View allAll Photos Tagged Agreement
Title.
private box.
(FUJIFILM GFX50R shot)
Terminal 3. Haneda airport. Ota-ku. Tokyo. Japan. March 21st. 2024. … 5 / 8
(Today's photo. It is unpublished.)
Images.
Josh waters - Crash and Burn
youtu.be/EsL_nnQ2Wfw?si=uIOcYA_lIqn8cd6M
::Link photo music and iTunes playlist::
music.apple.com/jp/playlist/photo-music/pl.u-Eg8qefpy8Xz
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Important Notices.
I have relaxed the following conditions.
I will distribute my T-shirt to the world for free.
m.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/50656401427/in/dateposted-p...
m.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/50613367691/in/dateposted-p...
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Exhibition in 2024
theme
Goodbye , Photo .
Images
Ai Otsuka ( 大塚 愛 ) / Goodbye photo ( 恋愛写真 )
youtu.be/B2XfJCQ2Dy0?si=WN3UePWye5N03yi4
Live 1.
youtu.be/MjBYxuVgj70?si=K3TyYOGqa3Y8BdAt
Live 2.
youtu.be/Dccv85TarHs?si=BI-f4JfrihO3CTXD
Mitsushiro - Nakagawa
Sponsored by
design festa
place
Tokyo Big Site
schedule
2024. autumn.
exhibition.mitsushiro.nakagawa@gmail.com
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Notice regarding "Lot No.402_”.
From now on # I will host "Lot No.402_".
The work of Leonardo da Vinci who was sleeping.
That is the number when it was put up for auction.
No sign was written on the work.
So this work couldn't conclude that it was his work.
However # as a result of various appraisals # it was exposed to the sun.
A work that no one notices. A work that speaks quietly without a title.
I will continue to strive to provide it to many people in various ways.
October 24 2020 by Mitsushiro - Nakagawa.
Mitsushiro Nakagawa belong to Lot No. 402 _.Copyright©︎2024 Lot No.402_ All rights reserved.
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Profile.
In November 2014 # we caught the attention of the party selected to undertake the publicity for a mobile phone that changed the face of the world with just a single model # and will conclude a confidentiality agreement with them.
drive.google.com/drive/folders/1vBRMWGk29EmsoBV2o9NM1LIVi...
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Interviews and novels.
About my book.
I published a book a long time ago.
At that time # I uploaded my interview as a PDF on the internet.
Its Japanese and English.
I will publish it for free.
For details # I explained to the Amazon site.
How to write a novel.
How to take a picture.
A sense of distance to the work.
All of these have something in common.
I wrote down what I felt and left it.
I hope my text will be read by many people.
Thank you.
Mitsushiro.
1 Interview in English
2 novels. unforgettable 'English version.(This book is Dedicated to the future artist.)
3 Interview Japanese version
4 novels. unforgettable ' JPN version.
5 A streamlined trajectory. only Japanese.
drive.google.com/drive/folders/1vBRMWGk29EmsoBV2o9NM1LIVi...
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iBooks. Electronic Publishing. It is free now.
0.about the iBooks.
drive.google.com/drive/folders/1vBRMWGk29EmsoBV2o9NM1LIVi...
1.unforgettable '(ENG.ver.)(This book is Dedicated to the future artist.)
itunes.apple.com/us/book/unforgettable/id1216576828?ls=1&...
2.unforgettable '(JNP.ver.)(This book is Dedicated to the future artist.)
itunes.apple.com/us/book/unforgettable/id1216584262?ls=1&...
3. Streamlined trajectory.(For Japanese only.)
itunes.apple.com/us/book/%E6%B5%81%E7%B7%9A%E5%BD%A2%E3%8... =11
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My Novel : Unforgettable'
(This book is Dedicated to the future artist.)
Synopsis
Kei Kitami, who is aiming for university, meets Kaori Uemura, an event companion who is 6 years older than her, on SNS.
Kaori's dream of coming to Tokyo is to become friends with a famous artist.
For that purpose, the radio station's producer, Ryo Osawa, was needed.
Osawa speaks to Kaori during a live radio broadcast.
"I have a wife and children. But I want to meet you."
Rika Sanjo, who is Kei's classmate and has feelings for him, has been looking into her girlfriend Kaori's movements. . . . .
Mitsushiro Nakagawa
All Translated by Yumi Ikeda .
images.
U2 - No Line On The Horizon Live in Dublin
www.youtube.com/watch?v=_oKwnkYFsiE&feature=related
Main story
There are two reasons why a person faces the sea.
One to enjoy a slice of shine in the sea like children bubbling over in the beach.
The other to brush the dust of memory like an old man who misses old days staring at the shine
quietly.
Those lead to only one meaning though they do not seem to overlap. It’s a rebirth.
I face myself to change tomorrow a vague day into something certain.
That is the meaning of a rebirth.
I had a very sweet girlfriend when I was 18.
After she left I knew the meaning of gentleness for the first time and also a true pain of loss. After
she left # how many times did I depend too much on her # doubt her # envy her and keep on telling lies
until I realized it is love?
I wonder whether a nobody like me could have given something to her who was struggling in the
daily life in those days. Giving something is arrogant conceit. It is nothing but self-satisfaction.
I had been thinking about such a thing.
However I guess what she saw in me was because I had nothing. That‘s why she tried to see
something in me. Perhaps she found a slight possibility in me # a guy filled with ambiguous unstable
tomorrow. But I wasted days depending too much on her gentleness.
Now I finally can convey how I felt in those days when we met.
1/9
www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/24577016535/in/dateposted...
2/9
www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/24209330259/in/dateposted...
3/9
www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/23975215274/in/dateposted...
4/9
www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/24515964952/in/dateposted...
5/9
www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/24276473749/in/dateposted...
6/9
www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/24548895082/in/dateposted...
7/9
www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/24594603711/in/dateposted...
8/9
www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/24588215562/in/dateposted...
9/9
www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/24100804163/in/dateposted...
Fin.
images.
U2 - No Line On The Horizon
www.youtube.com/watch?v=_oKwnkYFsiE&feature=related
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Title of my book : unforgettable'
Author : Mitsushiro Nakagawa
Out Now.
ISBN978-4-86264-866-2
in Amazon.
Unforgettable’ amzn.asia/d/eG1wNc5
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The schedule of the next novel.
Still would stand all time. (Unforgettable '2)
(It will not go away forever)
Please give me some more time. That is Japanese.
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My Works.
1 www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/48072442376/in/dateposted...
2 www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/48078949821/in/dateposted...
3 www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/48085863356/in/dateposted...
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Do you want to hear my voice?
:)
1
About the composition of the picture posted to Flicker. First type.
2
About the composition of the picture posted to Flicker. Second type.
3
About when I started Fotolog. Architect 's point of view.
4
Why did not you have a camera so far?
5
What is the coolest thing? The photo is as it is.
6
About the current YouTube bar. I also want to tell # I want to leave.
7
About Japanese photographers. Japanese YouTube bar is Pistols.
8
The composition of the photograph is sensibility. Meet the designers in Milan. Two questions.
9
What is a good composition? What is a bad composition?
10
What is the time to point the camera? It is slow if you are looking into the viewfinder or display.
11
Family photos. I can not take pictures with others. The inside of the subject.
12
About YouTube 's photographer. Camera technology etc. Sensibility is polished by reading books.
13
About the Japanese newspaper. A picture of a good newspaper is Reuters. If you continue to look at useless photographs # it will be useless.
14
About Japanese photographers. About the exhibition.
Summary. I wrote a novel etc. What I want to tell the most.
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I talked about how to make a work.
About work production 1/2
About work production 2/2
1 Photo exhibition up to that point. Did you want to go?
2 Well # what is an exhibition that you want to visit even if you go there?
3 Challenge to exhibit one work every month before opening a solo exhibition at the Harajuku Design Festa.
4 works are materials and silhouettes. Similar to fashion.
5 Who is your favorite artist? What is it? Make it clear.
6 Creating a collage is exactly the same as taking photos. As I wrote in the interview # it is the same as writing a novel.
7 I want to show it to someone # but I do not make a piece to show it. Aim for the work you want to decorate your own room as in the photo.
8 What is copycat? Nowadays # it is suspected to be beaten. There is something called Mimesis?
kotobank.jp/word/Mimesis-139464
9 What is Individuality? What is originality?
www.youtube.com/user/mitsushiro/
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Explanation of composition. 2
1.Composition explanation 2 ... 1/4
2.Composition explanation 2 ... 2/4
3.Composition Explanation 2 ... 3/4
4.Composition Explanation 2 ... 4/4
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My shutter feeling.
Today's photo.
It is a photo taken from Eurostar.
This video is an explanation.
I went to Milan in 2005.
At that time # I went from Milan to Venice.
We took Eurostar into the transportation.
This photo was not taken from a very fast Eurostar.
When I changed the track # I took a picture at the moment I slowed down.
Is there a Japanese beside you?
Please have my video translated.
:)
In the Eurostar to Venice . 2005. shot ... 1 / 2
www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/49127115021/in/dateposted...
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Miles Davis sheet 1955-1976.
drive.google.com/drive/folders/1vBRMWGk29EmsoBV2o9NM1LIVi...
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flickr.
www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/
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instagram.
www.instagram.com/mitsushiro_nakagawa/
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Pinterest.
www.pinterest.jp/MitsushiroNakagawa/
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YouPic
youpic.com/photographer/mitsushironakagawa/
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twitter.
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facebook.
www.facebook.com/mitsushiro.nakagawa
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threads.
www.threads.net/@mitsushiro_nakagawa
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Blue sky.
bsky.app/profile/mitsushironakagawa.bsky.social
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Amazon.
www.amazon.co.jp/gp/profile/amzn1.account.AHSKI3YMYPYE5UE...
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my statistics. (As of February 7, 2024)
What is the number of accesses to Flickr and U-Pik?
Flickr 21,694,434 Views
Youpic 7,003,230 Views
What is the number of accesses to Flickr and YouPic?
(As of November 13, 2023)
Flickr 20,852,872 View
Youpic 6,671,486 View
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Japanese is the following.
drive.google.com/drive/folders/1vBRMWGk29EmsoBV2o9NM1LIVi...
Title of my book unforgettable' Mitsushiro Nakagawa Out Now. ISBN978-4-86264-866-2
Mitsu Nakagawa belong to Lot No. 204 _ . Copyright©︎2020 Lot No.402_ All rights reserved.
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Title.
private box.
( FUJIFILM GFX50R shot )
第三ターミナル。羽田空港。大田区。東京都。日本。3月21日。2024年。 … 5 / 8
(今日の写真。それは未発表です。）
Images.
Josh waters - Crash and Burn
youtu.be/EsL_nnQ2Wfw?si=uIOcYA_lIqn8cd6M
::写真の音楽とiTunesプレイリストをリンク::
music.apple.com/jp/playlist/photo-music/pl.u-Eg8qefpy8Xz
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重要なお知らせ。
僕は以下の条件を緩和します。
僕はTシャツを無料で世界中へ配布します。
m.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/50656401427/in/dateposted-p...
m.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/50613367691/in/dateposted-p...
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２０２４年の展示
テーマ
Goodbye , Photo
Images
大塚 愛 ( Ai Otsuka ) / 恋愛写真 ( Goodbye photo )
youtu.be/B2XfJCQ2Dy0?si=WN3UePWye5N03yi4
Live 1.
youtu.be/MjBYxuVgj70?si=K3TyYOGqa3Y8BdAt
Live 2.
youtu.be/Dccv85TarHs?si=BI-f4JfrihO3CTXD
Mitsushiro - Nakagawa
主催
デザインフェスタ
場所
東京ビッグサイト
日程
2024年。秋。
exhibition.mitsushiro.nakagawa@gmail.com
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” Lot No.402_ ” に関するお知らせ。
今後、僕は、” Lot No.402_ ”を主催します。
このロットナンバーは、眠っていたレオナルドダヴィンチの作品がオークションにかけらた際に付されたものです。
作品にはサインなどがいっさい記されていなかったため、彼の作品だと断定できませんでした。
しかし、様々な鑑定の結果、陽の光を浴びました。
誰にも気づかれない作品。肩書がなくとも静かに語りかける作品。
僕はこれから様々な形で、多くの皆様に提供できるよう努めてゆきます。
2020年10月24日 by Mitsushiro - Nakagawa.
Copyright©︎2021 Lot No.402_ All rights reserved.
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プロフィール
2014年11月、たった1機種で世界を塗り替えた携帯電話の広告を請け負った選考者の目に留まり、秘密保持同意書を結ぶ。
drive.google.com/drive/folders/1vBRMWGk29EmsoBV2o9NM1LIVi...
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インタビューと小説。
僕の本について。
僕は、昔に本を出版しました。
その際に、僕のインタビューをPDFでネット上へアップロードしていました。
その日本語と英語。
僕は、無料でを公開します。
詳細は、アマゾンのサイトへ解説しました。
小説の書き方。
写真の撮影方法。
作品への距離感。
これらはすべて共通項があります。
僕は、僕が感じたことを文章にして、残しました。
僕のテキストが多くの人に読んでもらえることを望みます。
ありがとう。
Mitsushiro.
drive.google.com/drive/folders/1vBRMWGk29EmsoBV2o9NM1LIVi...
