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Hippolyate Balima presents during the Analytical Corner titled “Informality and Development in North Africa” for the 2021 Annual Meetings at the International Monetary Fund.
IMF Photo/Cory Hancock
29 September 2021
Washington, DC, United States
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This picture comes all the way from Madrid via Cristina Villarroya.
To me it is always amazing how far and wide the book reaches, even a while after it has been published.
Gracias Cristina!
解析天文学揭示的恒星求解方法
周坚/2014年1月24日
解析天文学（Analytic Astronomy），又称为坐标天文学（Coordinate Astronomy），是使用代数方法进行研究的天文学，2008年6月29日发现的周坚定律就是它的理论基础，2009年3月8日创立的解析宇宙学（著作权登记证号是：2009-A-020687）的解析观点促成了它的提出。那么，解析天文学能够为我们带来什么呢？就让我们通过具体的实际应用来回答这个问题吧。
我们知道，恒星测量是天文学的基础工作，然而，在解析天文学被提出后的今天，恒星求解就自然成了解析天文学的基础工作。
事实证明，恒星测量是一个既有趣又有意义的课题，而恒星求解是在恒星测量基础上应用解析天文学理论进行恒星求解的课题。
当然了，单纯的恒星测量是非常困难的难题，但当我们应用解析天文学理论对它们进行求解后，这个难题就会变成非常容易的课题，从而使我们在欣赏和认识我们的星空中变得更加有趣，也更加有意义。
看！这幅编号为ZHOU-Jian-2014001的，称之为“解析天文学揭示的恒星求解方法归纳汇总表”今天已经完成，现公之于众，它告诉我们：
1、只要我们通过恒星测量获知恒星的视亮度（视星等值），我们就能够求解出它相对我们（观测者）的周坚红移、距离（光传播距离）和光传播时间的范围。
2、如果我们通过恒星测量还能够获知恒星的光谱型，再通过其它方法估计出它的大概距离，我们就能够估计出它的光度级别，当然它相对我们（观测者）的周坚红移、距离（光传播距离）和光传播时间等也就求解获知。
3、如果我们通过恒星测量进一步精确确定恒星的光谱类型（即光谱型和光度级都能够确定），我们就能够精确求解它相对我们（观测者）的周坚红移、距离（光传播距离）和光传播时间等参数，获得它们的精确解。
4、如果我们通过恒星测量再进一步能够确定恒星的观测红移，我们就能够精确求解出它相对我们（观测者）的多普勒红移和背离视向速度。
5、最后，当我们根据球坐标建立空间直角坐标系，依据方位角确定恒星在空间直角坐标系中的坐标后，我们就会发现无数的恒星与恒星之间，以及恒星与观测者之间的相对关系，即便是恒星那非常复杂和完整的演化过程也是如此迎刃而解。
哈哈，大家看看吧，这样的创新理论，哦，不好意思，是由土生土长的普通中国人提出的创新理论，难道不是更好和更有意义的理论吗！
或许我们认为我们无法去验证它，但我们都不敢去尝试应用它又怎么能够去验证它呢？应用！应用！对！我们大家都来应用它，对比我们的实际观测，我们一定能够获得越来越多的验证数据。
还是举例来说吧，比如我们赖以生存的太阳是我们观测最详细的恒星，通过观测，我们已经获知它的视星等为-26.72等，绝对星等为4.86等，依据解析天文学常用公式（6）计算获知太阳的周坚红移是0.000 000 000 000 001 144 031，再依据解析天文学常用公式（1）计算获知太阳的光传播距离是0.000 015 755 567 706光年，换算成天文单位就是0.996 380天文单位，我们公认的太阳距离是1天文单位，误差小于千分之四，不过我们有充分理由相信这千分之四的误差来自观测误差而非理论误差，比如当它的视星等为-26.712125等的时候，它就对应着1天文单位的光传播距离，或者比如当它的绝对星等为4.852125等的时候，它同样也对应着1天文单位的光传播距离，而如此微小的变化或许我们根本就没有意识到。另外还有，当我们考虑太阳与地球的相对运动因素影响的时候，我们就会发现它们之间的距离不是一成不变的，即当它们运动到两者之间的距离达到最远时刻（远日点）的距离是1.016 726天文单位，而当它们运动到两者之间的距离达到最近时刻（近日点）的距离是0.983 236天文单位，由于太阳的绝对亮度（绝对星等值）是不可能随观测者相对观测它的距离变化而变化的，因此，太阳在远日点和近日点的视亮度不难求出就应该分别是-26.676107等和-26.748837等，其平均值是-26.712472等，与-26.72等的误差还不到0.3‰。
为进一步理解这种星空观测现象，我们在举两个光谱类型完全一致的恒星例子，比如编号为HD 23和HD 24这两颗恒星，它们的光谱类型都是G0V型，属于主序星，依据赫罗图的分析，它们的绝对亮度是一致的，即它们的绝对星等值都应该是4.40等，但我们观测到它们的视亮度（视星等值）竟然分别是7.52等和8.14等，通过三角视差法进行测量获知它们的视差分别是23.86毫角秒和14.55毫角秒（以上数据都是来自SIMBAD天文数据库），换算成距离分别就是136.698光年和224.167光年，这样按照距离模数定义式不难求出它们的绝对亮度（绝对星等值）分别是4.408等和3.954等。哈哈，看出来了吧，这种结果与依据赫罗图分析所确定的绝对亮度（绝对星等值）一致性特征就有很大出入。然而，当我们依据解析天文学常用公式（6）将它们的视星等和绝对星等代人进行计算就获知它们的周坚红移分别是0.000 000 009 964 090和0.000 000 013 256 768，再依据解析天文学常用公式（1）进行计算就获知它们的光传播距离分别是137.225光年和182.572光年，与三角视差法测量获得的距离进行比较不难发现它们的误差分别是0.4%和22.8%，显然，恒星HD 23的解析结果与三角视差法的测量结果几乎完全一致，而恒星HD 24的解析结果与三角视差法的测量结果误差比较大，为什么会是这样呢？很明显，这种误差的来源主要是三角视差法的测量误差，是三角视差法的测量误差所致。另外，我们再扩展描述一下，由于我们观测到它们的红移（观测红移）分别是0.000 114和-0.000 090，因此，当我们依据解析天文学常用公式（4）将它们的周坚红移和观测红移代人进行计算就获知它们的多普勒红移分别是0.000 113 990和-0.000 090 013，再依据解析天文学常用公式（5）将它们代人进行计算就获知它们的背离视向速度分别是34.171千米/秒和-26.984千米/秒，说明恒星HD 23是以34.171千米/秒的视向速度背离我们（观测者）奔驰而去的恒星，而恒星HD 24是以26.984千米/秒的视向速度朝向我们（观测者）奔驰而来的恒星。
