch die positive Haltung des Augsburger Bürgermeisters Ulrich Rehlinger und des Stadtrats damit die Reformation in Augsburg eingeführt.
Quelle: Wikipedia.de
The church was built in 1321 by Carmelites. St. Anna combines architectural styles from Gothic to Classicism. Between 7 and 20 October 1518 Martin Luther lived in the monastery of St. Anne. On the occasion of a Diet, Martin Luther was to be interrogated by the papal legate Cardinal Cajetan. Because there was no monastery of Augustinian hermits in Augsburg, to which Martin Luther still belonged at that time, the prior of the Carmelite monastery, Johannes Frosch, invited him to stay with him. The two clergymen knew each other from their time as students in Erfurt. In the summer of 1518, the heresy trial against Martin Luther had already been opened in Rome, and he was also summoned to attend. However, because Luther's sovereign was committed to the case, Martin Luther did not have to answer for his actions in Rome, but was allowed to come to Augsburg to face the questioning there.
Cardinal Cajetan was staying with the most important partisans of the Pope and Emperor, the Fuggers, in Maximilianstraße. This is also where the talks or, if you like, the interrogations of Martin Luther took place on 12, 13 and 14 October 1518.
Unfortunately, the talks between Martin Luther and Cardinal Cajetan did not yield any results. And because Martin Luther and his Augsburg partisans were worried that Martin Luther would suffer the same fate as Jan Hus, who had been burned as a heretic 100 years earlier, the interrogated man fled Augsburg secretly in the night from 20 to 21 October 1518, with the help of his sympathisers.
The prior of the Carmelite monastery, Johannes Frosch, later joined the Reformation, resigned from his office in 1523 and married in 1525. At Christmas 1523, the first Protestant liturgy was celebrated in the church of St. Anne, and the Lord's Supper was administered under both forms. The Bishop of Augsburg had no control over the monasteries because they were not under his or the city's jurisdiction. Thus, in 1523 Johannes Frosch was able to introduce a Protestant order of worship under the protection of the city council. In fact, the positive attitude of Augsburg's mayor Ulrich Rehlinger and the city council introduced the Reformation in Augsburg.
Source: Wikipedia.de
Adelaide Railway Station
This grand landmark structure has greeted railway passengers arriving in the city for more than 80 years. The Adelaide Railway Station marks a period of transformation in the state’s railway system. It was a celebrated achievement at the time, but it was also mired in controversy.
In the early 1920s South Australia’s railway system was in a dismal state. The state government brought out Ohio-born William Alfred Webb from the United States to make improvements.
As the new Railway Commissioner, Webb made major changes. He built stronger bridges and bought bigger locomotives. He also decentralised railway administration, giving greater control to divisional superintendents. Within a few years, he had revolutionised the state’s railways.
Unfortunately, Webb did not foresee that automobiles would soon outpace rail.
Although mainly positive, Webb’s program and the building of the railway station came with a big price tag. The Railway Commissioner was heavily criticised and was the subject of debate in Parliament. His spending contributed to the near bankruptcy of the State Government by 1929. As the Great Depression set in, Webb returned to the US with a tarnished reputation. [Ref: Adelaide City Explorer]
THE RAILWAY STATION BUILDING
Foundation Stone Laying. Mr Gunn's Final Official Act
A noteworthy ceremony in the history of the State will take place at 11 am today, when the retiring Premier (Hon J Gunn) will lay the foundation stone of the new railway station at North Terrace.
Invitations for the occasion have been sent to members of the Ministry, members of both Houses of Parliament, and other representative citizens. It is also expected that the public generally will attend in large numbers. The Premier, who has authorized the whole of the detailed expenditure, in the work to date, and manifested a keen interest in its progress will, by this act, fittingly celebrate in a public way the termination of his position as Minister of Railways. The stone is to be set in the main portion of the facade, near the entrance to the ramp.
The building was begun at the end of last year, and it is expected to be completed by July, 1928. In addition to the usual railway facilities, accommodation will be provided for the whole of the clerical staff in Adelaide, numbering approximately 400. The frontage to North terrace is 225 ft and to a new roadway on the east, 390 ft. The whole construction is to be of reinforced concrete and steel frame, with brick cement walls. The height for the present will be of four floors with flat roof, and allowance has been made in the design for the addition of three extra floors at a future date. The floor area of the building is 303,000 super feet. The main passenger concourse is 370 ft by 41 ft by 40 ft high, covering 16 railheads. The main waiting hall is in the form of a Maltese cross, measuring 120 ft each way, with a concrete dome in the centre, 45 ft diameter, of a height of 70 ft above the floor level, supported by eight Ionic columns each 30 ft high, the four annexes each being 45 ft by 38 ft by 25 ft high. Country and suburban ticket halls each 100 ft by 25 ft by 25 ft high are arranged on the street level, with ramp and stair approaches to the passenger concourse, which is 18 ft 6 in below. The area of the parcels and luggage offices is approximately 30,000 super feet. In the construction of the building 2,250,000 bricks will be used, 20,000 cubic yards of concrete, and 1,200 tons of structural steel. The whole of the exterior elevations, the passenger concourse, the main waiting room, and ticket halls, will be finished with white cement and brown sand. All windows, doors, and office partitions throughout will be of steel: thus the whole building will be entirely fireproof. Immediately under the main waiting hall on the platform level will be a large, public dining room, 90 ft each way, adjoining which is to be a quick-lunch cafe, 70 ft by 36 ft. A hot water heating system is to be installed throughout, and the building will be replete with the most modern appliances, including a vacuum cleaning plant and tube system. The total cost is approximately £400,000.
The cloak room is the first office to have permanent quarters in the new building, and it is located on the extreme northeastern corner, and a start has already been made in the demolition of the old office near the assembly platform. The counters of the new quarters are polished hardwood, and the racks are convenient and commodious, the windows forming an artistic design in Flemish leadlight. The work on the station is being carried out departmentally, and 140 men are employed thereon. Up-to-date appliances are in use, including air compressors, concrete mixers, and other mechanical devices. At one period it was thought that work would be delayed, owing to the acceptance of the tender for steel girders being hung up. but it was kept going by the substitution of concrete piers, which incidentally, occupy more room. The acting chief engineer of railways (Mr C B Anderson) has the direct supervision of the undertaking, and the superintending officer (Mr J G Carson), who was formerly in charge of the construction of the new railway bridge over the River Murray at Murray Bridge, has charge of the outside work. The plans were drawn by Messrs Garlick & Jackman, architects, and the details for departmental purposes have been worked out by Mr A M Bonython (structural draftsman). [Ref: Register 24-8-1926]
New Railway Station
It has been decided by the Railway Department officials that there will be no official opening of the new Adelaide Station.
Following a previous announcement that a limited number would be asked to make an inspection of the premises, Mr W A Webb (Railways Commissioner) was besieged with applications for invitations. [Ref: News 16-7-1928]
NEW RAILWAY STATION
An inspection of. the new Railway Station offices in Adelaide will be made this morning by citizens who have been invited to do so by the Minister of Railways (Hon R LButler). [Ref: Register 30-7-1928]
WEIGH BABY AT THE ADELAIDE RAILWAY STATION
In many countries in the world at the present time there are Baby Health Centres at large railway depots where mothers, arriving in a strange city with babies, or waiting to catch a train can take their infants to be weighed and get advice on all matters pertaining to feeding and general care from a competent certified nurse.
Fully appreciating the value of the splendid work done at railway stations by Baby Welfare institutions, the Commissioner of Railways (Mr W A Webb) has placed a room in the new Adelaide railway station at the disposal of the Mothers' and Babies' Health Association, better known under the old title of School for Mothers.
This centre will be opened on Monday, 16 July. A trained nurse will be in attendance each week day from 9.30 am, 1 pm and from 2.0, 4.30 pm.
The large comfortable room that is to be the centre of the nurse’s activities has an entrance off the main waiting room on a level with North Terrace.
Numerous signs boards are being erected by the railway authorities to direct mothers to this room.
Take your baby to be weighed and seek the nurse's advice when next you are at the Adelaide station. [Ref: Bunyip (Gawler) 13-7-1928]
Arik-Brauer-Haus, 6, Gumpendorfer Straße 134-136, Wallgasse 13
Das städtische Wohnhaus wurde, wie das Hundertwasserhaus, von einem bekannten Wiener Künstler, Arik Brauer, gestaltet. Die Planung führte im Auftrag der MA 19 (der städtischen Architekturabteilung) Peter Pelikan durch, der bereits mit Hundertwasser gearbeitet hatte. Das Modell wurde der Öffentlichkeit am 27. Jänner 1987 präsentiert, das Haus 1991 bis 1994 errichtet und im April 1994 von Bürgermeister Helmut Zilk eröffnet.
Das fünfstöckige Wohnhaus (33 Wohnungen, drei Geschäftslokale) besitzt einen Innenhof mit Teich und Kleintiergehege; es ist an der Fassade von zwei großen Fliesenbildern geschmückt, die Stiegenhausfenster sind in Hinterglasmalerei ausgeführt.
Das Haus befindet sich unweit der U-Bahn-Station Gumpendorfer Straße der Linie U6 und nahe dem Raimundtheater.
This old churchyard is known as St. John’s and it is located on Dublin Road. This was my first my second visit but the weather was still very bad and the light was poor.
The colour of the gravestones was different to what I normally see in Irish graveyards [orange/brown rather than grey/white ]
“A picturesque graveyard forming an appealing feature in the streetscape on the road leading out of Kilkenny to the south-east. Having origins in a fourteenth-century leper hospital the grounds are of special significance as the location of a seventeenth-century Catholic chapel, thereby representing an early ecclesiastical site in the locality: furthermore it is believed that fragments survive spanning the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries, thereby emphasising the archaeological importance of the site. The graveyard remains of additional importance for the associations with a number of Kilkenny's foremost dignitaries or personalities while a collection of cut-stone markers displaying expert stone masonry identify the considerable artistic design
Oil on canvas; 80 x 65 cm.
After attending drawing classes at the Dresden "Kunstgewerbeschule" for one year, Conrad Felixmüller first attended the private school of the artist Ferdinand Dorsch in 1912 and the same year he entered Professor Carl Bantzer's class at the "Königliche Kusntakademie" in Dreseden, to start training as a painter.
In 1915 Felixmüller left the academy. He worked as a freelance artist in Dresden, but often went to Berlin, where he painted in Ludwig Meidner's studio. Conrad Felixmüller also contributed to the journal "Der Sturm", published by Herwarth Walden. In 1917 Felixmüller founded the art and literature journal "MENSCHEN" together with the book dealer Felix Stiemer, with Felixmüller being responsible for the graphic design like he was in "Der Sturm".
At the same time he had exhibitons at Hans Goltz's in Munich and at the Dresden "Galerie Arnold" together with Heckel, Kirchner and Schmidt-Rottluff. In 1918 Conrad Felixmüller moved to Dresden, where he became the founder and chairman of the "Dresdner Sezession" and joined the "November-Gruppe". At the same time Felixmüller worked for various newspapers (e.g. "Die Sichel" in Regensburg and "Rote Erde" in Hamburg) and published several literary texts such as his autobiography "Mein Werden" (Kunstblatt) or his thoughts on "Künstlerische Gestaltung" (artistic design) (Kestnerbuch, Hanover).
Conrad Felixmüller's early creative work was strongly influenced by Expressionism, which he interpreted in a socio-critical way and soon transformed into his own form of expressive Realism. The powerful lines of his woodcuts capture scenes of everyday life. Around 1930 there was a trend towards change, which is thematically reflected in the increasingly genre-like narrative subjects and formally reflected in the pursuit of a calmer image language.
In 1933 40 of the artist's paintings were shown at the Dresden exhibition of "Degenerate Art".
In 1934 the artist moved to Berlin-Charlottenburg, hoping to be able to work more freely there. In 1937 151 of his works were confiscated from public collections. In 1941 the artist's Berlin home was destroyed by bombs. Felixmüller sought refuge in Damsdorf in the Mark. In 1944 the painter moved to Tautenhain. That same year he was called-up for military service. After a short time in Sovjet captivity, Conrad Felixmüller returned to Tautenhain in 1945.
In 1949 he was appointed professor at the Martin-Luther-Universität in Halle, where he taught drawing and painting at the faculty of education. After his retirement in 1961 Conrad Felixmüller returned to Berlin. Before his death in 1977 numerous exhibitions took place in East and West Germany, Paris, Rome, Bologna and Florence.
The statue of Emmeline Pankhurst (officially called Rise Up Women is a bronze sculpture in St Peter's Square, Manchester, depicting Emmeline Pankhurst, a British political activist and leader of the suffragette movement in the United Kingdom.
The statue was unveiled on 14 December 2018, the centenary of the 1918 United Kingdom general election, the first election in the United Kingdom in which women over the age of 30 could vote. It is the first statue honouring a woman erected in Manchester since a statue of Queen Victoria was dedicated more than 100 years ago.
das neue "Wasserspiel" auf dem Zürichsee. Das alte mussteeersetzt werden. Mein alter Freund Andres Bosshard hat die künsterische Ausgestaltung geliefert. Die Algorithmen des Zusammenspiels werden von aktuellen seismischen Messungen abgeleitet sodass sich die Formen nicht ständig wiederholen.
The new "waterfountain" on Lake Zurich. The old one had to be replaced. My old friend Andres Bosshard provided the artistic design. The algorithms of the interplay are derived from current seismic measurements so that the forms do not have to repeat themselves constantly.
The Narromine News & Trangie Advocate on Wednesday, October 19, 1927 reported on
TRANGIE’S GREAT DAY - OPENING OF MEMORIAL HALL - A fitting tribute to the Memory of Brave Men by Trangie and District residents. Impressive ceremonials - enthusiastic proceedings
The greatest day in the history of Trangie and district was Wednesday, October 12. On that day was consummated the ardent desire of those who did not forget the great service of the heroic men who heard and obeyed the call of Empire in the great Great World War; and made the Supreme Sacrifice to keep free and unfettered the great British Empire of which they were so proud. These heroes had given their all for the Empire they loved, and it was the desire of those for whom they had braved the ruthlessness of a cruel war, to raise a fitting memorial to their memory. For long a band of workers, who never for one moment forgot, worked in season and out to raise funds to effect this purpose. Trangie is only a small centre, but the people responded well to every call made upon them for this worthy cause. The residents gave donations, and those who could not afford large sums were to the fore in patronising efforts and making them successful. In this way slowly but surely the money was raised, and now the people have the satisfaction of seeing erected in the town one of the finest memorial halls of any country town in the State. They are to be complimented upon the success of their efforts, and the magnificent edifice stands as a fitting memorial to those whose deeds made the world ring with praise and admiration, and made Australia a nation amongst the great nations of the world.
Amongst the great workers on behalf of the movement to establish the memorial the name of Dr. MacLean must stand out prominently. This gentleman held the position of hon. secretary, and by tactful, energetic and persevering work his great aim has been splendidly accomplished. His was undoubtedly a labor of love, for no man could have accomplished this great work unless his whole hearted desire was in the job. His efforts were unsparing, and his energy untiring, and there is no man in Trangie district today who is more proud of the Soldiers’ Memorial Hall than Dr. MacLean. There are many others who gave valuable assistance, and did splendid and noble work, but it would be invidious to make comparisons, and everyone who did anything for the cause are to be heartily congratulated upon the magnificent result of their efforts. The ladies of the town and district played no unimportant part in the great movement, and they must be credited with their fair share of the success. From time to time we have kept in touch with the memorial movement and published the list of subscribers, and those responsible for efforts on behalf of the movement, therefore it is unnecessary to reiterate what we have already published to our readers.
THE HALL
The hall has been erected in Dandaloo Street, on a block of land donated by the Campbell Estate (Mr. J.J. Brown), and if of a most imposing character. Faithfully built of reinforced concrete, on a system evolved by Mr. Beale, the contractor, it is a direct acquisition to the architectural aspect of the town. The front entrance has two immense columns supporting a most presentable frontage design, part of which is the Australian Coat of Arms, presented by Mr. Beale. A spacious vestibule runs the whole length of the front of the building, with a cloak room on either side. An entrance is gained to the main hall through handsome double doors. The hall is 66 ft long by 34 ft wide, surmounted by a handsome ceiling of embossed fibrous plaster of classic and artistic design. The walls are of pure white, with a 6 ft. 10 in. dado of sage green. The floor has been specially laid down as a dancing surface, and is of well prepared cypress pine. The hall is liberally ventilated, and has eight windows on each side, which can be thrown open during the summer months. The lighting will be one of the charms of the main hall, and this will be brilliantly lit by eight indirect electric bulbs suspended at intervals on each side, with four flashlights to illuminate the stage. The stage will have a floor space of 17 ft by 25 ft, with a dressing room 8 ft x 9 ft on either side. The hall has four exit doors, and is certainly one of the best equipped and commodious in the far west. The acoustic properties of the hall are perfect, special attention having been given to this most important effect. The hall has been built faithfully to every detail and reflects great credit upon Mr. Beale, Jnr., who supervised the work from start to finish. In this he was ably assisted by Mr. J. Lazarus. We understand this is the first big job supervised by these young gentlemen, and it stands as a recommendation to their ability.
THE SUPPER ROOM
No ball room is replete without a supper room. When the hall was nearing completion, and it was decided that a big ball would be one of the festivities of the opening ceremonials, it was noticed that a supper room, kitchen and servery were necessary. There was no time to prepare plans, call for tenders, etc. This did not dismay the committee of the Soldiers’ Memorial Hall. A working bee was organised and a splendid response was made. They set to work with a will, and soon there sprang into existence a very presentable structure 80 ft x 30 ft, and capable of seating 300 diners, and lighted with numerous electric bulbs. A kitchen 30 ft x 13 ft was also provided, and to complete the job a servery was erected to provide a means of transferring the eatables from the kitchen to the tables. The whole of this was effected by voluntary labor, and it was grand to see Rev. Jock Smith, A.K. Butter, Senr, and several others wielding the long handled shovels making concrete. There was no 44 hours a week, no go slow policy for these chaps. They tore into their work from the word “go,” and did it well. Their work in connection with the supper room would be sufficient reference to gain them employment with any builder or contractor who is desirous of getting the services of good, honest toilers. Those who assisted in this work are deserving of every praise, and it only demonstrates what can be done when energetic men are at the head of affairs and when they are performing the work as a duty they owe to their pals. We forgot to mention a commodious sitting-out room, which was also the work of the working bee, and which had been tastefully decorated by the ladies.
THE HONOR ROLL
The roll of honor containing the names of all the brave lads of the district who gave their services, and some of them their lives for their King and Empire, and which for some time has held a proud position in the School of Arts, occupies a prominent position in the vestibule of the new hall.
THE DAY
Wednesday broke cloudy, and fears were entertained that the day would not pass over without a downpour of rain. Fortunately, weather conditions did not in any way spoil the opening ceremony. Brigadier-General Cox arrived by the mail, and was met at the station by members of the Memorial Committee. Large numbers of district residents and visitors kept arriving in town until after the lunch hour, when the largest crowd ever seen in Trangie had assembled. About 2.45 p.m. a procession was formed up in Goan Street opposite the residence of Dr. MacLean, headed by a company of Light Horsemen in charge of Lieut. G. Richardson, and accompanied by Brigadier General Cox, and the members of the committee, followed by a large number of cars. This proceeded along Narromine Street to Dandaloo Street to the hall. Arrived in front of the hall the Light Horse Troop formed a guard of honor, and the Brigadier-General was conducted to a dais erected just outside the entrance to the hall. The pupils of the Public and Convent Schools were massed in front of the hall, and under the baton of Mr. Williams (headmaster of the Public School) sang the National Anthem. At this time a very large concourse of people had assembled, and it was readily assumed that when the hall was declared open it would be used to its utmost capacity, and that many would not be able to gain admission. The whole of the arrangements were in the capable hands of Dr. MacLean (Hon. Secretary), and everything was carried out without a hitch.
THE OPENING AND DEDICATION SPEECH
After singing of the National Anthem, Councillor W.N. Lane, President of the Soliders’ Memorial Committee, introduced Brigadier-General Cox, and on behalf of the committee, asked him to dedicate the hall to the memory of the men who gave their lives for their country, and to officially open the hall to the public.
Just as the distinguished visitor mounted the dais rain threatened to such an extent that it was deemed advisable to open the hall and conduct the ceremonials under cover.
Brigadier-General Cox then opened the front door of the hall and declared the hall open. The large gathering thronged into the hall and soon filled the auditorium to overflowing.
Councillor Lane, Chairman of the Hall Committee, briefly introduced Brigadier-General Cox, who said that he appreciated the great honor done him by asking him to come to Trangie and perform the ceremony of opening the magnificent building which had been erected to the memory of the brave district lads who had fought and fell in the Great World War. He apologised for Sir Neville Howse, who was at Freemantle to meet Mr. Amery, British Secretary for States and Dominions, who was on a visit to Australia. He also apologised for Mr. Thorby, M.L.A., who had an important appointment at Dubbo. He congratulated the residents of Trangie and district upon the erection of such a handsome memorial. He was pleased to see that the Honor Roll had been placed in such a conspicuous place at the main entrance to the hall. He suggested that the names be engraved in marble or some imperishable substance, so that the children of future generations would be kept in mind of the heroes whose memory they were that day immortalising. Australian soldiers were the only volunteer troops in the world who went to war, and that was to be expected because they were the descendants of the most venturesome people the world every produced. The pioneers of the Australian Continent were people who knew no fear. They blazed the track of civilisation in the wilds of Australia, and it could only be expected that they would prove worthy of the name earned by their parents, and be as brave and venturesome as they had been. Those who were fit and did not go to the war earned his disapproval. Australia was one of the greatest countries on the face of the earth, and was well worth fighting for, and the fit and well man who would not fight and defend such a country was one whom none of the young ladies present should think of marrying. (Laughter). Australia was the best country in the world; her people the cleanest, and her sons and daughters the bravest. The Australians left their homes and parents to suffer the greatest hardships a human being could endure to keep the country free for their children. The Australian soldier had proved himself the bravest the world had ever known. The hardest tests were imposed upon him during the war, and it was credited to the Australians wherever they got a foothold they maintained their position, and it required a far larger enemy force to dislodge them. He spoke eulogistically of the great interest William Morris Hughes had shown in the Australian soldier. Whatever he was asked to do for the men he did it as far as it was possible. The people of Australia had stuck to their boys while they were at the front, and had been good to them when they returned home. The speaker exhorted the returned men to take an interest in the affairs of State. They had done well in the affairs of the Empire in war time, and in peace time they should prove equally as capable to assist in ruling the country. Australia was the only country in the world which had never had a shot fire in anger over its lands. It should be Australia’s motto while keeping clear of war to be always prepared for war. He believed in the principle that if the other fellow wanted fight to go out and fight, but never allow him into your home to smash up things. The British Empire was the freest combination of nations in the world, and could hold her own successfully against all the other nations. If Amercia and Britain held together and worked together the peace of the world was safe in their keeping. He said that Australia was the happiest and most prosperous of the countries of the world. It was a country full of possibilities, with a great future presenting itself. There was no poverty in Australia, and of the large number of bright and happy children in the hall he was sure there was not one who would not leave the hall and go home to a good meal and a comfortable bed. He asked the children to always remember the wonderful record and deeds of the Soldiers of Australia. They were not all angels by any means, but they made a name for their country and saved it for future generations to live happily in and at peace. He thanked the committee for doing him the great honor of performing this most important ceremony, and congratulated the people of Trangie and district upon the magnificent memorial to the brave men of the district. He hoped many happy evenings would be spent within the walls, and that those taking part would remember the great object for which it was erected. He declared the hall officially opened amidst rounds of applause.