１ インタビュー 英語版
２ 小説。unforgettable’ 英語版。
３ インタビュー 日本語版
４ 小説。unforgettable’ 日本語版。(この小説は未来のアーティストへ捧げます)
(四百字詰め原稿用紙４５６枚)
あらすじ
大学を目指している北見ケイは、SNS上で、6歳年上のイベントコンパニオン、上村香織に出会う。
上京してきた香織の夢は、有名なアーティストの友達になるためだ。
そのためにはラジオ局のプロデューサー、大沢亮の存在が必要だった。
大沢は、ラジオの生放送中、香織へ語りかける。
「僕には妻子がある。しかし、僕は君に会いたいと思っている」
ケイの同級生で、彼を想っている三條里香は、香織の動向を探っていた。。。。。
本編
人が海へ向かう理由には、二つある。
ひとつは、波打ち際ではしゃぐ子供のように、今の瞬間の海の輝きを楽しむこと。
もうひとつは、その輝きを静かに見据えて、過ぎ去った日々を懐かしむ老人のように記憶の埃を払うこと。
二つは重なり合わないようではあるけれども、たったひとつの意味しか生まない。
再生だ。
明日っていう、曖昧な日を確実なものへと変えてゆくために、自分の存在に向き合う。
それが再生の意味だ。
十八歳だった僕には大切な人がいた。
drive.google.com/drive/folders/1vBRMWGk29EmsoBV2o9NM1LIVi...
５ 流線形の軌跡。 日本語のみ。
drive.google.com/drive/folders/1vBRMWGk29EmsoBV2o9NM1LIVi...
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iBooks.電子出版。（現在は無料）
0.about the iBooks.
drive.google.com/drive/folders/1vBRMWGk29EmsoBV2o9NM1LIVi...
1.unforgettable’ ( ENG.ver.)(This book is Dedicated to the future artist.)
itunes.apple.com/us/book/unforgettable/id1216576828?ls=1&...
For Japanese only.
2.unforgettable’ ( JNP.ver.)(この小説は未来のアーティストへ捧げます)
itunes.apple.com/us/book/unforgettable/id1216584262?ls=1&...
3.流線形の軌跡。
itunes.apple.com/us/book/%E6%B5%81%E7%B7%9A%E5%BD%A2%E3%8...
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僕の小説。英語版
My Novel Unforgettable' (This book is Dedicated to the future artist.)
Mitsushiro Nakagawa
All Translated by Yumi Ikeda .
1/9
www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/24577016535/in/dateposted...
2/9
www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/24209330259/in/dateposted...
3/9
www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/23975215274/in/dateposted...
4/9
www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/24515964952/in/dateposted...
5/9
www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/24276473749/in/dateposted...
6/9
www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/24548895082/in/dateposted...
7/9
www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/24594603711/in/dateposted...
8/9
www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/24588215562/in/dateposted...
9/9
www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/24100804163/in/dateposted...
Fin.
images.
U2 - No Line On The Horizon Live in Dublin
www.youtube.com/watch?v=_oKwnkYFsiE&feature=related
_________________________________
_________________________________
Title of my book : unforgettable'
Author : Mitsushiro Nakagawa
Out Now.
ISBN978-4-86264-866-2
in Amazon.
Unforgettable’ amzn.asia/d/eG1wNc5
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
僕の作品。
1 www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/48072442376/in/dateposted...
2 www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/48078949821/in/dateposted...
3 www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/48085863356/in/dateposted...
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あなたは僕の声を聞きたいですか？
:)
1
フリッカーへ投稿した写真の構図について。１種類目。
2
フリッカーへ投稿した写真の構図について。２種類目。
3
Fotologを始めた時について。 建築家の視点。
4
なぜ、今までカメラを手にしなかったのか？
5
何が一番かっこいいのか？ 写真はありのままに。
6
現在のユーチューバーについて。僕も伝え、残したい。
7
日本人の写真家について。日本のユーチューバーはピストルズ。
8
写真の構図は、感性。ミラノのデザイナーに会って。二つの質問。
9
良い構図とは？ 悪い構図とは？
10
カメラを向ける時とは？ ファインダーやディスプレイを覗いていては遅い。
11
家族写真。他人では撮れない。被写体の内面。
12
ユーチューブの写真家について。カメラの技術等。感性は、本を読むことで磨く。
13
日本の新聞について。良い新聞の写真はロイター。ダメな写真を見続けるとダメになる。
14
日本の写真家について。その展示について。
まとめ。僕が書いた小説など。僕が最も伝えたいこと。
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作品制作について 1/2
作品制作について 2/2
１ それまでの写真展。自分は行きたいと思ったか？
２ じゃ、自分が足を運んででも行きたい展示とは何か？
３ 原宿デザインフェスタで個展を開くまでに、毎月ひとつの作品を展示することにチャレンジ。
４ 作品とは、素材とシルエット。ファッションと似ている。
５ 自分が好きなアーティストは誰か？ どんなものなのか？ そこをはっきりさせる。
６ コラージュの作成も写真の撮り方と全く同じ。インタビューに書いたように小説の書き方とも同じ。
７ 誰かに見せたい、見せるがために作品は作らない。写真と同じように自分の部屋に飾りたい作品を目指す。
８ パクリとは何か？ 昨今、叩かれるパクリ疑惑。ミメーシスとは？
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ミメーシス
https://kotobank.jp/word/ミメーシス-139464
９ 個性とはなにか？ オリジナリティってなに？
おまけ 眞子さまについて
という流れです。
お時間がある方は是非聴いてください。
:)
www.youtube.com/user/mitsushiro/
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構図の解説２
1.構図の解説２ ... 1/4
2.構図の解説２ ... 2/4
3.構図の解説２ ... 3/4
4.構図の解説２ ... 4/4
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僕のシャッター感覚
In the Eurostar to Venice . 2005. shot ... 1 / 2
www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/49127115021/in/dateposted...
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Miles Davis sheet 1955-1976.
drive.google.com/drive/folders/1vBRMWGk29EmsoBV2o9NM1LIVi...
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flickr.
www.flickr.com/photos/stealaway/
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YouTube.
www.youtube.com/user/mitsushiro/
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instagram.
www.instagram.com/mitsushiro_nakagawa/
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Pinterest.
www.pinterest.jp/MitsushiroNakagawa/
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YouPic
youpic.com/photographer/mitsushironakagawa/
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fotolog
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twitter.
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facebook.
www.facebook.com/mitsushiro.nakagawa
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threads.
www.threads.net/@mitsushiro_nakagawa
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Blue sky.
bsky.app/profile/mitsushironakagawa.bsky.social
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Amazon.
www.amazon.co.jp/gp/profile/amzn1.account.AHSKI3YMYPYE5UE...
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僕の統計。（2024年2月7日現在）
フリッカー、ユーピクのアクセス数は？
Flickr 21,694,434 View
Youpic 7,003,230 View
僕の統計。（2023年11月13日現在）
フリッカー、ユーピクのアクセス数は？
Flickr 20,852,872 View
Youpic 6,671,486 View
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Japanese is the following.
drive.google.com/drive/folders/1vBRMWGk29EmsoBV2o9NM1LIVi...
Title of my book unforgettable' Mitsushiro Nakagawa Out Now. ISBN978-4-86264-866-2
Mitsushiro Nakagawa belong to Lot no.204_ . Copyright©︎2020 Lot no.204_ All rights reserved.
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2020年10月24日 by Mitsushiro - Nakagawa.
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Expedition 52/53 crew member and ESA astronaut Paulo Nespoli participates in training at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, USA.
In July 2015 Paolo was assigned a third spaceflight as part of Expeditions 52 and 53 to the International Space Station. He will be launched on a Soyuz vehicle in May 2017 on a five-month mission. The latest mission is part of a barter agreement between NASA and Italy’s ASI space agency involving ESA astronauts.
Credit: NASA/James Blair
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Photograph taken at an altitude of One metres at 20:36pm on Thursday 25th May 2023 around sunset at Patricia Bay , a body of salt water that extends East from the Saanich Inlet and forms part of the North Saanich shoreline in the District of North Saanich in British Columbia. It features a beautiful park which is at the south end of the Scoter Trail. Formerly known as Union Bay, the bay was named after Princess Patricia of Connaught, daughter of the Duke of Connaught who was Governor General in 1912.
The park has ties to transportation and the waterfront, and their pivotal role in the development of North Saanich. It is also tied to the development of the Victoria International Airport and military aviation efforts during the Second World War. In 1937, the airport was developed as one of six Royal Canadian Air Force Station training facilities on Vancouver Island.
The land was originally settled by the Tseycum First Nation (Union Bay Indian Reserve No.4) , one of four Saanich villages of Southern Vancouver Island in the area and part of the Northern Straits Coast Salish language group.
In the Sencoten langauge Tseycum is spelled Wsikem and means Land of Clay. The languages spoken include Lkwungen, Malchosen, Semiahmoo, SENĆOŦEN andT’Sou-ke and in 2023 the Chief is Tanya Jimmy, who was elected in July 2019. The Tseycum people have five reserves located at:
Bare Island 9, Goldstream 13, Pender Island 8, Saturna Island 7 and Union Bay 4.
Nikon D850 Single-lens reflex digital camera F Mount with FX CMOS 35.9mm x 23.9mm Image sensor 46.89 Million total pixels Focal length 58mm Shutter speed: 1/50s (Mechanical shutter) Aperture f/13.0 ISO64 Image area Full Frame FX (36 x 24) NEF RAW L 45.4 Million pixels (8256 x 5504) 14 Bit uncompressed AF-C Priority Selection: Release Nikon Back button focusing enabled 3D Tracking watch area: Normal 55 Tracking points Exposure mode: Manual mode Metering mode: Matrix metering White balance on: Auto1, A1.00, M0.25 (6310k) Colour space: Adobe RGB Picture control: (A) Auto (Sharpening A+1.00/Clarity A+1.00)
Nikkor AF-S 24-120mm f/4G ED VR. Lee SW150 MKII filter holder. Lee SW150 77mm screw in adapter ring. Lee SW150 0.6 (2 stops) Graduated Neutral density resin filter.Lee SW150 Filters field pouch. Manfrotto MT057C3-G Carbon fiber Geared tripod 3 sections. Neewer 9750 Gimbal tripod head with Arca Swiss standard quick release plate. Jessops Tripod bag.
Hoodman HEYENRG round eyepiece oversized eyecup. Black Rapid Curve Breathe strap. My Memory 128GB Class 10 SDXC 80MB/s card. Lowepro Flipside 400 AW camera bag. Nikon EN-EL15a battery.
LATITUDE: N 48d 39m 43.8s
LONGITUDE: W 123d 27m 3.2s
ALTITUDE: 1.0m
RAW (TIFF) FILE: 130.00MB NEF: 90.6MB
PROCESSED (JPeg) FILE: 42.40MB
PROCESSING POWER:
Nikon D850 Firmware versions C 1.21 (8/12/2022) LD Distortion Data 2.018 (16/01/20) LF 1.00 Nikon Codec Full version 1.31.2 (09/11/2021)
HP 110-352na Desktop PC with Windows 10 Home edition AMD Quad-Core A6-5200 APU 64Bit processor. Radeon HD8400 graphics. 8 GB DDR3 Memory with 1TB Data storage. 64-bit Windows 10. My Passport USB 3.0 2TB portable desktop hard drive. Nikon NX STUDIO 64bit Version 1.2.2 (08/12/2022). Nikon Capture NX-D 64bit Version 1.6.2 (18/02/2020). Nikon Picture Control Utility 2 (Version 2.4.5 (18/02/2020). Nikon Transfer 2 Version 2.16.0 (08/12/2022). Adobe photoshop Elements 8 Version 8.0 64bit.
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All rights reserved © 2010 Бернхард Эггер :: ru-moto images
NO RELEASE • NO flickr API • No part of this photostream may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without my prior permission!
