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Fonthill Castle, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, was the home of the archaeologist and tile maker Henry Chapman Mercer. Built between 1908 and 1912 by Mercer himself and a team of workers, it is a large house and not a castle, and an early example of poured-in-place concrete. Fonthill defies any classification or categorization into architectural styles or modes.
The estate of Fonthill is one of the pioneer examples of using reinforced concrete as a building medium.
Fonthill is described by Dr. Mercer as coming from various sources, some of which are Byzantine Churches in Greece, Mount St. Michel in France, a Turkish house in Salonica, and the paintings of Gerard Dow.
Machu Picchu is a pre-Columbian Inca site located 2,430 metres above sea level. It is situated on a mountain ridge above the Urubamba Valley in Peru, which is 80 kilometres northwest of Cuzco. Most archaeologists believe that Machu Picchu was built as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (1438–1472). Often referred to as "The Lost City of the Incas", it is perhaps the most familiar icon of the Inca World.
Machu Picchu was declared a Peruvian Historical Sanctuary in 1981 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983. Since it was not plundered by the Spanish when they conquered the Incas, it is especially important as a cultural site and is considered a sacred place.
This Platform of Venus is dedicated to the planet Venus. In its interior archaeologists discovered a collection of large cones carved out of stone, the purpose of which is unknown. This platform is located north of El Castillo, between it and the Cenote Sagrado.
Chichen Itza was one of the largest Maya cities, with the relatively densely clustered architecture of the site core covering an area of at least 5 square kilometres (1.9 sq mi). Smaller scale residential architecture extends for an unknown distance beyond this. The city was built upon broken terrain, which was artificially levelled in order to build the major architectural groups, with the greatest effort being expended in the levelling of the areas for the Castillo pyramid, and the Las Monjas, Osario and Main Southwest groups.
The site contains many fine stone buildings in various states of preservation, and many have been restored. The buildings were connected by a dense network of paved causeways, called sacbeob.Archaeologists have identified over 80 sacbeob criss-crossing the site, and extending in all directions from the city.
The architecture encompasses a number of styles, including the Puuc and Chenes styles of the northern Yucatán Peninsula. The buildings of Chichen Itza are grouped in a series of architectonic sets, and each set was at one time separated from the other by a series of low walls. The three best known of these complexes are the Great North Platform, which includes the monuments of El Castillo, Temple of Warriors and the Great Ball Court; The Osario Group, which includes the pyramid of the same name as well as the Temple of Xtoloc; and the Central Group, which includes the Caracol, Las Monjas, and Akab Dzib.
South of Las Monjas, in an area known as Chichén Viejo (Old Chichén) and only open to archaeologists, are several other complexes, such as the Group of the Initial Series, Group of the Lintels, and Group of the Old Castle.
Archaeologists attribute the glyphs at Painted Rock Pictograph site to either the Western Archaic tradition or the Gila Style.
The Gila Style is defined as having designs of animals, insects, human shapes, plants, circles, and zigzags, which we see here. The Hohokam people, who are accredited as the artists of these glyphs, lived in the area between 300 BC and 1450 AD.
Ancestors of Puebloan people who once lived in the Mogollon area built the Gila Cliff Dwellings. The Mogollon Peoples are believed to have inhabited the region from between 1275 and into the early 14th century, during the Pueblo III Era.
There are five cliff alcoves above Cliff Dweller Canyon.
Archaeologists have identified 46 rooms in the five caves and believed they were occupied by 10 to 15 families.
Here is the site of one of the most significant celtic oppidums (= a large fortified settlement) in Europe which dates back to the 2nd and 1st century BC. The house was built by a group of archaeologists in the small museum in order to give some insight of the former lifestyle of the local Celtics.
Isola di San Pantaleo - Mozia
Mozia fu un'antica città fenicia sta nello Stagnone di Marsala.
Agli inizi del Novecento l'intera isola fu acquistata da Joseph Whitaker, archeologo ed erede di una famiglia inglese.
Fu lui a promuovere i primi veri e propri scavi archeologici, che iniziarono nel 1906 e proseguirono fino al 1929: si misero in luce il santuario fenicio-punico del Cappiddazzu, parte della necropoli arcaica, la cosiddetta Casa dei Mosaici, l'area del tofet, le zone di Porta Nord e di Porta Sud e della Casermetta.
Island of San Pantaleo - Mozia
Mozia was an ancient Phoenician city located in the Stagnone of Marsala.
At the beginning of the twentieth century the whole island was bought by Joseph Whitaker, archaeologist and heir of an English family.
It was he who promoted the first real archaeological excavations, which began in 1906 and continued until 1929: the Phoenician-Punic sanctuary of Cappiddazzu was brought to light, part of the archaic necropolis, the so-called Casa dei Mosaici, the area of the tophet , the areas of Porta Nord and Porta Sud and the Casermetta.
_MG_8383m
This is a view of Mummy Cave, a rock shelter on the left bank of the North Fork of the Shoshone River in Park County, Wyoming. It lies adjacent to US Highway 14-16-20 (Yellowstone or North Fork Highway) east of Yellowstone National Park. Archaeologists showed interest in the site starting in 1962. Subsequently excavated by the Buffalo Bill Historical Center the site yielded radiocarbon dates that indicate occupation between 7280 years BC to AD 1580. The site comprised 38 cultural strata representing cultures ranging from late Paleoindian to the Late Prehistoric period. The primary and most significant cultural component identified in the occupation strata was the McKean Complex which places the site in the Plains Archaic tradition. Unusually dry circumstances in the site resulted in the preservation of many perishable materials which are not normally preserved in prehistoric context. Among these materials are fragments and artifacts of wood, hide, and feathers. Many of the features discovered were hearths. Other artifacts included projectile points, chipped stone knives and scrapers, faunal remains and tubular bone pipes. Significantly, archaeologists discovered a very well preserved burial, that area residents nicknamed ''Mummy Joe’’. He was evidently one of the human occupants of the cave during the earlier of the two Late Prehistoric occupations dated 1230 years ago. From the clothing and other items found with this individual, it was concluded that he held high status among his contemporaries. The name of the site derives from this discovery. Mummy Cave is listed on the National Registry of Historic Places.
Reference: wyoshpo.wyo.gov/index.php/programs/national-register/wyom...
Most archaeologists believe that Machu Picchu was built as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (1438–1472), then abandoned a century later at the time of the Spanish Conquest. It’s also possible that most of its inhabitants died from smallpox introduced by travelers, before the Spanish conquistadors arrived in the area. It was a hot, sunny day when we were there so I added some texture for a more nuanced atmosphere! Textures by pareeerica and Tim_in_Ohio.
St. Margaret's Church (Norwegian: Margaretakirken) was a medieval stone church located on the outskirts of Oslo, Norway. The church was built in the 13th century and is now a ruin. The church is named after Margaret of Antioch. It was located in Maridalen, close to the northern end of lake Maridalsvannet. Architect and archaeologist Gerhard Fischer led the restoration in 1934. Today it is the best preserved medieval building in Oslo next to the Old Aker Church.
Lake Minnewanka ("Water of the Spirits" in Nakoda) is a glacial lake located in the eastern area of Banff National Park in Canada, about five kilometres (3.1 miles) northeast of the Banff townsite. The lake is 28 km (17 mi) long and 142 m (466 ft) deep, making it the longest lake in the mountain parks of the Canadian Rockies (the result of a power dam at the west end). The lake is fed by the Cascade River, flowing east of Cascade Mountain, and runs south through Stewart Canyon as it empties into the western end of the lake. Numerous streams flowing down from Mount Inglismaldie, Mount Girouard and Mount Peechee on the south side of the lake also feed the lake.
Aboriginal people long inhabited areas around Lake Minnewanka, as early as 10,000 years ago, according to stone tools and a Clovis point spearhead discovered by archaeologists. The area is rich in animal life (e.g. elk, mule deer, mountain sheep, bears) and the easy availability of rock in the mountainous terrain was key to fashioning weapons for hunting.- Wikipedia
In the summer of 2022 archaeologists discovered ancient bronze statues in the Bagno Grande di San Casciano dei Bagni (Siena). They are currently on show in the Quirinale in Rome (Gli Dei Ritornano).
cultura.gov.it/bronziscasciano
www.quirinale.it/elementi/93229
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzestatuen_von_San_Casciano_dei_...
Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña - Escocia - Stirling - Castillo
ENGLISH
Edinburgh Castle is a historic fortress which dominates the skyline of the city of Edinburgh, Scotland, from its position on the Castle Rock. Archaeologists have established human occupation of the rock since at least the Iron Age (2nd century AD), although the nature of the early settlement is unclear. There has been a royal castle on the rock since at least the reign of David I in the 12th century, and the site continued to be a royal residence until the Union of the Crowns in 1603. From the 15th century the castle's residential role declined, and by the 17th century it was principally used as military barracks with a large garrison. Its importance as a part of Scotland's national heritage was recognised increasingly from the early 19th century onwards, and various restoration programmes have been carried out over the past century and a half. As one of the most important strongholds in the Kingdom of Scotland, Edinburgh Castle was involved in many historical conflicts from the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 14th century to the Jacobite Rising of 1745. Research undertaken in 2014 identified 26 sieges in its 1100-year-old history, giving it a claim to having been "the most besieged place in Great Britain and one of the most attacked in the world".
Few of the present buildings pre-date the Lang Siege of the 16th century, when the medieval defences were largely destroyed by artillery bombardment. The most notable exceptions are St Margaret's Chapel from the early 12th century, which is regarded as the oldest building in Edinburgh, the Royal Palace and the early-16th-century Great Hall, although the interiors have been much altered from the mid-Victorian period onwards. The castle also houses the Scottish regalia, known as the Honours of Scotland and is the site of the Scottish National War Memorial and the National War Museum of Scotland. The British Army is still responsible for some parts of the castle, although its presence is now largely ceremonial and administrative. Some of the castle buildings house regimental museums which contribute to its presentation as a tourist attraction.
The castle, in the care of Historic Scotland, is Scotland's most-visited paid tourist attraction, and indeed, it is Edinburgh's most frequently visited visitor attraction.
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ESPAÑOL
El castillo de Edimburgo es una antigua fortaleza erigida sobre una roca de origen volcánico ubicada en el centro de la ciudad de Edimburgo. Ha sido utilizado con fines de tipo militar desde el siglo XII, siendo destinado a usos civiles solo hasta épocas muy recientes. Se encuentra emplazado en la cima de la calle Alta o High Street, también conocida como Milla real o Royal Mile. Se trata de la atracción turística más visitada de Escocia.
Tres de sus lados se encuentran protegidos por abruptos acantilados, y el acceso al castillo queda limitado a una calle de pronunciada pendiente en el lado este del castillo. Antaño hubo un lago en su lado norte, lago llamado Nor'Loch, que fue desecado en época georgiana con la construcción de la ciudad nueva, para ser utilizado como albañal al aire libre y más tarde como parque, siendo a partir de ese momento cuando la ciudadela perdió la mayor parte de su papel defensivo.
En el interior se presentan varias exposiciones y museos, entre los cuales destacan:
- Los Honores de Escocia, donde se encuentran las joyas de la Corona escocesa y los objetos del tesoro real escocés.
- La Piedra de Scone, también conocida como "Piedra del Destino", sobre la que se coronaban los reyes escoceses.
- El Memorial Nacional de la Guerra de Escocia.
- Mons Meg, un enorme cañón de sitio del siglo XV.
- El cañón de las trece horas, que dispara cada día a dicha hora.
- La capilla de Santa Margarita, la zona más antigua de la fortaleza, y posiblemente de la ciudad.
Archaeologists found remains of a building believed to be that of an old Malay palace on Fort Canning hill. Blue and white Chinese porcelain were found too.
(Very surprised that this got into Explore although it's not one of my better photos....guess it's seen as something of interest)
The end of this narrow gorge known as "The Siq", in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a dramatic moment planned that way by the ancient Nabateans to impress their visitors. At its terminus the soft curves of the gorge reveal a sunlit strip of extraordinary classical architecture, "Al Khazneh"......the Treasury. The first impression of Al-Khazneh is spectacular and made all the more thrilling because it can be glimpsed only at the very end of this half-mile long twisting trail that narrows in some places to just a few yards.
The face of Al-Khazneh gleams as the sun slides across its chiseled facade illuminating its majestic columns. Archaeologists believe that the Treasury was probably built as a tomb for the Nabataean King Aretas III in 1 BCE and that the figures on its exterior represent Alexandria and the goddess Isis. Aretas III was king from 87 to 62 BCE and during his reign extended the Nabataean kingdom to cover what now forms the northern area of Jordan, the south of Syria and part of Saudi Arabia. Under his leadership Nabataea reached its greatest territorial extend.
The tourist couple, highlighted at the terminus of the narrow gorge, stand awestruck, as do most, upon encountering this extraordinary view.
Church of "Sv.Spasa" is rare example of early Christian stony church with towers on west. This old Croatian church was built in the last quarter of the 9th century during the reign of Branimir, the Croatian prince of the Croatian Primorje. Today it is an open-air museum and a rich collection for archaeologists.
Als Agorá wird das Ausgrabungsgelände in der Nähe des Hafens bezeichnet, das an den Elefthérias Platz grenzt. Wohngebäude aus der Zeit der Johanniter bildeten an dieser Stelle über Jahrhunderte das mittelalterliche Stadtzentrum. Bei einem schweren Erdbeben im Jahr 1933 wurden diese Gebäude völlig zerstört. Die italienischen Archäologen nutzten die Gelegenheit und gruben die darunter liegenden Teile der antiken Agorá und der angrenzenden Gebäude aus. Die antike Agorá war in der Antike Marktplatz und Versammlungsplatz der Hauptstadt der Insel Kos.
Erbaut wurde sie in drei Phasen zwischen 366 v.Chr. und dem 3. oder 4. Jahrhundert vor Christus, als die antike Agorá durch ein Erdbeben zerstört wurde.
Öffnungszeiten: Mi - Mo von 8 bis 15 Uhr, Eintritt frei
Agora is the excavation site near the port that borders on Elefthérias Square. Residential buildings from the time of the Knights of St. John formed the medieval city center for centuries. During a severe earthquake in 1933, these buildings were completely destroyed. The Italian archaeologists seized the opportunity and excavated the underlying parts of the ancient Agorá and the adjacent buildings. The ancient Agorá was in antiquity marketplace and meeting place of the capital of the island of Kos.
It was built in three phases between 366 BC. and the 3rd or 4th century BC, when ancient Agorá was destroyed by an earthquake.
Opening hours: Wed - Mon from 8 am to 3 pm, free admission
The Treasury of Atreus or Tomb of Agamemnon is a large tholos or beehive tomb on Panagitsa Hill at Mycenae, Greece, constructed during the Bronze Age around 1250 BC. The stone lintel above the doorway weighs 120 tons, with approximate dimensions 8.3 x 5.2 x 1.2m, the largest in the world. The tholos was entered from an inclined uncovered hall or dromos, 36 meters long and with dry-stone walls. Mentioned by the Roman geographer Pausanias in the 2nd century AD, it was still visible in 1879 when the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann discovered the shaft graves under the "agora" in the Acropolis at Mycenae.
The tomb perhaps held the remains of the sovereign who completed the reconstruction of the fortress or one of his successors. The grave is in the style of the other tholoi of Mycenaean Greece, of which there are nine in total around the citadel of Mycenae and many more in the Argolid. However, in its monumental shape and grandeur it is one of the most impressive monuments surviving from the Mycenaean period.
The tomb has probably no relationship with either Atreus or Agamemnon – legendary rulers of Mycenae or Argos in the works of Homer, in the Epic Cycle, and the Oresteia – as archaeologists believe that the Mycenaean sovereign buried there ruled at an earlier date than the king. Heinrich Schliemann name the tomb and the name has been used ever since. Schliemann sought to connect the Trojan War with Mycenae, but that is a matter of long-standing and ongoing debate. (Wikipedia)
The Subashi Temple is a ruined Buddhist temple near Kucha in the Taklamakan Desert, on the ancient Silk Road, in Xinjiang, China. The city was partly excavated by the Japanese archaeologist Count Otani.
On the left hand of the Virgin Mary, the second from her (in the photo, the first on the left), a handsome old man with a long gray beard - a tireless researcher of Kyiv shrines, the cathedral archpriest of St. Sophia Cathedral Pyotr Lebedintsev, a teacher at the Richelieu Lyceum, an archaeologist and historian, a connoisseur of Byzantium, a highly educated person, appears as a wise old man, frozen in majestic calm.