The school children then sang “Advance Australia Fair.”
The Chairman then called upon Dr. Maclean to read the Honor Roll, and in doing so he made the following remarks: This hall has been erected by the people of this district as an expression of the pride they feel for the men who left here at their country’s call. It will be a perpetual reminder to this and future generations that Trangie lads went forth to fight for their country, and that the following gave their lives for their land:-
S. AndersonC. Lindsay
J. BirchS. Organ
J. CampbellB. Perrottet
A. CameronW.T. Papworth
C. ColemanF. Richards
J. DoyleM. Ryan
N. FloodR. Ryan
W.H. FoatJ. Rutherford
F. GeorgeJ. Small
J. HopeA. Samuels
C. Le QuesneD. Samuels
W. Newson
The spirit that moved these men to go forth is beautifully expressed by Elgar’s lovely song “Land of Hope and Glory,” which Mrs. Stones will sing for you directly. While she is singing it I would ask you to think of the pride and love of country that moved these lads to leave here to fight for their land and homes, prepared if need be to lay down their lives for their country. The Honor Roll also bears the names of the following -
A. M. AdamsC. Hoff
B. AveryG. Hando
K. BodyW.H. Ivens
A.K. ButterJ. Kernaghan
B. ButterR.A. Kearney
J. ButterM. Kenny
W. BowenR. Keith
F. BrennanW.G. Lincoln, D.C.M.
M. BodyJ. Lake
A. BatesL. Lovell
K. BatesE. Lindsay
G. BrownJ. Leek
R. ButcherineW. Leek
J. BullR.A. Leahy
H. BartierM. Lynch
A.G. BaileyW. McGuinness
M. BaileyJ. McCarthy
J. BurnsB. McKay
F. BrocklehurstG. McKay
W.R. BrownB. McLaren
L. BradfordJ. McLeod
H. BaggeF. McLeod
S. BlanningL. Mackinnon
C. BrownF.R. Massie
F. BurnsB. Mercer
W. BergL. Monoghan
F. BodleyL. Minchin
T. BaldwinP. Muller
J.P. BlancheN. Nelson
C. CameronA. Nelson
L. CameronT. Noonan
A.B. ComminsH. Parkhurst
P. CornellE. Perrottet
D.B. CampbellT. Porton
S.D.O. CrawfordL. Pearman
A. CrowR. Price
D. CroninM. Quigley
W. CheadleW.L. Riley
C. CheadleJ.J. Renshall
W. CheadleG.B. Richardson
A. ClarkE.F. Richardson
W. ClarkK. Richardson
C. CliftonA. Robertson
J. CliffordG. Robinson
D. CampbellH. Reece
R. DaltonJ. Russ
W. DoyleR.T. Slingsby, M.M.
H. DraperM. Stoneman
N. DockerV. Sullivan
B. DeversonF. Sharpe
C. DentE. Sharpe
J. DunnA. Smart
M. EganC. Smart
P. EganF. Starr
J. EganF. Samuels
R. EganT. Sullivan
R. EmmettC. Street
F. EllisH. Stokes
A. FordH. Ship
A. ForrestR.G. Stewart
E.J. FinlayW. Simpson
G. FolleyA.H. Tierney
J. Flood E.True
A. GrahamS. True
R. GrahamT.Walker
F. G. Garvia J. Wilson
R. Gardiner J. E.Wilson
J. GoffinA. Wilson
T. GooleyR. Wilson
R. GilliganG. Wilson
W. GibsonD. Wilkins
Wilfred GibsonF. Wilkins
C. GloverR.Waters
C. HarrisonL. V.Woods
W. HinchyE. Wallace
E. HeaneR. Warman
Mrs. S. Stones was in splendid voice, and gave a very fine rendering of “Land of Hope and Glory,” which well deserved the hearty applause which greeted her effort.
Rev. Keith D. Norman, B.A. (Anglican), heartily congratulated the Soldiers’ Memorial Committee upon the magnificent structure which had been erected to the memory of Trangie’s brave sons. To the younger generation this should be a reminder and a voice to make them cognisant of the fact that Australia’s soldiers had played a prominent part and performed wonderful feats during the Great World War. The crowning feature of their great sacrifice was that so many gave up their lives so that posterity would be free from future wars. War was a hideous and most unchristian thing, and after all the suffering and loss of life it was appalling to find that in England through the causes of war 1,000,000 people were out of work. In spite of the League of Nations there were at the present time rumours of yet another war with all its attendant horrors, sufferings and degradations. He (the speaker) did not believe in war. When our brave lads went to the other side of the world it was because they thought this would be the last war. It was pathetically sad to hear another war even mentioned, especially after the great sacrifice of human life in the late war. There were, unfortunately, fanatical people in the world today who were sowing the seeds of war amongst the nations. If another occurred it would be much more calamitous in its effects than even the Great War against Germany. It should be inculcated in the rising generation a horror of the terrors of war, and war memorials should be the means of showing what were the terrible consequences of a brutal war. He hoped and prayed there would never be another war. There was altogether too much materialism, and too little of a spiritual character in the world to-day. The people were not imbued with the spirit of Christianity as they should be. We should all pray to God to bless the Empire and save its people from the horrors of war. There appeared to be a desire for war in certain quarters, and he prayed to God that the world would never engage in another war. (Applause).
Rev. John Smith (Presbyterian) said that the building of the hall had set the seal of the people’s admiration upon the brave men who had left home and country to fight for King and Empire. The acts of these men had handed down to the children of the generation a deep debt which called for gratitude to the men who had gone and fought for the country they loved. These brave men had found that they were wanted to fight for and preserve what they enjoyed for the people of the present, and the future. These were the actions of men valiant and true, and should never be lost sight of by those who came after them. This memorial hall should always speak to us of what they gave to maintain our freedom and our homes. They should be looked upon as the saviours of our great Empire.
Rev. A. McCallum (Dubbo) was the next speaker. He was pleased to be present to join with the people of Trangie in offering this grand memorial to her brave sons. He was pleased to see that they had introduced a bit of Scotch into the proceedings. (Laughter). This day would surely mean a revival of the Anzac spirit, and would bring back to their minds and glorious deeds of those who fought and fell. No person could read the Honor Roll without realising the price paid to keep Australia and the Empire free. On behalf of the Dubbo folk he heartily congratulated the residents of Trangie and district on the erection of such a splendid memorial to their departed sons. The folk of Dubbo wished to celebrate with them the opening of this grand hall. He desired to publicly thank Dr. Maclean for a great service that gentleman had rendered to him, and which resulted in the saving of an arm to the speaker. The Trangie Memorial Hall must be looked upon by the children as a bequest from their elders, and they should see that it was maintained as a memorial to the men who made history for their country. Not only did these men give their all for Australia, but they fought and died to keep the Empire unfettered and free. (Applause).
Mr. A.K. Butter, junr., (President of the R.S. and S. I. League), on behalf of the returned soldiers of the district, thanked the people of Trangie and district for the splendid memorial to their fallen comrades. The hall had been erected in loving memory of men who fell, and he assured the citizens that the returned soldiers would guard it faithfully. On behalf of the returned men of the district he accepted it as a memorial to the men who did their duty and obeyed their country’s call. (Loud Applause).
Mr. W. Kingston (Dubbo) then sounded “The Last Post.”
Mr. T.M. Scott, President of the Timbrebongie Shire Council, said he was pleased to be present on “Trangie’s Day” to honor the men who had helped to keep the grand old flag triumphant. They could never express too much gratitude to the men who went forth to suffer awful horrors, and in many cases lost their lives in our cause. People in this age did not appear to realise the freedom the grand old flag stood for. Men had come to our shores who had been kicked out of their own countries, and were carrying on a system of pernicious propaganda, which was not in the best interests of the freedom and peace of our people. It was the duty of our returned men to combat this curse. We should be careful not to let slip what had been gained at such enormous cost. Our watchword should be “For God, King and Country,” and all would be well. He congratulated the residents of Trangie and district on the magnificent memorial they had erected to the brave sons of the district. (Loud Applause).
AN APPEAL AND RESPONSE
Mr. A.K. Butter, senr., Chairman of the Building Committee, then made an appeal for donations to the building fund. He pointed out that it was the desire of the committee to hand over the hall to returned soldiers free of debt. They had organised until they had placed in the town a fitting memorial to the boys who fought for them. A sum of over £800 was required to make the hall out of debt. The committee had to provide a supper room, and Mr. Sid Austin, of “Wambiana,” had come to their rescue, and placed £500 free of interest to their credit at the bank. Now, they did not want to loaf upon the generosity of Mr. Austin. There were many in the district who had not contributed to the memorial. He felt sure the response would be a satisfactory one.
Donations were announced from all parts of the hall, and in a very short space of time a sum of nearly £100 has been subscribed.
Mr. E.F. Brennan proposed a vote of thanks to the architect (Mr. J.R. Macdonald, Dubbo) and the contractor (Mr. E. Beale), and congratulated these gentlemen upon the excellent service they had rendered to the committee, and the faithful manner in which the work had been carried out.
Mr. J.B. Macdonald thanked the assemblage for their hearty expressions of the manner in which the erection of the hall had been carried out. He congratulated the residents upon their enterprise in erecting such a handsome memorial as a loving tribute to Trangie’s heroic sons.
This closed the opening ceremony.
THE BALL
Mr. F.H. Hayles had charge of the arrangements for the ball, which was held in the new hall at night, and was a most unique success. Nothing was left undone to make the first great function held in the new hall a fitting termination to the epoch-making opening functions of the afternoon. Mr. Hayles had the assistance of a large band of lady and gentleman assistants, and to the latter may be given the credit of the getting in order of the supper room, the preparation of the hall, and other necessary work; but to the ladies fell the great task of the principal work of decorating the hall and supper room, and the providing of a supper sufficient for the needs of such a large crowd as turned up to take part in the first public ball held in the Trangie Soldiers’ Memorial Hall. In this they excelled, and the ball room on Wednesday equalled in glittering and dazzling magnificence many of the functions at the Ambassadors or other leading ball rooms of the city.
The hall was tastefully and artistically decorated with greenery and bunting, and the stage had received a special preparation. Along and in front of the footlights decorations of choice flowers were arranged, while the stage itself was furnished to equal that of a really first class drawing room.
The sitting out room was provided with special accommodation for the tired dancers, or those who preferred the comfort of a restful and comfortable interlude between dances. Here also was displayed the decorative art of the ladies responsible for its pleasing effect. But it was in the supper room that the great work had been accomplished. The decorations were bewitchingly entrancing, and reflected the greatest credit upon those responsible. It was a scene once seen never to be forgotten. Along the full length of the supper room was suspended a very nice creation of colored paper streamers, and the walls were embellished with bunting, greenery and flowers. The tables were laid in rows along the full length of the supper room, and fairly groaned with the good things provided. The tables were also beautifully decorated with Iceland Poppies, and clusters of handsome flowers. The whole gave a most pleasing effect. It would be invidious to select anyone for special mention where all worked so well for the success of the ball.
The attendance of dancers was very large, and the floor was taxed to its utmost capacity. Everything went as happily as the proverbial wedding bell, and those who attended from all parts of the west were loud in praise of the management, which all voted to be as near perfect as possible.
Excellent music was provided by Owens’ Orchestra (Orange) which left nothing to be desired.
The lighting of the hall, sitting out and supper rooms was a feature of the hall, and was in the capable hands of Mr. Fred Taylor.
The following are a few of the dresses worn at the ball. We are unable to publish a full list:-
Mrs. Morgan - red and pink crepe de chene and silver bugle head trimming, black and steel scarf
Mrs. C.E. Gordon - back georgette, jet and fur trimming, covered with beautiful mauve shawl
Mrs. B.W. Williams - Nattie blue georgette
Mrs. A. Moore - black taffeta, silver lace
Mrs. A. Williams - black and white charmante beaded
Mrs. C.W. Gordon - Powder blue crepe de chene
Mrs. W.R. Fraser - Mauve crepe de chene
Miss Minnie Smith - Pale pink georgette, gold bead trimmed, blue posy
Miss Molly Walter - green velvet garment, with lace to match
Miss Rawson - black, with chantilly lace
Mrs. Goldsmith - black taffeta and lace, relieved with cerise
Miss I. Coffee (debut) - Mauve crepe de chene and silver trimmings
Mrs. Wellsmore - black crepe de chene, beaded trimmings
Miss Isabel Gibbs (Manly) - White taffeta, with silver lace skirt
Miss Elrington - Cyclima georgette
Mrs. G.L. Bowen - Pale blue georgette, beaded trimmings
Miss Isabel Wild (Warren) - mauve beaded georgette
Miss N. Caldwell (Young) - Shell pink georgette, silver trimmings
Miss Betty Masling - black georgette, trimmed with gold sequin
Mrs. I. Yeo - Mauve lame, and silver mauve shawl
Miss McLaughlin (Nyngan) - green beaded georgette
Mrs. M.B. Richardson - fringed almond crepe de chene
Mrs. D. Barclay - black georgette
Mrs. C.F. Watt - black taffeta
Mrs. D. Coffee - black crepe de chene, velvet trimmings
Miss McLennan - black taffeta
Miss Oates (Narromine) - Pervenche blue taffeta
Miss Lane - floral velvet and gold spray
Miss Jean Lindsay - pink taffeta
Mrs. W.H. Foster (Narromine) - Bois de rose, bead trimmings
Mrs. Alf Taylor - black and silver
Mrs. Les Quigley - black embroidered georgette and red rose
Miss M. Perry - black georgette, trimmed with velvet rose and diamante
Mrs. W. Coleman - black crepe de chene
Mrs. R. Montgomery - black crepe de chene, trimmed with white georgette, vest
Mrs. G. Herbert - grey silk morocain guipure lace and trimmings
Mrs. R.H. George - Cyclemen crepe de chene, gold trimmings
Mrs. Jack Eddie - black georgette touched with red
Miss C. Kierath (Narromine) - cherry georgette over silver tissue and family pearls
Miss B. Beard - pale green georgette, cream lace trimming, also pearl accordeon pleated skirt
Mrs. J.M. Brennan - black silk morocain
Mrs. H. Yeo - Navy crepe de chene and violets
Miss Millicent Heins - floral taffeta and georgette, with cream hand painted shawl
Mrs. C. Hilder - black satin, red posy
Mrs. D. Rochester - white crepe de chene silver lace
Mrs. A. Smith (Kainga, Warren) - cherry georgette and sequin trimmings
Mrs. G. Gordon - Mauve crepe de chene
Mrs. Hilyard (Nyngan) - silver lame and amber fringe, with Eastern shawl
Miss Eddie - pale green shot taffeta, silver trimmings, and hand made silver roses.
Miss Richards (Manly) - Jade embossed georgette
Mrs G.B. Richardson - blue silk taffeta, draped with silver lace
Miss M. Rochester (Nyngan) - pale pink crepe de chene, with hand made trimmings
Mrs. V.J. Smith - black georgette
Mrs. D. Kilby - beaded georgette
Mrs. Elwyn Forrest - black crepe de chene, red and gold trimmings
Mrs. J.P. Carlin - Salmon georgette and silver lame
Miss Gwen Smith - floral moracain
Miss Lindsay - black crepe de chene
Mrs. J.H. Gordon (Hillside) - figured crepe de chene
Mrs. Stanley Price - black crepe de chene
Mrs. F. Forrest - fawn morocain
Mrs. Frank Mason - white georgette, pink trimmings
Mrs. Coady - black beaded georgette, posy to tone
Miss L. Goldsmith - green satin, silver trimmings
Miss M. Walkom - Alice blue crepe de chene, overdress silver lace, pink posy
Mrs. A.E. Owens - rose satin, blue trimmings
Miss A. McLaughlin (Nyngan) - black georgette and beads
Mrs. A.A. McVicar - grey morocain
Mrs. Gordon Byrne (Dubbo) - mauve georgette, trimmed with silver
A juvenile ball was held on Thursday night, where there was a large attendance, and again the management was perfect, and everyone enjoyed themselves thoroughly.
DONATIONS
The following donations were handed into the fund:-
A.H. Richardson, W. Ferguson, J.T. Horrigan, G. Russ, A. Russ, S.L. Bowen - £25 each; E. Purseglove, W.D. McIntyre, L.J. Perry, F.H. Hayles, W.V. Gibbs, D. Barclay, A. Foreman, M.C. Cameron, T. Ford, G. Gibson, J.B. Macdonald (Dubbo), J.J. Brown, E.I. Body - £10 each; C. Forrest, G. Gordon, P. Simons, P. Ferrari, Mrs. Barry, R.V. Eason - £5/5/- each; G. Richardson, senr., Mrs. T. Lincoln, Mrs. H.A. Morgan, E.G. Kilby, Les Bartier, C. Gordon, Mrs. John Quigley, Mr. C. Hilder, Mrs. E.F. Brennan, C. Wellsmore, Fred Taylor, Stan Richardson, T.M. Scott, Mrs. C. Richardson, T. Walker (Warren), C.W. Wilson, T. Lincoln, N.C. McLeod, E. Stoneman, Bert Montgomery, Milton Quigley, Allan Richardson, Mrs. Bartier, senr., Trangie Jockey Club, Alick Johnston, Moodie Bros., W. Swift, J. Hamblin, F. Hirsch, M. Quigley, A.W. Johnston, A.J. Craig, Mrs. A.J. Craig, E.P. Trebeck, S. Whittaker, M.H. Harvey, A. Griffin - £5 each; Mr. and Mrs. M.H. Kelly - £4/4/-; J. Edwards, T. Lincoln, junr., A.B. Shapcott - £2/2/- each; H. Baker, T. Herring, Mrs. G. Gandy, Mrs. Coleman, J.H. Atkins, E. Sheridan, Mrs. M.H. Kelly - £2 each; A.E. George, Mrs. Buckleton, Mrs. S. Allan, Jack Lincoln, Bruce Wilkinson, J. Carlin, T. Baldwin, A. McLaughlin (Nyngan) - £1/1/- each; M. Campbell, J. Gordon, Mrs. F.A. MacKenzie, Jim Bell, J. Healy, R.H. George, Mrs. H. Healy, Mrs. A. Haigh, J. Bowen, Mrs. Jim Gordon, J.T. Lindsay, Mrs. C. Kilby, Vin Barry, Mrs. C. Perrottet, Mrs. Brown, Mr. Beard - £1 each; Bundemar and Methalibah syndicate £3/0/6.
The following are additional donations - J. Edwards (C.P. Selling and Co.) £2/2/-; Mr. and Mrs. Jas Gordon £2/2/-; Geo. Mack £30; E.C. Stoneman £3/3/-; C. Kearney £10; J. Manning £1/1/-; N. Tipping £3; Rev. J. Smith £1; Ern Quigley £5; T. Fidock £5; K.G. Mackinnon £5/5/-. It is expected that £850 will be netted from the opening, and that will practically clear the hall of all debts. The ball and juvenile will nett about £230 to £250.
The greatest response to the appeal made by Mr. Butter will result in the fencing and furnishing of the hall, and it is anticipated that the hall will be handed over to the returned soldiers without a penny of debt upon it. This is a magnificent result, and redounds to the credit of the Memorial Hall Committee and the good people of Trangie and district.
Some idea of the great attendance at the ball can be gleaned from the fact that no less than 632 diners were catered for, and each and everyone had ample and sufficient for all their needs. There was no shortage of refreshments for the exceptionally large crowd which attended the juvenile on the second night. The ladies of Trangie undoubtedly established a record in catering and they are deserving of the highest praise and commendation for the great work they performed in this connection.
The beautiful main doors were built by the late Karl Schumaker, father in law of local builder Kevin Harrison. The Hall has received much loving attention from Bill Sissian both in paper work and maintenance in his role as secretary of the hall. One large repair job was carried out by Bill using New Work Opportunities workers to repaint the building and carry out general repairs in 1995.
Source: New South Wales Heritage Register.
St. Mary's Church in Lübeck (German: Marienkirche, officially St. Marien zu Lübeck) was built between 1250 and 1350. It has always been a symbol of the power and prosperity of the old Hanseatic city, and is situated at the highest point of the island that forms the old town of Lübeck. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the old Hanseatic City of Lübeck.
St. Mary's epitomizes north German Brick Gothic and set the standard for about 70 other churches in the Baltic region, making it a building of enormous architectural significance. St Mary's Church embodied the towering style of French Gothic architecture style using north German brick. It has the tallest brick vault in the world, the height of the central nave being 38.5 metres.
It is built as a three-aisled basilica with side chapels, an ambulatory with radiating chapels, and vestibules like the arms of a transept. The westwork has a monumental two-tower façade. The height of the towers, including the weather vanes, is 124,95 metres and 124,75 metres, respectively.
St. Mary's is located in the Hanseatic merchants' quarter, which extends uphill from the warehouses on the River Trave to the church. As the main parish church of the citizens and the city council of Lübeck, it was built close to the town hall and the market.
HISTORY OF THE BUILDING
In 1150, Henry the Lion moved the Bishopric of Oldenburg to Lübeck and established a cathedral chapter. A wooden church was built in 1163, and starting in 1173/1174 this was replaced by a Romanesque brick church. At the beginning of the 13th century, however, it no longer met the expectations of the self-confident, ambitious, and affluent bourgeoisie, in terms of size and prestige. Romanesque sculptures from this period of the church's history are today exhibited at St. Anne's Museum in Lübeck
The design of the three-aisled basilica was based on the Gothic cathedrals in France and Flanders, which were built of natural stone. St. Mary's is the epitome of ecclesiastical Brick Gothic architecture and set the standard for many churches in the Baltic region, such as the St. Nicholas' Church in Stralsund and St. Nicholas in Wismar.