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★ classic sports cars ★ motorcycles sports events ★ Mille Miglia | Ennstal-Classic ★ motor sports ★ Oldtimer GP | TT IOM ★ fine art
:: Tags: Бернхард Эггер, фото, ru-moto, images, фотограф, 写真家, Nikon, FX, full frame, Fotográfico, photographer, Fotografo, photography, Fotografie, passion, Passione, Leidenschaft, emotion, Emozioni, satisfaction, Faszination, enthusiast, classiche, classica, classic, classical, vintage, storiche, historic, historisch, historique, retro, Rétromobile, Oldtimer, Oldtimersport, Heritage, Motorsport, motoring, competizione, motorracing, Rennsport, corse, Ecurie, veloce, speed, race, racing, race trake, circuit, supershot, Австрия, Россия, Ennstal-Classic, Gröbming, Styria, Austria, Racecar-Trophy, Sberbank, Сбербанк, ZENITH, Mille Miglia, Targa Florio, Rally, Rallye, Automobilsport, Techno Classica, Moto d'Epoca, Goodwood, FOS, FIA Founding Members Heritage Cup, Passione senza Tempo, Automobile, машина, Autos, car, sportscars, Sportwagen, Rennwagen, Sportfoto, fine art, poster, digital, collection, Canvas Prints, posters, Kunstdruck, print, prints, quality, authentic, exclusive, original, calendar, Kalender, gallery, old stile, Event, events, postcard, greeting card, beauty, beautiful, gorgeous, canvas, best, art, 摩托, 車, バイク, камера,
:: ru-moto images of 100 CAR BRANDS:
Abarth, Abarth-Fiat, AC, Alfa Romeo, Allard, Antas, Alpine, Alvis, Aston Martin, Audi, Austin, Austro V, Auto Union, AWE, Bentley, Bizzarrini, BMW, Borgward, Bristol, Bugatti, Byers, Chevrolet, Chrysler, Cisitalia, Citroen, Colani, Cooper, CR Salmson, Dacia, Datsun, Denzel, De Tomaso, DKW, Devin, Ermini, Ferrari, Fiat, Ford, Filandi, Faralli Mazzanti, FMR, GAZ, ГАЗ, Giannini, Gilco, Ginetta, Gordini, Healey, Horch, HRG, IMP, Intermeccanica, Iso, Italia, Jaguar, HWM Jaguar, Lagonda, Lamborghini, Lada, Lancia, Lea Francis, Lotus, March, Marcos, Maserati, Mazda, Mazzanti, McLaren, Mercedes-Benz, Messerschmitt, MG, Mini, Morgan, Morris, Maybach, NSU, OM, Opel, Osca, Peugeot, Plymouth, Porsche, Puch, Railton, Reliant, Renault, Riley, Rolls-Royce, Saab, Salmson, Siata, Skoda, Squire, Stanguellini, Steyr, Steyr-Puch, Talbot, Tatra, Triumph, Uragano, Veritas, Volkswagen, Volvo, Wanderer,
Design, Bizzarrini, Bertone, BAT, Berlinetta Aerodinamica Tecnica, Bizzarrini Giotto, Felice Mario Boana, Carrozzeria Castagna, Carrozzeria, Carrozzeria Colli, Carrozzeria Fissore, Italdesign Giugiaro, Callum Ian, Dallara Gianpaolo, Miura, De Tomaso Pantera, De Tomaso Alejandro, Gandini Marcello, Lamborghini Miura, Countach, De Simon, Diablo, Lancia Stratos, Carrozzeria Francis Lombardi, Carrozzeria Marazzi, Carrozzeria Scaglietti, Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera, Carrozzeria Varesina, Maserati Khamsin, Friedrich Indra, Fuhrmann, Gamine, Giugiaro Giorgio, Carrozzeria Ghia, Maserati Bora, Pininfarina, Scaglietti, Modena, Christian Nell, Stanzani Paolo, Bugatti EB110, Campogalliano, Touring Milano, Vignale, Zagato, Pedrazza, Werner Zinke,
motorsport photographer legends, Neill Bruce, Colin McMaster, Andrew Morland, Ian Dawson, Geoffrey Goddard, Christian Gonzenbach, Christian Hatton, Louis Klemantaski, Stefan Lüscher, Richard Meinert, F. Naef, Peter Roberts, Alois Rottensteiner, Rainer Schlegelmilch,
driver legends, Champions, Fahrer, driver, Legenden, Rauno Aaltonen, Carlo Abarth, Markku Alén, Michele Alboreto, Chris Amon, Mario Andretti, Richard Attwood, Derek Bell, Gerhard Berger, Jo Bonnier, Jack Brabham, Tony Brooks, Eric Carlson, Francois Cevert, Chapman, David Coulthard, Patrick Dempsey, Mark Donohue, Vic Elford, Michael McDowel, Bruce McLaren, De Filippis, Maria Teresa de Filippis, Emerson Fittipaldi, Nanni Galli, Peter Gethin, Jo Gartner, Jim Hall, Mike Hawthorn, Brian Henton, Hans Hermann, Phil Hill, Günther Huber, Denis Hulme, Gerad Larrousse, Niki Lauda, Umberto Maglioli, Nigel Mansell, Helmut Marko, Jochen Mass, Jo Siffert, Stirling Moss, Gino Munaron, Alfred Neubauer, Jackie Oliver, Johannes Ortner, Henry Pescarolo, Gunther Phillip, Teddy Pilette, David Piper, Dieter Quester, Joaquin Jo Ramirez, Jochen Rindt, Walter Röhrl, Pedro Rodríguez, Jean Sage, Jody Scheckter, Peter Schetty, Stuck, Marc Surer, John Surtees, Jackie Stewart, Jarno Trulli, Nino Vaccarella, Sebastian Vettel, Luciano Viaro, Jo Vonlanthen, Peter Westbury, Björn Waldegard, Mark Webber, Jo Willenpart, Franz Wittmann, Alexander Wurz, Franz Wurz, Rudi Stohl, Ecurie Vienne, Walter Wolf, Helmut Zwickl,
Lancia 037 Rallye (c) 2010 Бернхард Эггер :: ru-moto images sports cars 3692
Once agreement had been reached between the states for a new federal government and Queen Victoria had assented to the act a search began for a site for the new capital of the nation. The long time rivalry between Sydney and Melbourne was resolved by a clause in the new constitution which stated the capital had to be in NSW but at least 100 miles (160 kms) from Sydney and that the new Federal parliament would decide the final location. Politicians then suggested potential sites taking into account closeness to Sydney, rail access, and a good water supply as Australia had suffered a severe drought in 1902-1904. The new territory for the national capital would be ceded by the NSW parliament to the new government, so NSW always was going to have the final say! Twenty three sites were considered and inspected by politicians travelling by train, camping and then moving around on horseback! The sites included Albury, Armidale, Orange, Yass, Lake George, etc. The new territory was to be at least 100 square miles in area. The politicians decided on Dalgety a tiny town near Lake Jindabyne and Bombala near the NSW Victorian border in 1903. NSW did not approve of this choice as it was too far from Sydney and closer to Melbourne and there was no railway to the site so in 1908 a final decision was made on the Canberra-Yass district. The new territory was going to be 912 square miles in area. In 1911 the NSW parliament ceded this area to the new federal government and an international competition was then held for a design of the new capital city. 137 entries were received and the winner was Walter Burley Griffin from Chicago who planned for a city of 75,000 people in the tradition of a “garden city”. His plan involved the damming of Molonglo Creek to form a large lake, and a series of octagonal focal points were to be aligned with natural features (the surrounding mountains) and be linked by large avenues. The main axis of his plan (and his wife Marion worked on it too) was to be from Capital Hill (the site of our present parliament) across to the War Memorial at the foot of Mt Ainslie. On the 12th March 1913 Canberra was formally named and construction was to begin on the new city. Walter Burley Griffin arrived a few months later to supervise the work. Unfortunately World War I broke out in 1914 and worked stalled as the government had insufficient funds. Conflicts occurred and Walter Burley Griffin left Canberra in 1921 and new architects were brought in to complete the city. A major milestone was achieved when the temporary Parliament House was opened in 1927 and the Federal government moved from its temporary accommodation in Melbourne to the city of Canberra. Worked progressed slowly in the 1930s, because of the Depression, and in the 1940s because of World War Two, yet some progress was made in these decades. Prime Minister Robert Menzies made sure Canberra forged ahead in the 1950s and the city has continued to grow ever since. It now has a population of 370,000 people and is the eight largest city of Australia.
The Canberra district has been settled by pastoralists in 1824 at Bungendore and Braidwood. Like these two towns Canberra too had been first discovered by ex-convict Joseph Wild in 1820. The earliest station was Duntroon set up by a good Scot called Campbell and another station nearby called Yarralumla was also set up by a Scot, named Murray. Another early settler Joshua Moore called his property Canberry, but the local Aborigines called the district Canberra so he changed his property’s name to Canberra. Moore’s original cottage was on land now occupied by the Australian National University. Much of his grazing land is now under Lake Burley Griffin! A tiny village or local focus emerged here in 1845 when St. John’s Anglican Church was erected on land donated by the Campbell family of Duntroon station. St. John’s remains as Canberra’s oldest public structure and Duntroon (1833) as its oldest building. These original settlers and other landowners were not happy about the creation of the Australian Capital Territory as their land was resumed and offered back on 99 year leases. All land in the ACT is still owned by the government and there is no freehold land only leased titles.
Floriade.
Floriade is a word used for a large international flower exhibition held in the Netherlands every ten years. It moves to a different Dutch city every time. It is also used by the ACT for its bulb and tulip festival each year. As a major world producer of flowers and bulbs the Netherlands also has a tulip festival annually at the Keukenhof Garden, the world’s largest garden. Keukenhof covers about 65 acres (32 hectares) and displays seven million bulbs, mainly tulips. In Australia we are lucky to have such a large tulip festival annually in Canberra saving us the expense of travel to Keukenhof! But there are other tulip festivals in Australia including ones in the Dandenongs in Victoria, at Bowral in the NSW Highlands and Wynyard in Tasmania. All regions produce tulips commercially as well as having festivals.
Tulips.
Tulips belong to the Lilly family and there 109 species of tulips and hundreds of garden hybrids or cultivars. Many tulips come from Turkey and Iran but some come from Europe, China and North America. The Netherlands is the world’s largest commercial grower of tulip bulbs and flowers. The flowers are popular with gardeners the world over. Most tulips are of a single colour but a virus carried by an aphid has led to multicoloured and variegated varieties. The cup shape of the tulip is easily recognisable. Some fancy species now have ruffled edges (called parrot tulips) and the most common variety grown in Australian gardens is the Monet Tulip which comes in a huge range of colours from red, yellow, orange, white and variegated. The Queen of the Night is a common “black” variety for gardens and it comes in the parrot form too.
Tulip Mania.
It seems hard to credit but tulips once led to a mania and bulbs used to cost literally the equivalent of thousands of dollars. This occurred during the Golden Age of Holland in the mid 1630s. Tulips were a new introduction to Holland then. Within a couple of years and by 1636 tulip bulbs had become the fourth leading export of the Netherlands. Tulips became so fashionable with the wealthy in Holland and France that prices began to skyrocket in early 1636.At their peak a tulip bulb was costing ten times the annual income of a skilled craftsman in Holland. The high prices added to the frenzy as more and more people tried to buy bulbs. An investment “bubble” occurred and as we all known bubbles burst. Tulips were bought to demonstrate wealth and to decorate the fancy rural estates of wealthy Dutch merchants. The intensity of a single colour flower was greatly appreciated. The tulip was new and novel in Europe. At its height of price one merchant offered 12 acres of land for a single tulip bulb of a variegated kind. It was these striped tulips that were most highly prized. These bulbs were named after Dutch generals and aristocrats. The prices boomed as traders signed contracts (futures trading) to buy bulbs at the end of the season after they had flowered. If prices rose in the meantime traders made big profits. Often no bulbs changed hands, just money on contracts and future contracts. At other times some bulbs were sold or traded up to ten times a day! Thus the boom took off and prices spiralled upwards. Price surges had occurred in 1621, 1630 and finally the big surge in 1635-6. Suddenly prices fell in February 1636. Some sellers reneged on contracts. Fortunes were lost by some traders and buyers. Bulbs that sold for 5,000 Dutch guilders a few weeks before were suddenly worth only 50 guilders! The situation was exacerbated by bubonic plague around Haarlem the main bulb growing district in 1636. The mania, as it was properly called, has been told in several books, novels and Dutch painters of the times often depicted tulip flowers. Recent historical research has indicated that only a limited number of traders and merchants engaged in this trade and the “bubble” had no great economic impact on the Netherlands, although it did affect some traders financially. The bursting of the bubble was mainly provoked by a new Dutch law in 1636 that would remove the obligation on traders to actually buy bulbs in the future even if they had signed contracts to do so. How amazing that a beautiful flower could set off a mania and that “value” could be so unrelated to the actual object- a short lived bulb! Hans Bollongier painted this Still Life with Flowers in 1639 featuring one of the formerly prized striped tulips.
This work is protected under copyright laws and agreements.
All rights reserved © 2010 Бернхард Эггер :: ru-moto images
NO RELEASE • NO flickr API • No part of this photostream may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without my prior permission!
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►my profile... |►collections.. |►sets.. |►facebook |►get a print
:: ru-moto is admin of 77 groups • member of 610 groups (3/18)
☆ A big thankyou for incredible 60 MILLION VIEWS on flickr !