On the left hand of the Virgin Mary, the third from her (in the photo, the second from the left), in the image of the Apostle Luke, the young apostle, has an undeniable resemblance to Vrubel himself. According to the icon-painting tradition, this place was usually assigned to the Apostle Luke, who was not only a disciple of Christ and an evangelist, but also an icon painter, the author of the first pictorial image of the Mother of God. It is symbolic that Vrubel sees himself in the place of Luka, that is, in the place of an icon painter.
По левую руку Девы Марии, второй от неё, (на фото первый слева), в образе апостола Иоанна, благообразный старец с длинной седой бородой – неутомимый исследователь киевских святынь, кафедральный протоиерей Софийского собора Пётр Лебединцев, преподаватель Ришельевского лицея, археолог и историк, знаток Византии, высокообразованный человек, предстаёт мудрым старцем, застывшим в величавом спокойствии.
Пётр Гаврилович Лебединцев - Кафедральный протоиерей Киевского Софийского собора. Церковный историк и археолог, основатель Исторического общества Нестора-летописца, почетный член Киевской духовной академии.
Коли у травні труна з тілом Тараса прибула до Києва, значну частину клопотів з поховання узяв на себе Петро Лебединцев, який був священиком у Подільському Успенському соборі Києва. 20 травня у церкві Різдва Христового на Подолі отець Петро відслужив панахиду за покійним Тарасом. Отець Феофан разом зі своїм братом Петром проводжали земляка в останню путь до пароплава, який доставив прах Шевченка з Києва до Канева.
«Зовнішність отця Петра була настільки виразною, що саме з нього художник Михайло Врубель, під час розпису Кирилівської церкви, вирішив писати одного з апостолів композиції «Зішестя Святого Духа». «По ліву руку Богоматері, другий від неї, благовидний старий із довгою сивою бородою – це кафедральний протоієрей Софійського собору П. Г. Лебединцев, археолог і історик, знавець Візантії, високоосвічена людина».
/Син Адріана Прахова мистецтвознавець Микола Прахов/
По левую руку Девы Марии, третий от неё, (на фото второй слева), в образе апостола Луки, молодой апостол, имеет несомненное сходство с самим Врубелем. По иконописной традиции это место отводилось обычно апостолу Луке, который был не только учеником Христа и евангелистом, но и иконописцем, автором первого живописного образа Богоматери. Символично, что Врубель видит себя на месте Луки, то есть на месте художника-иконописца.
Я із захопленням дивлюся на образи, написані Врубелем і навіть не намагаюся осягнути його далекий загадковий світ, в якому він по-своєму бачив красу і намагався розповісти про неї сучасникам. Новий технократичний світ оточує нас. І я боюся, що тонка нитка Аріадни, що тягнеться до розуміння геніального світу Врубеля, стає все більш примарною і буде втрачена назавжди.
We visited this extraordinary archaeological site which was once the most northern Roman fortress at the edge of the Roman Empire in Dacia, nowadays Romania. We walked on the Roman road which once connected Porolissum castrum with other Roman cities (Napoca, Apulum, Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa), crossed the Danube at Drobeta and continued all the way to Rome.
See below some details about the site from Wikipedia.
"Porolissum was an ancient Roman city in Dacia. Established as a military camp in 106 during Trajan's Dacian Wars, the city quickly grew through trade with the native Dacians and became the capital of the province Dacia Porolissensis in 124. The site is one of the largest and best-preserved archaeological sites in modern-day Romania, 8 km away from Zalău, Sălaj County.
Even though the city was founded as a military center in the middle of a war, the garrison of Porolissum seems to have lived in peaceful coexistence with their Dacian neighbours - several Dacian villages that were apparently founded after the city of Porolissum have been uncovered by archaeologists on the surrounding hills. There are also some inscriptions mentioning city officials with Romano-Dacian names, indicating close cooperation on a political level.
The excavations by a number of teams are ongoing and have uncovered remnants of both the military installations and the civilian city, including public baths, a customs house, a temple to Liber Pater, an amphitheatre, insula consisting of four buildings and a number of houses. The main gate (Porta Praetoria) of the stone fortress has been rebuilt." (Wikipedia)
Bad weather heading towards the ancient stone circle known as Swinside Stone Circle, or Sunkenkirk or Swineshead.
The circle consists of 55 stones set in a ninety foot diameter circle. The Megalithic ring was constructed sometime between 3,300 to 900 BC, during what archaeologists term as the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages.
Edinburgh Castle is a historic fortress which dominates the skyline of the city of Edinburgh, Scotland, from its position on the Castle Rock. Archaeologists have established human occupation of the rock since at least the Iron Age (2nd century AD), although the nature of the early settlement is unclear. There has been a royal castle on the rock since at least the reign of David I in the 12th century, and the site continued to be a royal residence until 1633. From the 15th century the castle's residential role declined, and by the 17th century it was principally used as military barracks with a large garrison. Its importance as a part of Scotland's national heritage was recognised increasingly from the early 19th century onwards, and various restoration programmes have been carried out over the past century and a half. As one of the most important strongholds in the Kingdom of Scotland, Edinburgh Castle was involved in many historical conflicts from the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 14th century to the Jacobite Rising of 1745. Research undertaken in 2014 identified 26 sieges in its 1100-year-old history, giving it a claim to having been "the most besieged place in Great Britain and one of the most attacked in the world".
Few of the present buildings pre-date the Lang Siege of the 16th century, when the medieval defences were largely destroyed by artillery bombardment. The most notable exceptions are St Margaret's Chapel from the early 12th century, which is regarded as the oldest building in Edinburgh, the Royal Palace and the early-16th-century Great Hall, although the interiors have been much altered from the mid-Victorian period onwards. The castle also houses the Scottish regalia, known as the Honours of Scotland and is the site of the Scottish National War Memorial and the National War Museum of Scotland. The British Army is still responsible for some parts of the castle, although its presence is now largely ceremonial and administrative. Some of the castle buildings house regimental museums which contribute to its presentation as a tourist attraction.
The castle, in the care of Historic Scotland, is Scotland's most-visited paid tourist attraction, with over 1.4 million visitors in 2013.
As the backdrop to the Edinburgh Military Tattoo during the annual Edinburgh International Festival the castle has become a recognisable symbol of Edinburgh and of Scotland and indeed, it is Edinburgh's most frequently visited visitor attraction—according to the Edinburgh Visitor Survey, more than 70% of leisure visitors to Edinburgh visited the castle.
Canna (or Canna lily, although not a true lily) is a genus of approximately twenty species of flowering plants.[1][2] The closest living relations to cannas are the other plant families of the order Zingiberales, that is the gingers, bananas, marantas, heliconias, strelitzias, etc
Canna is the only genus in the family Cannaceae. Such a family has almost universally been recognized by taxonomists. The APG II system of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, 1998) also recognizes the family, and assigns it to the order Zingiberales in the clade commelinids, in the monocots.
The species have large, attractive foliage and horticulturists have turned it into a large-flowered, brash, bright and sometimes gaudy, garden plant. In addition, it is one of the world's richest starch sources, and is an agricultural plant
Although a plant of the tropics, most cultivars have been developed in temperate climates and are easy to grow in most countries of the world as long as they can enjoy about 6 hours average sunlight during the summer. See the Canna cultivar gallery for photographs of Canna cultivars.
The name Canna originates from the Celtic word for a cane or reed
he plants are large tropical and subtropical perennial herbs with a rhizomatous rootstock. The broad, flat, alternate leaves, that are such a feature of this plant, grow out of a stem in a long narrow roll and then unfurl. The leaves are typically solid green but some cultivars have glaucose, brownish, maroon, or even variegated leaves
The flowers are composed of three sepals and three petals that are seldom noticed by people, they are small and hidden under extravagant stamens. What appear to be petals are the highly modified stamens or staminodes. The staminodes number (1–) 3 (–4) (with at least one staminodal member called the labellum, always being present. A specialized staminode, the stamen, bears pollen from a half-anther. A somewhat narrower, 'petal' is the pistil which is connected down to a three-chambered ovary
The flowers are typically red, orange, or yellow or any combination of those colours, and are aggregated in inflorescences that are spikes or panicles (thyrses). Although gardeners enjoy these odd flowers, nature really intended them to attract pollinators collecting nectar and pollen, such as bees, hummingbirds and bats. The pollination mechanism is conspicuously specialized. Pollen is shed on the style while still in the bud, and in the species and early hybrids some is also found on the stigma because of the high position of the anther, which means that they are self-pollinating. Later cultivars have a lower anther, and rely on pollinators alighting on the labellum and touching first the terminal stigma, and then the pollen
The wild species often grow to 2-3+ meters but there is a wide variation in size among cultivated plants; numerous cultivars have been selected for smaller stature.