No one had ever before built a brick church this high and with a vaulted ceiling. The lateral thrust exerted by the vault is met by buttresses, making the enormous height possible. The motive for the Lübeck town council to embark on such an ambitious undertaking was the acrimonious relationship with the Bishopric of Lübeck. The church was built close to the Lübeck Town Hall and the market, and it dwarfed the nearby Romanesque Lübeck Cathedral, the church of the bishop established by Henry the Lion. It was meant as a symbol of the desire for freedom on the part of the Hanseatic traders and the secular authorities of the city, which had been granted the status of a free imperial city (Reichsfreiheit), making the city directly subordinate to the emperor, in 1226. It was also intended to underscore the pre-eminence of the city vis-à-vis the other cities of the Hanseatic League, which was being formed at about the same time (1356).
The Chapel of Indulgences (Briefkapelle) was added to the east of the south tower in 1310. It was both a vestibule and a chapel and, with its portal, was the church's second main entrance from the market. Probably originally dedicated to Saint Anne, the chapel received its current name during the Reformation, when paid scribes moved in. The chapel, which is 12 metres long, 8 metres deep, and 2 metres high, has a stellar vault ceiling and is considered a masterpiece of High Gothic architecture. It has often been compared to English Gothic Cathedral Architecture and the chapter house of Malbork Castle. Today the Chapel of Indulgences serves the community as a church during winter, with services from January to March.
In 1939 the town council built its own chapel, known as the Bürgermeisterkapelle (Burgomasters' Chapel), at the southeast corner of the ambulatory, the join being visible from the outside where there is a change from glazed to unglazed brick. It was in this chapel, from the large pew that still survives, that the newly elected council used to be installed. On the upper floor of the chapel is the treasury, where important documents of the city were kept. This part of the church is still in the possession of the town.
Before 1444, a chapel consisting of a single bay was added to the eastern end of the ambulatory, its five walls forming five eighths of an octagon. This was the last Gothic extension to the church. It was used for celebrating the so-called Hours of the Virgin, as part of the veneration of the Virgin Mary, reflected in its name Marientidenkapelle (Lady Chapel) or Sängerkapelle (Singers' Chapel).
In total, St Mary's Church has nine larger chapels and ten smaller ones that serve as sepulchral chapels and are named after the families of the Lübeck city council that used them and endowed them.
DESTRUCTION AND RESTAURATION
In an air raid by 234 bombers of the British Royal Air Force on 28–29 March 1942 – the night of Palm Sunday – the church was almost completely destroyed by fire, together with about a fifth of the Lübeck city centre, including Lübeck Cathedral and St. Peter's Church.
Among the artefacts destroyed was the famous Totentanzorgel (Danse Macabre organ), an instrument played by Dieterich Buxtehude and probably Johann Sebastian Bach. Other works of art destroyed in the fire include the Mass of Saint Gregory by Bernt Notke, the monumental Danse Macabre, originally by Bernt Notke but replaced by a copy in 1701, the carved figures of the rood screen, the Trinity altarpiece by Jacob van Utrecht (formerly also attributed to Bernard van Orley) and the Entrance of Christ into Jerusalem by Friedrich Overbeck. Sculptures by the woodcarver Benedikt Dreyer were also lost in the fire: the wooden statues of the saints on the west side of the rood screen and the organ sculpture on the great organ from around 1516–18 and Man with Counting Board. Also destroyed in the fire were the mediaeval stained glass windows from the St. Mary Magdalene Church (de), which were installed in St. Mary's Church from 1840 on, after the St. Mary Magdalene Church was demolished because it was in danger of collapse. Photographs by Lübeck photographers like William Castelli (de) give an impression of what the interior looked like before the War.
The glass window in one of the chapels has an alphabetic list of major towns in the pre-1945 eastern territory of the German Reich. Because of the destruction it suffered in World War II, St. Mary's Church is one of the Cross of Nails centres. A plaque on the wall warns of the futility of war.
The church was protected by a makeshift roof for the rest of the war, and the vaulted ceiling of the chancel was repaired. Reconstruction proper began in 1947, and was largely complete by 1959. In view of the previous damage by fire, the old wooden construction of the roof and spires was not replaced by a new wooden construction. All church spires in Lübeck were reconstructed using a special system involving lightweight concrete blocks underneath the copper roofing. The copper covering matched the original design and the concrete roof would avoid the possibility of a second fire. A glass window on the north side of the church commemorates the builder, Erich Trautsch (de), who invented this system.
In 1951, the 700th anniversary of the church was celebrated under the reconstructed roof; for the occasion, Chancellor Konrad Adenauer donated the new tenor bell, and the Memorial Chapel in the South Tower was inaugurated.
In the 1950s, there was a long debate about the design of the interior, not just the paintings (see below). The predominant view was that destruction had restored the essential, pure form. The redesign was intended to facilitate the dual function that St. Mary's had at that time, being both the diocesan church and the parish church. In the end, the church held a limited competition, inviting submissions from six architects, including Gerhard Langmaack (de) and Denis Boniver (de), the latter's design being largely accepted on 8 February 1958. At the meeting, the bishop, Heinrich Meyer (de), vehemently – and successfully – demanded the removal of the Fredenhagen altar (see below).
The redesign of the interior according to Boniver's plans was carried out in 1958–59. Since underfloor heating was being installed under a completely new floor, the remaining memorial slabs of Gotland limestone were removed and used to raise the level of the chancel. The chancel was separated from the ambulatory by whitewashed walls 3 metres high. The Fredenhagen altar was replaced by a plain altar base of muschelkalk limestone and a crucifix by Gerhard Marcks suspended from the transverse arch of the ceiling. The inauguration of the new chancel was on 20 December 1959.
At the same time, a treasure chamber was made for the Danzig Parament Treasure from St. Mary's Church in Danzig (now Gdańsk), which came to Lübeck after the War (removed in 1993), the Parament Treasure is now exhibited at St. Anne's Museum), and above that a large organ loft was built. The organ itself was not installed until 1968.
The gilded flèche, which extends 30 metres (98 ft) higher than the nave roof, was recreated from old designs and photographs in 1980.
LOTHAR MALSKAT AND THE FRESCOS
The heat of the blaze in 1942 dislodged large sections of plaster, revealing the original decorative paintings of the Middle Ages, some of which were documented by photograph during the Second World War. In 1948 the task of restoring these gothic frescos was given to Dietrich Fey. In what became the largest counterfeit art scandal after the Second World War, Fey hired local painter Lothar Malskat to assist with this task, and together they used the photographic documentation to restore and recreate a likeness to the original walls. Since no paintings of the clerestory of the chancel were available, Fey had Malskat invent one. Malskat "supplemented" the restorations with his own work in the style of the 14th century. The forgery was only cleared up after Malskat reported his deeds to the authorities in 1952, and he and Fey received prison sentences in 1954. The major fakes were later removed from the walls, on the instructions of the bishop.
Lothar Malskat played an important part in the novel The Rat by Günter Grass.
INTERIOR DECORATION
St. Mary's Church was generously endowed with donations from the city council, the guilds, families, and individuals. At the end of the Middle Ages it had 38 altars and 65 benefices. The following mediaeval artefacts remain:
A bronze baptismal font made by Hans Apengeter (de) (1337). Until 1942 it was at the west end of the church; it is now in the middle of the chancel. It holds 406 litres (89 imperial gallons), almost the same as a Hamburg or Bremen beer barrel, which holds 405 litres (89 imperial gallons).
Darsow Madonna from 1420, heavily damaged in 1942, restored from hundreds of individual pieces, put back in place again in 1989
Tabernacle from 1479, 9.5 metres high, made by Klaus Grude (de) using about 1000 individual bronze parts, some gilded, on the north wall of the chancel
Winged altarpiece by Christian Swarte (c. 1495) with Woman of the Apocalypse, now installed behind the main altar
Bronze burial slab by Bernt Notke for the Hutterock family (1505), in the Prayer Chapel (Gebetskapelle) in the north ambulatory
Of the rood screen destroyed in 1942 only an arch and the stone statues remain: Elizabeth with John the Baptist as a child, Virgin and Child with Saint Anne , the Archangel Gabriel and Mary (Annunciation), John the Evangelist and St. Dorothy.
In the ambulatory, sandstone reliefs (1515) from the atelier of Heinrich Brabender (de), with scenes from the Passion of Christ: to the north, the Washing of the Feet and the Last Supper; to the south, Christ in the garden of Gethsemane and his capture. The Last Supper relief includes a detail associated with Lübeck: a little mouse gnawing at the base of a rose bush. Touching it is supposed to mean that the person will never again return to Lübeck – or will have good luck, depending on the version of the superstition.
Remains of the original pews and the Antwerp altarpiece (de) (1518), in the Lady Chapel (Singers' Chapel)
John the Evangelist, a wooden statue by Henning von der Heide (c. 1505)
St. Anthony, a stone statue, donated in 1457 by the town councillor Hermann Sundesbeke (de), a member of the Brotherhood of St. Anthony
Remains of the original gothic pews in the Burgomasters' Chapel in the southern ambulatory
The Lamentation of Christ, one of the main works of the Nazarene Friedrich Overbeck, in the Prayer Chapel in the north ambulatory
The choir screens separating the choir from the ambulatory are recent reconstructions. The walls that had been built for this purpose in 1959 were removed in the 1990s. The brass bars of the choir screens were mostly still intact, but the wooden parts had been almost completely destroyed by fire in 1942. The oak crown and frame were reconstructed on the basis of what remained of the original construction.
ANTWERP ALTARPIECE
The impressive Antwerp altarpiece (de) in the Lady Chapel (Singers' Chapel) was created in 1518. It was donated for the chapel in 1522 by Johann Bone, a merchant from Geldern. After the chapel was converted into a confessional chapel in 1790, the altarpiece was moved around the church several times. During the Second World War, it was in the Chapel of Indulgences (Briefkapelle) and thus escaped destruction. The double-winged altarpiece depicts the life of the Virgin Mary in 26 painted and carved scenes.Before 1869, the wings of the predella, which depict the legends of the Holy Kinship were removed, sawn to make panel paintings, and sold. In 1869, two such paintings from the private collection of the mayor of Lübeck Karl Ludwig Roeck (de) were acquired for the collection in what is now St. Anne's Museum. Two more paintings from the outsides of the predella wings were acquired by the Kulturstiftung des Landes Schleswig-Holstein (de) (Cultural foundation of Schleswig-Holstein) and have been in St. Anne's Museum since 1988. Of the remaining paintings, two are in the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart and two are in a private collection in Stockholm.
MEMORIALS
In the renaissance and baroque periods, the church space contained so many memorials that it became like a hall of fame of the Lübeck gentry. Memorials in the main nave, allowed from 1693, had to be made of wood, for structural reasons, but those in the side naves could also be made of marble. Of the 84 memorials that were still extant in the 20th century, almost all of the wooden ones were destroyed by the air raid of 1942, but 17, mostly stone ones on the walls of the side naves survived, some heavily damaged. Since these were mostly baroque works, they were deliberately ignored in the first phase of reconstruction, restoration beginning in 1973. They give an impression of how richly St. Mary's church was once furnished. The oldest is that of Hermann von Dorne (de), a mayor who died in 1594, a heraldic design with mediaeval echoes. The memorial to Johann Füchting (de), a former councillor and Hanseatic merchant who died in 1637, is a Dutch work of the transitional period between the Renaissance and Baroque times by the sculptor Aris Claeszon (de) who worked in Amsterdam. After the phase of exuberant cartilage baroque, the examples of which were all destroyed by fire, Thomas Quellinus introduced a new type of memorial to Lübeck and created memorials in the dramatic style of Flemish High Baroque for
the councillor Hartwig von Stiten (de), made in 1699;
the councillor Adolf Brüning (de), made in 1706;
the mayor Jerome of Dorne (de) (who died in 1704) and
the mayor Anton Winckler (de) (1707),
the last one being the only one to remain undamaged. In the same year, the Lübeck sculptor Hans Freese created the memorial for councillor Gotthard Kerkring (de) (who had died in 1705), whose oval portrait is held by a winged figure of death. A well-preserved example of the memorials of the next generation is the one for Peter Hinrich Tesdorpf (de), a mayor who died in 1723.
The Sepulchral Chapel of the Tesdorpf family contains a bust by Gottfried Schadowof mayor Johann Matthaeus Tesdorpf (de), which the Council presented to him in 1823 on the occasion of his anniversary as a member of the Council, and which was installed here in 1835. Among the later memorials is also the gravestone of mayor Joachim Peters (de) by Landolin Ohmacht (c. 1795).
THE FREDENHAGEN ALTARPIECE
The main item from the Baroque period, an altar with an altarpiece 18 metres high, donated by the merchant Thomas Fredenhagen (de) and made by the Antwerp sculptor Thomas Quellinus from marble and porphyry (1697) was seriously damaged in 1942. After a lengthy debate lasting from 1951 to 1959, Heinrich Meyer (de), the bishop at the time, prevailed, and it was decided not to restore the altar but to replace it with a simple altar of limestone, with a bronze crucifix made by Gerhard Marcks. Speaking of the historical significance of the altar, the director of the Lübeck Museum at the time said that it was the only work of art of European stature that the Protestant Church in Lübeck had produced after the Reformation.
Individual items from the altarpiece are now in the ambulatory: the Calvary group with Mary and John, the marble predella with a relief of the Last Supper and the three crowned figures, the allegorical sculptures of Belief and Hope, and the Resurrected Christ. The other remains of the altar and altarpiece are now stored over the vaulted ceiling between the towers. The debate as to whether it is possible and desirable to restore the altar as a major work of baroque art of European stature is ongoing.
STAINED GLAS
Except for a few remains, the air raid of 1942 destroyed all the windows, including the stained glass windows that Carl Julius Milde had installed at Saint Mary's after they were rescued from the St. Mary Magdalene Church (de) when the St. Mary Magdalene's Priory was demolished in the 19th century, and including the windows made by Professor Alexander Linnemann (de) from Frankfurt in the late 19th century. In the reconstruction, simple diamond-pane leaded windows were used, mostly just decorated with the coat of arms of the donor, though some windows had an artistic design.
The windows in the Singers' Chapel (Lady Chapel) depict the coat of arms of the Hanseatic towns of Bremen, Hamburg and Lübeck, and the lyrics of Buxtehude's Lübeck cantata, Schwinget euch himmelan (BuxWV 96).
The monumental west window, designed by Hans Gottfried von Stockhausen (de), depicts the Day of Judgment.
The window of the Memorial chapel (Gedenkkapelle) in the South Tower (which holds the destroyed bells), depicts coats of arms of towns, states and provinces of former eastern territories of Germany.
Both windows in the Danse Macabre Chapel (Totentanzkapelle), which were designed by Alfred Mahlau in 1955/1956 and made in the Berkentien stained glass atelier in Lübeck, adopt motifs from the Danse Macabre painting that was destroyed by fire in 1942. They replace the Kaiserfenster (Emperor's Window), which was donated by Kaiser Wilhelm II on the occasion of his visit to Lübeck in 1913. It was manufactured by the Munich court stained glass artist Karl de Bouché (de) and depicted the confirmation of the town privileges by Emperor Barbarossa.
In 1981–82, windows by Johannes Schreiter (de) were installed in the Chapel of Indulgences (Briefkapelle). Their ragged diamond pattern evokes not only the destruction of the church but also the torn nets of the Disciples (Luke 6).
In December 2002, the tympanum window was added above the north portal of the Danse Macabre Chapel after a design by Markus Lüpertz.
This window, like the windows by Johannes Schreiter in the Chapel of Indulgences (Briefkapelle), was manufactured and assembled by Derix Glass Studios in Taunusstein.
CHURCHYARD
Saint Mary's Churchyard (de), with its views of the north face of the Lübeck Town Hall (de ), the Kanzleigebäude (de), and the Marienwerkhaus (de) has the ambiance of a mediaeval town.
The architectural features include the subjects of Lübeck legends; a large block of granite to the right of the entrance was supposedly not left there by the builders but put there by the Devil.
To the north and west of the church, the courtyard is now an open space, mediaeval buildings having been removed. At the corner between Schüsselbuden (de) and Mengstraße (de) are the remaining stone foundations of the Maria am Stegel (de) Chapel (1415), which served as a bookshop before the Second World War. In the late 1950s, it was decided not to reconstruct it, and the remaining external walls of the ruins were cleared away. On Mengstraße, opposite the churchyard, is a building with facades from the 18th century: the clergy house known as die Wehde (de), which also gave its name to the courtyard that lies behind it, the Wehdehof.
The war memorial, created in 1929 by the sculptor Hermann Joachim Pagels (de) 1929 on behalf of the congregation of the church to commemorate their dead, is made of Swedish granite from Karlshamn. The inscription reads (in translation):
The congregation of St. Mary's
in memory of their dead
1914 1918
(to which was added after the Second World War)
and
1939 1945
MUSIC AT ST: MARY´S
Music played an important part in the life of St. Mary's as far back as the Middle Ages. The Lady Chapel (Singers' Chapel), for instance, had its own choir. After the Reformation and Johannes Bugenhagen's Church Order, the Lübeck Katharineum school choir provided the singing for religious services. In return the school received the income of the chapel's trust fund. Until 1802, the cantor was both a teacher at the school and responsible for the singing of the choir and the congregation. The organist, was responsible for the organ music and other instrumental music; he also had administrative and accounting responsibilities and was responsible for the upkeep of the building,.
MAIN ORGAN
St. Mary's is known to have had an organ in the 14th century, since the occupation "organist" is mentioned in a will from 1377. The old great organ was built in 1516–1518 under the direction of Martin Flor (de) on the west wall as a replacement for the great organ of 1396. It had 32 stops, 2 manuals and a pedalboard. This organ, "in all probability the first and only Gothic organ with a thirty-two-foot principal (deepest pipe, 11 metres long) in the western world of the time",[a] was repeatedly added to and re-built over the centuries. For instance, the organist and organ-builder Barthold Hering (de) (who died in 1555) carried out a number of repairs and additions; in 1560/1561 Jacob Scherer added a chest division with a third manual. From 1637 to 1641, Friederich Stellwagen carried out a number of modifications. Otto Diedrich Richborn (de) added three registers in 1704. In 1733, Konrad Büntung exchanged four registers, changed the arrangement of the manuals and added couplers. In 1758, his son, Christoph Julius Bünting (de) added a small swell division with three voices, the action being controllable from the breast division manual. By the beginning of the 19th century the organ had 3 manuals and a pedalboard, 57 registers and 4,684 pipes. In 1851, however, a completely new organ was installed – built by Johann Friedrich Schulze (de), in the spirit of the time, with four manuals, a pedalboard, and 80 voices, behind the historic organ case by Benedikt Dreyer, which was restored and added to by Carl Julius Milde. This great organ was destroyed in 1942 and was replaced in 1968 by what was then the largest mechanical-action organ in the world. It was built by Kemper & Son. It has 5 manuals and a pedalboard, 100 stops and 8,512 pipes; the longest are 11 metres (36 feet), the smallest is the size of a cigarette. The tracker action operates electrically and has free combinations; the stop tableau is duplicated.
Danse macabre organ (choir organ)
The Dance macabre organ (Totentanzorgel) was older than the old great organ. It was installed in 1477 on the east side of the north arm of the "transept" in the Danse Macabre Chapel (so named because of the Danse Macabre painting that hung there) and was used for the musical accompaniment of the requiem masses that were celebrated there. After the Church Reformation it was used for prayers and for Holy Communion services. In 1549 and 1558 Jakob Scherer added to the organ among other things, a chair organ (Rückpositiv), and in 1621 a chest division was added. Friedrich Stellwagen also carried out extensive repairs from 1653 to 1655. Thereafter, only minor changes were made. For this reason, this organ, together with the Arp Schnitger organ in St. James' Church in Hamburg and the Stellwagen Organ in St. James' Church (de) in Lübeck, attracted the interest of organ experts in connection with the Orgelbewegung. The disposition (de) of the organ was changed back to what it had been in the 17th century. But, like the Danse Macabre organ, this organ was also destroyed in 1942.
In 1955 the organ builders Kemper & Son restored the Danse Macabre organ in accordance with its 1937 dimensions, but now in the northern part of the ambulatory, in the direction of the raised choir. Its original place is now occupied by the astronomical clock. This post-War organ, which was very prone to malfunction, was replaced in 1986 by a new Danse Macabre organ, built by Führer Co. in Wilhelmshaven and positioned in the same place as its predecessor. It has a mechanical tracker action, with four manuals and a pedalboard, 56 stops and approximately 5,000 pipes. This organ is particularly suited for accompanying prayers and services, as well as an instrument for older organ music up to Bach.
As a special tradition at St Mary's, on New Year's Eve the chorale Now Thank We All Our God is accompanied by both
OTHER INSTRUMENTS
There used to be an organ on the rood screen, as a basso continuo instrument for the choir that was located there – the church's third organ. In 1854 the breast division that was removed from the Great Organ (built in 1560–1561 by Jacob Scherer) when it was converted was installed here. This "rood screen organ" had one manual and seven stops and was replaced in 1900 by a two-manual pneumatic organ made by the organ builder Emanuel Kemper, the old organ box being retained. This organ, too, was destroyed in 1942.
In the Chapel of Indulgences (Briefkapelle) there is a chamber organ originally from East Prussia. It has been in the chapel since 1948. It has a single manual and eight voices, with separate control of bass and descant parts. It was built by Johannes Schwarz in 1723 and from 1724 was the organ of the Schloßkapelle (Castle Chapel) of Dönhofstädt near Rastenburg (now Kętrzyn, Poland). From there it was acquired by Lübeck organ builder Karl Kemper in 1933. For a few years it was in the choir of St. Catherine's Church, Lübeck. Then, Walter Kraft brought it, as a temporary measure, to the Chapel of Indulgences at St. Mary's, this being the first part of the church to be ready for church services after the War. Today this organ provides the accompaniment for prayers as well as the Sunday services that are held in the Chapel of Indulgences from January to March.
ORGANISTS
Two 17th-century organists, especially, shaped the development of the musical tradition of St. Mary's: Franz Tunder from 1642 until his death in 1667, and his successor and son-in-law, Dieterich Buxtehude , from 1668 to 1707. Both were defining representatives of the north German organ school and were prominent both as organists and as composers. In 1705 Johann Sebastian Bach came to Lübeck to observe and learn from Buxtehude,[b] and Georg Friedrich Händel and Johann Mattheson had already been guests of Buxtehude in 1703. Since then, the position of organist at St. Mary's Church has been one of the most prestigious in Germany.
With their evening concerts, Tunder and Buxtehude were the first to introduce church concerts independent of religious services. Buxtehude developed a fixed format, with a series of five concerts on the two last Sundays of the Trinity period (i.e. the last two Sundays before Advent) and the second, third, and fourth Sunday in Advent. This very successful series of concerts was continued by Buxtehude's successors, Johann Christian Schieferdecker (1679–1732), Johann Paul Kunzen (de) (1696–1757), his son Adolf Karl Kunzen (de) (1720–1781) and Johann Wilhelm Cornelius von Königslöw.