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
★ classic sports cars ★ motorcycles sports events ★ Mille Miglia | Ennstal-Classic ★ motor sports ★ Oldtimer GP | TT IOM ★ fine art
:: Tags: Бернхард Эггер, фото, ru-moto, images, фотограф, 写真家, Nikon, FX, full frame, Fotográfico, photographer, Fotografo, photography, Fotografie, passion, Passione, Leidenschaft, emotion, Emozioni, satisfaction, Faszination, enthusiast, classiche, classica, classic, classical, vintage, storiche, historic, historisch, historique, retro, Rétromobile, Oldtimer, Oldtimersport, Heritage, Motorsport, motoring, competizione, motorracing, Rennsport, corse, Ecurie, veloce, speed, race, racing, race trake, circuit, supershot, Австрия, Россия, Ennstal-Classic, Gröbming, Styria, Austria, Racecar-Trophy, Sberbank, Сбербанк, ZENITH, Mille Miglia, Targa Florio, Rally, Rallye, Automobilsport, Techno Classica, Moto d'Epoca, Goodwood, FOS, FIA Founding Members Heritage Cup, Passione senza Tempo, Automobile, машина, Autos, car, sportscars, Sportwagen, Rennwagen, Sportfoto, fine art, poster, digital, collection, Canvas Prints, posters, Kunstdruck, print, prints, quality, authentic, exclusive, original, calendar, Kalender, gallery, old stile, Event, events, postcard, greeting card, beauty, beautiful, gorgeous, canvas, best, art, 摩托, 車, バイク, камера,
:: ru-moto images of 100 CAR BRANDS:
Abarth, Abarth-Fiat, AC, Alfa Romeo, Allard, Antas, Alpine, Alvis, Aston Martin, Audi, Austin, Austro V, Auto Union, AWE, Bentley, Bizzarrini, BMW, Borgward, Bristol, Bugatti, Byers, Chevrolet, Chrysler, Cisitalia, Citroen, Colani, Cooper, CR Salmson, Dacia, Datsun, Denzel, De Tomaso, DKW, Devin, Ermini, Ferrari, Fiat, Ford, Filandi, Faralli Mazzanti, FMR, GAZ, ГАЗ, Giannini, Gilco, Ginetta, Gordini, Healey, Horch, HRG, IMP, Intermeccanica, Iso, Italia, Jaguar, HWM Jaguar, Lagonda, Lamborghini, Lada, Lancia, Lea Francis, Lotus, March, Marcos, Maserati, Mazda, Mazzanti, McLaren, Mercedes-Benz, Messerschmitt, MG, Mini, Morgan, Morris, Maybach, NSU, OM, Opel, Osca, Peugeot, Plymouth, Porsche, Puch, Railton, Reliant, Renault, Riley, Rolls-Royce, Saab, Salmson, Siata, Skoda, Squire, Stanguellini, Steyr, Steyr-Puch, Talbot, Tatra, Triumph, Uragano, Veritas, Volkswagen, Volvo, Wanderer,
Design, Bizzarrini, Bertone, BAT, Berlinetta Aerodinamica Tecnica, Bizzarrini Giotto, Felice Mario Boana, Carrozzeria Castagna, Carrozzeria, Carrozzeria Colli, Carrozzeria Fissore, Italdesign Giugiaro, Callum Ian, Dallara Gianpaolo, Miura, De Tomaso Pantera, De Tomaso Alejandro, Gandini Marcello, Lamborghini Miura, Countach, De Simon, Diablo, Lancia Stratos, Carrozzeria Francis Lombardi, Carrozzeria Marazzi, Carrozzeria Scaglietti, Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera, Carrozzeria Varesina, Maserati Khamsin, Friedrich Indra, Fuhrmann, Gamine, Giugiaro Giorgio, Carrozzeria Ghia, Maserati Bora, Pininfarina, Scaglietti, Modena, Christian Nell, Stanzani Paolo, Bugatti EB110, Campogalliano, Touring Milano, Vignale, Zagato, Pedrazza, Werner Zinke,
motorsport photographer legends, Neill Bruce, Colin McMaster, Andrew Morland, Ian Dawson, Geoffrey Goddard, Christian Gonzenbach, Christian Hatton, Louis Klemantaski, Stefan Lüscher, Richard Meinert, F. Naef, Peter Roberts, Alois Rottensteiner, Rainer Schlegelmilch,
driver legends, Champions, Fahrer, driver, Legenden, Rauno Aaltonen, Carlo Abarth, Markku Alén, Michele Alboreto, Chris Amon, Mario Andretti, Richard Attwood, Derek Bell, Gerhard Berger, Jo Bonnier, Jack Brabham, Tony Brooks, Eric Carlson, Francois Cevert, Chapman, David Coulthard, Patrick Dempsey, Mark Donohue, Vic Elford, Michael McDowel, Bruce McLaren, De Filippis, Maria Teresa de Filippis, Emerson Fittipaldi, Nanni Galli, Peter Gethin, Jo Gartner, Jim Hall, Mike Hawthorn, Brian Henton, Hans Hermann, Phil Hill, Günther Huber, Denis Hulme, Gerad Larrousse, Niki Lauda, Umberto Maglioli, Nigel Mansell, Helmut Marko, Jochen Mass, Jo Siffert, Stirling Moss, Gino Munaron, Alfred Neubauer, Jackie Oliver, Johannes Ortner, Henry Pescarolo, Gunther Phillip, Teddy Pilette, David Piper, Dieter Quester, Joaquin Jo Ramirez, Jochen Rindt, Walter Röhrl, Pedro Rodríguez, Jean Sage, Jody Scheckter, Peter Schetty, Stuck, Marc Surer, John Surtees, Jackie Stewart, Jarno Trulli, Nino Vaccarella, Sebastian Vettel, Luciano Viaro, Jo Vonlanthen, Peter Westbury, Björn Waldegard, Mark Webber, Jo Willenpart, Franz Wittmann, Alexander Wurz, Franz Wurz, Rudi Stohl, Ecurie Vienne, Walter Wolf, Helmut Zwickl,
Audi Sport Quattro Rallye (c) 2010 Бернхард Эггер :: ru-moto images | pure passion 3659
There is no agreement on the number of workers employed in the tea industry and different sources give different figures, roughly between 1 to 1.5 million employed directly and another 10 million that are employed indirectly. It remains one of the largest employers of workers in India. It is estimated that almost 50% of the workers are women. The majority of the workers work as wage labourers on the plantations, also known as estates; there are also farmers who produce tea leaves on small pieces of land. The majority of tea estates are in the northeast of India. Tea plantations inherently have been exploitative right from their inception in the colonial times. Like other plantations cultivating rubber, sugar, etc. they were created to extract the maximum from the workers, as part of the colonial economy. The situation has not changed after more than 65 years of Indian independence. The majority of workers working on the plantations in the northeast are third or fourth generation migrants that were brought by the British from the central part of India, and the majority of them are either lower caste or tribal peoples belonging to the lowest social strata. Workers have always lived inside the plantations and housing has been used as an effective means of enslavement of generations of workers by the plantation owners. The wages they receive are among the lowest in the world, at about US$1 – 1.5 a day, this in spite of the fact that the industry is global in nature and has quite capital-intensive operations. The industry has continued to maintain a feudal/semi-feudal structure in its pre-marketing production phase so as to maximize its profits.
Tea pluckers, who are almost exclusively women, work six days a week from 8 a.m. until 4 p.m. They have an hour for lunch which they bring with them, or to go home to eat, if working in a nearby tea field. Men mainly work as field supervisors, carry out weeding and spraying, or work in the tea factory.
Their social status has ensured that their plight has been continuously ignored for generations. These workers have very low literacy rates and non-availability of any other livelihood in the region ensures that the children of the plantation workers are left with no other option than to work on the plantations under abysmal conditions. There is no escape from the vicious circle of the highest level of exploitation. The plantation workers also do not enjoy even basic amenities like safe drinking water, and often workers suffer from diarrhoea, cholera and other waterborne diseases. Malaria and tuberculosis are also rampant. The infant mortality rate is much higher than the national average. It is estimated that only one percent of the workers is active after attaining the age of 60.
This work is protected under copyright laws and agreements.
All rights reserved © 2010 Бернхард Эггер :: ru-moto images
NO RELEASE • NO flickr API • No part of this photostream may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without my prior permission!
Todos los Derechos Reservados • Tous droits réservés • Todos os Direitos Reservados • Все права защищены • Tutti i diritti riservati
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►my profile... |►collections.. |►sets.. |►facebook |►get a print
:: ru-moto is admin of 77 groups • member of 610 groups (3/18)
☆ A big thankyou for incredible 60 MILLION VIEWS on flickr !
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
★ classic sports cars ★ motorcycles sports events ★ Mille Miglia | Ennstal-Classic ★ motor sports ★ Oldtimer GP | TT IOM ★ fine art
Maserati 250F/V12 1957 - M.T. de Filippis at Ennstal-Classic 2010
Maria Teresa de Filippis (born 11 November 1926 in Naples, Italy / † 9.1.2016 Scanzorosciate) was the first of five female Formula One racing drivers in the sport's history. She participated in five World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 18 May 1958. She scored no championship points. She also participated in several non-Championship Formula One races. The four other women who attempted to start in Formula One were Lella Lombardi, Divina Galica, Desiré Wilson and Giovanna Amati.
- - - - -
Maria Teresa de Filippis (* 11. November 1926 in Neapel / † 9.1.2016) war eine ehemalige italienische Automobilrennfahrerin.
Sie war die erste Frau, die bei einem Formel-1-Weltmeisterschaftslauf startete, und zwar beim GP von Belgien 1958 auf Maserati. Sie beendete das Rennen als Zehnte. Zuvor hatte sie bereits, ebenfalls auf Maserati, Sportwagenrennen bestritten und erfolglos versucht, sich für den GP von Monaco 1958 zu qualifizieren. Bei zwei weiteren Rennen im gleichen Jahr schied sie jeweils aus.
In der Formel-1-Saison 1959 trat sie zum Großen Preis von Monaco auf Porsche an, für den sie sich allerdings nicht qualifizieren konnte. Nach dem Unfalltod ihres guten Freundes Jean Behra auf der AVUS 1959 beendete sie ihre Karriere.
Die gebürtige Neapolitanerin fuhr 1948 ihr erstes Rennen und gewann auf einem Fiat Topolino auf Anhieb ihre Klasse. Bei ihren ersten Rennen traf sie noch mit dem wohl größten italienischen Rennfahrer aller Zeiten zusammen: mit Tazio Tuvolari.
Zwischen 1949 und 1953 holte sie sich viele Siege in einem Fiat-Giannini Sportwagen. 1954 wurde sie Zweite im Straßenrennen Giro die Sicilia. 1955 wurden ihr von Maserati ein Werkswagen zur Verfügung gestellt. Mit einem A6GCS 2000 belegte sie Rang neun in der Targa Florio und Rang drei in den 10 Stunden von Messina. 1956 sah man Maria Teresa wieder auf Maserati bei der Mille Miglia. Beim 1000 km Rennen von Monza schied sie in ihrer Klasse führend aus, bei den 1000 km von Buenos Aires lag sie auf Rang sieben im Gesamtklassement, als sie einen Unfall hatte.
1958 sorgte sie für eine Sensation. Ehrgeizig und furchtlos wie sie nun mal war, debütierte sie in der Formel 1 auf einem Maserati 250F. Immerhin ein Auto, mit dem Fangio im Jahr davor Weltmeister wurde. Im Grand Prix von Syrakus, auf einer besonders gefährlichen Straßenrennstrecke, wurde sie Fünfte, in Monaco hatte sie Motorschaden, im Grand Prix von Europa, in Spa-Francorchamps, wurde sie Zehnte, in Monza schied sie 12 Runden vor Schluss auf Rang fünf liegend aus.
1959 konnte sie sich in Monaco mit dem Spezial-Porsche von Jean Behra nicht qualifizieren. Im 10 Stunden Rennen von Messina wurde sie auf Maserati Dritte. Als Jean Behra am 1. August 1959 beim Sportwagenrennen auf der Avus tödlich verunglückte, beendete sie ihre Karriere. Die Frau, der von Fangio abwärts ein ganzes Grand Prix-Startfeld den Hof machte, heiratete den gebürtigen Wiener Theo Huschek, mit dem sie heute in Oberitalien lebt. Sie ist nicht nur Ehrenpräsidentin des Clubs der einstigen Grand Prix-Piloten, sondern zusammen mit Theo Herz und Seele dieser elitären Vereinigung, zu deren Gründungsmitgliedern der fünffache Weltmeister Juan Manuel Fangio gehörte.