Canna grow from swollen underground stems, correctly known as rhizomes, which store starch, and this is the main attraction of the plant to agriculture, having the largest starch particles of all plant life.[3]
Canna is the only member of the Liliopsida Class (monocot family) in which hibernation of seed is known to occur, due to its hard, impenetrable seed covering.
The genus is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the New World, from the southern United States (southern South Carolina west to southern Texas) and south to northern Argentina
Although all cannas are native to the New World, they have followed mankind's journeys of discovery and some species are cultivated and naturalized in most tropical and sub-tropical regions.
Canna cultivars are grown in most countries, even those with territory above the Arctic Circle, which have short summers but long days, and the rapid growth rate of Cannas makes them a feasible gardening plant, as long as they get their 6 hours of sunlight each day during the growing season and are protected from the cold of winter.
The first Cannas introduced to Europe were C. indica L., which was imported from the East Indies, though the species originated from the Americas. Charles de l'Ecluse, who first described and sketched C. indica indicates this origin, and states that it was given the name of indica, not because the plant is from India, in Asia, but because this species was originally transported from America: "Quia ex America primum delata sit"; and at that time, one described the tropical areas of that part of the globe as the Western Indies;[8] English speakers still call them the West Indies.
Much later, in 1658, Pison made reference[9] to another species which he documented under the vulgar or common name of 'Albara' and 'Pacivira', which resided, he said, in the shaded and damp places, between the tropics; this species is Canna angustifolia L., (later reclassified as C. glauca L. by taxonomists).[1]
Without exception, all Canna species that have been introduced into Europe can be traced back to the Americas, and it can be asserted with confidence that Canna is solely an American genus. If Asia and Africa provided some of the early introductions, they were only varieties resulting from C. indica and C. glauca cultivars that have been grown for a long time in India and Africa, with both species imported from Central and South America. Canna is an American genus, as pointed out by Lamarck were he argues that "Cannas were unknown to the ancients, and that it is only after the discovery of the New World, that they made their appearance in Europe; Since Canna have very hard and durable seed coverings, it is likely that seed remains would have survived in the right conditions and found by archaeologists in the Old World. If the soils of India or Africa had produced some of them, they would have been imported before the 1860s into European gardens.
* Some species and many cultivars are widely grown in the garden in temperate and sub-tropical regions. Sometimes, they are also grown as potted plants. A large number of ornamental cultivars have been developed. They can be used in herbaceous borders, tropical plantings, and as a patio or decking plant.
* Internationally, cannas are one of the most popular garden plants and a large horticultural industry depends on the plant.
* The canna rhizome is rich in starch, and it has many uses in agriculture. All of the plant has commercial value, rhizomes for starch (consumption by humans and livestock), stems and foliage for animal fodder, young shoots as a vegetable and young seeds as an addition to tortillas.
* The seeds are used as beads in jewelry.
* The seeds are used as the mobile elements of the kayamb, a musical instrument from Réunion, as well as the hosho, a gourd rattle from Zimbabwe, where the seeds are known as "hota" seeds.
* In remoter regions of India, cannas are fermented to produce alcohol.
* The plant yields a fibre - from the stem - it is used as a jute substitute.
* A fibre obtained from the leaves is used for making paper. The leaves are harvested in late summer after the plant has flowered, they are scraped to remove the outer skin and are then soaked in water for 2 hours prior to cooking. The fibres are cooked for 24 hours with lye and then beaten in a blender. They make a light tan brown paper.
* A purple dye is obtained from the seed.
* Smoke from the burning leaves is said to be insecticidal.
* Cannas are used to extract many undesirable pollutants in a wetland environment as they have a high tolerance to contaminants.
Wild Canna species are the Cannas unaffected by mankind. There are approximately 20 known species, and in the last three decades of the 20th century, Canna species have been categorised by two different taxonomists, Paul Maas, from the Netherlands and Nobuyuki Tanaka from Japan. Both reduced the number of species from the 50-100 that had been accepted previously, and assigned most to being synonyms.
The reduction in numbers is also confirmed by work done by Kress and Prince at the Smithsonian Institution, however, this only covers a subset of the species range.
Cannas became very popular in Victorian times as a garden plant and were grown widely in France, Germany, Hungary, India, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the USA.
As tender perennials in northern climates, they suffered severe setbacks when two world wars sent the young gardening staff off to war. It took many years for the frugalities of war and its rationing subsequences to change to the more prosperous times of the late 20th century. We have recently experienced a renewed interest and revival in popularity of the Canna genus.
There were once many hundreds of cultivars but many of these are now extinct. In 1910, Árpäd Mühle, from Hungary, published his Canna book , written in higher German. It contained descriptions of over 500 cultivars.
In recent years many new cultivars have been created, but the genus suffers severely from having many synonyms for many popular ones. Most of the synonyms were created by old varieties re-surfacing without viable names, with the increase in popularity from the 1960s onwards. Research has accumulated over 2,800 Canna cultivar names, however, many of these are simply synonyms.
See List of Canna hybridists for details of the people and firms that created the current Canna legacy we all enjoy.
In the early 1900s, Professor Liberty Hyde Bailey defined, in detail, two garden species (C. x generalis and C. x orchiodes) to categorise the floriferous Cannas being grown at that time, namely the Crozy hybrids and the ‘orchid-like’ hybrids introduced by Carl Ludwig Sprenger in Italy and Luther Burbank in the USA, at about the same time (1894) The definition was based on the genotype, rather than the phenotype, of the two cultivar groups. Inevitably, over time those two floriferous groups were interbred, the distinctions became blurred and overlapped, and the Bailey species names became redundant Pseudo-species names are now deprecated by the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants which, instead, provides Cultivar Groups for categorising cultivars
The Canna Agriculture Group contains all of the varieties of Canna grown in agriculture. Canna achira is a generic term used in South America to describe the cannas that have been selectively bred for agricultural purposes, normally derived from C. discolor. It is grown especially for its edible rootstock from which starch is obtained, but the leaves and young seed are also edible, and achira was once a staple foodcrop in Peru and Ecuador
Many more traditional varieties exist world-wide, they have all involved human selection and so are classified as agricultural cultivars. Traditionally, Canna 'edulis' has been reputed to be the variety grown for food in South America, but there is no scientific evidence to substantiate the name. It is probable that edulis is simply a synonym of C. discolor, which is grown for agricultural purposes throughout Asia.
Cannas grow best in full sun with moderate water in well-drained rich or sandy soil. Cannas grow from perennial rhizomes but are frequently grown as annuals in temperate zones for an exotic or tropical look in the garden.[2]
The rhizomes are marginally cold hardy but may rot if left unprotected in freezing conditions. In areas which go below about −10 °C in the winter, the rhizomes can be dug up before freezing and stored in a protected area (above +7 °C) for replanting in the spring. Otherwise, it is recommended that Cannas are protected by a thick layer of mulch overwinter.
Cannas are largely free of pests but in the USA plants sometimes fall victim to the Canna Leaf Roller and the resultant leaf damage can be most distressing to a keen gardener.
Slugs and snails are fond of Cannas and can leave large holes in the leaves, preferring the tender young leaves that have not yet unfurled. Red Spider Mite can also be a problem for Cannas grown indoors or during a very hot, long summer outdoors. The Japanese Beetles will also ravage the leaves if left uncontrolled.
Canna are remarkably free of disease, compared to many genus. However, they may fall victim to canna rust, a fungus resulting in orange spots on the plant's leaves, caused by over moist soil. Cannas are also susceptible to certain plant viruses, some of which are Canna specific viruses, which may result in spotted or streaked leaves, in a mild form, but can finally result in stunted growth and twisted and distorted blooms and foliage.
The flowers are sometimes affected by a grey, fuzzy mold called Botrytis. Under humid conditions it is often found growing on the older flowers. Treatment is to simply remove the old flowers, so the mould does not spread to the new flowers.
Seeds are produced from sexual reproduction, involving the transfer of pollen from the stamen of the pollen parent onto the stigma of the seed parent. In the case of Canna, the same plant can usually play the roles of both pollen and seed parents, technically referred to as a hermaphrodite. However, the cultivars of the Italian Group and triploids are almost always seed sterile, and their pollen has a low fertility level. Mutations are almost always totally sterile.