For the evening concerts they each composed a series of Biblical oratorios, including Israels Abgötterey in der Wüsten [Israel's Idol Worship in the Desert] (1758), Absalon (1761) and Goliath (1762) by Adolf Kunzen and ''Die Rettung des Kindes Mose [The Finding of Baby Moses] and Der geborne Weltheiland [The Saviour of the World is born] (1788), Tod, Auferstehung and Gericht [Death, Resurrection and Judgment] (1790) , and Davids Klage am Hermon nach dem 42ten Psalm [David's Lament on Mount Hermon (Psalm 42)] (1793) by Königslöw.
Around 1810 this tradition ended for a time. Attitudes towards music and the Church had changed, and external circumstances (the occupation by Napoleon's troops and the resulting financial straits) made such expensive concerts impossible.
In the early 20th century it was the organist Walter Kraft (1905–1977) who tried to revive the tradition of the evening concerts, starting with an evening of Bach's organ music, followed by an annual programme of combined choral and organ works. In 1954 Kraft created the Lübecker Totentanz (Lübeck Danse Macabre) as a new type of evening concert.
The tradition of evening concerts continues today under the current organist (since 2009), Johannes Unger.
The Lübeck Boys Choir at St. Mary’s
THE LÜBECK BOYS CHOIR
has been at St. Mary’s since 1970. It was originally founded as the Lübecker Kantorei in 1948. The choir sings regularly at services on Sundays and religious festivals. The performance of the St John Passion on Good Friday has become a Lübeck tradition.
ST. MARY´S CHURCH TODAY
CONGREGATION
Since the establishment of Johannes Bugenhagen's Lutheran Church Order by the town council in 1531 St. Mary has been Protestant. Today it belongs to the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church. Services are held on Sundays and Church festivals from 10 o'clock. From Mondays to Saturdays in the summer season and in Advent there is a short prayer service with organ music at noon (after the parade of the figures of the Astronomical Clock), which tourists and locals are invited to attend. Since 15 March 2010 there has been an admission charge of two euros for visitors.
ASTRONOMICAL CLOCK
The astronomical clock was built in 1561–1566. It used to stand in the ambulatory, behind the high altar but was completely destroyed in 1942. Only a clock dial that was replaced during a previous restoration remains, in St. Anne's Museum The new Astronomical Clock, which was installed on the East side of the Northern transept, in the Danse Macabre Chapel. It is the work of Paul Behrens, a Lübeck clockmaker, who planned it as his lifetime achievement from 1960 to 1967. He collected donations for it, made the clock, including all its parts, and maintained the clock until his death. The clock front is a simplified copy of the original. Calendar and planetary discs controlled by a complicated mechanical movement show the day and the month, the position of the sun and the moon, the signs of the zodiac (the thirteen astronomical signs, not the twelve astrological signs), the date of Easter, and the golden number.
At noon, the clock chimes and a procession of figures passes in front of the figure of Christ, who blesses each of them. The figures originally represented the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire; since the post-War reconstruction, they represent eight representatives of the peoples of the world.
CARILLON
After the War, a carillon with 36 bells was installed In the South Tower. Some of the bells came from St Catherine's Church in Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland). On the hour and half-hour, choral melodies are played, alternating according to the season. Formerly the carillon was operated by a complicated electromechanical system of cylinders; the mechanism is now computer-controlled. At Christmas and Easter, the organist plays the clock chimes manually.
BELLS
The 11 historic bells of the church originally hung in the South Tower in a bell loft 60 metres high. An additional seven bells for sounding the time were made by Heinrich von Kampen (de) in 1508–1510 and installed in the flèche. During the fire in the air raid of 1942, the bells are reported to have rung again in the upwind before crashing to the ground. The remains of two bells, the oldest bell, the "Sunday bell" by Heinrich von Kampen (2000 kg, diameter 1710 mm, strike tone a0) and the tenor bell by Albert Benningk from 1668 (7134 kg, diameter 2170 mm, strike tone a0F#0), were preserved as a memorial in the former Schinkel Chapel, at the base of the South Tower The "Council and Children's Bell" made in 1650 by Anton Wiese (de), which used to be rung for the short prayer services before council meetings and for christenings, was given to Strecknitz Mental Home (de) in 1906 and was thus the only one of the historic bells to survive World War II. Today it hangs in the tower of what is now the University of Lübeck hospital.
The set of bells in the North Tower now consists of seven bells. It ranks among the largest and deepest-pitched of its kind in northern Germany. The three baroque bells originate from Danzig churches, (Gratia Dei and Dominicalis from St. John's (de) and Osanna from St. Mary's). After the Second World War, these bells from the "Hamburger bell cemetery" were hung in the tower as temporary replacement bells.
In 1951 the German Chancellor, Konrad Adenauer donated a new tenor bell. In 1985 three additional bells were made., completing the set. They have inscriptions referring to peace and reconciliation.
In 2005, the belfry was renovated. The steel bell frame from the reconstruction was replaced with a wooden one and the bells were hung directly on wooden yokes, so that the bells ring out with more brilliance.
This great peal is easily recognised because of the unusual disposition (intervals between the individual bells); the series of whole tone steps between bells 1–5 results in a distinctive sound with added vibrancy due to the tone of the historic bells.
DIMENSIONS
Total Length: 103 metres
Length of the middle nave: 70 metres
Vault height in the main nave: 38.5 metres
Vault height in the side naves: 20.7 metres
Height of the towers: 125 metres
Floor area: 3,300 square metres
WIKIPEDIA
The people of Kashmir are in the habit of using a kind of fire-pot called Kanger (you can see the "kangri" if you look closely at the left side of this picture) in local dialect to warm their body in winter. Kanger is an artistically designed household gadget very popular for its use.
A fully baked earthen bowl with somewhat closed opening is wrapped wholly with a beautiful wicker-work basket with suitable handles above making it quite safe to handle profusely with burning charcoal inside.
This hot Kashmir firepot (Kanger) is usually taken inside Pharen, the traditional trademark Kashmir outer garment, a loose long robe with wide open sleeves usually made of course thick woolen cloth and held close to body mostly with both hands both while sitting, standing or walking.
This grand landmark structure has greeted railway passengers arriving in the city for more than 80 years. The Adelaide Railway Station marks a period of transformation in the state’s railway system. It was a celebrated achievement at the time, but it was also mired in controversy.
In the early 1920s South Australia’s railway system was in a dismal state. The state government brought out Ohio-born William Alfred Webb from the United States to make improvements.
As the new Railway Commissioner, Webb made major changes. He built stronger bridges and bought bigger locomotives. He also decentralised railway administration, giving greater control to divisional superintendents. Within a few years, he had revolutionised the state’s railways.
Unfortunately, Webb did not foresee that automobiles would soon outpace rail.
Although mainly positive, Webb’s program and the building of the railway station came with a big price tag. The Railway Commissioner was heavily criticised and was the subject of debate in Parliament. His spending contributed to the near bankruptcy of the State Government by 1929. As the Great Depression set in, Webb returned to the US with a tarnished reputation. [Ref: Adelaide City Explorer]
THE RAILWAY STATION BUILDING
Foundation Stone Laying. Mr Gunn's Final Official Act
A noteworthy ceremony in the history of the State will take place at 11 am today, when the retiring Premier (Hon J Gunn) will lay the foundation stone of the new railway station at North Terrace.
Invitations for the occasion have been sent to members of the Ministry, members of both Houses of Parliament, and other representative citizens. It is also expected that the public generally will attend in large numbers. The Premier, who has authorized the whole of the detailed expenditure, in the work to date, and manifested a keen interest in its progress will, by this act, fittingly celebrate in a public way the termination of his position as Minister of Railways. The stone is to be set in the main portion of the facade, near the entrance to the ramp.
The building was begun at the end of last year, and it is expected to be completed by July, 1928. In addition to the usual railway facilities, accommodation will be provided for the whole of the clerical staff in Adelaide, numbering approximately 400. The frontage to North terrace is 225 ft and to a new roadway on the east, 390 ft. The whole construction is to be of reinforced concrete and steel frame, with brick cement walls. The height for the present will be of four floors with flat roof, and allowance has been made in the design for the addition of three extra floors at a future date. The floor area of the building is 303,000 super feet. The main passenger concourse is 370 ft by 41 ft by 40 ft high, covering 16 railheads. The main waiting hall is in the form of a Maltese cross, measuring 120 ft each way, with a concrete dome in the centre, 45 ft diameter, of a height of 70 ft above the floor level, supported by eight Ionic columns each 30 ft high, the four annexes each being 45 ft by 38 ft by 25 ft high. Country and suburban ticket halls each 100 ft by 25 ft by 25 ft high are arranged on the street level, with ramp and stair approaches to the passenger concourse, which is 18 ft 6 in below. The area of the parcels and luggage offices is approximately 30,000 super feet. In the construction of the building 2,250,000 bricks will be used, 20,000 cubic yards of concrete, and 1,200 tons of structural steel. The whole of the exterior elevations, the passenger concourse, the main waiting room, and ticket halls, will be finished with white cement and brown sand. All windows, doors, and office partitions throughout will be of steel: thus the whole building will be entirely fireproof. Immediately under the main waiting hall on the platform level will be a large, public dining room, 90 ft each way, adjoining which is to be a quick-lunch cafe, 70 ft by 36 ft. A hot water heating system is to be installed throughout, and the building will be replete with the most modern appliances, including a vacuum cleaning plant and tube system. The total cost is approximately £400,000.
The cloak room is the first office to have permanent quarters in the new building, and it is located on the extreme northeastern corner, and a start has already been made in the demolition of the old office near the assembly platform. The counters of the new quarters are polished hardwood, and the racks are convenient and commodious, the windows forming an artistic design in Flemish leadlight. The work on the station is being carried out departmentally, and 140 men are employed thereon. Up-to-date appliances are in use, including air compressors, concrete mixers, and other mechanical devices. At one period it was thought that work would be delayed, owing to the acceptance of the tender for steel girders being hung up. but it was kept going by the substitution of concrete piers, which incidentally, occupy more room. The acting chief engineer of railways (Mr C B Anderson) has the direct supervision of the undertaking, and the superintending officer (Mr J G Carson), who was formerly in charge of the construction of the new railway bridge over the River Murray at Murray Bridge, has charge of the outside work. The plans were drawn by Messrs Garlick & Jackman, architects, and the details for departmental purposes have been worked out by Mr A M Bonython (structural draftsman). [Ref: Register 24-8-1926]
New Railway Station
It has been decided by the Railway Department officials that there will be no official opening of the new Adelaide Station.
Following a previous announcement that a limited number would be asked to make an inspection of the premises, Mr W A Webb (Railways Commissioner) was besieged with applications for invitations. [Ref: News 16-7-1928]
NEW RAILWAY STATION
An inspection of. the new Railway Station offices in Adelaide will be made this morning by citizens who have been invited to do so by the Minister of Railways (Hon R LButler). [Ref: Register 30-7-1928]
WEIGH BABY AT THE ADELAIDE RAILWAY STATION
In many countries in the world at the present time there are Baby Health Centres at large railway depots where mothers, arriving in a strange city with babies, or waiting to catch a train can take their infants to be weighed and get advice on all matters pertaining to feeding and general care from a competent certified nurse.
Fully appreciating the value of the splendid work done at railway stations by Baby Welfare institutions, the Commissioner of Railways (Mr W A Webb) has placed a room in the new Adelaide railway station at the disposal of the Mothers' and Babies' Health Association, better known under the old title of School for Mothers.
This centre will be opened on Monday, 16 July. A trained nurse will be in attendance each week day from 9.30 am, 1 pm and from 2.0, 4.30 pm.
The large comfortable room that is to be the centre of the nurse’s activities has an entrance off the main waiting room on a level with North Terrace.
Numerous signs boards are being erected by the railway authorities to direct mothers to this room.
Take your baby to be weighed and seek the nurse's advice when next you are at the Adelaide station. [Ref: Bunyip (Gawler) 13-7-1928]
Since 2009, artistically designed stained-glass windows by Sigmar Polke have decorated the Grossmünster church. This well-known German artist crafted seven windows in the nave from agate. He cut this semi-precious stone into thin slices that would let light pass through them and give the appearance of brightly glowing walls. The brilliantly colorful result was then expanded with five figurative glass windows.
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St Mark's Church of England, in the Melbourne suburb of Camberwell, features the largest collection of stained glass windows created by the husband and wife artistic team of Christian and Napier Waller outside of the National War Memorial in Canberra. The collection of stained glass at St Mark's dates from the 1930s through to the mid Twentieth Century. These include the Great West Window.
The Great West Window, which is also a memorial to soldiers who died during the Great War (1914 - 1918), depicts Christ illuminated as the centre of a golden yellow aura which radiates brilliant coloured light to the figures of Moses and Elijah who flank him. At the bottom each window are the figures of Saint John, Saint Peter and Saint James.
St Mark's Parish was first established in 1912, as ribbon housing estates and developments were established along the Burke Road tramline. In 1914, a church hall, designed by Louis Reginald Williams and Alexander North, was built to be used for all church services and any parish activities on a temporary basis. The temporary accommodation lasted for fourteen years, until St Mark's Church of England was built between 1927 and 1928, to the design specifications of noted local architect Rodney Howard Alsop. Mr. Alsop was a significant and prolific contributor to the Arts and Crafts movement in Australia. St Mark's Church of England is an interesting building as it has been designed in rather imposing Gothic design, and yet it is heavily influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement, no doubt as a result of the architect's passion for the design movement. The foundation stone was laid in 1927 and the building opened in July of the following year. During the post Great War era, there was a war memorial movement that influenced architectural design throughout Australia. The movement was at its peak in the 1920s, so a key feature of the planning of St Mark's Church of England was the inclusion of a war memorial within the church building. This was achieved by way of a chapel which was dedicated to the memory of the men of the parish who died during the Great War (1914 - 1918). St Mark's Church of England was completed during the one construction period and the building has never been altered architecturally since. The design of St Mark's includes an elegant broach spire, and use of stucco rendering and minimal ornamentation. There are interesting internal aspects, including the octagonal baptistery and the placing of the square chancel behind the altar.
Christian Waller (1894 – 1954) was an Australian artist. Born in Castlemaine, Victoria, Christian was the fifth daughter and youngest of seven children of William Edward Yandell a Victorian-born plasterer, and his wife Emily, née James, who came from England. Christian began her art studies in 1905 under Carl Steiner at the Castlemaine School of Mines. The family moved in 1910 to Melbourne where Christian attended the National Gallery schools. She studied under Frederick McCubbin and Bernard Hall, won several student prizes, exhibited (1913-22) with the Victorian Artists Society and illustrated publications. On 21 October 1915 at the manse of St Andrew's Presbyterian Church, Carlton, she married her former fellow-student Mervyn Napier Waller; they were childless, but adopted Christian’s niece Klytie Pate, in all but a legal sense. During the 1920s Christian Waller became a leading book illustrator, winning acclaim as the first Australian artist to illustrate Alice in Wonderland (1924). Her work reflected Classical, Medieval, Pre-Raphaelite and Art Nouveau influences. She also produced woodcuts and linocuts, including fine bookplates. From about 1928 she designed stained-glass windows. The Wallers travelled to London in 1929 to investigate the manufacture of stained glass at Whall & Whall Ltd's premises. Returning to Australia via Italy, they studied the mosaics at Ravenna and Venice. Christian signed and exhibited her work under her maiden name until 1930, but thereafter used her married name. In the 1930s Waller produced her finest prints, book designs and stained glass, her work being more Art Deco in style and showing her interest in theosophy. She created stained-glass windows for a number of churches—especially for those designed by Louis Williams—in Melbourne, Geelong, and rural centres in New South Wales. Sometimes she collaborated with her husband, both being recognized as among Australia's leading stained-glass artists. Estranged from Napier, Christian went to New York in 1939. In 1940 she returned to the home she shared with her husband in Fairy Hills where she immersed herself in her work and became increasingly reclusive. In 1942 she painted a large mural for Christ Church, Geelong; by 1948 she had completed more than fifty stained-glass windows.
Mervyn Napier Waller (1893 – 1972) was an Australian artist. Born in Penshurst, Victoria, Napier was the son of William Waller, contractor, and his wife Sarah, née Napier. Educated locally until aged 14, he then worked on his father's farm. In 1913 he began studies at the National Gallery schools, Melbourne, and first exhibited water-colours and drawings at the Victorian Artists' Society in 1915. On 31 August of that year he enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force, and on 21 October at the manse of St Andrew's Presbyterian Church, Carlton, married Christian Yandell, a fellow student and artist from Castlemaine. Serving in France from the end of 1916, Waller was seriously wounded in action, and his right arm had to be amputated at the shoulder. Whilst convalescing in France and England Napier learned to write and draw with his left hand. After coming home to Australia he exhibited a series of war sketches in Melbourne, Sydney, Adelaide and Hobart between 1918 and 1919 which helped to establish his reputation as a talented artist. Napier continued to paint in water-colour, taking his subjects from mythology and classical legend, but exhibited a group of linocuts in 1923. In 1927 Napier completed his first major mural for the Menzies Hotel, Melbourne. Next year his mural 'Peace after Victory' was installed in the State Library of Victoria. Visiting England and Europe in 1929 to study stained glass, the Wallers travelled in Italy where Napier was deeply impressed by the mosaics in Ravenna and studied mosaic in Venice. He returned to Melbourne in March 1930 and began to work almost exclusively in stained glass and mosaic. In 1931 he completed a great monumental mosaic for the University of Western Australia; two important commissions in Melbourne followed: the mosaic façade for Newspaper House (completed 1933) and murals for the dining hall in the Myer Emporium (completed 1935). During this time he also worked on a number of stained-glass commissions, some in collaboration with his wife, Christian. Between 1939 and 1945 he worked as an illustrator and undertook no major commissions. In 1946 he finished a three-lancet window commemorating the New Guinea martyrs for St Peter's Church, Eastern Hill. In 1952-58 he designed and completed the mosaics and stained glass for the Hall of Memory at the Australian War Memorial, Canberra. On 25 January 1958 in a civil ceremony in Melbourne Waller had married Lorna Marion Reyburn, a New Zealand-born artist who had long been his assistant in stained glass.
The fountain created by Gregor von Bochmann in 1909 was donated to the city of Düsseldorf. The city had it built in front of the Görres High School. The fountain consists of a water basin framed by an artistically designed natural stone balustrade and a bronze sculpture that rises on a pedestal in the middle of the basin. The sculpture depicts two boys, an older boy giving water to a younger boy from a jug. Both figures were originally depicted unclothed, but the older boy was later given a loincloth because his nakedness caused offence. The fountain is a listed object.
Source: wikipedia.de
Kamehameha Day, celebrated on June 11, is a Hawaii state holiday celebrating King Kamehameha. It was established by royal decree on December 22, 1871 by King Kamehameha V as a national holiday. Kamehameha Day was created to honor the memory of Kamehameha, the king’s great grandfather, who united the Hawaiian Islands in 1810 and became Hawai‘i’s first king. The first celebration occurred on June 11, 1872.
"A floral parade is held annually at various locations throughout the state of Hawaii. On the island of Oahu, the parade runs from ʻIolani Palace in downtown Honolulu past Honolulu Harbor and the Prince Kūhiō Federal Building through Kakaʻako, Ala Moana and Waikīkī, ending at Kapiʻolani Park. June 11 is also the anniversary of the dedication of Kapiʻolani Park. The floral parade features local marching bands — including the Royal Hawaiian Band (the oldest municipal band in the United States) — and artistically designed floats using native flowers and plants. Many local companies enter floats for their employees.
A favorite floral parade feature is the traditional royal paʻu riders. They represent a royal court led by a queen on horseback, followed by princesses representing the eight major islands of Hawaiʻi and Molokini. Each princess is attended by paʻu ladies in waiting. Paʻu women are dressed in colorful and elegant 19th century riding gowns accented with lei and other floral arrangements." Wikipedia.
There is an annual Lei Draping ceremony
in which the Kamehameha Statue in front of Aliʻiolani Hale and ʻIolani Palace on King Street in downtown Honolulu is draped in long strands of lei.
The station’s palatial dimensions and lavish amenities were designed with the highest levels of passenger comfort and convenience in mind and captured the extravagance and optimism of the outgoing era
The provision of public telephone booths was considered essential for a building of such state pride, especially for long distance travellers. During the twenties and thirties, the main concourse also boasted dining rooms, a cigar store, a wine saloon, a lolly shop, a barber, a beauty parlour, hot showers, and handsome blackwood stalls selling fresh fruit, novels and hot soup.
Combined these services were considered a revelation in luxury and operating efficiency.
Now, nearly 100 years on, these once essential building amenities will be transformed to showcase South Australian artists, through a series of exhibitions curated by JamFactory.
JamFactory
For almost 50 years, JamFactory has been supporting and promoting innovative and outstanding craft and design through its studios, galleries and shops.
Adelaide Railway Station
This grand landmark structure has greeted railway passengers arriving in the city for more than 80 years. The Adelaide Railway Station marks a period of transformation in the state’s railway system. It was a celebrated achievement at the time, but it was also mired in controversy.
In the early 1920s South Australia’s railway system was in a dismal state. The state government brought out Ohio-born William Alfred Webb from the United States to make improvements.
As the new Railway Commissioner, Webb made major changes. He built stronger bridges and bought bigger locomotives. He also decentralised railway administration, giving greater control to divisional superintendents. Within a few years, he had revolutionised the state’s railways.
Unfortunately, Webb did not foresee that automobiles would soon outpace rail.
Although mainly positive, Webb’s program and the building of the railway station came with a big price tag. The Railway Commissioner was heavily criticised and was the subject of debate in Parliament. His spending contributed to the near bankruptcy of the State Government by 1929. As the Great Depression set in, Webb returned to the US with a tarnished reputation. [Ref: Adelaide City Explorer]
THE RAILWAY STATION BUILDING
Foundation Stone Laying. Mr Gunn's Final Official Act
A noteworthy ceremony in the history of the State will take place at 11 am today, when the retiring Premier (Hon J Gunn) will lay the foundation stone of the new railway station at North Terrace.
Invitations for the occasion have been sent to members of the Ministry, members of both Houses of Parliament, and other representative citizens. It is also expected that the public generally will attend in large numbers. The Premier, who has authorized the whole of the detailed expenditure, in the work to date, and manifested a keen interest in its progress will, by this act, fittingly celebrate in a public way the termination of his position as Minister of Railways. The stone is to be set in the main portion of the facade, near the entrance to the ramp.