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Teresa_de_Filippis
- - - - -
:: Tags: Бернхард Эггер, фото, ru-moto, images, фотограф, 写真家, Nikon, FX, full frame, Fotográfico, photographer, Fotografo, photography, Fotografie, passion, Passione, Leidenschaft, emotion, Emozioni, satisfaction, Faszination, enthusiast, classiche, classica, classic, classical, vintage, storiche, historic, historisch, historique, retro, Rétromobile, Oldtimer, Oldtimersport, Heritage, Motorsport, motoring, competizione, motorracing, Rennsport, corse, Ecurie, veloce, speed, race, racing, race trake, circuit, supershot, Австрия, Россия, Ennstal-Classic, Gröbming, Styria, Austria, Racecar-Trophy, Sberbank, Сбербанк, ZENITH, Mille Miglia, Targa Florio, Rally, Rallye, Automobilsport, Techno Classica, Moto d'Epoca, Goodwood, FOS, FIA Founding Members Heritage Cup, Passione senza Tempo, Automobile, машина, Autos, car, sportscars, Sportwagen, Rennwagen, Sportfoto, fine art, poster, digital, collection, Canvas Prints, posters, Kunstdruck, print, prints, quality, authentic, exclusive, original, calendar, Kalender, gallery, old stile, Event, events, postcard, greeting card, beauty, beautiful, gorgeous, canvas, best, art, 摩托, 車, バイク, камера,
:: ru-moto images of 100 CAR BRANDS:
Abarth, Abarth-Fiat, AC, Alfa Romeo, Allard, Antas, Alpine, Alvis, Aston Martin, Audi, Austin, Austro V, Auto Union, AWE, Bentley, Bizzarrini, BMW, Borgward, Bristol, Bugatti, Byers, Chevrolet, Chrysler, Cisitalia, Citroen, Colani, Cooper, CR Salmson, Dacia, Datsun, Denzel, De Tomaso, DKW, Devin, Ermini, Ferrari, Fiat, Ford, Filandi, Faralli Mazzanti, FMR, GAZ, ГАЗ, Giannini, Gilco, Ginetta, Gordini, Healey, Horch, HRG, IMP, Intermeccanica, Iso, Italia, Jaguar, HWM Jaguar, Lagonda, Lamborghini, Lada, Lancia, Lea Francis, Lotus, March, Marcos, Maserati, Mazda, Mazzanti, McLaren, Mercedes-Benz, Messerschmitt, MG, Mini, Morgan, Morris, Maybach, NSU, OM, Opel, Osca, Peugeot, Plymouth, Porsche, Puch, Railton, Reliant, Renault, Riley, Rolls-Royce, Saab, Salmson, Siata, Skoda, Squire, Stanguellini, Steyr, Steyr-Puch, Talbot, Tatra, Triumph, Uragano, Veritas, Volkswagen, Volvo, Wanderer,
Design, Bizzarrini, Bertone, BAT, Berlinetta Aerodinamica Tecnica, Bizzarrini Giotto, Felice Mario Boana, Carrozzeria Castagna, Carrozzeria, Carrozzeria Colli, Carrozzeria Fissore, Italdesign Giugiaro, Callum Ian, Dallara Gianpaolo, Miura, De Tomaso Pantera, De Tomaso Alejandro, Gandini Marcello, Lamborghini Miura, Countach, De Simon, Diablo, Lancia Stratos, Carrozzeria Francis Lombardi, Carrozzeria Marazzi, Carrozzeria Scaglietti, Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera, Carrozzeria Varesina, Maserati Khamsin, Friedrich Indra, Fuhrmann, Gamine, Giugiaro Giorgio, Carrozzeria Ghia, Maserati Bora, Pininfarina, Scaglietti, Modena, Christian Nell, Stanzani Paolo, Bugatti EB110, Campogalliano, Touring Milano, Vignale, Zagato, Pedrazza, Werner Zinke,
motorsport photographer legends, Neill Bruce, Colin McMaster, Andrew Morland, Ian Dawson, Geoffrey Goddard, Christian Gonzenbach, Christian Hatton, Louis Klemantaski, Stefan Lüscher, Richard Meinert, F. Naef, Peter Roberts, Alois Rottensteiner, Rainer Schlegelmilch,
driver legends, Champions, Fahrer, driver, Legenden, Rauno Aaltonen, Carlo Abarth, Markku Alén, Michele Alboreto, Chris Amon, Mario Andretti, Richard Attwood, Derek Bell, Gerhard Berger, Jo Bonnier, Jack Brabham, Tony Brooks, Eric Carlson, Francois Cevert, Chapman, David Coulthard, Patrick Dempsey, Mark Donohue, Vic Elford, Michael McDowel, Bruce McLaren, De Filippis, Maria Teresa de Filippis, Emerson Fittipaldi, Nanni Galli, Peter Gethin, Jo Gartner, Jim Hall, Mike Hawthorn, Brian Henton, Hans Hermann, Phil Hill, Günther Huber, Denis Hulme, Gerad Larrousse, Niki Lauda, Umberto Maglioli, Nigel Mansell, Helmut Marko, Jochen Mass, Jo Siffert, Stirling Moss, Gino Munaron, Alfred Neubauer, Jackie Oliver, Johannes Ortner, Henry Pescarolo, Gunther Phillip, Teddy Pilette, David Piper, Dieter Quester, Joaquin Jo Ramirez, Jochen Rindt, Walter Röhrl, Pedro Rodríguez, Jean Sage, Jody Scheckter, Peter Schetty, Stuck, Marc Surer, John Surtees, Jackie Stewart, Jarno Trulli, Nino Vaccarella, Sebastian Vettel, Luciano Viaro, Jo Vonlanthen, Peter Westbury, Björn Waldegard, Mark Webber, Jo Willenpart, Franz Wittmann, Alexander Wurz, Franz Wurz, Rudi Stohl, Ecurie Vienne, Walter Wolf, Helmut Zwickl,
Maserati 250F/V12 12-Cyl 1957 Motore # 2522 (c) 2010 Бернхард Эггер :: ru-moto images 3470
This work is protected under copyright laws and agreements.
All rights reserved © 2010 Бернхард Эггер :: ru-moto images
NO RELEASE • NO flickr API • No part of this photostream may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without my prior permission!
Todos los Derechos Reservados • Tous droits réservés • Todos os Direitos Reservados • Все права защищены • Tutti i diritti riservati
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
►my profile... |►collections.. |►sets.. |►facebook |►get a print
:: ru-moto is admin of 77 groups • member of 610 groups (3/18)
☆ A big thankyou for incredible 60 MILLION VIEWS on flickr !
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
★ classic sports cars ★ motorcycles sports events ★ Mille Miglia | Ennstal-Classic ★ motor sports ★ Oldtimer GP | TT IOM ★ fine art
Maserati 250F/V12 1957 - M.T. de Filippis at Ennstal-Classic 2010
Maria Teresa de Filippis (born 11 November 1926 in Naples, Italy / † 9.1.2016 Scanzorosciate) was the first of five female Formula One racing drivers in the sport's history. She participated in five World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 18 May 1958. She scored no championship points. She also participated in several non-Championship Formula One races. The four other women who attempted to start in Formula One were Lella Lombardi, Divina Galica, Desiré Wilson and Giovanna Amati.
- - - - -
Maria Teresa de Filippis (* 11. November 1926 in Neapel / † 9.1.2016) war eine ehemalige italienische Automobilrennfahrerin.
Sie war die erste Frau, die bei einem Formel-1-Weltmeisterschaftslauf startete, und zwar beim GP von Belgien 1958 auf Maserati. Sie beendete das Rennen als Zehnte. Zuvor hatte sie bereits, ebenfalls auf Maserati, Sportwagenrennen bestritten und erfolglos versucht, sich für den GP von Monaco 1958 zu qualifizieren. Bei zwei weiteren Rennen im gleichen Jahr schied sie jeweils aus.
In der Formel-1-Saison 1959 trat sie zum Großen Preis von Monaco auf Porsche an, für den sie sich allerdings nicht qualifizieren konnte. Nach dem Unfalltod ihres guten Freundes Jean Behra auf der AVUS 1959 beendete sie ihre Karriere.
Die gebürtige Neapolitanerin fuhr 1948 ihr erstes Rennen und gewann auf einem Fiat Topolino auf Anhieb ihre Klasse. Bei ihren ersten Rennen traf sie noch mit dem wohl größten italienischen Rennfahrer aller Zeiten zusammen: mit Tazio Tuvolari.
Zwischen 1949 und 1953 holte sie sich viele Siege in einem Fiat-Giannini Sportwagen. 1954 wurde sie Zweite im Straßenrennen Giro die Sicilia. 1955 wurden ihr von Maserati ein Werkswagen zur Verfügung gestellt. Mit einem A6GCS 2000 belegte sie Rang neun in der Targa Florio und Rang drei in den 10 Stunden von Messina. 1956 sah man Maria Teresa wieder auf Maserati bei der Mille Miglia. Beim 1000 km Rennen von Monza schied sie in ihrer Klasse führend aus, bei den 1000 km von Buenos Aires lag sie auf Rang sieben im Gesamtklassement, als sie einen Unfall hatte.
1958 sorgte sie für eine Sensation. Ehrgeizig und furchtlos wie sie nun mal war, debütierte sie in der Formel 1 auf einem Maserati 250F. Immerhin ein Auto, mit dem Fangio im Jahr davor Weltmeister wurde. Im Grand Prix von Syrakus, auf einer besonders gefährlichen Straßenrennstrecke, wurde sie Fünfte, in Monaco hatte sie Motorschaden, im Grand Prix von Europa, in Spa-Francorchamps, wurde sie Zehnte, in Monza schied sie 12 Runden vor Schluss auf Rang fünf liegend aus.
1959 konnte sie sich in Monaco mit dem Spezial-Porsche von Jean Behra nicht qualifizieren. Im 10 Stunden Rennen von Messina wurde sie auf Maserati Dritte. Als Jean Behra am 1. August 1959 beim Sportwagenrennen auf der Avus tödlich verunglückte, beendete sie ihre Karriere. Die Frau, der von Fangio abwärts ein ganzes Grand Prix-Startfeld den Hof machte, heiratete den gebürtigen Wiener Theo Huschek, mit dem sie heute in Oberitalien lebt. Sie ist nicht nur Ehrenpräsidentin des Clubs der einstigen Grand Prix-Piloten, sondern zusammen mit Theo Herz und Seele dieser elitären Vereinigung, zu deren Gründungsmitgliedern der fünffache Weltmeister Juan Manuel Fangio gehörte.
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Teresa_de_Filippis
- - - - -
:: Tags: Бернхард Эггер, фото, ru-moto, images, фотограф, 写真家, Nikon, FX, full frame, Fotográfico, photographer, Fotografo, photography, Fotografie, passion, Passione, Leidenschaft, emotion, Emozioni, satisfaction, Faszination, enthusiast, classiche, classica, classic, classical, vintage, storiche, historic, historisch, historique, retro, Rétromobile, Oldtimer, Oldtimersport, Heritage, Motorsport, motoring, competizione, motorracing, Rennsport, corse, Ecurie, veloce, speed, race, racing, race trake, circuit, supershot, Австрия, Россия, Ennstal-Classic, Gröbming, Styria, Austria, Racecar-Trophy, Sberbank, Сбербанк, ZENITH, Mille Miglia, Targa Florio, Rally, Rallye, Automobilsport, Techno Classica, Moto d'Epoca, Goodwood, FOS, FIA Founding Members Heritage Cup, Passione senza Tempo, Automobile, машина, Autos, car, sportscars, Sportwagen, Rennwagen, Sportfoto, fine art, poster, digital, collection, Canvas Prints, posters, Kunstdruck, print, prints, quality, authentic, exclusive, original, calendar, Kalender, gallery, old stile, Event, events, postcard, greeting card, beauty, beautiful, gorgeous, canvas, best, art, 摩托, 車, バイク, камера,
:: ru-moto images of 100 CAR BRANDS:
Abarth, Abarth-Fiat, AC, Alfa Romeo, Allard, Antas, Alpine, Alvis, Aston Martin, Audi, Austin, Austro V, Auto Union, AWE, Bentley, Bizzarrini, BMW, Borgward, Bristol, Bugatti, Byers, Chevrolet, Chrysler, Cisitalia, Citroen, Colani, Cooper, CR Salmson, Dacia, Datsun, Denzel, De Tomaso, DKW, Devin, Ermini, Ferrari, Fiat, Ford, Filandi, Faralli Mazzanti, FMR, GAZ, ГАЗ, Giannini, Gilco, Ginetta, Gordini, Healey, Horch, HRG, IMP, Intermeccanica, Iso, Italia, Jaguar, HWM Jaguar, Lagonda, Lamborghini, Lada, Lancia, Lea Francis, Lotus, March, Marcos, Maserati, Mazda, Mazzanti, McLaren, Mercedes-Benz, Messerschmitt, MG, Mini, Morgan, Morris, Maybach, NSU, OM, Opel, Osca, Peugeot, Plymouth, Porsche, Puch, Railton, Reliant, Renault, Riley, Rolls-Royce, Saab, Salmson, Siata, Skoda, Squire, Stanguellini, Steyr, Steyr-Puch, Talbot, Tatra, Triumph, Uragano, Veritas, Volkswagen, Volvo, Wanderer,
Design, Bizzarrini, Bertone, BAT, Berlinetta Aerodinamica Tecnica, Bizzarrini Giotto, Felice Mario Boana, Carrozzeria Castagna, Carrozzeria, Carrozzeria Colli, Carrozzeria Fissore, Italdesign Giugiaro, Callum Ian, Dallara Gianpaolo, Miura, De Tomaso Pantera, De Tomaso Alejandro, Gandini Marcello, Lamborghini Miura, Countach, De Simon, Diablo, Lancia Stratos, Carrozzeria Francis Lombardi, Carrozzeria Marazzi, Carrozzeria Scaglietti, Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera, Carrozzeria Varesina, Maserati Khamsin, Friedrich Indra, Fuhrmann, Gamine, Giugiaro Giorgio, Carrozzeria Ghia, Maserati Bora, Pininfarina, Scaglietti, Modena, Christian Nell, Stanzani Paolo, Bugatti EB110, Campogalliano, Touring Milano, Vignale, Zagato, Pedrazza, Werner Zinke,
motorsport photographer legends, Neill Bruce, Colin McMaster, Andrew Morland, Ian Dawson, Geoffrey Goddard, Christian Gonzenbach, Christian Hatton, Louis Klemantaski, Stefan Lüscher, Richard Meinert, F. Naef, Peter Roberts, Alois Rottensteiner, Rainer Schlegelmilch,
driver legends, Champions, Fahrer, driver, Legenden, Rauno Aaltonen, Carlo Abarth, Markku Alén, Michele Alboreto, Chris Amon, Mario Andretti, Richard Attwood, Derek Bell, Gerhard Berger, Jo Bonnier, Jack Brabham, Tony Brooks, Eric Carlson, Francois Cevert, Chapman, David Coulthard, Patrick Dempsey, Mark Donohue, Vic Elford, Michael McDowel, Bruce McLaren, De Filippis, Maria Teresa de Filippis, Emerson Fittipaldi, Nanni Galli, Peter Gethin, Jo Gartner, Jim Hall, Mike Hawthorn, Brian Henton, Hans Hermann, Phil Hill, Günther Huber, Denis Hulme, Gerad Larrousse, Niki Lauda, Umberto Maglioli, Nigel Mansell, Helmut Marko, Jochen Mass, Jo Siffert, Stirling Moss, Gino Munaron, Alfred Neubauer, Jackie Oliver, Johannes Ortner, Henry Pescarolo, Gunther Phillip, Teddy Pilette, David Piper, Dieter Quester, Joaquin Jo Ramirez, Jochen Rindt, Walter Röhrl, Pedro Rodríguez, Jean Sage, Jody Scheckter, Peter Schetty, Stuck, Marc Surer, John Surtees, Jackie Stewart, Jarno Trulli, Nino Vaccarella, Sebastian Vettel, Luciano Viaro, Jo Vonlanthen, Peter Westbury, Björn Waldegard, Mark Webber, Jo Willenpart, Franz Wittmann, Alexander Wurz, Franz Wurz, Rudi Stohl, Ecurie Vienne, Walter Wolf, Helmut Zwickl,
Maria Teresa de Filippis RIP Maserati 250F/V12 12-Cyl # 2522 1957 (c) 2010 Бернхард Эггер :: ru-moto images 3755
©All photographs on this site are copyright: ©DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams) 2011 – 2021 & GETTY IMAGES ®
No license is given nor granted in respect of the use of any copyrighted material on this site other than with the express written agreement of ©DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams). No image may be used as source material for paintings, drawings, sculptures, or any other art form without permission and/or compensation to ©DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams)
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***** Selected for sale in the GETTY IMAGES COLLECTION on Monday 9th January 2022
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This Six seconds long exposure was taken at an altitude of Six metres at 06:30am on Friday 6th September 2019 around sunrise off 1st Street and Bevan Avenue, between the Sidney Spit boat jetty and the famous old fish market in Sidney by the sea on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada.