The species are capable of self-pollination, but most cultivars require an outside pollinator. All cannas produce nectar and therefore attract nectar consuming insects, bats and hummingbirds that act as the transfer agent, spreading pollen between stamens and stigmas, on the same or different inflorescence.
Since genetic recombination has occurred a cultivar grown from seed will have different characteristics to its parent(s) and thus should never be given a parent’s name. The wild species have evolved in the absence of other Canna genes and are deemed to be ‘true to type’ when the parents are of the same species. In the latter case there is still a degree of variance, producing various varieties or minor forms (forma). In particular, the species C. indica is an aggregate species, having many different and extreme varieties and forma ranging from the giant to miniature, from large foliage to small foliage, both green and dark foliage and many different coloured blooms, red, orange, pink, and yellow and combinations of those colours.
Outside of a laboratory, the only asexual propagation method that is effective is rhizome division. This is done by using material from a single parent, and as there is no exchange of genetic material such vegetative propagation methods almost always produce plants that are identical to the parent. After a summer’s growth the horticultural Canna can be separated into typically four or five separate smaller rhizomes, each with a growing nodal point (‘growing eye’). Without the growing point, which is composed of meristem material, the rhizome will not grow.
Micropropagation, or tissue culture as it is also known, is the practice of rapidly multiplying stock plant material to produce a large number of progeny plants. Micropropagation using in vitro (in glass) methods that produce plants by taking small sections of plants and moving them into a sterile environment were they first produce proliferations that are then separated from each other and then rooted or allowed to grow new stem tissue. The process of plant growth is regulated by different ratios of plant growth regulators or PGRs, that promote cell growth. Many commercial organizations have attempted to produce Canna this way, and specifically the “Island Series” of Cannas was introduced by means of mass produced plants using this technique. However, Cannas have a reputation of being difficult micropropagation specimens.
Note Micropropagation techniques can be employed on specimens infected with Canna virus and used to dis-infest plants of the virus, it is possible to use a growing shoot tip as the explant, the growing tip is induced into rapid growth, which results in rapid cell division that has not had time to be infected with the virus. The rapidly growing region of meristem cells producing the shoot tip is cut off and placed in vitro, with a very high probability of being uncontaminated by virus, since it has not yet had contact with the sap of the plant which moves the virus within the plant. In this way, healthy stock can be reclaimed from virus contaminated plants.
Saint Pierre de Montmartre is a church in the Montmartre district of Paris. It is known for being the place where, according to the biography of Ignatius of Loyola, the seven founders of the Society of Jesus pronounced their vows on August 15, 1534. According to traditional history, the church was founded by Saint Dionysius of Paris , in the third century. However, few signs of Gallo-Roman occupation have been found on the site, apart from the numerous subsequent interventions. Theodore Vacquier, the first municipal archaeologist, identified the remains of the stone walls of the ancient Temple of Mars, from which Montmartre took its name. The church fell into ruin during the French Revolution, and an optical telegraph tower was built in its place. It was rebuilt in the 19th century. Source: Wikipedia.
Excerpt from Wikipedia:
Tomb of Absalom, also called Absalom's Pillar, is an ancient monumental rock-cut tomb with a conical roof located in the Kidron Valley in Jerusalem, a few metres from the Tomb of Zechariah and the Tomb of Benei Hezir. Although traditionally ascribed to Absalom, the rebellious son of King David of Israel (circa 1000 BC), recent scholarship has dated it to the 1st century AD.
The tomb is not only a burial structure in its own right, with its upper part serving as a nefesh or funeral monument for the tomb in its lower part, but it was probably also meant as a nefesh for the adjacent burial cave system known as the Cave or Tomb of Jehoshaphat, with which it forms one entity, built at the same time and following a single plan.
The freestanding monument contains a burial chamber with three burial sites. The chamber is carved out of the solid lower section of the monument, but can only be accessed from the upper section via a built entrance and a staircase. It has been compared to Petra, given the rock-cut nature of the bottom segment and the style of the finial.
Absalom's Pillar is approximately 20 metres (66 ft) in height. The monument proper stands on a square base and consists of two distinct parts. The lower section is a monolith, hewn out of the rocky slope of the Mount of Olives, while the upper part, rising higher than the original bedrock, is built of neatly cut ashlars.
The lower half is thus a solid, almost perfectly cubical monolithic block, about 6 m (20 ft) square by 6.4 m (21 ft) high, surrounded on three sides by passageways which separate it from the vertically-cut rock of the Mount of Olives. It is decorated from the outside on each side by pairs of Ionic half-columns, flanked in the corners by quarter-columns and pillars (a so-called distyle in antis arrangement). The four square facades are crowned by a Doric frieze of triglyphs and metopes and an Egyptian cornice.
The upper, ashlar-built part of the monument consists of three differently-shaped segments: a square base set on top of the Egyptian cornice of the lower part, followed by a round drum crowned by a rope-shaped decoration, which sustains a conical roof with concave sides (the easily recognisable "hat"), topped by a half-closed lotus flower. The upper part of the monument corresponds to the outline of a classical tholos and is not unlike contemporary Nabatean structures from Petra.
On the inside, the upper part of the monument is mostly hollow, with a small arched entrance on the south side set above the seam area (where the masonry part starts). Inside this entrance a short staircase leads down to a burial chamber carved out of the solid, lower section. The chamber is 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in) square, with arcosolium graves on two sides and a small burial niche. The tomb was found empty when first researched by archaeologists.
One of seventeen satellite tombs at Knowth.
The main mound (behind camera) is 12m high, and 67m across. The mound contains two passages which reach nearly to the centre. They are almost aligned with the rising and setting sun on the equinoxes. It's possibly a coincidence, but it would be one hell of a coincidence.
The similar monument at Newgrange, less than 3 miles away, has a passageway aligned with the rising sun on the winter solstice. On the shortest day of the year, and for two days either side, sunlight beams in through the 19m long passageway to illuminate the central chamber. The rest of the year the chamber is in darkness.
The alignment of the passageways at Knowth may have been disturbed by medieval building works. Unfortunately no photos allowed inside Newgrange, and the Knowth passageways are only accessible to archaeologists.
The tombs are approx 5,200 years old.
Cusco - Machu Picchu - World Heritage
PER0081.BW.F
Nikon F2 / Kodachrome 64
Machu Picchu is a 15th-century Inca citadel situated on a mountain ridge 2,430 metres above sea level. It is located in the Cusco Region, Urubamba Province, Machupicchu District in Peru above the Sacred Valley, which is 80 kilometres northwest of Cuzco and through which the Urubamba River flows.
Most archaeologists believe that Machu Picchu was built as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (1438–1472). Often mistakenly referred to as the "Lost City of the Incas" (a title more accurately applied to Vilcabamba), it is the most familiar icon of Inca civilization. The Incas built the estate around 1450 but abandoned it a century later at the time of the Spanish Conquest. Although known locally, it was not known to the Spanish during the colonial period and remained unknown to the outside world until American historian Hiram Bingham brought it to international attention in 1911.
Machu Picchu was built in the classical Inca style, with polished dry-stone walls. Its three primary structures are the Inti Watana, the Temple of the Sun, and the Room of the Three Windows. Most of the outlying buildings have been reconstructed in order to give tourists a better idea of how they originally appeared.By 1976, thirty percent of Machu Picchu had been restored and restoration continues.
Machu Picchu was declared a Peruvian Historic Sanctuary in 1981 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983. In 2007, Machu Picchu was voted one of the New Seven Wonders of the World in a worldwide Internet poll.
View of the Military Prison of the Edinburgh Castle from south-west direction. It is a historic fortress which dominates the skyline of the city of Edinburgh Scotland from its position on the Castle Rock. Archaeologists have established human occupation of the rock since at least the Iron Age (2nd century AD) although the nature of the early settlement is unclear. There has been a royal castle on the rock since at least the reign of David I in the 12th century. Edinburgh Scotland UK
Wadi Rum liegt östlich der Stadt Akaba, südlich der Stadt Maʿan und parallel zur im Westen liegenden Aravasenke. Das Wadi ist ein Gebiet mit einer Länge von etwa 100 Kilometern und einer Breite von etwa 60 Kilometern. Es liegt auf etwa 800 m Höhe, wobei die höchsten Erhebungen der Jebel Um Adaami mit 1832 m und der Dschabal Ram mit 1754 m sind.