怎么样，现在我们知道了吧，只要我们对恒星的视亮度（视星等）和红移（观测红移）进行精确的测量，对它的光谱类型进行精细观测分类，通过解析天文学理论的应用，我们就是能够对恒星进行求解，掀开恒星奥秘那神秘的面纱，让我们欣赏到恒星这位“新娘”的美丽容貌，容貌！容貌！
以上实例只是做个示范，我们可以举一反三，在所有恒星上进行求解应用，我们从中就一定能够发现很多很多的恒星奥秘，当然还包括恒星演化的奥秘在内，同时也会让我们从中获得无穷的认识星空、欣赏星空的乐趣，那是最高层次的人生乐趣，这种乐趣绝对不亚于哈勃太空望远镜为我们带来的发现乐趣，乐趣！乐趣！。
Analytic Astronomy, also known coordinate astronomy, is to use algebraic methods to study astronomy, June 29, 2008 discovered ZHOU Jian's law is its theoretical foundation, March 8, 2009 founded the analytic cosmology (copyright registration number is :2009-A-020687) contributed to the analytical point of view it's made.So, it brought us what? Let us through specific practical application to answer this question now.
Analytic Astronomy: (7) Application Examples
Resolution Astronomy really useful for you? I said rumor, we were still practical application examples to prove it. From there it? From now been identified as one of the oldest star HD 140283 begin.
By astronomical observations, we have obtained the star HD 140283 images [HubbleSite / 2013.3.7] and its redshift (observed redshift) zg = -0.000564 [SIMBAD], visual magnitude m = 7.205 ± 0.020 mag. [Casagrande et al.2010], through the HR diagram analysis, we also informed its equivalent in absolute magnitude M = 3.377 ± 0.027mag. [Howard et al.2013]
Now, based on these known astronomical observations, astronomy analytic theory it with mathematical analysis, from which we can learn more about it. Look! Piece of science release Number. ZHOU-Jian-2013002 analytic series star chart astronomy application examples show, the star HD 140283 Zhou Jian redshift zz = 0.00000001380504, the distance r = 190.123395595 light years (ly), radiated out from its own light (electromagnetic radiation) spread to the propagation time in front of us t = 190.123395595 years (ya), its own Doppler redshift zd = -0.00056401380504 (Doppler redshift is negative, indicating that it is the Doppler blue shift), corresponding to the radial velocity υd = -169.039403 km / s (radial velocity is negative, indicating that it is moving toward the observer comes), which coordinates the celestial coordinates of the spatial position is x = -105.025319 light years (ly ), y = -154.325045 light years (ly), z = -36.060622 light years (ly), now, we get star chart shows itself radiated from the light (electromagnetic radiation) light propagating in all directions propagation equations expression.
In fact, we do not believe this is true, including this writer, too, unless you can verify the results of the experiment are given. ZHOU Jian redshift from the point of view, too small to be observed in the laboratory can not be verified, but in any case we are able to give its distance astronomical observations to verify. Haha, thanks to the Hubble Space Telescope has now, through its precise astronomical observations, we have obtained the oldest star HD 140283 most accurate absolute parallax is 17.15 ± 0.14 milli arc seconds (MAS) [Howard et al.2013], the resolution astronomy is 190.123395595 light years distance given (ly), corresponding to the parallax is 17.155307 milli arc seconds (MAS), the theoretical value fully consistent with astronomical observations.