The building was begun at the end of last year, and it is expected to be completed by July, 1928. In addition to the usual railway facilities, accommodation will be provided for the whole of the clerical staff in Adelaide, numbering approximately 400. The frontage to North terrace is 225 ft and to a new roadway on the east, 390 ft. The whole construction is to be of reinforced concrete and steel frame, with brick cement walls. The height for the present will be of four floors with flat roof, and allowance has been made in the design for the addition of three extra floors at a future date. The floor area of the building is 303,000 super feet. The main passenger concourse is 370 ft by 41 ft by 40 ft high, covering 16 railheads. The main waiting hall is in the form of a Maltese cross, measuring 120 ft each way, with a concrete dome in the centre, 45 ft diameter, of a height of 70 ft above the floor level, supported by eight Ionic columns each 30 ft high, the four annexes each being 45 ft by 38 ft by 25 ft high. Country and suburban ticket halls each 100 ft by 25 ft by 25 ft high are arranged on the street level, with ramp and stair approaches to the passenger concourse, which is 18 ft 6 in below. The area of the parcels and luggage offices is approximately 30,000 super feet. In the construction of the building 2,250,000 bricks will be used, 20,000 cubic yards of concrete, and 1,200 tons of structural steel. The whole of the exterior elevations, the passenger concourse, the main waiting room, and ticket halls, will be finished with white cement and brown sand. All windows, doors, and office partitions throughout will be of steel: thus the whole building will be entirely fireproof. Immediately under the main waiting hall on the platform level will be a large, public dining room, 90 ft each way, adjoining which is to be a quick-lunch cafe, 70 ft by 36 ft. A hot water heating system is to be installed throughout, and the building will be replete with the most modern appliances, including a vacuum cleaning plant and tube system. The total cost is approximately £400,000.
The cloak room is the first office to have permanent quarters in the new building, and it is located on the extreme northeastern corner, and a start has already been made in the demolition of the old office near the assembly platform. The counters of the new quarters are polished hardwood, and the racks are convenient and commodious, the windows forming an artistic design in Flemish leadlight. The work on the station is being carried out departmentally, and 140 men are employed thereon. Up-to-date appliances are in use, including air compressors, concrete mixers, and other mechanical devices. At one period it was thought that work would be delayed, owing to the acceptance of the tender for steel girders being hung up. but it was kept going by the substitution of concrete piers, which incidentally, occupy more room. The acting chief engineer of railways (Mr C B Anderson) has the direct supervision of the undertaking, and the superintending officer (Mr J G Carson), who was formerly in charge of the construction of the new railway bridge over the River Murray at Murray Bridge, has charge of the outside work. The plans were drawn by Messrs Garlick & Jackman, architects, and the details for departmental purposes have been worked out by Mr A M Bonython (structural draftsman). [Ref: Register 24-8-1926]
New Railway Station
It has been decided by the Railway Department officials that there will be no official opening of the new Adelaide Station.
Following a previous announcement that a limited number would be asked to make an inspection of the premises, Mr W A Webb (Railways Commissioner) was besieged with applications for invitations. [Ref: News 16-7-1928]
NEW RAILWAY STATION
An inspection of. the new Railway Station offices in Adelaide will be made this morning by citizens who have been invited to do so by the Minister of Railways (Hon R LButler). [Ref: Register 30-7-1928]
WEIGH BABY AT THE ADELAIDE RAILWAY STATION
In many countries in the world at the present time there are Baby Health Centres at large railway depots where mothers, arriving in a strange city with babies, or waiting to catch a train can take their infants to be weighed and get advice on all matters pertaining to feeding and general care from a competent certified nurse.
Fully appreciating the value of the splendid work done at railway stations by Baby Welfare institutions, the Commissioner of Railways (Mr W A Webb) has placed a room in the new Adelaide railway station at the disposal of the Mothers' and Babies' Health Association, better known under the old title of School for Mothers.
This centre will be opened on Monday, 16 July. A trained nurse will be in attendance each week day from 9.30 am, 1 pm and from 2.0, 4.30 pm.
The large comfortable room that is to be the centre of the nurse’s activities has an entrance off the main waiting room on a level with North Terrace.
Numerous signs boards are being erected by the railway authorities to direct mothers to this room.
Take your baby to be weighed and seek the nurse's advice when next you are at the Adelaide station. [Ref: Bunyip (Gawler) 13-7-1928]
The photo was taken while visiting the pumpkin exhibition in Ludwigsburg in 2022.
Like every year, I was once again fascinated by the sculptures and the beauty of the grounds around the castle.
"The world's largest pumpkin exhibition at Blühendes Barock (Baroque in Bloom) has been delighting visitors for over 15 years with varying themes. Marvel at artistically designed pumpkin sculptures and enjoy the atmosphere created by over 450,000 pumpkins. The exhibition presents over 600 varieties: aromatic edible pumpkins, colourful ornamental pumpkins, glowing carved pumpkins and bottle gourds."
Don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit permission. © All rights reserved.
We saw this at the old ghost town of Pearce, Arizona. Someone with a sense of artistic design laid out some pretty colorful and textured items (old junk?). I suppose some well meaning person will point out that this is not a barrel cactus, but, hey, there is a barrel and cactus.
Why Choose the Lotus Flower Lamp?
Bringing the Lotus Flower Lamp into your home means embracing a symbol of purity, enlightenment, and rebirth. Its artistic design and calming light make it more than just a lamp; it's a statement piece that enhances the ambiance of your space. Perfect as a thoughtful gift or a personal indulgence, this lamp will become a cherished addition to any home.
Illuminate your world with the elegance and serenity of the Lotus Flower Lamp. Order yours today and experience the harmonious blend of nature and light.
Where?https://maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Lollipop%20Island/68/44/3909
Art Eats Bakery The Three tier cake is pink and black polka dots, Black and white zebra stripes, and pink. The topper is acrylic crystals on silver wires and fondant pearls, Sweet sixteen is on a sugar heart.Art Eats Bakery
Greenville, SC, 29607
Phone: 864-201-4448
Email: sales@arteats.com
We specialize in gourmet one of a kind custom artist designed cake that taste as fantastic as they look. Anything you can dream of can be created in edible art. Make you wedding, birthday, shower or other event unique and memorable with one of our designer cakes. Your friends and family will be impressed with the professional quality look and taste of the cake you serve. See our Food Network Challenge audition video www.youtube.com/watch?v=qsEr3J5siTg
All of our cakes and icings are made from scratch with the highest quality ingredients available. We even make our own fondant and it taste great. We only bake to order except our Friday and Saturday limited specials, so check our advance ordering information.
Please visit our website for more photos and information.
Make your appointment today for a cake tasting and consultation. Serving the Greenville, Greer , taylors,simpsonville and surrounding areas of Upstate S.C. This cake can be done in square or other shapes and the colors can be changed the match your wedding.
We specialize in creative artistic designed cakes that are as delicious as they look for any special day. A wedding, birthday, anniversary, baby shower, Bridal shower ect. should be celebrated in style. Your special day can be as unique as you are. Cakes can be sculpted into any shape you desire. Sugar or chocolate sculpture adornments of flowers, seashells, ribbons, purses, shoes, jewelry, figures, ect. add a unique element that can even be made as a keepsake. All decorations are edible unless otherwise stated. Personalize your day to reflect your style. Serving Greenville, Simpsonville, Mauldin, Greer and surrounding Upstate South Carolina areas. email at sales@arteats.com
All cakes and icings are scratch made with the finest fresh ingredients available. Real butter, cream cheese, eggs and fine chocolates make our confections melt in your mouth delicious. We only use natural flavoring. All cakes are made to order
St. Mary's Church in Lübeck (German: Marienkirche, officially St. Marien zu Lübeck) was built between 1250 and 1350. It has always been a symbol of the power and prosperity of the old Hanseatic city, and is situated at the highest point of the island that forms the old town of Lübeck. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the old Hanseatic City of Lübeck.
St. Mary's epitomizes north German Brick Gothic and set the standard for about 70 other churches in the Baltic region, making it a building of enormous architectural significance. St Mary's Church embodied the towering style of French Gothic architecture style using north German brick. It has the tallest brick vault in the world, the height of the central nave being 38.5 metres.
It is built as a three-aisled basilica with side chapels, an ambulatory with radiating chapels, and vestibules like the arms of a transept. The westwork has a monumental two-tower façade. The height of the towers, including the weather vanes, is 124.95 metres and 124.75 metres, respectively.
St. Mary's is located in the Hanseatic merchants' quarter, which extends uphill from the warehouses on the River Trave to the church. As the main parish church of the citizens and the city council of Lübeck, it was built close to the town hall and the market.
HISTORY OF THE BUILDING
In 1150, Henry the Lion moved the Bishopric of Oldenburg to Lübeck and established a cathedral chapter. A wooden church was built in 1163, and starting in 1173/1174 this was replaced by a Romanesque brick church. At the beginning of the 13th century, however, it no longer met the expectations of the self-confident, ambitious, and affluent bourgeoisie, in terms of size and prestige. Romanesque sculptures from this period of the church's history are today exhibited at St. Anne's Museum in Lübeck
The design of the three-aisled basilica was based on the Gothic cathedrals in France and Flanders, which were built of natural stone. St. Mary's is the epitome of ecclesiastical Brick Gothic architecture and set the standard for many churches in the Baltic region, such as the St. Nicholas' Church in Stralsund and St. Nicholas in Wismar.
No one had ever before built a brick church this high and with a vaulted ceiling. The lateral thrust exerted by the vault is met by buttresses, making the enormous height possible. The motive for the Lübeck town council to embark on such an ambitious undertaking was the acrimonious relationship with the Bishopric of Lübeck. The church was built close to the Lübeck Town Hall and the market, and it dwarfed the nearby Romanesque Lübeck Cathedral, the church of the bishop established by Henry the Lion. It was meant as a symbol of the desire for freedom on the part of the Hanseatic traders and the secular authorities of the city, which had been granted the status of a free imperial city (Reichsfreiheit), making the city directly subordinate to the emperor, in 1226. It was also intended to underscore the pre-eminence of the city vis-à-vis the other cities of the Hanseatic League, which was being formed at about the same time (1356).
The Chapel of Indulgences (Briefkapelle) was added to the east of the south tower in 1310. It was both a vestibule and a chapel and, with its portal, was the church's second main entrance from the market. Probably originally dedicated to Saint Anne, the chapel received its current name during the Reformation, when paid scribes moved in. The chapel, which is 12 metres long, 8 metres deep, and 2 metres high, has a stellar vault ceiling and is considered a masterpiece of High Gothic architecture. It has often been compared to English Gothic Cathedral Architecture and the chapter house of Malbork Castle. Today the Chapel of Indulgences serves the community as a church during winter, with services from January to March.
In 1939 the town council built its own chapel, known as the Bürgermeisterkapelle (Burgomasters' Chapel), at the southeast corner of the ambulatory, the join being visible from the outside where there is a change from glazed to unglazed brick. It was in this chapel, from the large pew that still survives, that the newly elected council used to be installed. On the upper floor of the chapel is the treasury, where important documents of the city were kept. This part of the church is still in the possession of the town.
Before 1444, a chapel consisting of a single bay was added to the eastern end of the ambulatory, its five walls forming five eighths of an octagon. This was the last Gothic extension to the church. It was used for celebrating the so-called Hours of the Virgin, as part of the veneration of the Virgin Mary, reflected in its name Marientidenkapelle (Lady Chapel) or Sängerkapelle (Singers' Chapel).
In total, St Mary's Church has nine larger chapels and ten smaller ones that serve as sepulchral chapels and are named after the families of the Lübeck city council that used them and endowed them.
DESTRUCTION AND RESTAURATION
In an air raid by 234 bombers of the British Royal Air Force on 28–29 March 1942 – the night of Palm Sunday – the church was almost completely destroyed by fire, together with about a fifth of the Lübeck city centre, including Lübeck Cathedral and St. Peter's Church.
Among the artefacts destroyed was the famous Totentanzorgel (Danse Macabre organ), an instrument played by Dieterich Buxtehude and probably Johann Sebastian Bach. Other works of art destroyed in the fire include the Mass of Saint Gregory by Bernt Notke, the monumental Danse Macabre, originally by Bernt Notke but replaced by a copy in 1701, the carved figures of the rood screen, the Trinity altarpiece by Jacob van Utrecht (formerly also attributed to Bernard van Orley) and the Entrance of Christ into Jerusalem by Friedrich Overbeck. Sculptures by the woodcarver Benedikt Dreyer were also lost in the fire: the wooden statues of the saints on the west side of the rood screen and the organ sculpture on the great organ from around 1516–18 and Man with Counting Board. Also destroyed in the fire were the mediaeval stained glass windows from the St. Mary Magdalene Church (de), which were installed in St. Mary's Church from 1840 on, after the St. Mary Magdalene Church was demolished because it was in danger of collapse. Photographs by Lübeck photographers like William Castelli (de) give an impression of what the interior looked like before the War.
The glass window in one of the chapels has an alphabetic list of major towns in the pre-1945 eastern territory of the German Reich. Because of the destruction it suffered in World War II, St. Mary's Church is one of the Cross of Nails centres. A plaque on the wall warns of the futility of war.
The church was protected by a makeshift roof for the rest of the war, and the vaulted ceiling of the chancel was repaired. Reconstruction proper began in 1947, and was largely complete by 1959. In view of the previous damage by fire, the old wooden construction of the roof and spires was not replaced by a new wooden construction. All church spires in Lübeck were reconstructed using a special system involving lightweight concrete blocks underneath the copper roofing. The copper covering matched the original design and the concrete roof would avoid the possibility of a second fire. A glass window on the north side of the church commemorates the builder, Erich Trautsch (de), who invented this system.
In 1951, the 700th anniversary of the church was celebrated under the reconstructed roof; for the occasion, Chancellor Konrad Adenauer donated the new tenor bell, and the Memorial Chapel in the South Tower was inaugurated.
In the 1950s, there was a long debate about the design of the interior, not just the paintings (see below). The predominant view was that destruction had restored the essential, pure form. The redesign was intended to facilitate the dual function that St. Mary's had at that time, being both the diocesan church and the parish church. In the end, the church held a limited competition, inviting submissions from six architects, including Gerhard Langmaack (de) and Denis Boniver (de), the latter's design being largely accepted on 8 February 1958. At the meeting, the bishop, Heinrich Meyer (de), vehemently – and successfully – demanded the removal of the Fredenhagen altar (see below).
The redesign of the interior according to Boniver's plans was carried out in 1958–59. Since underfloor heating was being installed under a completely new floor, the remaining memorial slabs of Gotland limestone were removed and used to raise the level of the chancel. The chancel was separated from the ambulatory by whitewashed walls 3 metres high. The Fredenhagen altar was replaced by a plain altar base of muschelkalk limestone and a crucifix by Gerhard Marcks suspended from the transverse arch of the ceiling. The inauguration of the new chancel was on 20 December 1959.
At the same time, a treasure chamber was made for the Danzig Parament Treasure from St. Mary's Church in Danzig (now Gdańsk), which came to Lübeck after the War (removed in 1993), the Parament Treasure is now exhibited at St. Anne's Museum), and above that a large organ loft was built. The organ itself was not installed until 1968.
The gilded flèche, which extends 30 metres (98 ft) higher than the nave roof, was recreated from old designs and photographs in 1980.
LOTHAR MALSKAT AND THE FRESCOS
The heat of the blaze in 1942 dislodged large sections of plaster, revealing the original decorative paintings of the Middle Ages, some of which were documented by photograph during the Second World War. In 1948 the task of restoring these gothic frescos was given to Dietrich Fey. In what became the largest counterfeit art scandal after the Second World War, Fey hired local painter Lothar Malskat to assist with this task, and together they used the photographic documentation to restore and recreate a likeness to the original walls. Since no paintings of the clerestory of the chancel were available, Fey had Malskat invent one. Malskat "supplemented" the restorations with his own work in the style of the 14th century. The forgery was only cleared up after Malskat reported his deeds to the authorities in 1952, and he and Fey received prison sentences in 1954. The major fakes were later removed from the walls, on the instructions of the bishop.
Lothar Malskat played an important part in the novel The Rat by Günter Grass.
INTERIOR DECORATION
St. Mary's Church was generously endowed with donations from the city council, the guilds, families, and individuals. At the end of the Middle Ages it had 38 altars and 65 benefices. The following mediaeval artefacts remain:
A bronze baptismal font made by Hans Apengeter (de) (1337). Until 1942 it was at the west end of the church; it is now in the middle of the chancel. It holds 406 litres (89 imperial gallons), almost the same as a Hamburg or Bremen beer barrel, which holds 405 litres (89 imperial gallons).
Darsow Madonna from 1420, heavily damaged in 1942, restored from hundreds of individual pieces, put back in place again in 1989
Tabernacle from 1479, 9.5 metres high, made by Klaus Grude (de) using about 1000 individual bronze parts, some gilded, on the north wall of the chancel
Winged altarpiece by Christian Swarte (c. 1495) with Woman of the Apocalypse, now installed behind the main altar
Bronze burial slab by Bernt Notke for the Hutterock family (1505), in the Prayer Chapel (Gebetskapelle) in the north ambulatory
Of the rood screen destroyed in 1942 only an arch and the stone statues remain: Elizabeth with John the Baptist as a child, Virgin and Child with Saint Anne , the Archangel Gabriel and Mary (Annunciation), John the Evangelist and St. Dorothy.
In the ambulatory, sandstone reliefs (1515) from the atelier of Heinrich Brabender (de), with scenes from the Passion of Christ: to the north, the Washing of the Feet and the Last Supper; to the south, Christ in the garden of Gethsemane and his capture. The Last Supper relief includes a detail associated with Lübeck: a little mouse gnawing at the base of a rose bush. Touching it is supposed to mean that the person will never again return to Lübeck – or will have good luck, depending on the version of the superstition.
Remains of the original pews and the Antwerp altarpiece (de) (1518), in the Lady Chapel (Singers' Chapel)
John the Evangelist, a wooden statue by Henning von der Heide (c. 1505)
St. Anthony, a stone statue, donated in 1457 by the town councillor Hermann Sundesbeke (de), a member of the Brotherhood of St. Anthony
Remains of the original gothic pews in the Burgomasters' Chapel in the southern ambulatory
The Lamentation of Christ, one of the main works of the Nazarene Friedrich Overbeck, in the Prayer Chapel in the north ambulatory
The choir screens separating the choir from the ambulatory are recent reconstructions. The walls that had been built for this purpose in 1959 were removed in the 1990s. The brass bars of the choir screens were mostly still intact, but the wooden parts had been almost completely destroyed by fire in 1942. The oak crown and frame were reconstructed on the basis of what remained of the original construction.
ANTWERP ALTARPIECE
The impressive Antwerp altarpiece (de) in the Lady Chapel (Singers' Chapel) was created in 1518. It was donated for the chapel in 1522 by Johann Bone, a merchant from Geldern. After the chapel was converted into a confessional chapel in 1790, the altarpiece was moved around the church several times. During the Second World War, it was in the Chapel of Indulgences (Briefkapelle) and thus escaped destruction. The double-winged altarpiece depicts the life of the Virgin Mary in 26 painted and carved scenes.Before 1869, the wings of the predella, which depict the legends of the Holy Kinship were removed, sawn to make panel paintings, and sold. In 1869, two such paintings from the private collection of the mayor of Lübeck Karl Ludwig Roeck (de) were acquired for the collection in what is now St. Anne's Museum. Two more paintings from the outsides of the predella wings were acquired by the Kulturstiftung des Landes Schleswig-Holstein (de) (Cultural foundation of Schleswig-Holstein) and have been in St. Anne's Museum since 1988. Of the remaining paintings, two are in the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart and two are in a private collection in Stockholm.
MEMORIALS
In the renaissance and baroque periods, the church space contained so many memorials that it became like a hall of fame of the Lübeck gentry. Memorials in the main nave, allowed from 1693, had to be made of wood, for structural reasons, but those in the side naves could also be made of marble. Of the 84 memorials that were still extant in the 20th century, almost all of the wooden ones were destroyed by the air raid of 1942, but 17, mostly stone ones on the walls of the side naves survived, some heavily damaged. Since these were mostly baroque works, they were deliberately ignored in the first phase of reconstruction, restoration beginning in 1973. They give an impression of how richly St. Mary's church was once furnished. The oldest is that of Hermann von Dorne (de), a mayor who died in 1594, a heraldic design with mediaeval echoes. The memorial to Johann Füchting (de), a former councillor and Hanseatic merchant who died in 1637, is a Dutch work of the transitional period between the Renaissance and Baroque times by the sculptor Aris Claeszon (de) who worked in Amsterdam. After the phase of exuberant cartilage baroque, the examples of which were all destroyed by fire, Thomas Quellinus introduced a new type of memorial to Lübeck and created memorials in the dramatic style of Flemish High Baroque for
the councillor Hartwig von Stiten (de), made in 1699;
the councillor Adolf Brüning (de), made in 1706;
the mayor Jerome of Dorne (de) (who died in 1704) and
the mayor Anton Winckler (de) (1707),
the last one being the only one to remain undamaged. In the same year, the Lübeck sculptor Hans Freese created the memorial for councillor Gotthard Kerkring (de) (who had died in 1705), whose oval portrait is held by a winged figure of death. A well-preserved example of the memorials of the next generation is the one for Peter Hinrich Tesdorpf (de), a mayor who died in 1723.
The Sepulchral Chapel of the Tesdorpf family contains a bust by Gottfried Schadowof mayor Johann Matthaeus Tesdorpf (de), which the Council presented to him in 1823 on the occasion of his anniversary as a member of the Council, and which was installed here in 1835. Among the later memorials is also the gravestone of mayor Joachim Peters (de) by Landolin Ohmacht (c. 1795).
THE FREDENHAGEN ALTARPIECE
The main item from the Baroque period, an altar with an altarpiece 18 metres high, donated by the merchant Thomas Fredenhagen (de) and made by the Antwerp sculptor Thomas Quellinus from marble and porphyry (1697) was seriously damaged in 1942. After a lengthy debate lasting from 1951 to 1959, Heinrich Meyer (de), the bishop at the time, prevailed, and it was decided not to restore the altar but to replace it with a simple altar of limestone, with a bronze crucifix made by Gerhard Marcks. Speaking of the historical significance of the altar, the director of the Lübeck Museum at the time said that it was the only work of art of European stature that the Protestant Church in Lübeck had produced after the Reformation.
Individual items from the altarpiece are now in the ambulatory: the Calvary group with Mary and John, the marble predella with a relief of the Last Supper and the three crowned figures, the allegorical sculptures of Belief and Hope, and the Resurrected Christ. The other remains of the altar and altarpiece are now stored over the vaulted ceiling between the towers. The debate as to whether it is possible and desirable to restore the altar as a major work of baroque art of European stature is ongoing.