Wadi Rum (Arabic: وادي رم) also known as The Valley of the Moon (Arabic: وادي القمر) is a valley cut into the sandstone and granite rock in southern Jordan 60 km (37 mi) to the east of Aqaba; it is the largest wadi in Jordan. The name Rum most likely comes from an Aramaic root meaning 'high' or 'elevated'. To reflect its proper Arabic pronunciation, archaeologists transcribe it as Wadi Ramm
(Wikipedia)
It would seem that Ophelia had found the Star Pendent that had been lift on the ground! She was field with the confidence in her choice to leave the life of being daddies little Mechanic Helper... For now it was time to start off on her own as a Adventuring Archaeologist working to uncover win Men used there... well big heads to think with! And all so did cheverus things like Carrie all the bags no matter how much shopping girls wants to do!
Well our little darling find the Truth of Charming Cheverus men? Or is she heading in to big trouble now that she is no longer hidden away in her Mechanics Shop.
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The Pannonian Plain is a large plain in Central Europe that remained when the Pliocene Pannonian Sea dried out. It is a geomorphological subsystem of the Alps-Himalaya system.
The river Danube divides the plain roughly in half.
The plain is divided among Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia and Ukraine.
The plain is roughly bounded by the Carpathian mountains, the Alps, the Dinaric Alps and the Balkan mountains.
Although rain is not plentiful, it usually falls when necessary and the plain is a major agricultural area; it is sometimes said that these fields of rich loamy loess soil could feed the whole of Europe. For its early settlers, the plain offered few sources of metals or stone. Thus when archaeologists come upon objects of obsidian or chert, copper or gold, they have almost unparalleled opportunities to interpret ancient pathways of trade.
The precursor to the present plain was a shallow sea that reached its greatest extent during the Pliocene, when three to four kilometres of sediments were deposited.
The plain was named after the Pannonians, a northern Illyrian tribe. Various different peoples inhabited the plain during its history. In the first century BC, the eastern parts of the plain belonged to the Dacian state, and in the first century AD its western parts were subsumed into the Roman Empire. The Roman province named Pannonia was established in the area, and the city of Sirmium, today Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia, became one of the four capital cities of the Roman Empire in the 3rd century.
Stained glass window of St Margeret's Chapel in Edinburgh Castle. Edinburgh Castle is a historic fortress which dominates the skyline of the city of Edinburgh Scotland from its position on the Castle Rock. Archaeologists have established human occupation of the rock since at least the Iron Age (2nd century AD) although the nature of the early settlement is unclear. There has been a royal castle on the rock since at least the reign of David I in the 12th century. Edinburgh Scotland UK
Arches National Park, Utah. Double Arch (left) and Archaeologist Cave (center) are parts on Elephant Butte, the highest point in the park.
Thank you very much for your views. faves and comments!
View from the Edinburgh Castle in northern direction with Princes St closest. Edinburgh Castle is a historic fortress which dominates the skyline of the city of Edinburgh Scotland from its position on the Castle Rock. Archaeologists have established human occupation of the rock since at least the Iron Age (2nd century AD) although the nature of the early settlement is unclear. There has been a royal castle on the rock since at least the reign of David I in the 12th century. Edinburgh Scotland UK
Newgrange (Irish: Sí an Bhrú or Brú na Bóinne) is a prehistoric monument in County Meath, Ireland, located 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) west of Drogheda on the north side of the River Boyne. It is an exceptionally grand passage tomb built during the Neolithic period, around 3200 BC, making it older than Stonehenge and the Egyptian pyramids.
The site consists of a large circular mound with an inner stone passageway and chambers. Human bones and possible grave goods or votive offerings were found in these chambers. The mound has a retaining wall at the front, made mostly of white quartz cobblestones, and it is ringed by engraved kerbstones. Many of the larger stones of Newgrange are covered in megalithic art. The mound is also ringed by a stone circle. Some of the material that makes up the monument came from as far away as the Mournes and Wicklow Mountains. There is no agreement about what the site was used for, but it is believed that it had religious significance. Its entrance is aligned with the rising sun on the winter solstice, when sunlight shines through a 'roofbox' and floods the inner chamber. Several other passage tombs in Ireland are aligned with solstices and equinoxes, and Cairn G at Carrowkeel has a similar 'roofbox'. Newgrange also shares many similarities with other Neolithic constructions in Western Europe, especially Gavrinis in Brittany, which has both a similar preserved facing and large carved stones, in that case lining the passage within. Maeshowe in Orkney, Scotland, with a large high corbelled chamber, and Bryn Celli Ddu in Wales have also been compared to Newgrange.
It is the most famous monument within the Neolithic Brú na Bóinne complex, alongside the similar passage tomb mounds of Knowth and Dowth, and as such is a part of the Brú na Bóinne UNESCO World Heritage Site. Newgrange consists of approximately 200,000 tonnes of rock and other materials. It is 85 metres (279 ft) wide at its widest point.
After its initial use, Newgrange was sealed for several millennia. It continued to feature in Irish mythology and folklore, in which it is said to be a dwelling of the deities, particularly The Dagda and his son Aengus. Antiquarians first began its study in the seventeenth century, and archaeological excavations took place at the site in the years that followed. Archaeologist Michael J. O'Kelly led the most extensive of these and also reconstructed the frontage of the site in the 1970s, a reconstruction that is controversial and disputed.
Newgrange is a popular tourist site and, according to the archaeologist Colin Renfrew, is "unhesitatingly regarded by the prehistorian as the great national monument of Ireland" and as one of the most important megalithic structures in Europe.
Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña - Escocia - Stirling - Castillo - Gárgola
ENGLISH
Edinburgh Castle is a historic fortress which dominates the skyline of the city of Edinburgh, Scotland, from its position on the Castle Rock. Archaeologists have established human occupation of the rock since at least the Iron Age (2nd century AD), although the nature of the early settlement is unclear. There has been a royal castle on the rock since at least the reign of David I in the 12th century, and the site continued to be a royal residence until the Union of the Crowns in 1603. From the 15th century the castle's residential role declined, and by the 17th century it was principally used as military barracks with a large garrison. Its importance as a part of Scotland's national heritage was recognised increasingly from the early 19th century onwards, and various restoration programmes have been carried out over the past century and a half. As one of the most important strongholds in the Kingdom of Scotland, Edinburgh Castle was involved in many historical conflicts from the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 14th century to the Jacobite Rising of 1745. Research undertaken in 2014 identified 26 sieges in its 1100-year-old history, giving it a claim to having been "the most besieged place in Great Britain and one of the most attacked in the world".
Few of the present buildings pre-date the Lang Siege of the 16th century, when the medieval defences were largely destroyed by artillery bombardment. The most notable exceptions are St Margaret's Chapel from the early 12th century, which is regarded as the oldest building in Edinburgh, the Royal Palace and the early-16th-century Great Hall, although the interiors have been much altered from the mid-Victorian period onwards. The castle also houses the Scottish regalia, known as the Honours of Scotland and is the site of the Scottish National War Memorial and the National War Museum of Scotland. The British Army is still responsible for some parts of the castle, although its presence is now largely ceremonial and administrative. Some of the castle buildings house regimental museums which contribute to its presentation as a tourist attraction.
The castle, in the care of Historic Scotland, is Scotland's most-visited paid tourist attraction, and indeed, it is Edinburgh's most frequently visited visitor attraction.
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ESPAÑOL
El castillo de Edimburgo es una antigua fortaleza erigida sobre una roca de origen volcánico ubicada en el centro de la ciudad de Edimburgo. Ha sido utilizado con fines de tipo militar desde el siglo XII, siendo destinado a usos civiles solo hasta épocas muy recientes. Se encuentra emplazado en la cima de la calle Alta o High Street, también conocida como Milla real o Royal Mile. Se trata de la atracción turística más visitada de Escocia.
Tres de sus lados se encuentran protegidos por abruptos acantilados, y el acceso al castillo queda limitado a una calle de pronunciada pendiente en el lado este del castillo. Antaño hubo un lago en su lado norte, lago llamado Nor'Loch, que fue desecado en época georgiana con la construcción de la ciudad nueva, para ser utilizado como albañal al aire libre y más tarde como parque, siendo a partir de ese momento cuando la ciudadela perdió la mayor parte de su papel defensivo.