Piece science release Number. ZHOU-Jian-2013002 analytic astronomy application examples let us see the following:
First, the star HD 140283 astronomical phenomenon, including apparent magnitude, absolute magnitude, redshift (observed redshift), video and other data, converted into stars HD 140283 astronomical phenomenon point, the "point" can be used ZHOU Jian redshift zz, light propagation distance modulus dm, the light propagation time t to represent.
Secondly, the establishment of spatial Cartesian coordinate system, according to the week's law and knowledge of celestial coordinates of the star HD 140283 astronomical phenomena point in Cartesian coordinates and space coordinates of real numbers (x, y, z) for one to one treatment, and treatment the result is to get the star HD 140283 itself radiated light (electromagnetic radiation) into space in all directions in the propagation of light propagation equations, referred to as the star HD 140283 light propagation equations.
Finally, this study light propagation equations, which we learned star HD 140283 every moment of existence in the universe of real-time status.
For example, we have found that the star HD 140283 is a known, has a complete record of the age of the oldest stars, old birthday age may up to 14.5±0.8 billion years [Howard et al.2013], based on the star when we HD 140283 light propagation equations further research will be able to know:
(1) It was born out of the light radiated by the initial (electromagnetic radiation) has completed its limit the spread of the propagation distance cease to exist;
(2) It is at a distance of 13.772 billion years ago today radiated light (electromagnetic radiation) have been gradually completed its limit the spread of the propagation distance cease to exist;
(3) It is at a distance of today's 13.772 billion years after the radiated light (electromagnetic radiation) are gradually ground to its limits the propagation distance of this communication objectives spread, in the dissemination process, its propagation characteristics to ZHOU Jian redshift, the light propagation distance modulus, the light propagation time and other parameters to reflect;
(4) it is emitted from a light (electromagnetic radiation) in the entire communication process in the formation of a radiation center of the sphere with its radius Rmax = 13,771,980,862. 5685 light (ly) of the radial ball form, we will hold the ball of light is defined as the spread of radiation spherical bodies, because the ball is the author's body, this can also be directly used his name to name the ball shape, it is called ZHOU Jian spherical bodies.
In short, from the star HD 140283 radiated out of the light (electromagnetic radiation) all on its corresponding Zhou Jian spherical bodies have been completed or are being spread spread its existence 13.82 billion years older than 14.5 billion years to achieve is a normal phenomenon, we really no need to bother to set the big bang cosmological theories of the universe age set against the observed facts, we must prevent the use of a standard called the big Bang cosmology theory cocoon (get enmeshed in a web of one's own spinning) and unable to extricate themselves..
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The Jack Welch College of Business and the Office of Alumni Engagement presented “Careers in Analytics” on April 10, 2019, at the Martire Forum. The alumni panel featured Justin Baigert ’05, vice president, Data & Analytics at GE, Joseph Lucibello ’11, senior manager, data scientist at WWE and Suzanne May ’13, research manager at Purchased. The moderator was Khawaja Mamun, associate professor of economics. Photo by Mark F. Conrad
The Jack Welch College of Business and the Office of Alumni Engagement presented “Careers in Analytics” on April 10, 2019, at the Martire Forum. The alumni panel featured Justin Baigert ’05, vice president, Data & Analytics at GE, Joseph Lucibello ’11, senior manager, data scientist at WWE and Suzanne May ’13, research manager at Purchased. The moderator was Khawaja Mamun, associate professor of economics. Photo by Mark F. Conrad
International Monetary Fund's Laura Kodres (2nd R),Assistant Director, MCM; Jennifer Elliott (C),Co-Lead Author of Chapter 3, MCM; Srobona Mitra (2nd L),Co-Lead Author of Chapter 3, MCM; Tao Sun (L),Lead Author of Chapter 4, MCM; Olga Stankova (R),Senior Press Officer, External Relations Department attend the Analytical Chapters of Global Financial Stability Report Press Conference September 25, 2012 at the IMF Headquarters in Washington, DC. IMF Photograph/Stephen Jaffe
With Biscione&Associati S.r.l.: an infographic explaining the commercial offer from INAZ, part of a larger work
The Jack Welch College of Business and the Office of Alumni Engagement presented “Careers in Analytics” on April 10, 2019, at the Martire Forum. The alumni panel featured Justin Baigert ’05, vice president, Data & Analytics at GE, Joseph Lucibello ’11, senior manager, data scientist at WWE and Suzanne May ’13, research manager at Purchased. The moderator was Khawaja Mamun, associate professor of economics. Photo by Mark F. Conrad
Obtaining full referral URL
Image credits: www.reubenyau.com/google-analytics-hack-obtaining-full-re...
Just look at that water, so pretty!
This picture comes courtesy of Nicole who is enjoying some sun, sand and analytics while in Mexico.
In some ways this is particularly apt because a couple of chapters of the book were written while I was sitting on a beach in Hawaii, while my family was swimming and having fun. :)