STAINED GLAS
Except for a few remains, the air raid of 1942 destroyed all the windows, including the stained glass windows that Carl Julius Milde had installed at Saint Mary's after they were rescued from the St. Mary Magdalene Church (de) when the St. Mary Magdalene's Priory was demolished in the 19th century, and including the windows made by Professor Alexander Linnemann (de) from Frankfurt in the late 19th century. In the reconstruction, simple diamond-pane leaded windows were used, mostly just decorated with the coat of arms of the donor, though some windows had an artistic design.
The windows in the Singers' Chapel (Lady Chapel) depict the coat of arms of the Hanseatic towns of Bremen, Hamburg and Lübeck, and the lyrics of Buxtehude's Lübeck cantata, Schwinget euch himmelan (BuxWV 96).
The monumental west window, designed by Hans Gottfried von Stockhausen (de), depicts the Day of Judgment.
The window of the Memorial chapel (Gedenkkapelle) in the South Tower (which holds the destroyed bells), depicts coats of arms of towns, states and provinces of former eastern territories of Germany.
Both windows in the Danse Macabre Chapel (Totentanzkapelle), which were designed by Alfred Mahlau in 1955/1956 and made in the Berkentien stained glass atelier in Lübeck, adopt motifs from the Danse Macabre painting that was destroyed by fire in 1942. They replace the Kaiserfenster (Emperor's Window), which was donated by Kaiser Wilhelm II on the occasion of his visit to Lübeck in 1913. It was manufactured by the Munich court stained glass artist Karl de Bouché (de) and depicted the confirmation of the town privileges by Emperor Barbarossa.
In 1981–82, windows by Johannes Schreiter (de) were installed in the Chapel of Indulgences (Briefkapelle). Their ragged diamond pattern evokes not only the destruction of the church but also the torn nets of the Disciples (Luke 6).
In December 2002, the tympanum window was added above the north portal of the Danse Macabre Chapel after a design by Markus Lüpertz.
This window, like the windows by Johannes Schreiter in the Chapel of Indulgences (Briefkapelle), was manufactured and assembled by Derix Glass Studios in Taunusstein.
CHURCHYARD
Saint Mary's Churchyard (de), with its views of the north face of the Lübeck Town Hall (de ), the Kanzleigebäude (de), and the Marienwerkhaus (de) has the ambiance of a mediaeval town.
The architectural features include the subjects of Lübeck legends; a large block of granite to the right of the entrance was supposedly not left there by the builders but put there by the Devil.
To the north and west of the church, the courtyard is now an open space, mediaeval buildings having been removed. At the corner between Schüsselbuden (de) and Mengstraße (de) are the remaining stone foundations of the Maria am Stegel (de) Chapel (1415), which served as a bookshop before the Second World War. In the late 1950s, it was decided not to reconstruct it, and the remaining external walls of the ruins were cleared away. On Mengstraße, opposite the churchyard, is a building with facades from the 18th century: the clergy house known as die Wehde (de), which also gave its name to the courtyard that lies behind it, the Wehdehof.
The war memorial, created in 1929 by the sculptor Hermann Joachim Pagels (de) 1929 on behalf of the congregation of the church to commemorate their dead, is made of Swedish granite from Karlshamn. The inscription reads (in translation):
The congregation of St. Mary's
in memory of their dead
1914 1918
(to which was added after the Second World War)
and
1939 1945
MUSIC AT ST: MARY´S
Music played an important part in the life of St. Mary's as far back as the Middle Ages. The Lady Chapel (Singers' Chapel), for instance, had its own choir. After the Reformation and Johannes Bugenhagen's Church Order, the Lübeck Katharineum school choir provided the singing for religious services. In return the school received the income of the chapel's trust fund. Until 1802, the cantor was both a teacher at the school and responsible for the singing of the choir and the congregation. The organist, was responsible for the organ music and other instrumental music; he also had administrative and accounting responsibilities and was responsible for the upkeep of the building,.
MAIN ORGAN
St. Mary's is known to have had an organ in the 14th century, since the occupation "organist" is mentioned in a will from 1377. The old great organ was built in 1516–1518 under the direction of Martin Flor (de) on the west wall as a replacement for the great organ of 1396. It had 32 stops, 2 manuals and a pedalboard. This organ, "in all probability the first and only Gothic organ with a thirty-two-foot principal (deepest pipe, 11 metres long) in the western world of the time",[a] was repeatedly added to and re-built over the centuries. For instance, the organist and organ-builder Barthold Hering (de) (who died in 1555) carried out a number of repairs and additions; in 1560/1561 Jacob Scherer added a chest division with a third manual. From 1637 to 1641, Friederich Stellwagen carried out a number of modifications. Otto Diedrich Richborn (de) added three registers in 1704. In 1733, Konrad Büntung exchanged four registers, changed the arrangement of the manuals and added couplers. In 1758, his son, Christoph Julius Bünting (de) added a small swell division with three voices, the action being controllable from the breast division manual. By the beginning of the 19th century the organ had 3 manuals and a pedalboard, 57 registers and 4,684 pipes. In 1851, however, a completely new organ was installed – built by Johann Friedrich Schulze (de), in the spirit of the time, with four manuals, a pedalboard, and 80 voices, behind the historic organ case by Benedikt Dreyer, which was restored and added to by Carl Julius Milde. This great organ was destroyed in 1942 and was replaced in 1968 by what was then the largest mechanical-action organ in the world. It was built by Kemper & Son. It has 5 manuals and a pedalboard, 100 stops and 8,512 pipes; the longest are 11 metres (36 feet), the smallest is the size of a cigarette. The tracker action operates electrically and has free combinations; the stop tableau is duplicated.
Danse macabre organ (choir organ)
The Dance macabre organ (Totentanzorgel) was older than the old great organ. It was installed in 1477 on the east side of the north arm of the "transept" in the Danse Macabre Chapel (so named because of the Danse Macabre painting that hung there) and was used for the musical accompaniment of the requiem masses that were celebrated there. After the Church Reformation it was used for prayers and for Holy Communion services. In 1549 and 1558 Jakob Scherer added to the organ among other things, a chair organ (Rückpositiv), and in 1621 a chest division was added. Friedrich Stellwagen also carried out extensive repairs from 1653 to 1655. Thereafter, only minor changes were made. For this reason, this organ, together with the Arp Schnitger organ in St. James' Church in Hamburg and the Stellwagen Organ in St. James' Church (de) in Lübeck, attracted the interest of organ experts in connection with the Orgelbewegung. The disposition (de) of the organ was changed back to what it had been in the 17th century. But, like the Danse Macabre organ, this organ was also destroyed in 1942.
In 1955 the organ builders Kemper & Son restored the Danse Macabre organ in accordance with its 1937 dimensions, but now in the northern part of the ambulatory, in the direction of the raised choir. Its original place is now occupied by the astronomical clock. This post-War organ, which was very prone to malfunction, was replaced in 1986 by a new Danse Macabre organ, built by Führer Co. in Wilhelmshaven and positioned in the same place as its predecessor. It has a mechanical tracker action, with four manuals and a pedalboard, 56 stops and approximately 5,000 pipes. This organ is particularly suited for accompanying prayers and services, as well as an instrument for older organ music up to Bach.
As a special tradition at St Mary's, on New Year's Eve the chorale Now Thank We All Our God is accompanied by both
OTHER INSTRUMENTS
There used to be an organ on the rood screen, as a basso continuo instrument for the choir that was located there – the church's third organ. In 1854 the breast division that was removed from the Great Organ (built in 1560–1561 by Jacob Scherer) when it was converted was installed here. This "rood screen organ" had one manual and seven stops and was replaced in 1900 by a two-manual pneumatic organ made by the organ builder Emanuel Kemper, the old organ box being retained. This organ, too, was destroyed in 1942.
In the Chapel of Indulgences (Briefkapelle) there is a chamber organ originally from East Prussia. It has been in the chapel since 1948. It has a single manual and eight voices, with separate control of bass and descant parts. It was built by Johannes Schwarz in 1723 and from 1724 was the organ of the Schloßkapelle (Castle Chapel) of Dönhofstädt near Rastenburg (now Kętrzyn, Poland). From there it was acquired by Lübeck organ builder Karl Kemper in 1933. For a few years it was in the choir of St. Catherine's Church, Lübeck. Then, Walter Kraft brought it, as a temporary measure, to the Chapel of Indulgences at St. Mary's, this being the first part of the church to be ready for church services after the War. Today this organ provides the accompaniment for prayers as well as the Sunday services that are held in the Chapel of Indulgences from January to March.
ORGANISTS
Two 17th-century organists, especially, shaped the development of the musical tradition of St. Mary's: Franz Tunder from 1642 until his death in 1667, and his successor and son-in-law, Dieterich Buxtehude , from 1668 to 1707. Both were defining representatives of the north German organ school and were prominent both as organists and as composers. In 1705 Johann Sebastian Bach came to Lübeck to observe and learn from Buxtehude,[b] and Georg Friedrich Händel and Johann Mattheson had already been guests of Buxtehude in 1703. Since then, the position of organist at St. Mary's Church has been one of the most prestigious in Germany.
With their evening concerts, Tunder and Buxtehude were the first to introduce church concerts independent of religious services. Buxtehude developed a fixed format, with a series of five concerts on the two last Sundays of the Trinity period (i.e. the last two Sundays before Advent) and the second, third, and fourth Sunday in Advent. This very successful series of concerts was continued by Buxtehude's successors, Johann Christian Schieferdecker (1679–1732), Johann Paul Kunzen (de) (1696–1757), his son Adolf Karl Kunzen (de) (1720–1781) and Johann Wilhelm Cornelius von Königslöw.
For the evening concerts they each composed a series of Biblical oratorios, including Israels Abgötterey in der Wüsten [Israel's Idol Worship in the Desert] (1758), Absalon (1761) and Goliath (1762) by Adolf Kunzen and ''Die Rettung des Kindes Mose [The Finding of Baby Moses] and Der geborne Weltheiland [The Saviour of the World is born] (1788), Tod, Auferstehung and Gericht [Death, Resurrection and Judgment] (1790) , and Davids Klage am Hermon nach dem 42ten Psalm [David's Lament on Mount Hermon (Psalm 42)] (1793) by Königslöw.
Around 1810 this tradition ended for a time. Attitudes towards music and the Church had changed, and external circumstances (the occupation by Napoleon's troops and the resulting financial straits) made such expensive concerts impossible.
In the early 20th century it was the organist Walter Kraft (1905–1977) who tried to revive the tradition of the evening concerts, starting with an evening of Bach's organ music, followed by an annual programme of combined choral and organ works. In 1954 Kraft created the Lübecker Totentanz (Lübeck Danse Macabre) as a new type of evening concert.
The tradition of evening concerts continues today under the current organist (since 2009), Johannes Unger.
The Lübeck Boys Choir at St. Mary’s
THE LÜBECK BOYS CHOIR
has been at St. Mary’s since 1970. It was originally founded as the Lübecker Kantorei in 1948. The choir sings regularly at services on Sundays and religious festivals. The performance of the St John Passion on Good Friday has become a Lübeck tradition.
ST. MARY´S CHURCH TODAY
CONGREGATION
Since the establishment of Johannes Bugenhagen's Lutheran Church Order by the town council in 1531 St. Mary has been Protestant. Today it belongs to the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church. Services are held on Sundays and Church festivals from 10 o'clock. From Mondays to Saturdays in the summer season and in Advent there is a short prayer service with organ music at noon (after the parade of the figures of the Astronomical Clock), which tourists and locals are invited to attend. Since 15 March 2010 there has been an admission charge of two euros for visitors.
ASTRONOMICAL CLOCK
The astronomical clock was built in 1561–1566. It used to stand in the ambulatory, behind the high altar but was completely destroyed in 1942. Only a clock dial that was replaced during a previous restoration remains, in St. Anne's Museum The new Astronomical Clock, which was installed on the East side of the Northern transept, in the Danse Macabre Chapel. It is the work of Paul Behrens, a Lübeck clockmaker, who planned it as his lifetime achievement from 1960 to 1967. He collected donations for it, made the clock, including all its parts, and maintained the clock until his death. The clock front is a simplified copy of the original. Calendar and planetary discs controlled by a complicated mechanical movement show the day and the month, the position of the sun and the moon, the signs of the zodiac (the thirteen astronomical signs, not the twelve astrological signs), the date of Easter, and the golden number.
At noon, the clock chimes and a procession of figures passes in front of the figure of Christ, who blesses each of them. The figures originally represented the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire; since the post-War reconstruction, they represent eight representatives of the peoples of the world.
CARILLON
After the War, a carillon with 36 bells was installed In the South Tower. Some of the bells came from St Catherine's Church in Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland). On the hour and half-hour, choral melodies are played, alternating according to the season. Formerly the carillon was operated by a complicated electromechanical system of cylinders; the mechanism is now computer-controlled. At Christmas and Easter, the organist plays the clock chimes manually.
BELLS
The 11 historic bells of the church originally hung in the South Tower in a bell loft 60 metres high. An additional seven bells for sounding the time were made by Heinrich von Kampen (de) in 1508–1510 and installed in the flèche. During the fire in the air raid of 1942, the bells are reported to have rung again in the upwind before crashing to the ground. The remains of two bells, the oldest bell, the "Sunday bell" by Heinrich von Kampen (2,000 kg, diameter 1,710 mm, strike tone a0) and the tenor bell by Albert Benningk from 1668 (7,134 kg, diameter 2,170 mm, strike tone a0F#0), were preserved as a memorial in the former Schinkel Chapel, at the base of the South Tower The "Council and Children's Bell" made in 1650 by Anton Wiese (de), which used to be rung for the short prayer services before council meetings and for christenings, was given to Strecknitz Mental Home (de) in 1906 and was thus the only one of the historic bells to survive World War II. Today it hangs in the tower of what is now the University of Lübeck hospital.
The set of bells in the North Tower now consists of seven bells. It ranks among the largest and deepest-pitched of its kind in northern Germany. The three baroque bells originate from Danzig churches, (Gratia Dei and Dominicalis from St. John's (de) and Osanna from St. Mary's). After the Second World War, these bells from the "Hamburger bell cemetery" were hung in the tower as temporary replacement bells.
In 1951 the German Chancellor, Konrad Adenauer donated a new tenor bell. In 1985 three additional bells were made., completing the set. They have inscriptions referring to peace and reconciliation.
In 2005, the belfry was renovated. The steel bell frame from the reconstruction was replaced with a wooden one and the bells were hung directly on wooden yokes, so that the bells ring out with more brilliance.
This great peal is easily recognised because of the unusual disposition (intervals between the individual bells); the series of whole tone steps between bells 1–5 results in a distinctive sound with added vibrancy due to the tone of the historic bells.
DIMENSIONS
Total Length: 103 metres
Length of the middle nave: 70 metres
Vault height in the main nave: 38.5 metres
Vault height in the side naves: 20.7 metres
Height of the towers: 125 metres
Floor area: 3,300 square metres
WIKIPEDIA
Even though the construction of the Pavesi Autogrill chain represented an economic and social phenomenon of noteworthy relevance in Italy, it should not go unnoticed that the history of contemporary architecture treated in a very marginal way the description of these works, in some instances, maybe in the post-modern revaluation of a generic Italian highway “landscape” observed at the most for its phenomenological implications rather than for the fact it belonged to the typology of city building through architecture.
It is a fact that these buildings were left out of the most authoritative research of the years of economic reprise after World War II. Immediately before, in the years of Reconstruction, the traditional masonry technique was progressively converted into a modern“Neo-Realistic” language for some aspects, especially evident in the first residential INA-Casa neighborhoods, according to specific Italian characteristics of interpretation of the Modernist Movements that became famous worldwide through the works of architects that had already been very unconventional experimenters in the cultural landscape of the years preceding the war: Albini, the BBPR ( and the writings of Ernesto Nathan Rogers), Quaroni, Samonà, Gardella, Ridolfi, that can be contextualized also in the works of a culturally engaged entrepreneur like Adriano Olivetti.
The buildings by Angelo Bianchetti for the Pavesi Autogrills designed like bridges crossing the highway are far from this cultural landscape, and were born in the context of those forms of entertainment and leisure time activities brought on by the economic prosperity and by the idea of progress linked to the euphoria of speed and of car travel.
Nonetheless these buildings deserve to be considered as works of art at least for two reasons. First of all, because the technological gradient follows the criteria of experimentation of shapes and structural frames in the exposure of beaming, in the projections of the shelves, in the wide, light, and transparent continuous windows, in the slim metal frames well designed to support the advertising billboards: a criteria embedded in the history of architecture whose roots are founded on a continuity of thought and on a modern “spirit of the times” that is daring and evokes emotions.
Secondly, we can catch a glimpse of a territorial projection of architecture that shows attraction for large scale dimensions (both geographical and commercial), and for a certain poetical spirit of of “megalithic structures” that in a short period of time became a rather recurrent composition theme especially in the important tenders for the contracts of the directional centers of Turin (1962) and for the Sacca del Tronchetto in Venice (1964), and that were reintroduced in the history of modern architecture by the famous book by Reiner Bahnam[1].
As a phenomenon, the bridge architecture of the Pavesi Autogrills is impressed in the collective memory of the Italian highway landscape even though their construction is circumscribed to about twelve such buildings in the course of about ten years, between 1959 and 1972, in the same period in which the Italian highway system developed.
Still today, going through these works of “advertising architecture” that nowadays show subdued colors with respect to the surrounding landscape thanks to a restyling, awakens the attention of hasty travelers that can see the Autogrills arising from a great distance or appearing all of a sudden between a sequence of bridges to disappear in a moment at one’s back, leaving an impression in the memory of crossing something extremely vital, like a fragment of a city. Unusual an beautiful perspectives vertiginously attracted by the dynamic perception of vehicles appeared in the eyes of those who stopped there and sat at the tables facing the highway lanes, especially of the countryside of the Po River Valley.
Because of this fascination with the landscape of a modern territory, the localization of bridged Autogrills did not follow the false ambition of aesthetics in the quest for a setting that could be compatible with the surrounding scenery or that could be particularly persuasive, but on the contrary, these bridges were located strategically on the territory according to a design that was very coherent with a market strategy that was starting to understand that rest areas for car travelers were a new large commercial sector and a channel for the diffusion of novelty food products.
This concept, genuinely based on the market and on novelty foods merchandising, followed a system of modern objects which were strictly connected to a new industrial culture that was developing in those times.
But the real innovation which came was to be that of typology, probably born around a planning table rather than at the design desk by the ideas of architect Bianchetti and entrepreneur Pavesi, and surely in a moment of conjunction between the innovative and open industrial culture ad an architectural culture that even before those times had developed interesting experiences and experimental works through the forms of the Modernist Movement, catching the attention of international culture.
Therfore the diffusion of the Pavesi Autogrills started with the intuition that Mario Pavesi had of a possible market for a chain of highway restoration points, and this became a solid reality with the first rest area in Novara along the stretch of the Turin-Milan highway. This industrial strategy, joined with the forms of advertising architectures by Angelo Bianchetti, made it possible to construct about one hundred restoration points in the span of about twenty years from 1959 to 1978, with about fifty of these being full size Autogrills.
During an initial phase of formal structuring that cannot be precisely indicated by temporal references, the first rest areas were located laterally with respect to the highway in Lainate (Milan, 1958), in Ronco Scrivia (Genoa, 1958), and in Varazze (Genoa, 1960), and featured large steel arches painted in white that supported the logotype and were placed on top of circular transparent structures containing a bar and shelves to sell products. These still followed the architectural matrix of pavilions made for fair exhibits, but with a substantial difference in the fact that their silhouette stood out against the Italian countryside landscape of the time creating a unique and surprising setting. The bridge typology was the evolution of this asymmetrical disposition of rest areas on one side of the highway with an underpass that made them reachable from the other lane. The first example of bridged rest areas for the Pavesi chain (and perhaps the first one in the world), was the rest area of Fiorenzuola d’Arda (Piacenza, December 21, 1959).
Therefore, it seems possible that he phenomenon of the birth and the diffusion of the highway rest areas, especially for what concerns the definition of the bridge typology and for a certain quality of the services offered, originated in Italy. Bianchetti himself attests this in an interesting report of a journey published by the magazine “Quattroruote” (four wheels) in 1960, describing the diffusion of auto-grills areas observed during his travel in the United States and in Germany and comparing it with the Italian situation. In this writing, there is a striking recognition of a contemporary trend in the making of similar structures: Bianchetti illustrates the project of a bridged rest area in Illinois by the Standard Motor Oil chain, and praises the high quality of the environment of the rest areas of the Howard Johnson chain.
«I learned that architects Rinford and Genther are building in Chicago an extremely new design, and I reached them by taking a flight. The two architects work for Pace Associates, a studio of Italian origins, and their first constructions are being completed at a few tens of kilometers from the metropolis: it is a series of five restaurants bars. In general, they look like the ones that will be built on our Autostrada del Sole.
I reached one of these areas that has already been completed at about fifty kilometers from Chicago by car. It is built like a bridge on the highway, with the use of prefabricated cement structures, and the rest area, when seen from a distance, looks like a massive overpass.
At night, with the light reflecting on the walls made of smoothed glass, it gives you the idea of a ship. Once again, prefect signposting and the agile game of “four leaf clover” exits facilitate the passage of clientele: the psychological tests confirm that the decision of stopping does not impose any conscious effort of will on the driver. To avoid the problem of stairs and elevators, the builders even provided to raise the entire area of parking lots and platforms. You can reach the level of the “restaurant floor” by car. But how much will one of these colossal structures cost, without considering the cost of parking lots, of lanes, signposting and many more indispensable accessory expenses?
The two architects informed me that the average expense is of about one billion Italian Lire. The surprising kitchen tools made of stainless steel that you can find in detailed description in a book of three hundred pages cost a little less of two hundred million Lire alone. It is a real treatise»[2].
Among the bridged Autogrills that followed shortly after this period, we find the Abraham Lincoln Oasis by David Haid on the Northern Illinois Highway of circa 1967, with its elegant and minimal geometries of steel beams and glass and with its use of the criteria of access ramps to parking lots to reach the restaurant level. In Italy, we must take note of some bridged rest areas of the Motta chain in Cantagallo by Melchiorre Bega, and in Limena by Pier Luigi Nervi.
In any case, the construction of bridged Autogrills increased the possibilities of access, but their limitations in the possible increase of utility ad renewal seemed perhaps too binding and costly in the massive increase in highway traffic of the 1980s, determining the actual exhaustion of possibilities for this extremely interesting typology, as Angelo Bianchetti himself at the time recalled in one of his short writings of 1979, underlining a paradoxical situation of inadequacy to the market in a climate of full economic recession and energetic crises.
«[…] the cost of a bridge with all of its accessories was clearly lower than that of two lateral Autogrills, without mentioning that noteworthy savings on operating costs, both for the installation and for the personnel. The visibility at a distance is much more immediate of that which a later Autogrill offers: let us not forget that a driver traveling at a speed of 120—140 kilometer per hour must decide in a few seconds whether to enter or not the ramp of deceleration.