Here we look out towards Moresby Passage and Coal Island, Moresby Island and Portland Island.
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Nikon D850. Focal length 105mm Shutter speed: 1/2 Sec Aperture f/16.0 iso64 RAW (14 bit uncompressed) Image size L (8256 x 5504 FX). Focus mode AF-C focus 51 point with 3D- tracking. AF-Area mode single point & 73 point switchable. Exposure mode: Aperture priority exposure Nikon Back button focusing enabled Metering mode: Matrix metering ISO Sensitivity: Auto White balance: Natural light auto, 0, 0 Colour space: Adobe RGB Nikon Distortion control: On Picture control: Auto. High ISO NR: on. Vignette control: normal. Active D-lighting Auto.
Nikkor AF-S 24-120mm f/4G ED VR. Lee SW150 MKII filter holder. Lee SW150 77mm screw in adapter ring. Lee SW150 0.9 (3 stops) Neutral density graduated soft resin filter. Lee SW150 Filters field pouch. Nikon EN-EL15a battery.Mcoplus professional MB-D850 multi function battery grip 6960. Matin quick release neckstrap. My Memory 128GB Class 10 SDXC 80MB/s card. Lowepro Flipside 400 AW camera bag. Nikon GP-1 GPS module. Hoodman HEYENRG round eyepiece oversized eyecup.Manfrotto 055XPROB Tripod 3 Sections (Payload: 5.6kgs). Manfrotto 327RC2 Light Duty Grip Ball Magnesium Tripod Head (Payload: 5.5kgs). Manfrotto quick release plate 200PL-14. Jessops Tripod bag.Nikon MC-DC2 remote shutter release cable.
LATITUDE: N 48d 38m 58.25s
LONGITUDE: W 123d 23m 36.70s
ALTITUDE: 4.0m
RAW (TIFF) FILE: 130.00MB NEF: 89.1MB
PROCESSED (JPeg) FILE: 26.20MB
PROCESSING POWER:
Nikon D850 Firmware versions C 1.10 (9/05/2019) LD Distortion Data 2.017 (20/3/18) LF 1.00
HP 110-352na Desktop PC with AMD Quad-Core A6-5200 APU 64Bit processor. Radeon HD8400 graphics. 8 GB DDR3 Memory with 1TB Data storage. 64-bit Windows 10. Verbatim USB 2.0 1TB desktop hard drive. WD My Passport Ultra 1tb USB3 Portable hard drive. Nikon ViewNX-1 64bit (Version 1.3.1 11/07/2019). Nikon Capture NX-D 64bit (Version 1.4.7 15/03/2018). Nikon Picture Control Utility 2 (Version 1.3.2 15/03/2018). Adobe photoshop Elements 8 Version 8.0 64bit.
This work is protected under copyright laws and agreements.
All rights reserved © 2008 Бернхард Эггер :: ru-moto images
NO RELEASE • NO flickr API • No part of this photostream may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without my prior permission!
Todos los Derechos Reservados • Tous droits réservés • Todos os Direitos Reservados • Все права защищены • Tutti i diritti riservati
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
►my profile... |►collections.. |►sets.. |►facebook |►get a print
:: ru-moto is admin of 77 & member of 610 groups (3/2018)
☆ A big thankyou for incredible 60 MILLION VIEWS on flickr!
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
★ classic sports cars ★ motorcycles sports events ★ Mille Miglia | Ennstal-Classic ★ motor sports ★ Oldtimer GP | TT IOM ★ fine art
:: Tags: Бернхард Эггер, фото, ru-moto, images, фотограф, 写真家, Fotográfico, photographer, Fotografo, photography, Fotografie, passion, Passione, Leidenschaft, emotion, Emozioni, satisfaction, Faszination, enthusiast, classiche, classica, classic, classical, vintage, storiche, historic, historisch, historique, retro, Rétromobile, Automobile, машина, Autos, car, sportscars, Sportwagen, Rennwagen, Sportfoto, Oldtimersport, Heritage, Motorsport, motoring, competizione, motorracing, Rennsport, Hill Climb, Bergrennen, Gleichmäßigkeitsveranstaltung, corse, Ecurie, veloce, speed, race trake, circuit, Rennstrecke, supershot, Racecar-Trophy, Tauplitzalm, Bergpreis, Bad Mitterndorf, Steiermark, Styria, Австрия, Austria, Automobilsport, Passione senza Tempo, fine art, poster, digital, collection, Canvas Prints, posters, Kunstdruck, print, prints, quality, authentic, exclusive, original, calendar, Kalender, gallery, old stile, Event, events, postcard, greeting card, beauty, beautiful, gorgeous, canvas, best, art, 摩托, 車, バイク, камера,
photographer legends, Neill Bruce, Colin McMaster, Andrew Morland, Ian Dawson, Geoffrey Goddard, Christian Gonzenbach, Christian Hatton, Louis Klemantaski, Stefan Lüscher, Richard Meinert, F. Naef, Peter Roberts, Alois Rottensteiner, Rainer Schlegelmilch, Бернхард Эггер фото,
:: ru-moto images of 100 CAR BRANDS:
Abarth, Abarth-Fiat, AC, Alfa Romeo, Allard, Antas, Alpine, Alvis, Aston Martin, Audi, Austin, Austro V, Auto Union, AWE, Bentley, Bizzarrini, BMW, Borgward, Bristol, Bugatti, Byers, Chevrolet, Chrysler, Cisitalia, Citroen, Colani, Cooper, CR Salmson, Dacia, Datsun, Denzel, De Tomaso, DKW, Devin, Ermini, Ferrari, Fiat, Ford, Filandi, Faralli Mazzanti, FMR, GAZ, Giannini, Gilco, Ginetta, Gordini, Healey, Horch, HRG, IMP, Intermeccanica, Iso, Italia, Jaguar, HWM Jaguar, Lagonda, Lamborghini, Lada, Lancia, Lea Francis, Lotus, Marcos, Maserati, Mazda, Mazzanti, McLaren, Mercedes-Benz, Messerschmitt, MG, Mini, Morgan, Morris, Maybach, NSU, OM, Opel, Osca, Peugeot, Plymouth, Porsche, Puch, Railton, Reliant, Renault, Riley, Rolls-Royce, Saab, Salmson, Siata, Skoda, Squire, Stanguellini, Steyr, Steyr-Puch, Talbot, Tatra, Triumph, Uragano, Veritas, Volkswagen, Volvo, Wanderer,
Bergpreis Tauplitzalm (c) 2008 Бернхард Эггер :: ru-moto images
This work is protected under copyright laws and agreements.
All rights reserved © 2008 Бернхард Эггер :: ru-moto images
NO RELEASE • NO flickr API • No part of this photostream may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without my prior permission!
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:: ru-moto is admin of 77 & member of 610 groups (3/2018)
☆ A big thankyou for incredible 60 MILLION VIEWS on flickr!
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★ classic sports cars ★ motorcycles sports events ★ Mille Miglia | Ennstal-Classic ★ motor sports ★ Oldtimer GP | TT IOM ★ fine art
:: Tags: Бернхард Эггер, фото, ru-moto, images, фотограф, 写真家, Fotográfico, photographer, Fotografo, photography, Fotografie, passion, Passione, Leidenschaft, emotion, Emozioni, satisfaction, Faszination, enthusiast, classiche, classica, classic, classical, vintage, storiche, historic, historisch, historique, retro, Rétromobile, Automobile, машина, Autos, car, sportscars, Sportwagen, Rennwagen, Sportfoto, Oldtimersport, Heritage, Motorsport, motoring, competizione, motorracing, Rennsport, Hill Climb, Bergrennen, Gleichmäßigkeitsveranstaltung, corse, Ecurie, veloce, speed, race trake, circuit, Rennstrecke, supershot, Racecar-Trophy, Tauplitzalm, Bergpreis, Bad Mitterndorf, Steiermark, Styria, Австрия, Austria, Automobilsport, Passione senza Tempo, fine art, poster, digital, collection, Canvas Prints, posters, Kunstdruck, print, prints, quality, authentic, exclusive, original, calendar, Kalender, gallery, old stile, Event, events, postcard, greeting card, beauty, beautiful, gorgeous, canvas, best, art, 摩托, 車, バイク, камера,
photographer legends, Neill Bruce, Colin McMaster, Andrew Morland, Ian Dawson, Geoffrey Goddard, Christian Gonzenbach, Christian Hatton, Louis Klemantaski, Stefan Lüscher, Richard Meinert, F. Naef, Peter Roberts, Alois Rottensteiner, Rainer Schlegelmilch, Бернхард Эггер фото,
:: ru-moto images of 100 CAR BRANDS:
Abarth, Abarth-Fiat, AC, Alfa Romeo, Allard, Antas, Alpine, Alvis, Aston Martin, Audi, Austin, Austro V, Auto Union, AWE, Bentley, Bizzarrini, BMW, Borgward, Bristol, Bugatti, Byers, Chevrolet, Chrysler, Cisitalia, Citroen, Colani, Cooper, CR Salmson, Dacia, Datsun, Denzel, De Tomaso, DKW, Devin, Ermini, Ferrari, Fiat, Ford, Filandi, Faralli Mazzanti, FMR, GAZ, Giannini, Gilco, Ginetta, Gordini, Healey, Horch, HRG, IMP, Intermeccanica, Iso, Italia, Jaguar, HWM Jaguar, Lagonda, Lamborghini, Lada, Lancia, Lea Francis, Lotus, Marcos, Maserati, Mazda, Mazzanti, McLaren, Mercedes-Benz, Messerschmitt, MG, Mini, Morgan, Morris, Maybach, NSU, OM, Opel, Osca, Peugeot, Plymouth, Porsche, Puch, Railton, Reliant, Renault, Riley, Rolls-Royce, Saab, Salmson, Siata, Skoda, Squire, Stanguellini, Steyr, Steyr-Puch, Talbot, Tatra, Triumph, Uragano, Veritas, Volkswagen, Volvo, Wanderer,
Bergpreis Tauplitzalm (c) 2008 Бернхард Эггер :: ru-moto images
This work is protected under copyright laws and agreements.
All rights reserved © 2008 Бернхард Эггер :: ru-moto images
NO RELEASE • NO flickr API • No part of this photostream may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without my prior permission!
Todos los Derechos Reservados • Tous droits réservés • Todos os Direitos Reservados • Все права защищены • Tutti i diritti riservati
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
►my profile... |►collections.. |►sets.. |►facebook |►get a print
:: ru-moto is admin of 77 & member of 610 groups (3/2018)
☆ A big thankyou for incredible 60 MILLION VIEWS on flickr!
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
★ classic sports cars ★ motorcycles sports events ★ Mille Miglia | Ennstal-Classic ★ motor sports ★ Oldtimer GP | TT IOM ★ fine art
:: Tags: Бернхард Эггер, фото, ru-moto, images, фотограф, 写真家, Fotográfico, photographer, Fotografo, photography, Fotografie, passion, Passione, Leidenschaft, emotion, Emozioni, satisfaction, Faszination, enthusiast, classiche, classica, classic, classical, vintage, storiche, historic, historisch, historique, retro, Rétromobile, Automobile, машина, Autos, car, sportscars, Sportwagen, Rennwagen, Sportfoto, Oldtimersport, Heritage, Motorsport, motoring, competizione, motorracing, Rennsport, Hill Climb, Bergrennen, Gleichmäßigkeitsveranstaltung, corse, Ecurie, veloce, speed, race trake, circuit, Rennstrecke, supershot, Racecar-Trophy, Tauplitzalm, Bergpreis, Bad Mitterndorf, Steiermark, Styria, Австрия, Austria, Automobilsport, Passione senza Tempo, fine art, poster, digital, collection, Canvas Prints, posters, Kunstdruck, print, prints, quality, authentic, exclusive, original, calendar, Kalender, gallery, old stile, Event, events, postcard, greeting card, beauty, beautiful, gorgeous, canvas, best, art, 摩托, 車, バイク, камера,
photographer legends, Neill Bruce, Colin McMaster, Andrew Morland, Ian Dawson, Geoffrey Goddard, Christian Gonzenbach, Christian Hatton, Louis Klemantaski, Stefan Lüscher, Richard Meinert, F. Naef, Peter Roberts, Alois Rottensteiner, Rainer Schlegelmilch, Бернхард Эггер фото,
:: ru-moto images of 100 CAR BRANDS:
Abarth, Abarth-Fiat, AC, Alfa Romeo, Allard, Antas, Alpine, Alvis, Aston Martin, Audi, Austin, Austro V, Auto Union, AWE, Bentley, Bizzarrini, BMW, Borgward, Bristol, Bugatti, Byers, Chevrolet, Chrysler, Cisitalia, Citroen, Colani, Cooper, CR Salmson, Dacia, Datsun, Denzel, De Tomaso, DKW, Devin, Ermini, Ferrari, Fiat, Ford, Filandi, Faralli Mazzanti, FMR, GAZ, Giannini, Gilco, Ginetta, Gordini, Healey, Horch, HRG, IMP, Intermeccanica, Iso, Italia, Jaguar, HWM Jaguar, Lagonda, Lamborghini, Lada, Lancia, Lea Francis, Lotus, Marcos, Maserati, Mazda, Mazzanti, McLaren, Mercedes-Benz, Messerschmitt, MG, Mini, Morgan, Morris, Maybach, NSU, OM, Opel, Osca, Peugeot, Plymouth, Porsche, Puch, Railton, Reliant, Renault, Riley, Rolls-Royce, Saab, Salmson, Siata, Skoda, Squire, Stanguellini, Steyr, Steyr-Puch, Talbot, Tatra, Triumph, Uragano, Veritas, Volkswagen, Volvo, Wanderer,
Bergpreis Tauplitzalm (c) 2008 Бернхард Эггер :: ru-moto images
This work is protected under copyright laws and agreements.