En el interior se presentan varias exposiciones y museos, entre los cuales destacan:
- Los Honores de Escocia, donde se encuentran las joyas de la Corona escocesa y los objetos del tesoro real escocés.
- La Piedra de Scone, también conocida como "Piedra del Destino", sobre la que se coronaban los reyes escoceses.
- El Memorial Nacional de la Guerra de Escocia.
- Mons Meg, un enorme cañón de sitio del siglo XV.
- El cañón de las trece horas, que dispara cada día a dicha hora.
- La capilla de Santa Margarita, la zona más antigua de la fortaleza, y posiblemente de la ciudad.
The archaeologist Andrew Wallace-Hadrill calls it "one of those places where you step into a time machine" – the high street of a town that disappeared 1,932 years ago under ash and mud 20 metres deep.
At one end of the Decumanus Maximus at Herculaneum, near Naples, is a triumphal arch. Along its length stand archaeological treasures such as the House of the Double Porticos which retains original, though carbonised, wooden beams and shutters.
"Most of Herculaneum as experienced by tourists consists of little narrow streets where people could virtually lean across from balcony to balcony and touch hands," Wallace-Hadrill said. "But the Decumanus Maximus is a big public space. It's impressive."
Langdale is known to archaeologists as the source of a particular type of Neolithic polished stone axe head, created on the slopes of the Pike of Stickle and traded all over prehistoric Great Britain and Europe. It also supplied stone for some Bronze Age items, such as stone wrist-guards. Neolithic cup and ring marks are found on the Langdale Boulders at Copt Howe.
Elterwater Cumbria
Most archaeologists believe that Machu Picchu was built as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti. Often mistakenly referred to as the "Lost City of the Incas", it is the most familiar icon of Inca civilization. The Incas built the estate around 1450 but abandoned it a century later at the time of the Spanish Conquest. Although known locally, it was not known to the Spanish during the colonial period and remained unknown to the outside world until American historian Hiram Bingham brought it to international attention in 1911.
Archaeologists and anthropologists tell us medieval people were shorter and mankind has grown by a foot over the last millennium...
Why then they needed to build such tall ceilings and doors more than double the height of today's humans? What giants used to go to church in ancient times??? 😉
Colonia (en alemán: Köln [kœln]; en kölsch: Kölle [ˈkœɫə]) es la cuarta ciudad más grande de Alemania, precedida por Berlín, Hamburgo y Múnich, y la más poblada dentro del Estado federado de Renania del Norte-Westfalia, aunque Düsseldorf es la capital del Estado. Fundada en el año 38 a. C. como Oppidum Ubiorum («Ciudad de los Ubios»), fue posteriormente declarada colonia romana con el nombre de Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium en alusión a la emperatriz Agripina, esposa del emperador Claudio y madre de Nerón.
Es un importante centro económico y cultural de importancia internacional y representa uno de los enclaves más importantes del mundo artístico. Es famoso por ser la sede del carnaval más espectacular del país. Además es la sede de muchas asociaciones, empresas mediáticas y numerosas cadenas de televisión, discográficas y editoriales. Su importancia reside en parte en su monumento más emblemático: la catedral, su historia de más de 2000 años, sus numerosos eventos internacionales, como su cultura y su gastronomía que lo hacen uno de los destinos más visitados de Europa. La Universidad de Colonia (alrededor de 50 000 estudiantes), la Escuela Técnica Superior de Colonia (alrededor de 25 000 estudiantes) y demás escuelas superiores representa la gran importancia educativa y de investigación dentro de la región del Rin-Ruhr.
La excelente ubicación en el río Rin, en mitad de las principales rutas comerciales entre este y oeste, como sede secular como Ciudad Libre Imperial tanto como su poder eclesiástico a través del arzobispado en el Sacro Imperio Romano le consiguió granjearse un gran prestigio e importancia en el país. Como ciudad hanseática ganó mucha importancia comercial a través del libre comercio con el resto de la Hansa. Su importancia como centro neurálgico de las comunicaciones siguen hoy día con la gran cantidad de viajeros en tren que salen cada día de la Estación Central (Hauptbahnhof), y la estación Köln Eifeltor, que es uno de los mayores patios de carga ferroviarios para el transporte de mercancías. El transporte aéreo también tiene su importancia en la ciudad debido al aeropuerto de Colonia/Bonn.
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_(Alemania)
Cologne (German: Köln or sometimes Kölle) is a city on the Rhine River in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. About 1,060,000 people live there.
The city was founded by the Romans in the year 50. Before that, it was a Roman castle ("castellum") and a town inhabited by a local German tribe named Ubier at least for 100 years. Archaeologists have found out that the surrounding area was populated already during the stone age.
The most interesting thing to see there is Cologne Cathedral. This church was built from about 1248 to about 1550, but completed only in 1880. The United Nations list it as 'World Cultural Heritage'. Cologne's archbishop Rainald von Dassel brought the relics of the biblical Three Wise Men there in 1164. They are kept in a very beautiful golden shrine in the cathedral. Three golden crowns in the coat of arms of the city symbolize them. They made Cologne a major place of pilgrimage.
simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne
El río Rin (en alemán: Rhein; en francés: Rhin; en neerlandés: Rijn; en romanche: Rain) es un importante río de Europa, la vía fluvial más utilizada de la Unión Europea (UE). Con una longitud de 1233 km (14° más largo de Europa), es navegable en un tramo de 883 km entre Basilea (Suiza) y su delta en el mar del Norte.
El nombre Rin es de origen celta y significa 'fluir' (como en griego antiguo rheīn 'fluir'). Junto con el Danubio, el Rin constituía la mayor parte de la frontera septentrional (el limes) del Imperio romano. Los romanos lo denominaban Rhēnus.
The Rhine (Latin: Rhenus, Romansh: Rein, German: Rhein, French: le Rhin[1], Italian: Reno, Dutch: Rijn) is a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the Swiss-Liechtenstein, Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the German Rhineland and the Netherlands and eventually empties into the North Sea.
The largest city on the Rhine is Cologne, Germany, with a population of more than 1,050,000 people. It is the second-longest river in Central and Western Europe (after the Danube), at about 1,230 km (760 mi), with an average discharge of about 2,900 m3/s (100,000 cu ft/s).
The Rhine and the Danube formed most of the northern inland frontier of the Roman Empire and, since those days, the Rhine has been a vital and navigable waterway carrying trade and goods deep inland. Its importance as a waterway in the Holy Roman Empire is supported by the many castles and fortifications built along it. In the modern era, it has become a symbol of German nationalism.
William Alfred Cocks of Ryton [1892-1971]
Here are some boys in uniform, with their officers at the back, from the Boys Club that Cocks' ran from his own home. nd [1910]
William A Cocks of 18, St Mary's Terrace, Ryton, was a well known local watch and clock maker and a keen amateur archaeologist and photographer. His father, John Cocks was a Newcastle Bank official who wrote for the Hexham Courant as "Old Cross" for many years, and was closely involved with Ryton Congregational Church. William Cocks was also probably a member of the Church and recorded its activities.
Ref: DX943/3/2
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Santa Elena Augusta
Flavia Julia Helena Augusta
Diocesan Shrine of Our Lady on Thorns (Aranzazu)
Municipality of San Mateo
Province of Rizal
Philippines
SantaCruzang Bayan 2008
May 25, 2008
About SAINT HELENA
Venerated in:
Roman Catholicism
Eastern Orthodoxy
Oriental Orthodoxy
Lutheran
Anglicanism
Canonized:
Her canonization precedes the practice of formal Canonization by the Pope or the relevant Orthodox and Lutheran churches.
Feast:
Roman Catholic: August 18
Lutheran: May 21
Orthodox: May 19
Coptic Orthodox: 9 Pashons
**Finding of the True Cross: May 03
Symbol: Cross
Derivatives: St. Helena of Constantinople, St. Helen, St. Eleanor
Patronage: archeologists, converts, difficult marriages, divorced people, empresses
Flavia Julia Helena Augusta, also known as Saint Helena, Saint Helen, Helena Augusta or Helena of Constantinople (ca. 250 – ca. 330) was consort of Constantius Chlorus, and the mother of Emperor Constantine I. She is traditionally credited with finding the relics of the True Cross.