In conclusion, the advertising image of a bridge is by itself more effective and of sure appeal. […]. Today the situation has changed. The huge increase of costs (fuels, cost of operating machines) has slowed down the flow of traffic and has reduced the user’s spending possibilities.
The cost of construction with respect to 1972 is almost fourfold, and it has increased terribly. All this imposes a revision of the investment policies; the tendency today is not to build new Autogrills but at the most new snack-bars connected to a nearby gas station. It not feasible anymore to build a bridge, unless in an extremely well established service area of large traffic that can guarantee the constant flow and support of travelers»[3].
The numerous formal variation of these bridge installation extended the possibilities for signposting through flagpoles dressed up with the Pavesi flags like ships on a dock, or through some functional increases, like the annexation of a motel. The one in Novara (1962), that replaced a previous service station and that was the largest one built, and the one in Osio (Bergamo 1972), the last to be built with bridge typology, were identical in lines and shapes and were perhaps the most successful ones, while the one in Montepulciano (Siena, 1967) features an extremely striking and apparently suspended beaming and a projection of Corten steel. Lastly; the one in Nocera (Salerno, 1971), presents an interesting combination with the function of motel, attempted as an enlargement project in the one in Novara as well, but then never built. The other bridged ones are in Sebino (Brescia, 1962), Feronia (Rome, 1964), Frascati (Rome, 1963), Soave (Verona, 1969), Rezzato Nord (Brescia, 1970).
Nonetheless some characteristics remained a constant, like a certain formal uniqueness and sense of completion of the construction that gave a full rounded perception of the buildings even in the headboards frequently crowned by a large cantilever staircase. This can be seen clearly in period photos and it is less noticeable nowadays because of the frequent addition of low lateral tourist market buildings and because of softer colors used. The chromatic treatment of the metal sun shading roofs (a bright red color) became the distinctive feature of Pavesi Autogrills and circumscribed the building itself in the whole, while the balanced collocation of the few billboards did not enter into conflict with the gasoline signposts but on the contrary seemed to match them, and at night these were lit by their own lights. Moreover some gasoline stations designed by Bianchetti like the one in Sabino for Esso, distinguished themselves for the essential nature and elegance of structures with tall and slender signs and prismatic elements for the buildings.
The inside was indeed surprising for the type of light that filtered as a reflection and for the continuous perception of the dimension of inner space as a whole due to a longitudinal disposition of the counters and to the a contined set up of the product shelving, evoking a perception of the Autogrill as a self standing unit animated by its own life in the multiplicity of people that entered there.
The setting implied a reduction of the strictly communicative aspects to the simple interior design of the space, with a playful sense in the disenchanted and free style collage of Baroque and modern elements like the large glass drops chandelier in Lainate that appeared on the pages of “Life” magazine, or the Vietri ceramic tiles flooring frequently utilized, or the woven wicker baskets used as displays for the Pavesi products, to the concise inner signs that retraced the highway signs and to the essential lines of the American style counters with stools. It was anything but a coordinated image, but in the end it was a greatly coherent setting with regard to expressiveness, and it was handled case by case solely through the architecture, without any apparent preoccupation with the integration of aesthetics except perhaps the idea of a vanguard collage that actually was a trend in the taste in advertising graphic art of those years (especially for Erberto Carboni) and that had its origin in the experiments in modern architecture made between the two wars, as we will shortly see.
Lastly, a third typology of construction contemporary with the bridged one was a design foreseeing a restaurant area lateral to the highway with a red sheet metal covering with four layers which was much more flexible in adapting to dimensions.
Alongside with the wide diffusion of Pavesi Autogrills (Alivar- Pavesi), Motta Autogrill and Alemagna Autobar (ex-Unidal) chains developed in Italy, and then were ex-corporate from their respective head companies on February 28, 1977 and regrouped in to the Autogrill spa society that today manages all of the restoration points along the highway.
The experimental tradition of “advertising architecture”
The experiences made by Angelo Bianchetti (born in 1911 and died in 1995) before World War II are extremely interesting and represent an very significant anterior fact to understand the reasons that brought to the long collaboration with Pavesi. A graduate in Architecture of the Milan Polytechnic in 1934, he traveled to study in Germany, worked in Berlin for the Mies van del Rohe studio and for the Luckard brothers studio, and met Gropius and Breuer.
In Italy, he worked with Giuseppe Pagano on a few projects in 1938 thus completing an itinerary that crossed the most significant episodes of modern architecture of our century, following a tradition of international exchanges that at the time was widely spread. As a project designer, often together with Cesare Pea, he worked on a number of architectural layouts for exhibits and advertising pavilions for fairs, and became one of the main protagonists of a theme of construction that back then was completely new – the theme of exhibit architecture, a culturally important and acknowledged theme in the landscape of modern international architecture.
This was a theme on which the most important architects, graphic designers and artists of the cultural Italian scene between the two wars had a lively debate, especially during the era of Fascism, that saw in it a real modernity of communication and a dose of inventive ruthlessness and cultural availability together with the ability to give the large industrial groups occasions to promote their modern and cosmopolitan image (though a dictatorial one) in Italy and abroad through important international expos.
Therefore, modern Italian architecture in those years was able to channel the needs of propaganda within the paths of a history of art and within those plastic and figurative values that were more attentive to moral issues. In this sense, the possibilities for formal experimentation that architecture made possible back then established a few solid principles of an Italian rationalistic poetical style that was intended as expression of a lyricism and that had no equal in later years.
The “Casabella -Costruzioni” magazine directed by Giuseppe Pagano, reported on numerous occasions the main exhibits made in the heroic period that goes from 1925 to 1940 in which Angelo Bianchetti took part as the author of beautiful set ups together with other important emerging names like Erberto Carboni, Marcello Nizzoli, Bruno Munari,t the Boggeri studio (that in the years following the war we will find working for Barilla, Olivetti, Agip, …).
Of these exhibit set ups, we must mention the pavilions by Edoardo Persico and Marcello Nizzoli for the Italian Aeronautical Expo of Milan in 1934; the Gio Ponti and Erberto Carboni pavilions for the Exhibit of Catholic Press at the Vatican in 1935; the set up of the Hall of Victory at the VI Triennial Expo of Milan of 1936 by Nizzoli, Palanti, Persico, Fontana (in those times already referred to as “a work of rare and highest poetry”); the Italian pavilions for the Paris Expo of 1937 with the intervention of the most important Italian architects; the pavilion by Bianchetti and Pea and the Boggeri Studio for the Isotta Fraschini company at the Fair of Milan in 1938; the luminous surface tensions by Nizzoli and Bianchetti at the National Textiles Exhibit in Rome in 1939; the Bianchetti and Pea pavilions for Raion and for Chatillon at the Milan Fair of 1939, formed by a lightweight frame with three orders and covered by light ad small vaults shaped like a transparent and lyrical honor tribune in the way that only Italian Rationalism was able to do.
These operations for temporary set ups connected the languages of abstraction and of the pure forms of international Realism with a Baroque vein expressed in the combination of graphic and sculptural elements, in the use of curtains and of narrative naturalistic elements (from the sculpture by Fontana for the Hall of Victory at the Triennial Expo of 1936 to the advertising signs of the textiles pavilion, according to a poetic and rather unique idea of collage that was very original in the landscape of modern architecture.
Very important in order to comprehend the pragmatic spirit of this theme for the architectural modern culture of those times is a writing by Angelo Bianchetti and Cesare Pea of 1941 on the theme of advertising architecture that establishes some characteristics that were undoubtedly reprised in the exhibit architecture of the years after the war and that created the premise for the Italian highway landscape of advertising architecture.
First of all, what is striking about this writing is the concept that these architectures can serve the function of contributing in a positive way to the definition of a new urban landscape already projected towards the torments of an undefined territory structured with fair headquarters and sport centers, theme parks, shopping centers and highway congestion points, starting from the occasion of an advertising set up intended in architectural terms.
Secondly, these constructions are not just inserted in a system of means of transportation to guarantee elevated accessibility, but also to accentuate the dynamic perception of the whole, and in this sense the relationship between bridged Autogrills and the highway exalts the aesthetics of kinematics.
In third place, it is striking that architecture partially renounced some building aspects to rediscover the values and new aesthetic concept of monument through a combination of signposting, graphic, and visual communication that penetrates indoors, in the furnishings, and recomposes a unity of applied arts.
«Le Corbusier and M. Breuer build their advertising architectures on the base of their artistic abilities more that to their architectural skills. An active pictorial imagination gives the project designer the possibility to renounce to give an entirely constructional and formally still aspect to his own pavilion. We think that this can be conceived in such a way to appear based on a single structure with the use of substantially different solutions. The ideal pavilion from the advertising point of view is one composed of fixed elements related to the laws of building statics that at the same time offer to the imagination different possibilities of a practical nature, that can be made also in successive phases. Therefore, not a facade defined architecturally, even though beautiful, but a system of elements and fields in which to express the imaginative spirit of the decorator. In such a way the abilities of a good architect and interior designer can fully develop: the study of the structure will bring him to intuitions of rational architectural order, while the expressive possibility will lead him to use these elements with the highest freedom and to create works of pure artistic design.
The appeal of the suggestive elements that advertising work must express will come from the fusion of these two possibilities. All which modern technique gives the artist as a support, the new materials, new systems of lighting, the cinematographic aspects, the mechanical devices, can concur to the perfection and complexity of the work that the artist conceived with his own imagination. But the use of these elements is part of the generic knowledge of an architect that are not the object of this study.
Instead, the problem that originates from the combination of various pavilions and advertising elements of a Fair or Exhibition forms a chapter of advertising urban planning whose direction would deserve an in depth study»[4].
Architecture and the design of new industrial products in Italy after World War II
The concept of industrial and market that arose in the years after WWII in Italy and throughout all of the 1950s and 1960s can be definitely found in the geographical area between Milan and Turin, the area of the initial development of the highway system, and of the modern democratic entrepreneurial cosmopolitan and culturally engaged world of Olivetti, and of Pavesi of Novara.
It is not a chane that the magazine “Comunità” (community) founded by Adriano Olivetti was engaged in those years in themes of architecture and urban planning and also with sociology in its different aspects of urban development, mass behavior, industrial production, and published studies on advertising and the unconscious mind on the organization of Shopping Centers in the United States, on the Italian highway landscape, or on food consumption in Italy[5].
These themes surfaced with full force in the concerns of the Italian entrepreneurs that frequented the most densely industrialized areas of the United States (especially the West Coast) and in a certain sense these were ideas that could be actualized in Italy as well at least in the smartest industrial sectors that were capable to invest in development.
This is certainly the economic context in which the construction of the Pavesi Autogrills was inserted. The idea of modern times and social well being that pervaded the aesthetics of Pavesi Autogrills was based on a completely new food product, the Pavesini cookies and the Crakers, produced on a large industrial scale as never before, and tied to lifestyles and psychologies of use that for the first time in those years surfaced and of which there was full awareness.
But because of the structure of Italian cities, in which the residential Ina-Casa neighborhoods typical of the intensive urban growth of the northern cities tended towards a landscape that was still close to that of a compact city, the shopping centers of the time were of a typology of sales too radical to be proposed, while the Autogrills located on the highways cold well enough be interpreted in this sense as a sales point for novelty industrial products diffused on the territory, in which the market strategies could be applied directly without intermediaries and a modern and cosmopolitan image could be promoted.
The relationship of entrepreneurship and architectural design between Mario Pavesi and Angelo Bianchetti, as well as the relationship with other intellectuals for other more literary and clearly marked graphic forms of communication should not be intended as a cultured construction of corporate identity, nowadays necessarily corresponding to a quote of production that each industrial activity must possess, but as something more complex and with roots going deep into a specific ability of the Italian industrial culture (that with the refined work of Adriano Olivetti reached its apex) to use as its own the tools of communication in the system of behaviors of producers and consumers.
Therefore here it is not solely a matter of refined design of of stylized image but rather of the fine tuning of tools strictly connected to the production and distribution of products, tools in which the aesthetically implications had a place of relevance. A rather significant parallelism involving architecture in the processes of industrial communication happened in the United States at the same time, in the 1950s and 1960s, as the top industries of the time like IBM or the TWA aerial transportation company, for example, asked innovative architects like Charles Eames (who mounted elaborate films and avant-garde multi-vision materials), or Eero Saarinen (who made phantasmagorical theaters for the international expo and to animate the horizons of airports with forms made of cement or crystal and evoking emotions)[6].
These companies entrusted them by delegating the task of building the company image according to a culture of conquest of the new that we still find nowadays, but acted in a different environment, more determined and structured in an entrepreneurial way and in which the need for aesthetics of the object of use was less of a priority, for example, even though often reached results of the highest quality.
But in Italy everything was different: for example, the design by Marcello Nizzoli for a calculator, or the one by Carlo Scarpa for an Olivetti store, or the one by Erberto Carboni for Barilla pasta, or the advertisement for Pavesi cookies written by Gianni Rodari as children literature, were necessary elements of a new concept of the object of use an the work of intellectuals in this context was instrumental to the comprehension of the new industrial products in a domestic and working landscape that was still formed in part by handcrafted objects (and still today attracted strongly by the components of originality and personality also in the aesthetic choice).
Who in Italy would have bought Pavesi, Barilla, and Olivetti products, for example, if a group of food intellectuals had not converted the packaging for food and machines into a new culture of merchandise?
Bibliography note
We thank for his patience and collaboration architect Jan Jacopo Bianchetti who keeps the archive of Angelo Bianchetti’s work and has given permission for the reproduction of the photographic material, the designs and the publications related to the Pavesi Autogrills.
Among the writings of Angelo Bianchetti we mention: Bianchetti, C. Pea, Architettura pubblicitaria (advertising architectures), in “Casabella-Costruzioni”, n.159-160, 1941, a mono-graphic issue dedicated to the architecture of expos with rich iconography documentation edited by Bianchetti and Pea themselves. ; A. Bianchetti, Le oasi dell’autostrada (highway oasis), in “Quattroruote”, n.1, January 1960; A. Bianchetti, I ponti non convengono più (bridges are not convenient anymore), in “Modo”, n.18, April 1979.
Furthermore, it is opportune to cite: Italian luxury for export and those at home, too “Life” 26 September 1960; R. WEST, Italy: the new lean Bread of Eurocrats, “The Sunday Times”, 26 August 1962; C. MUNARI, Lo stile Pavesi (thepavesi style), in “Linea Grafica”, n. 5, September-October 1966, pp. 240-252; A. Colbertaldo, Quando si mangiava sopra i ponti (when we had lunch on bridges), in “Modo”, n. 18, April 1979; M. BELLAVISTA, Uomo di marketing prima del marketing (a marketing man before the times of marketing), in “Il Direttore Commerciale”, n. 7, 1988, pp. 16-21; B. Lemoine, I ponti-autogrill (the auto-grilll bridges), in “Rassegna”, n.48, December 1991.
We mention two more accounts of the actual phenomenon of the development of highway landscapes: P. DESIDERI, La città di latta. Favelas di lusso, Autogrill, svincoli stradali e antenne paraboliche (The tin city. Luxury Favelas, Autogrills, highway exits and parabolic antennas), Genova, Costa e Nolan, 1997; P. CIORRA, Autogrill. Spazi e spiazzi per la società su gomma (Autogrills, spaces and platforms for a society n wheels) , in Attraversamenti. I nuovi territori dello spazio pubblico (Crossings. The new territories of public spaes), edited by P. DESIDERI e M. ILARDI, Genova, Costa e Nolan, 1997.
[1] R. Banham, Megastructure. Urban future of the recent past, Londra, Thames and Hudson, 1976, the text does not illustrate these highway buildings.
[2] A. BIANCHETTI, Le oasi dell’autostrada (the highway oasis), in “Quattroruote”, n. 1, January 1960.
[3] A. COLBERTALDO, Quando si mangiava sopra i ponti (when we had lunch on top of bridges), in “Modo” n.18, April 1979.
[4] A. BIANCHETTI, C. PEA, Architettura pubblicitaria (advertising architecture), in “Casabella-Costruzioni”, n. 159-160, 1941.
[5] A. CANONICI, Pubblicità ed inconscio (advertising and the unconscious mind) in “Comunità”, n.60, 1958; A. BAROLINI, L’organizzazione dei centri di vendita in America, (the organization of sales points in America) in “Comunità”, n.67, 1959; R. BONELLI, Le autostrade in Italia (highways in Italy), in “Comunità”, n.86, 1961; G. TIBALDI, I consumi alimentari in Italia (food consume in Italy), in “Comunità”, n.115, 1963.
[6] Eero Saarinen, Charles Eames, Padiglione Ibm alla Fiera mondiale di New Yorkn(the Ibm pavilion at the worl expo of New York), 1964-65, well described by Kevin Roche, Charles Eames, in “Zodiac”, n.11, 1994. #30Glorieuses & Dynamisme @ les kilométres d' #archives cachées d #Mémoire2cité @ les #Constructions #Modernes #BANLIEUE @ l' #Urbanisme & l es #Chantiers d'#ApresGuerre ici #Mémoire2ville le #Logement Collectif* dans tous ses états..#Histoire & #Mémoire de l'#Habitat / Département territoire terroir region ville souvenirs du temps passé d une époque revolue #Archives ANRU / #Rétro #Banlieue / Renouvellement #Urbain / #Urbanisme / #HLM #postwar #postcard #cartepostale twitter.com/Memoire2cite Villes et rénovation urbaine..Tout savoir tout connaitre sur le sujet ici via le PDF de l'UNION SOCIALE POUR L HABITAT (l'USH)... des textes à savoir, à apprendre, des techniques de demolition jusqu a la securisation..& bien plus encore.. union-habitat.org/sites/default/files/articles/documents/...
www.dailymotion.com/video/xk6xui Quatre murs et un toit 1953 - Le Corbusier, l'architecte du bonheur 1957 conceptions architecturales le modulor, l'architecture de la ville radieuse, Chandigarh, Marseille, Nantes www.dailymotion.com/video/xw8prl Un documentaire consacré aux conceptions architecturales et urbanistiques de Le Corbusier.Exposées par l'architecte lui-même et étayées par des plans, dessins et images de ses réalisations en France et à l'étranger, ces théories témoignent d'une réflexion approfondie et originale sur la ville et sa nécessaire adaptation à la vie moderne, notamment Paris dont l'aménagement révolutionnaire rêvé par Le Corbusier est ici exposé. Un classique du documentaire.Les premiers projets de Le Corbusier resteront à l'état de maquette : le plan de modernisation de la ville d'Alger. Certains seront réalisés par d'autres architectes : ministère de l'éducation à Rio de Janeiro, Palais de l'ONU à New York. Dès l'après-guerre en moins de 10 ans, Le Corbusier réalise de grandes unités d'habitation à Marseille, Nantes une chapelle à Ronchamps, une usine à Saint-Dié, une ville Chandigarh en Inde. Par des schémas, l'architecte présente sa théorie de la "ville radieuse", le modulor clef mathématique de son œuvre ainsi que son projet de réorganisation de la campagne, des cités industrielles et urbaine en un regroupement autour d'un système coopératif. Le film expose les conceptions architecturales de Le Corbusier, dans la ligne des précurseurs de l'architecture moderne comme Claude-Nicolas Ledoux. Paris et le désert français 1957 réalisation : Roger Leenhardt et Sydney Jezequel, résoudre le déséquilibre démographique ville campagne www.dailymotion.com/video/x177lrp Film réalisé par Roger Leenhardt et Sydney Jezequel en 1957, d'après le livre de Jean-François Gravier. Document d'information général proposant les solutions de l'époque pour éviter la désertification des campagnes et la folie concentrationnaire des villes. Dès 1957, la désertification des campagnes prend des proportions tragiques. L'exemple est donné pour le village de Gourdon dans le Quercy.
Quelles évolutions proposer pour éviter l'exode rural et le développement anarchique, qui s'amorce, des villes champignons, construites en plein champ sans urbanisme et sans âme ? Le commentaire propose les solutions de l'époque : modernisation de l'agriculture, adaptation de l'artisanat, implantations d'industries dans les provinces. Gazoducs dans le sud-ouest, barrage en Haute-Savoie, polder en Bretagne semblaient à l'époque pouvoir résoudre le déséquilibre ville campagne. Visages de la France 1957 Production - réalisation Atlantic-Film Marcel de Hubsch www.dailymotion.com/video/x19g59p Le film commence avec des vues de villages et d'architecture traditionnelle du Pays Basque, des Landes, de la Touraine, de la Normandie, de la Bretagne, d'Alsace. La voix off s'interroge : faut il transformer la France en un musée de ses vieilles demeures ? et poursuit : pourquoi des maisons de 10 à 15 mètres de hauteur à Honfleur n'ont elles que 3 à 5 mètres de large ? Le commentaire se pose la question du nombre de maisons individuelles dans les villes qui entrainent l'étalement urbain. Lorsque les villes ont bâtit des immeubles, le commentaire se demande que cachent ces façades ? Des coures étroites que le soleil ne visite jamais, un enchevêtrement inouï de constructions hétéroclites. L'époque de grande prospérité de la troisième république n'a rien su construire de grand poursuit la voix off. Ce document nous propose ensuite une animation de maquette pour l'aménagement d'une friche. Dans un premier temps à la façon d'avant avec la maison individuelle. La voix off s'exclame : ce n'est pas autrement que d'affreuses banlieues naquirent que tant de villes furent à jamais enlaidies, essayons autre chose. L'animation se met à empiler les maisons individuelles et propose des bâtiments collectifs dans des jardins. Le commentaire poursuit : maintenant c'est l'heure de l'urbaniste à lui de répartir les constructions dans la cité. Plusieurs organisation de logements collectifs sont proposées en maquettes. La voix off pointe les défauts d'un urbanisme des grands ensemble trop ennuyeux. Puis une solution émerge de l'animation : pour que la cité vive il faut mettre au place d'honneur école, dispensaire, bibliothèque, salle de réunion, puis viennent les deux pièces maîtresse deux grands immeubles puis les rues se glissent dans la composition et enfin les pelouse et les jardins apparaissent et voila conclue le commentaire. Le film montre ensuite de réalisation de grands ensemble et on entre dans un immeuble au sein d'une famille : air et lumière sont au rendes-vous. On voit des enfants faire du patin à roulette dans le parc de l'immeuble la voix off annonce : finit l'individualisme renfrogné de l'échoppe d'antan : la cité tout entière est un jardin, les jeux d'enfants se mêlent aux fleurs. Le film se termine sur des vues de réalisation de grands ensemble sur toute la France (vue entre autre de la cité radieuse de Le Corbusier à Marseille). Production Films Caravelle MRU (ministère de la reconstruction et de l'urbanisme) Scenario et réalisation : Pierre JaLLAUD
Sur les routes de France les ponts renaissent 1945 reconstruction de la France après la Seconde Guerre mondiale www.dailymotion.com/video/xuxrii?playlist=x34ije , Quelques mois après la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, un triste constat s'impose : 5 944 passages sont coupés, soit plus de 110 km de brèches ; de nombreuses villes se trouvent isolées. Les chantiers s'activent dans toute la France pour "gagner la bataille des communications routières". Mais outre la pénurie de main d’œuvre, il faut faire face au manque de matériaux (béton, métal) et donc déployer des trésors d'imagination pour reconstruire les ponts détruits. Si le savoir faire des tailleurs de pierre est exploité, le plus spectaculaire est le relevage des ponts, comme le pont de Galliéni à Lyon, où 7 à 800 tonnes d'acier sont sorti de l'eau avec des moyens de l'époque. En avril 1945, il reste 5 700 ponts à reconstruire soit 200 000 tonnes d'acier, 600 000 tonnes de ciment, 250 000 m3 de bois, 10 millions de journées d'ouvrier, prix de l'effort de reconstruction. Titre : Sur les routes de France les ponts renaissenT Année de réalisation : 1945 Auteurs / réalisateurs : images : G.Delaunay, A.Pol, son : C.Gauguier Production : Direction Technique des Services des Ponts et Chaussées / Ministère des Travaux Publics et des Transports
Thèmes principaux : infrastructures-ouvrages d'art Mot clés : chantier, pont, Reconstruction, restauration, béton précontraint, ministère des travaux publics et des transports
Lieux : Lyon, Tournon, Caen - Le Bosquel, un village renait 1947 l'album cinématographique de la reconstruction, réalisation Paul de Roubaix production ministère de la Reconstruction et de l'Urbanisme, village prototype, architecte Paul Dufournet, www.dailymotion.com/video/xx5tx8?playlist=x34ije - Demain Paris 1959 dessin animé présentant l'aménagement de la capitale dans les années 60, Animation, dessin animé à vocation pédagogique visant à promouvoir la politique d’aménagement suivie dans les années 60 à Paris.