All rights reserved © 2011 Бернхард Эггер :: rumoto images
NO RELEASE • NO flickr API • No part of this photostream may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without my prior permission!
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★ classic sports cars ★ motorcycles sports events ★ Mille Miglia | Ennstal-Classic ★ motor sports passion ★ Oldtimer GP ★ Fine Art
:: Бернхард Эггер, фото, rumoto, images, фотограф, 写真家, Nikon, FX, full frame, Fotográfico, photographer, Fotografo, photography, Fotografie, passion, Passione, Leidenschaft, emotion, Emozioni, satisfaction, Faszination, enthusiast, classiche, classica, classic, classical, vintage, storiche, historic, historisch, historique, retro, Rétromobile, Oldtimer, Oldtimersport, Heritage, Motorsport, motoring, competizione, motorracing, Rennsport, corse, Ecurie, veloce, speed, race, racing, race trake, circuit, Rennstrecke, supershot, Австрия, Россия, Ennstal-Classic, Gröbming, Racecar-Trophy, Tauplitzalm, Sberbank, Сбербанк, ZENITH, Mille Miglia, Targa Florio, Rally, Rallye, Automobilsport, Techno Classica, Moto d'Epoca, Goodwood, FOS, FIA Founding Members Heritage Cup, Passione senza Tempo, Automobile, машина, Autos, car, sportscars, Sportwagen, Rennwagen, Sportfoto, fine art, poster, digital, collection, Canvas Prints, posters, Kunstdruck, print, prints, quality, authentic, exclusive, original, calendar, Kalender, gallery, old stile, Event, events, postcard, greeting card, beauty, beautiful, gorgeous, canvas, best, art, 摩托, 車, バイク, камера,
:: rumoto images of 110 CAR BRANDS:
Abarth, Abarth-Fiat, AC, Alfa Romeo, Allard, Antas, Alpine, Alvis, Aston Martin, Audi, Austin, Austro V, Auto Union, AWE, Bentley, Bizzarrini, BMW, Borgward, Bristol, Bugatti, Byers, Chevrolet, Chrysler, Cisitalia, Citroen, Colani, Cooper, CR Salmson, Dacia, Datsun, Denzel, De Tomaso, DKW, Devin, Ermini, Ferrari, Fiat, Ford, Filandi, Faralli Mazzanti, FMR, GAZ, ГАЗ, Giannini, Gilco, Ginetta, Gordini, Healey, Horch, HRG, IMP, Intermeccanica, Iso, Italia, Jaguar, HWM Jaguar, Lagonda, Lamborghini, Lada, Lancia, Lea Francis, Lotus, March, Marcos, Maserati, Mazda, Mazzanti, McLaren, Mercedes-Benz, Messerschmitt, MG, Mini, Morgan, Morris, Maybach, NSU, OM, Opel, Osca, Peugeot, Plymouth, Porsche, Puch, Railton, Reliant, Renault, Riley, Rolls-Royce, Saab, Salmson, Siata, Skoda, Squire, Stanguellini, Steyr, Steyr-Puch, Talbot, Tatra, Triumph, Uragano, Veritas, Volkswagen, Volvo, Wanderer,
Design, Bizzarrini, Bertone, BAT, Berlinetta Aerodinamica Tecnica, Bizzarrini Giotto, Felice Mario Boana, Carrozzeria Castagna, Carrozzeria, Carrozzeria Colli, Carrozzeria Fissore, Italdesign Giugiaro, Callum Ian, Dallara Gianpaolo, Miura, De Tomaso Pantera, De Tomaso Alejandro, Gandini Marcello, Lamborghini Miura, Countach, De Simon, Diablo, Lancia Stratos, Carrozzeria Francis Lombardi, Carrozzeria Marazzi, Carrozzeria Scaglietti, Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera, Carrozzeria Varesina, Maserati Khamsin, Friedrich Indra, Fuhrmann, Gamine, Giugiaro Giorgio, Carrozzeria Ghia, Maserati Bora, Pininfarina, Scaglietti, Modena, Christian Nell, Stanzani Paolo, Bugatti EB110, Campogalliano, Touring Milano, Vignale, Zagato, Pedrazza, Werner Zinke,
motorsport photographer legends, Neill Bruce, Colin McMaster, Andrew Morland, Ian Dawson, Geoffrey Goddard, Christian Gonzenbach, Christian Hatton, Louis Klemantaski, Stefan Lüscher, Richard Meinert, F. Naef, Peter Roberts, Rainer Schlegelmilch,
driver legends, Champions, Fahrer, driver, Legenden, Rauno Aaltonen, Carlo Abarth, Markku Alén, Michele Alboreto, Chris Amon, Mario Andretti, Richard Attwood, Derek Bell, Gerhard Berger, Jo Bonnier, Jack Brabham, Tony Brooks, Eric Carlson, Francois Cevert, Chapman, David Coulthard, Patrick Dempsey, Mark Donohue, Vic Elford, Michael McDowel, Bruce McLaren, De Filippis, Maria Teresa de Filippis, Emerson Fittipaldi, Nanni Galli, Peter Gethin, Jim Hall, Mike Hawthorn, Brian Henton, Hans Hermann, Phil Hill, Günther Huber, Denis Hulme, Gerad Larrousse, Niki Lauda, Umberto Maglioli, Nigel Mansell, Helmut Marko, Jochen Mass, Jo Siffert, Stirling Moss, Gino Munaron, Alfred Neubauer, Jackie Oliver, Johannes Ortner, Henry Pescarolo, Gunther Phillip, Teddy Pilette, David Piper, Dieter Quester, Joaquin Jo Ramirez, Jochen Rindt, Walter Röhrl, Pedro Rodríguez, Jean Sage, Jody Scheckter, Peter Schetty, Stuck, Marc Surer, John Surtees, Jackie Stewart, Jarno Trulli, Nino Vaccarella, Sebastian Vettel, Luciano Viaro, Jo Vonlanthen, Peter Westbury, Björn Waldegard, Mark Webber, Franz Wittmann, Alexander Wurz, Franz Wurz, Rudi Stohl, Ecurie Vienne, Walter Wolf, Helmut Zwickl,
TO SEE ONLY IN 30/60 OPTED OUT GROUPS !
Dieses Bild gibt es nur in Gruppen OHNE 30/60-LIMIT zu sehen
If you may want to see out more of my images, or you ever have questions for buying and usages of the photographs - I'd love to hear from you.
☆ Берни Эггерян :: rumoto images
differs from all the turkeys out there
Ennstal-Classic # 178 Volvo P 1800 S 1966, 1780 ccm, 140 PS - Kerssenfischer / Rameder (D) (c) 2011 Бернхард Эггер :: rumoto images 6769
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All Rights Reserved © 2016 Бернхард Эггер :: rumoto images
NO RELEASE • NO flickr API • No part of this photostream may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without my prior permission.
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☆ A big thankyou for an incredible 80 MILLION VIEWS on flickr!
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
★ classic sports cars ★ motorcycles sports events ★ Mille Miglia | Ennstal-Classic ★ motorsports ★ Oldtimer GP | TT ★ Fine Art
:: Tags: Бернхард Эггер, фото, rumoto, images, фотограф, Австрия, Авто, машина, Автомобиль, SBERBANK, Сбербанк, Россия, motoring, Ennstal-Classic, Gröbming, ZENITH, Racecar Trophy, Steiermark, Styria, Austria, race trake, circuit, Rennstrecke, speed, action, race, racing, Rallye, Rally, Hill Climb, retro, vintage, old stile, Automobile, Autos, car, cars, sportscars, Sportwagen, Rennwagen, classic, historic, historisch, historique, storiche, Oldtimer, Oldtimermarkt, Oldtimersport, emotion, emotions, passion, Leidenschaft, satisfaction, Faszination, Motorsport, Rennsport, Event, events, motorracing, Fotográfico, Fotografie, Sportfoto, photographer, supershot, collection, Fotos, Bilder, digital, Canvas Prints, posters, Kunstdruck, art print, classical, artist, poster, print, prints, printed, quality, fine art, calendar, Kalender, postcard, greeting card, beauty, beautiful, gorgeous, portfolio, canvas, photo-shooting, best, authentic, exclusive, original, art, 摩托, 車, バイク, gear, equipment, камера, NPS, gallery, Galerie, Bernhard Egger, Autriche, Österreich, Europe,
:: rumoto images of 110 CAR BRANDS:
Abarth, Abarth-Fiat, AC, Alfa Romeo, Allard, Antas, Alpine, Alvis, Aston Martin, Audi, Austin, Austro V, Auto Union, AWE, Bentley, Bizzarrini, BMW, Borgward, Bristol, Bugatti, Byers, Chevrolet, Chrysler, Cisitalia, Citroen, Colani, Cooper, CR Salmson, Dacia, Datsun, Denzel, De Tomaso, DKW, Devin, Ermini, Ferrari, Fiat, Ford, Filandi, Faralli Mazzanti, FMR, GAZ, Giannini, Gilco, Ginetta, Gordini, Healey, Horch, HRG, IMP, Intermeccanica, Iso, Italia, Jaguar, HWM Jaguar, Lagonda, Lamborghini, Lada, Lancia, Lea Francis, Lotus, Marcos, Maserati, Mazda, Mazzanti, McLaren, Mercedes-Benz, Messerschmitt, MG, Mini, Morgan, Morris, Maybach, NSU, OM, Opel, Osca, Peugeot, Plymouth, Porsche, Puch, Railton, Reliant, Renault, Riley, Rolls-Royce, Saab, Salmson, Siata, Skoda, Squire, Stanguellini, Steyr, Steyr-Puch, Talbot, Tatra, Triumph, Uragano, Veritas, Volkswagen, Volvo, Wanderer,
photographer legends, Neill Bruce, Colin McMaster, Andrew Morland, Ian Dawson, Geoffrey Goddard, Christian Gonzenbach, Christian Hatton, Louis Klemantaski, Stefan Lüscher, Richard Meinert, F. Naef, Peter Roberts, Alois Rottensteiner, Rainer Schlegelmilch,
legends, Champions, Fahrer, driver, Legenden, Rauno Aaltonen, Carlo Abarth, Markku Alén, Chris Amon, Mario Andretti, Richard Attwood, Derek Bell, Gerhard Berger, Jo Bonnier, Jack Brabham, Tony Brooks, Francois Cevert, Chapman, Mark Donohue, Vic Elford, Michael McDowel, Bruce McLaren, De Filippis, Maria Teresa de Filippis, Emerson Fittipaldi, Nanni Galli, Peter Gethin, Jim Hall, Mike Hawthorn, Brian Henton, Hans Hermann, Phil Hill, Günther Huber, Denis Hulme, Gerad Larrousse, Umberto Maglioli, Nigel Mansell, Helmut Marko, Jochen Mass, Jo Siffert, Stirling Moss, Gino Munaron, Alfred Neubauer, Jackie Oliver, Henry Pescarolo, Gunther Phillip, Teddy Pilette, David Piper, Dieter Quester, Joaquin Jo Ramirez, Jochen Rindt, Pedro Rodríguez, Jean Sage, Jody Scheckter, Stuck, Marc Surer, Jackie Stewart, Nino Vaccarella, Jo Vonlanthen, Peter Westbury, Björn Waldegard, Franz Wittmann, Rudi Stohl, Luciano Viaro, Ecurie Vienne, Walter Wolf, Helmut Zwickl,
TO SEE ONLY IN 30/60 OPTED OUT GROUPS !
Dieses Bild gibt es nur in Gruppen OHNE 30/60-LIMIT zu sehen
If you may want to see out more of my images, or you ever have questions for buying and usages of the photographs - I'd love to hear from you.
☆ Берни Эггерян :: rumoto images
differs from all the turkeys out there
Porsche Speedster GU911EL (c) 2005 Bernhard Egger :: rumoto images 5607
NASA Administrator Charles Bolden, right, and President of the Italian Space Agency (ASI), Professor Roberto Battiston, left, shake hands after signing a Letter of Agreement for cooperation on Earth observation research, including environmental monitoring and disaster management, on Wednesday, September 9, 2015 at the Italian Embassy in Washington, DC. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani).
This work is protected under copyright laws and agreements.
All rights reserved © 2010 Бернхард Эггер :: ru-moto images
NO RELEASE • NO flickr API • No part of this photostream may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without my prior permission!
Todos los Derechos Reservados • Tous droits réservés • Todos os Direitos Reservados • Все права защищены • Tutti i diritti riservati
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
►my profile... |►collections.. |►sets.. |►facebook |►get a print
:: ru-moto is admin of 77 & member of 610 groups (3/2018)
☆ A big thankyou for incredible 60 MILLION VIEWS on flickr!