Family Life: Helena's birthplace is not known with certainty. The sixth-century historian Procopius is the earliest authority for the statement that Helena was a native of Drepanum, in the province of Bithynia in Asia Minor. Her son Constantine renamed the city "Helenopolis" after her death in 328, giving rise to the belief that the city was her birthplace. Although he might have done so in honor of her birthplace, Constantine probably had other reasons for doing so. The Byzantinist Cyril Mango has argued that Helenopolis was refounded to strengthen the communication network around his new capital in Constantinople, and was renamed to honor Helena, not to mark her birthplace. There is another Helenopolis, in Palestine, but its exact location is unknown. This city, and the province of Helenopontus in the Diocese of Pontus, were probably both named after Constantine's mother.
The bishop and historian Eusebius of Caesarea states that she was about 80 on her return from Palestine. Since that journey has been dated to 326–28, Helena was probably born in 248 or 250. Little is known of her early life. Fourth-century sources, following Eutropius' Breviarium, record that she came from a low background. Ambrose was the first to call her a stabularia, a term translated as "stable-maid" or "inn-keeper". He makes this fact a virtue, calling Helena a bona stabularia, a "good stable-maid". Other sources, especially those written after Constantine's proclamation as emperor, gloss over or ignore her background.
It is unknown where she first met her future partner Constantius. The historian Timothy Barnes has suggested that Constantius, while serving under Emperor Aurelian, could have met her while stationed in Asia Minor for the campaign against Zenobia. Barnes calls attention to an epitaph at Nicomedia of one of Aurelian's protectors, which could indicate the emperor's presence in the Bithynian region soon after 270. The precise legal nature of the relationship between Helena and Constantius is unknown: the sources are equivocal on the point, sometimes calling Helena Constantius' "wife", and sometimes calling her his "concubine". Jerome, perhaps confused by the vague terminology of his own sources, manages to do both. Some scholars, such as the historian Jan Drijvers, assert that Constantius and Helena were joined in a common-law marriage, a cohabitation recognized in fact but not in law. Others, like Timothy Barnes, assert that Constantius and Helena were joined in an official marriage, on the grounds that the sources claiming an official marriage are more reliable.
Helena gave birth to Constantine I in 272. In 293, Constantius was ordered by emperor Diocletian to divorce her in order to qualify as Caesar of the Western Roman Empire, and he was married to the step-daughter of Maximian, Theodora. Helena never remarried and lived in obscurity, though close to her only son, who had a deep regard and affection for her.
Constantine was proclaimed Augustus of the Roman Empire in 306 by Constantius' troops after the
latter had died, and following his elevation his mother was brought back to the public life and the imperial court, and received the title of Augusta in 325. Helena died in 330 with her son at her side. Her sarcophagus is on display in the Pio-Clementino Vatican Museum. During her life, she gave many presents to the poor, released prisoners and mingled with the ordinary worshippers in modest attire, exhibiting a true Christian spirit.
Sainthood: She is considered by the Orthodox and Catholic churches as a saint, famed for her piety. Her feast day as a saint of the Orthodox Christian Church is celebrated with her son on May 21, the Feast of the Holy Great Sovereigns Constantine and Helen, Equal to the Apostles. Her feast day in the Roman Catholic Church falls on August 18. Her feast day in the Coptic Orthodox Church is on 9 Pashons. Eusebius records the details of her pilgrimage to Palestine and other eastern provinces (though not her discovery of the True Cross). She is the patron saint of archaeologists. The names "Saint Eleanor" and "Saint Eleanora" are usually synonymous for Saint Helen.
Relic Discoveries: In 325, Helena was in charge of a journey to Jerusalem to gather Christian relics, by her son Emperor Constantine I, who had recently declared Rome as a Christian city. Jerusalem was still rebuilding from the destruction of Hadrian, a previous emperor, who had built a temple to Venus over the site of Jesus's tomb, near Calvary.
According to legend, Helena entered the temple with Bishop Macarius, ordered the temple torn down and chose a site to begin excavating, which led to the recovery of three different crosses. Refused to be swayed by anything but solid proof, a woman from Jerusalem, who was already at the point of death from a certain disease, was brought; when the woman touched a cross suddenly recovered and Helena declared the cross with which the woman had been touched to be the True Cross. On the site of discovery, she built the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, while she continued building churches on every Holy site.
She also found the nails of the crucifixion. To use their miraculous power to aid her son, Helena allegedly had one placed in Constantine's helmet, and another in the bridle of his horse. Helena left Jerusalem and the eastern provinces in 327 to return to Rome, bringing with her large parts of the True Cross and other relics, which were then stored in her palace's private chapel, where they can be still seen today. Her palace was later converted into the Santa Croce in Gerusalemme.
The reliquary of Jerusalem was committed to the care of Saint Macarius and kept with singular care and respect in the magnificent church which Saint Helen and her son built there. Saint Paulinus relates that, though chips were almost daily cut off from it and given to devout persons, yet the sacred wood suffered thereby no diminution. It is affirmed by Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, twenty-five years after the discovery, that pieces of the cross were spread all over the earth; he compares this wonder to the miraculous feeding of five thousand men, as recorded in the Gospel. The discovery of the cross would have happened in the spring, after navigation began on the Mediterranean Sea, for Saint Helen went the same year to Constantinople and from there to Rome, where she died in the arms of her son on the 18th of August of the same year, 326.
Reference:
Museo Arqueológico Nacional - Madrid - España - Spain
La Dama de Baza es una escultura íbera del siglo IV a. C., labrada en piedra caliza policromada por los bastetanos.Esta obra fue encontrada el 21 de julio de 1971 por el arqueólogo Francisco Presedo en el Cerro del Santuario, necrópolis de la antigua Basti (Baza), en la provincia de Granada (España).
The Lady of Baza is an Iberian sculpture from the 4th century BC. C., carved in polychrome limestone by the Bastetans. This work was found on July 21, 1971 by the archaeologist Francisco Presedo in the Cerro del Santuario, necropolis of the ancient Basti (Baza), in the province of Granada (Spain).
Esta serie de fotografías de la Dama de Baza se la dedico a mi buen amigo y compañero de Flickr José Torres II
kivi is a platform with seven Moai (statues) of around 4 meters (13 feet) in height. It was originally called Ahu Atio Runaru and is thought to have been constructed around 1460. It was restored in 1960 by the archaeologists William Mulloy (USA) and Gonzalo Figueroa (Chile). The odd thing about this Ahu (ceremonial platform) is that it is the only one in which the Moai look toward the ocean and perhaps some place within the Polynesian triangle. This would give credence to the oral tradition which claims that the statues represent the seven explorers who were sent by the King Hotu Matu´a to find the mythical land which his royal advisor Haumaka had seen in a dream.
Another theory is that the Moai are really overlooking an inland sector in line with the small Ahu Vai Teka on a north-south equinoxial axis, perpendicular to the azimuth of the rising and setting sun during both annual equinoxes, which seems to have been a consideration in the construction of certain platforms. During the excavations and reconstruction of the funerary site behind the Ahu, fragments of bone, seashells and fishing implements were found. On the base of one of the statues is a carved image of the creator god Make Make, similar to one found on Ahu Huri A Urenga, another platform with astronomical orientation which has been proposed to have been a solar observatory. It is strange that, although this platform is only 4 km (2.5 miles) from the Puna Pau quarry for Pukao (headdresses), none of the seven statues wears this ornament. One of the many mysteries of Rapa Nui.
During the archaeological excavations in 1995, archaeologists found traces, in the form of post holes, of a large longhouse from the older Iron Age. The house, which was South facing, measured approx. 8m x 47m and had 17 roof-bearing pairs of posts. Previously, only one longhouse in Norway with such dimensions had been discovered, the gildehall at Fossanmoen in Forsand municipality in Rogaland.
Traces of three fireplaces have been found in the longhouse on Veien. At two of the fireplaces, the posts were pulled out to the side, so that the rooms became larger. At the north end, traces have been found that suggest that there may have been livestock at that end of the house. Size and location taken into account make the archaeologists think the longhouse may have been something more than a house with a barn at one end, perhaps a banquet hall. Carbon dating has confirmed that the coal remains from the post holes date to the years 50-70 AD.
The longhouse was officially inaugurated on 10th May 2005. Crown Prince Haakon laid the foundation stone during Hønefoss`s 150th anniversary celebration on 22nd April 2002. The walls are 50cm thick, constructed of double wicker reinforcement and smeared with clay on the outside and inside. During the construction, more than 100 tonnes of clay, 500m² of twigs, approx. 2,500m² of birch bark and approx. 50,000 wooden plugs were used.
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buskerudmuseet.com/veien-kulturminnepark/
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