Un raccourci historique sur l’extension de Paris du Moyen Âge au XIXe siècle (Lutèce, œuvres de Turgot, Napoléon, Haussmann), ce dessin animé retrace la naissance de la banlieue et de ses avatars au XXe siècle. Il annonce les grands principes d’aménagement des villes nouvelles et la restructuration du centre de Paris (référence implicite à la charte d’Athènes). Le texte est travaillé en rimes et vers. Une chanson du vieux Paris conclut poétiquement cette vision du futur. Thèmes principaux : Aménagement urbain / planification-aménagement régional Mots-clés : Banlieue, extension spatiale, histoire, quartier, ville, ville nouvelle Lieu géographique : Paris 75 Architectes ou personnalités : Eugène Haussmann, Napoléon, Turgot Réalisateurs : André Martin, Michel Boschet Production : les films Roger Leenhardt
www.dailymotion.com/video/xw6lak?playlist=x34ije -Rue neuve 1956 la reconstruction de la France dix ans après la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale, villes, villages, grands ensembles réalisation : Jack Pinoteau , Panorama de la reconstruction de la France dix ans après la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale, ce film de commande évoque les villes et villages français détruits puis reconstruits dans un style respectant la tradition : Saint-Malo, Gien, Thionville, Ammerschwihr, etc. ainsi que la reconstruction en rupture avec l'architecture traditionnelle à Châtenay-Malabry, Arles, Saint Étienne, Évreux, Chambéry, Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, Abbeville, Le Havre, Marseille, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Dunkerque. Le documentaire explique par exemple la manière dont a été réalisée la reconstruction de Saint-Malo à l'intérieur des rempart de la vieille ville : "c'est la fidélité à l'histoire et la force du souvenir qui a guidé l'architecte". Dans le même esprit à Gien, au trois quart détruite en 1940, seul le château construit en 1494 pour Anne de Beaujeu, fille aînée de Louis XI, fut épargné par les bombardements. La ville fut reconstruite dans le style des rares immeubles restant. Gien est relevé de ses ruines et le nouvel ensemble harmonieux est appelé « Joyau de la Reconstruction française ».
Dans un deuxième temps est abordé le chapitre de la construction des cités et des grands ensembles, de l’architecture du renouveau qualifiée de "grandiose incontestablement". S’il est précisé "on peut aimer ou de ne pas aimer ce style", l’emporte au final l’argument suivant : les grands ensembles, c'est la campagne à la ville, un urbanisme plus aéré, plus vert." les films caravelles 1956, Réalisateur : Jack Pinoteau (connu pour être le metteur en scène du film Le Triporteur 1957 qui fit découvrir Darry Cowl)
www.dailymotion.com/video/xuz3o8?playlist=x34ije ,
Film d'archive actualités de 1952 Reconstruction de la France sept ans après la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale état des lieux de la crise du logement , Actualités de 1952.
Sept ans après la fin de la seconde guerre Mondiale état des lieux de la reconstruction de la France et de la crise du logement à l’œuvre, pénurie de logement, logements insalubres. Les actualités montrent des images d'archives de la destruction de la France, les Chars de la division Leclerc qui défilent sur les Champs Elysees. Le commentaire dénonce la lenteur de la reconstruction et notamment des manifestations qui ont eu lieue à Royan afin d''accélérer la reconstruction de la ville détruite.Le film montre à Strasbourg, Mulhouse, des réalisation moderne de grands ensembles et des images d'archive de la reconstruction du Havre de Saint Nazaire.
Le film se termine à Marseille sur les réalisation nouvelles autour du vieux port puis on assiste à l'inauguration de la Cité Radieuse par le ministre de la Reconstruction et de l'Urbanisme Eugène Claudius-Petit en présence de son architecte Le Corbusier à qui le ministre remet la cravate de commandeur de la légion d'honneur. www.dailymotion.com/video/xk1g5j?playlist=x34ije Brigitte Gros - Urbanisme - Filmer les grands ensembles 2016 - par Camille Canteux chercheuse au CHS -Centre d'Histoire Sociale - Jeanne Menjoulet - Ce film du CHS daté de 2014 www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDUBwVPNh0s … L'UNION SOCIALE POUR L'HABITAT le Musée des H.L.M. musee-hlm.fr/ / - www.union-habitat.org/ / - www.institutfrancais.com/sites/default/files/dp_expositio... archives-histoire.centraliens.net/pdfs/revues/rev625.pdf tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00554230/document Quatre murs et un toit 1953 - Le Corbusier, l'architecte du bonheur 1957 conceptions architecturales le modulor, l'architecture de la ville radieuse, Chandigarh, Marseille, Nantes www.dailymotion.com/video/xw8prl Un documentaire consacré aux conceptions architecturales et urbanistiques de Le Corbusier.Exposées par l'architecte lui-même et étayées par des plans, dessins et images de ses réalisations en France et à l'étranger, ces théories témoignent d'une réflexion approfondie et originale sur la ville et sa nécessaire adaptation à la vie moderne, notamment Paris dont l'aménagement révolutionnaire rêvé par Le Corbusier est ici exposé. Un classique du documentaire.Les premiers projets de Le Corbusier resteront à l'état de maquette : le plan de modernisation de la ville d'Alger. Certains seront réalisés par d'autres architectes : ministère de l'éducation à Rio de Janeiro, Palais de l'ONU à New York. Dès l'après-guerre en moins de 10 ans, Le Corbusier réalise de grandes unités d'habitation à Marseille, Nantes une chapelle à Ronchamps, une usine à Saint-Dié, une ville Chandigarh en Inde. Par des schémas, l'architecte présente sa théorie de la "ville radieuse", le modulor clef mathématique de son œuvre ainsi que son projet de réorganisation de la campagne, des cités industrielles et urbaine en un regroupement autour d'un système coopératif. Le film expose les conceptions architecturales de Le Corbusier, dans la ligne des précurseurs de l'architecture moderne comme Claude-Nicolas Ledoux. Paris et le désert français 1957 réalisation : Roger Leenhardt et Sydney Jezequel, résoudre le déséquilibre démographique ville campagne www.dailymotion.com/video/x177lrp Film réalisé par Roger Leenhardt et Sydney Jezequel en 1957, d'après le livre de Jean-François Gravier. Document d'information général proposant les solutions de l'époque pour éviter la désertification des campagnes et la folie concentrationnaire des villes. Dès 1957, la désertification des campagnes prend des proportions tragiques. L'exemple est donné pour le village de Gourdon dans le Quercy.Quelles évolutions proposer pour éviter l'exode rural et le développement anarchique, qui s'amorce, des villes champignons, construites en plein champ sans urbanisme et sans âme ? Le commentaire propose les solutions de l'époque : modernisation de l'agriculture, adaptation de l'artisanat, implantations d'industries dans les provinces. Gazoducs dans le sud-ouest, barrage en Haute-Savoie, polder en Bretagne semblaient à l'époque pouvoir résoudre le déséquilibre ville campagne. Visages de la France 1957 Production - réalisation Atlantic-Film Marcel de Hubsch www.dailymotion.com/video/x19g59p Le film commence avec des vues de villages et d'architecture traditionnelle du Pays Basque, des Landes, de la Touraine, de la Normandie, de la Bretagne, d'Alsace. La voix off s'interroge : faut il transformer la France en un musée de ses vieilles demeures ? et poursuit : pourquoi des maisons de 10 à 15 mètres de hauteur à Honfleur n'ont elles que 3 à 5 mètres de large ? Le commentaire se pose la question du nombre de maisons individuelles dans les villes qui entrainent l'étalement urbain. Lorsque les villes ont bâtit des immeubles, le commentaire se demande que cachent ces façades ? Des coures étroites que le soleil ne visite jamais, un enchevêtrement inouï de constructions hétéroclites. L'époque de grande prospérité de la troisième république n'a rien su construire de grand poursuit la voix off. Ce document nous propose ensuite une animation de maquette pour l'aménagement d'une friche. Dans un premier temps à la façon d'avant avec la maison individuelle. La voix off s'exclame : ce n'est pas autrement que d'affreuses banlieues naquirent que tant de villes furent à jamais enlaidies, essayons autre chose. L'animation se met à empiler les maisons individuelles et propose des bâtiments collectifs dans des jardins. Le commentaire poursuit : maintenant c'est l'heure de l'urbaniste à lui de répartir les constructions dans la cité. Plusieurs organisation de logements collectifs sont proposées en maquettes. La voix off pointe les défauts d'un urbanisme des grands ensemble trop ennuyeux. Puis une solution émerge de l'animation : pour que la cité vive il faut mettre au place d'honneur école, dispensaire, bibliothèque, salle de réunion, puis viennent les deux pièces maîtresse deux grands immeubles puis les rues se glissent dans la composition et enfin les pelouse et les jardins apparaissent et voila conclue le commentaire. Le film montre ensuite de réalisation de grands ensemble et on entre dans un immeuble au sein d'une famille : air et lumière sont au rendes-vous. On voit des enfants faire du patin à roulette dans le parc de l'immeuble la voix off annonce : finit l'individualisme renfrogné de l'échoppe d'antan : la cité tout entière est un jardin, les jeux d'enfants se mêlent aux fleurs. Le film se termine sur des vues de réalisation de grands ensemble sur toute la France (vue entre autre de la cité radieuse de Le Corbusier à Marseille). Production Films Caravelle MRU (ministère de la reconstruction et de l'urbanisme) Scenario et réalisation : Pierre JaLLAUD
Sur les routes de France les ponts renaissent 1945 reconstruction de la France après la Seconde Guerre mondiale www.dailymotion.com/video/xuxrii?playlist=x34ije , Quelques mois après la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, un triste constat s'impose : 5 944 passages sont coupés, soit plus de 110 km de brèches ; de nombreuses villes se trouvent isolées. Les chantiers s'activent dans toute la France pour "gagner la bataille des communications routières". Mais outre la pénurie de main d’œuvre, il faut faire face au manque de matériaux (béton, métal) et donc déployer des trésors d'imagination pour reconstruire les ponts détruits. Si le savoir faire des tailleurs de pierre est exploité, le plus spectaculaire est le relevage des ponts, comme le pont de Galliéni à Lyon, où 7 à 800 tonnes d'acier sont sorti de l'eau avec des moyens de l'époque. En avril 1945, il reste 5 700 ponts à reconstruire soit 200 000 tonnes d'acier, 600 000 tonnes de ciment, 250 000 m3 de bois, 10 millions de journées d'ouvrier, prix de l'effort de reconstruction. Titre : Sur les routes de France les ponts renaissenT Année de réalisation : 1945 Auteurs / réalisateurs : images : G.Delaunay, A.Pol, son : C.Gauguier Production : Direction Technique des Services des Ponts et Chaussées / Ministère des Travaux Publics et des Transport
Lieux : Lyon, Tournon, Caen - Le Bosquel, un village renait 1947 l'album cinématographique de la reconstruction, réalisation Paul de Roubaix production ministère de la Reconstruction et de l'Urbanisme, village prototype, architecte Paul Dufournet, www.dailymotion.com/video/xx5tx8?playlist=x34ije - Demain Paris 1959 dessin animé présentant l'aménagement de la capitale dans les années 60, Animation, dessin animé à vocation pédagogique visant à promouvoir la politique d’aménagement suivie dans les années 60 à Paris.
Un raccourci historique sur l’extension de Paris du Moyen Âge au XIXe siècle (Lutèce, œuvres de Turgot, Napoléon, Haussmann), ce dessin animé retrace la naissance de la banlieue et de ses avatars au XXe siècle. Il annonce les grands principes d’aménagement des villes nouvelles et la restructuration du centre de Paris (référence implicite à la charte d’Athènes). Le texte est travaillé en rimes et vers. Une chanson du vieux Paris conclut poétiquement cette vision du futur. Thèmes principaux : Aménagement urbain / planification-aménagement régional Mots-clés : Banlieue, extension spatiale, histoire, quartier, ville, ville nouvelle Lieu géographique : Paris 75 Architectes ou personnalités : Eugène Haussmann, Napoléon, Turgot Réalisateurs : André Martin, Michel Boschet Production : les films Roger Leenhardt
www.dailymotion.com/video/xw6lak?playlist=x34ije -Rue neuve 1956 la reconstruction de la France dix ans après la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale, villes, villages, grands ensembles réalisation : Jack Pinoteau , Panorama de la reconstruction de la France dix ans après la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale, ce film de commande évoque les villes et villages français détruits puis reconstruits dans un style respectant la tradition : Saint-Malo, Gien, Thionville, Ammerschwihr, etc. ainsi que la reconstruction en rupture avec l'architecture traditionnelle à Châtenay-Malabry, Arles, Saint Étienne, Évreux, Chambéry, Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, Abbeville, Le Havre, Marseille, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Dunkerque. Le documentaire explique par exemple la manière dont a été réalisée la reconstruction de Saint-Malo à l'intérieur des rempart de la vieille ville : "c'est la fidélité à l'histoire et la force du souvenir qui a guidé l'architecte". Dans le même esprit à Gien, au trois quart détruite en 1940, seul le château construit en 1494 pour Anne de Beaujeu, fille aînée de Louis XI, fut épargné par les bombardements. La ville fut reconstruite dans le style des rares immeubles restant. Gien est relevé de ses ruines et le nouvel ensemble harmonieux est appelé « Joyau de la Reconstruction française ».
Dans un deuxième temps est abordé le chapitre de la construction des cités et des grands ensembles, de l’architecture du renouveau qualifiée de "grandiose incontestablement". S’il est précisé "on peut aimer ou de ne pas aimer ce style", l’emporte au final l’argument suivant : les grands ensembles, c'est la campagne à la ville, un urbanisme plus aéré, plus vert." les films caravelles 1956, Réalisateur : Jack Pinoteau (connu pour être le metteur en scène du film Le Triporteur 1957 qui fit découvrir Darry Cowl)
www.dailymotion.com/video/xuz3o8?playlist=x34ije ,
Film d'archive actualités de 1952 Reconstruction de la France sept ans après la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale état des lieux de la crise du logement , Actualités de 1952.
Sept ans après la fin de la seconde guerre Mondiale état des lieux de la reconstruction de la France et de la crise du logement à l’œuvre, pénurie de logement, logements insalubres. Les actualités montrent des images d'archives de la destruction de la France, les Chars de la division Leclerc qui défilent sur les Champs Elysees. Le commentaire dénonce la lenteur de la reconstruction et notamment des manifestations qui ont eu lieue à Royan afin d''accélérer la reconstruction de la ville détruite.Le film montre à Strasbourg, Mulhouse, des réalisation moderne de grands ensembles et des images d'archive de la reconstruction du Havre de Saint Nazaire.
Le film se termine à Marseille sur les réalisation nouvelles autour du vieux port puis on assiste à l'inauguration de la Cité Radieuse par le ministre de la Reconstruction et de l'Urbanisme Eugène Claudius-Petit en présence de son architecte Le Corbusier à qui le ministre remet la cravate de commandeur de la légion d'honneur. www.dailymotion.com/video/xk1g5j?playlist=x34ije Brigitte Gros - Urbanisme - Filmer les grands ensembles 2016 - par Camille Canteux chercheuse au CHS -Centre d'Histoire Sociale - Jeanne Menjoulet - Ce film du CHS daté de 2014 www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDUBwVPNh0s … L'UNION SOCIALE POUR L'HABITAT le Musée des H.L.M. musee-hlm.fr/ / - www.union-habitat.org/ / - www.institutfrancais.com/sites/default/files/dp_expositio... archives-histoire.centraliens.net/pdfs/revues/rev625.pdf tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00554230/document .le Logement Collectif* 50,60,70's, dans tous ses états..Histoire & Mémoire d'H.L.M. de Copropriété Renouvellement Urbain-Réha-NPNRU., twitter.com/Memoire2cite tout içi sig.ville.gouv.fr/atlas/ZUS/ - media/InaEdu01827/la-creatio" rel="noreferrer nofollow">fresques.ina.fr/jalons/fiche-media/InaEdu01827/la-creatio Bâtir mieux plus vite et moins cher 1975 l'industrialisation du bâtiment et ses innovations : www.dailymotion.com/video/xyjudq?playlist=x34ije la préfabrication en usine www.dailymotion.com/video/xx6ob5?playlist=x34ije , le coffrage glissant www.dailymotion.com/video/x19lwab?playlist=x34ije ... De nouvelles perspectives sont nées dans l'industrie du bâtiment avec les principes de bases de l'industrialisation du bâtiment www.dailymotion.com/video/x1a98iz?playlist=x34ije ,
www.dailymotion.com/video/xk6xui?playlist=x34ije , www.dailymotion.com/video/xk1dh2?playlist=x34ije : mécanisation, rationalisation et élaboration industrielle de la production. Des exemples concrets sont présentés afin d'illustrer l'utilisation des différentes innovations : les coffrages outils, coffrage glissant, le tunnel, des procédés pour accélérer le durcissement du béton. Le procédé dit de coffrage glissant est illustré sur le chantier des tours Pablo Picasso à Nanterre. Le principe est de s'affranchir des échafaudages : le coffrage épouse le contour du bâtiment, il s'élève avec la construction et permet de réaliser simultanément l'ensemble des murs verticaux. Au centre du plancher de travail, une grue distribue en continu le ferraillage et le béton. Sur un tel chantier les ouvriers se relaient 24h / 24 , www.dailymotion.com/video/xwytke?playlist=x34ije , www.dailymotion.com/video/x1bci6m?playlist=x34ije
Le reportage se penche ensuite sur la préfabrication en usine. Ces procédés de préfabrication en usine selon le commentaire sont bien adaptés aux pays en voie de développement, cela est illustré dans le reportage par une réalisation en Libye à Benghazi. Dans la course à l'allégement des matériaux un procédé l'isola béton est présenté. Un chapitre sur la construction métallique explique les avantage de ce procédé. La fabrication de composants ouvre de nouvelles perspectives à l'industrie du bâtiment.
Lieux géographiques : la Grande Borne 91, le Vaudreuil 27, Avoriaz, Avenue de Flandres à Paris, tours Picasso à Nanterre, vues de la défense, Benghazi Libye
www.dailymotion.com/playlist/x34ije_territoiresgouv_cinem... - mémoire2cité - le monde de l'Architecture locative collective et bien plus encore - mémoire2cité - Bâtir mieux plus vite et moins cher 1975 l'industrialisation du bâtiment et ses innovations : www.dailymotion.com/video/xyjudq?playlist=x34ije la préfabrication en usine www.dailymotion.com/video/xx6ob5?playlist=x34ije , le coffrage glissant www.dailymotion.com/video/x19lwab?playlist=x34ije ... De nouvelles perspectives sont nées dans l'industrie du bâtiment avec les principes de bases de l'industrialisation du bâtiment www.dailymotion.com/video/x1a98iz?playlist=x34ije ,
Le Joli Mai (Restauré) - Les grands ensembles BOBIGNY l Abreuvoir www.youtube.com/watch?v=eUY9XzjvWHE … et la www.youtube.com/watch?v=hK26k72xIkU … www.youtube.com/watch?v=xCKF0HEsWWo …
Genève Le Grand Saconnex & la Bulle Pirate - architecte Marçel Lachat -
Un film de Julien Donada içi www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=4E723uQcpnU … … .Genève en 1970. pic.twitter.com/1dbtkAooLM è St-Etienne - La muraille de Chine, en 1973 ce grand immeuble du quartier de Montchovet, existait encore photos la Tribune/Progres.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJAylpe8G48 …, - la tour 80 HLM située au 1 rue Proudhon à Valentigney dans le quartier des Buis Cette tour emblématique du quartier avec ces 15 étages a été abattu par FERRARI DEMOLITION (68). VALENTIGNEY (25700) 1961 - Ville nouvelle-les Buis 3,11 mn www.youtube.com/watch?v=C_GvwSpQUMY … - Au nord-Est de St-Etienne, aux confins de la ville, se dresse une colline Montreynaud la ZUP de Raymond Martin l'architecte & Alexandre Chemetoff pour les paysages de St-Saens.. la vidéo içi * Réalisation : Dominique Bauguil www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sqfb27hXMDo … … - www.dailymotion.com/video/xk6xui?playlist=x34ije , www.dailymotion.com/video/xk1dh2?playlist=x34ije : mécanisation, rationalisation et élaboration industrielle de la production. Des exemples concrets sont présentés afin d'illustrer l'utilisation des différentes innovations : les coffrages outils, coffrage glissant, le tunnel, des procédés pour accélérer le durcissement du béton. Le procédé dit de coffrage glissant est illustré sur le chantier des tours Pablo Picasso à Nanterre. Le principe est de s'affranchir des échafaudages : le coffrage épouse le contour du bâtiment, il s'élève avec