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
★ classic sports cars ★ motorcycles sports events ★ Mille Miglia | Ennstal-Classic ★ motor sports ★ Oldtimer GP | TT IOM ★ fine art
:: Tags: Бернхард Эггер, фото, ru-moto, images, фотограф, 写真家, Nikon, FX, full frame, Fotográfico, photographer, Fotografo, photography, Fotografie, passion, Passione, Leidenschaft, emotion, Emozioni, satisfaction, Faszination, enthusiast, classiche, classica, classic, classical, vintage, storiche, historic, historisch, historique, retro, Rétromobile, Automobile, машина, Autos, car, sportscars, Sportwagen, Rennwagen, Sportfoto, Oldtimersport, Heritage, Motorsport, motoring, competizione, motorracing, Rennsport, Hill Climb, Bergrennen, Gleichmäßigkeitsveranstaltung, corse, Ecurie, veloce, speed, race trake, circuit, Rennstrecke, supershot, Racecar-Trophy, Tauplitzalm, Bergpreis, Bad Mitterndorf, Steiermark, Styria, Австрия, Austria, Automobilsport, Passione senza Tempo, fine art, poster, digital, collection, Canvas Prints, posters, Kunstdruck, print, prints, quality, authentic, exclusive, original, calendar, Kalender, gallery, old stile, Event, events, postcard, greeting card, beauty, beautiful, gorgeous, canvas, best, art, 摩托, 車, バイク, камера,
photographer legends, Neill Bruce, Colin McMaster, Andrew Morland, Ian Dawson, Geoffrey Goddard, Christian Gonzenbach, Christian Hatton, Louis Klemantaski, Stefan Lüscher, Richard Meinert, F. Naef, Peter Roberts, Alois Rottensteiner, Rainer Schlegelmilch, Бернхард Эггер фото,
:: ru-moto images of 100 CAR BRANDS:
Abarth, Abarth-Fiat, AC, Alfa Romeo, Allard, Antas, Alpine, Alvis, Aston Martin, Audi, Austin, Austro V, Auto Union, AWE, Bentley, Bizzarrini, BMW, Borgward, Bristol, Bugatti, Byers, Chevrolet, Chrysler, Cisitalia, Citroen, Colani, Cooper, CR Salmson, Dacia, Datsun, Denzel, De Tomaso, DKW, Devin, Ermini, Ferrari, Fiat, Ford, Filandi, Faralli Mazzanti, FMR, GAZ, Giannini, Gilco, Ginetta, Gordini, Healey, Horch, HRG, IMP, Intermeccanica, Iso, Italia, Jaguar, HWM Jaguar, Lagonda, Lamborghini, Lada, Lancia, Lea Francis, Lotus, Marcos, Maserati, Mazda, Mazzanti, McLaren, Mercedes-Benz, Messerschmitt, MG, Mini, Morgan, Morris, Maybach, NSU, OM, Opel, Osca, Peugeot, Plymouth, Porsche, Puch, Railton, Reliant, Renault, Riley, Rolls-Royce, Saab, Salmson, Siata, Skoda, Squire, Stanguellini, Steyr, Steyr-Puch, Talbot, Tatra, Triumph, Uragano, Veritas, Volkswagen, Volvo, Wanderer,
Bergpreis Tauplitzalm (c) 2008 Бернхард Эггер :: ru-moto images
Article 13
1. In order to build mutual trust and confidence and to promote effective implementation, an enhanced transparency
framework for action and support, with built-in flexibility which takes into account Parties’ different capacities
and builds upon collective experience is hereby established.
2. The transparency framework shall provide flexibility in the implementation of the provisions of this Article to
those developing country Parties that need it in the light of their capacities. The modalities, procedures and
guidelines referred to in paragraph 13 of this Article shall reflect such flexibility.
3. The transparency framework shall build on and enhance the transparency arrangements under the Convention,
recognizing the special circumstances of the least developed countries and small island developing States, and be
implemented in a facilitative, non-intrusive, non-punitive manner, respectful of national sovereignty, and avoid
placing undue burden on Parties.
4. The transparency arrangements under the Convention, including national communications, biennial reports and
biennial update reports, international assessment and review and international consultation and analysis, shall
form part of the experience drawn upon for the development of the modalities, procedures and guidelines under
paragraph 13 of this Article.
5. The purpose of the framework for transparency of action is to provide a clear understanding of climate change
action in the light of the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2, including clarity and tracking of
progress towards achieving Parties’ individual nationally determined contributions under Article 4, and Parties’
adaptation actions under Article 7, including good practices, priorities, needs and gaps, to inform the global
stocktake under Article 14.
6. The purpose of the framework for transparency of support is to provide clarity on support provided and received
by relevant individual Parties in the context of climate change actions under Articles 4, 7, 9, 10 and 11, and, to
the extent possible, to provide a full overview of aggregate financial support provided, to inform the global
stocktake under Article 14.
7. Each Party shall regularly provide the following information:(a) A national inventory report of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse
gases, prepared using good practice methodologies accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change and agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris
Agreement;
(b) Information necessary to track progress made in implementing and achieving its nationally determined
contribution under Article 4.
8. Each Party should also provide information related to climate change impacts and adaptation under Article 7, as
appropriate.
9. Developed country Parties shall, and other Parties that provide support should, provide information on financial,
technology transfer and capacity-building support provided to developing country Parties under Article 9, 10 and
11.
10. Developing country Parties should provide information on financial, technology transfer and capacity-building
support needed and received under Articles 9, 10 and 11.
11. Information submitted by each Party under paragraphs 7 and 9 of this Article shall undergo a technical expert
review, in accordance with decision 1/CP.21. For those developing country Parties that need it in the light of
their capacities, the review process shall include assistance in identifying capacity-building needs. In addition,
each Party shall participate in a facilitative, multilateral consideration of progress with respect to efforts under
Article 9, and its respective implementation and achievement of its nationally determined contribution.
12. The technical expert review under this paragraph shall consist of a consideration of the Party’s support provided,
as relevant, and its implementation and achievement of its nationally determined contribution. The review shall
also identify areas of improvement for the Party, and include a review of the consistency of the information with
the modalities, procedures and guidelines referred to in paragraph 13 of this Article, taking into account the
flexibility accorded to the Party under paragraph 2 of this Article. The review shall pay particular attention to the
respective national capabilities and circumstances of developing country Parties.
13. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement shall, at its first
session, building on experience from the arrangements related to transparency under the Convention, and
elaborating on the provisions in this Article, adopt common modalities, procedures and guidelines, as
appropriate, for the transparency of action and support.
14. Support shall be provided to developing countries for the implementation of this Article.
15. Support shall also be provided for the building of transparency-related capacity of developing country Parties on
a continuous basis.
NASA Administrator Bill Nelson shows Prime Minister of Japan, His Excellency Kishida Fumio, a model of the International Space Station (ISS) before U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken and Japan’s Minister for Foreign Affairs, Hayashi Yoshimasa, sign an agreement that builds on a long history of collaboration in space exploration between the U.S. and Japan, Friday, Jan. 13, 2023, at the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters building in Washington. “The Framework Agreement Between the Government of Japan and the Government of the United States of America for Cooperation in Space Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, For Peaceful Purposes” covers joint activities including space science, Earth science, space operations and exploration, aeronautical science and technology, space technology, space transportation, and safety and mission assurance, among others. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)
©All photographs on this site are copyright: DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams) 2011 – 2020 & GETTY IMAGES ®
No license is given nor granted in respect of the use of any copyrighted material on this site other than with the express written agreement of DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams) ©
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Photograph taken at an altitude of Twenty five metres, at 14:34am on Monday 20th January 2020, in Whitehall A3212 in London SW1A at the front of Horse Guards, where an officer of the Household Cavalry and his beautiful horse stand guard. This is home to annual ceremonies including Trooping of the colour and was used for the Olympics in 2012, and it was once controversially just used as a car park for dignitaries.
Another mounted officer is situated to the right of the main gate and both are now flanked by at least three fully armed Police officers nowadays.
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Nikon D850 Hand held with Sigma OS Optical Stabilization enabled on Normal setting. Focal length 70mm Shutter speeed 1/30s Aperture f/16.0 iso500 RAW (14 bit uncompressed) Image size L 8256 x 5504 FX). Colour space Adobe RGB. Nikon Back button focusing enabled. Focus mode AF-C focus 51 point with 3-D tracking. Exposure mode - Shutter priority mode. Matrix metering. ISO Sensitivity: Manually set. Active D-lighting on Automatic. Picture control: Standard with Sharpening A+3.00 and clarity +1.00
Sigma 60-600mm f/4.5-6.3DG OS HSM SPORTS (Firmware version 1.00 05/11/2019). Lee SW150 MKI filter holder with MK2 light shield and custom made velcro fitting for the Sigma lens. Lee SW150 circular polariser glass filter.Lee SW150 Filters field pouch.Nikon EN-EL15a battery. Matin quick release neckstrap. My Memory 128GB Class 10 SDXC 80MB/s card. Lowepro Flipside 400 AW camera bag.
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LATITUDE: N 51d 30m 17.56s
LONGITUDE: W 0d 7m 35.79s
ALTITUDE: 25.0m
RAW (TIFF) FILE: 130.00MB NEF: 92.9MB
PROCESSED (JPeg) FILE: 33.30MB
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PROCESSING POWER:
Nikon D850 Firmware versions C 1.01 (16/01/2018) LD Distortion Data 2.017 (20/3/18)
HP 110-352na Desktop PC with AMD Quad-Core A6-5200 APU 64Bit processor. Radeon HD8400 graphics. 8 GB DDR3 Memory with 1TB SATA storage. 64-bit Windows 10. Verbatim USB 2.0 1TB desktop hard drive. WD My Passport Ultra 1tb USB3 Portable hard drive. Nikon ViewNX-1 64bit (Version 1.2.11 15/03/2018). Nikon Capture NX-D 64bit (Version 1.4.7 15/03/2018). Nikon Picture Control Utility 2 (Version 1.3.2 15/03/2018). Adobe photoshop Elements 8 Version 8.0 64bit.
©All photographs on this site are copyright: ©DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams) 2011 – 2023 & GETTY IMAGES ®
No license is given nor granted in respect of the use of any copyrighted material on this site other than with the express written agreement of ©DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams). No image may be used as source material for paintings, drawings, sculptures, or any other art form without permission and/or compensation to ©DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams)
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Photograph taken at an altitude of Zero metres (Sea level) at 18:29pm on Wednesday 17th May 2023 on an unnamed and uninhabited by mankind wilderness, some distance from Dawley Passage Provincial Park and Meares Island in the Alberni-Clayoquot region of British Columbia in Canada.
I was stationed in a seventy year old house I was renting in Campbell Street, Tofino in British Columbia in Canada. In this image I was seated at the front of a twenty three feet long Zodiac inflatable in full life saving gear. We got a call to say a rare sighting of a pod of Orcas was made, and raced to take a respectfully distanced look. Here we see the mother and calve hugging the coastline.
Orca (Orcinus orca), also called killer whale, is a toothed whale belonging to the oceanic dolphin family, of which it is the largest member. It is the only extant species in the genus Orcinus and is recognizable by its black-and-white patterned body. A cosmopolitan species, orcas can be found in all of the world's oceans in a variety of marine environments, from Arctic and Antarctic regions to tropical seas.
Nikon D850 Single-lens reflex digital camera F Mount with FX CMOS 35.9mm x 23.9mm Image sensor 46.89 Million total pixels Focal length 600mm Shutter speed: 1/800s (Mechanical shutter) Aperture f/11.0 iso500 Image area Full Frame FX (36 x 24) NEF RAW L 45.4Million pixels (8256 x 5504) 14 Bit uncompressed Hand held with Tamron VC control enabled AF-C Priority Selection: Release Nikon Back button focusing enabled 3D Tracking watch area: Normal 55 Tracking points Exposure mode: Manual mode Metering mode: Matrix metering White balance on: Auto1, A1.00, M0.25 (4720k) Colour space: Adobe RGB Picture control: (A) Auto (Sharpening A+1.00/Clarity A+1.00)
Tamron SP 150-600mm F/5-6.3 Di VC USD G2. Nikon GP-1 GPS module. Hoodman HEYENRG round eyepiece oversized eyecup. Black Rapid Curve Breathe strap. My Memory 128GB Class 10 SDXC 80MB/s card. Lowepro Flipside 400 AW camera bag. Nikon EN-EL15a battery.
LATITUDE: N 49d 10m 6.3s
LONGITUDE: W 125d 44m 36.40s
ALTITUDE: 0.0m
RAW (TIFF) FILE: 130.00MB NEF: 94.6MB
PROCESSED (JPeg) FILE: 26.40MB
PROCESSING POWER:
Nikon D850 Firmware versions C 1.21 (8/12/2022) LD Distortion Data 2.018 (16/01/20) LF 1.00 Nikon Codec Full version 1.31.2 (09/11/2021)
HP 110-352na Desktop PC with Windows 10 Home edition AMD Quad-Core A6-5200 APU 64Bit processor. Radeon HD8400 graphics. 8 GB DDR3 Memory with 1TB Data storage. 64-bit Windows 10. My Passport USB 3.0 2TB portable desktop hard drive. Nikon NX STUDIO 64bit Version 1.2.2 (08/12/2022). Nikon Capture NX-D 64bit Version 1.6.2 (18/02/2020). Nikon Picture Control Utility 2 (Version 2.4.5 (18/02/2020). Nikon Transfer 2 Version 2.16.0 (08/12/2022). Adobe photoshop Elements 8 Version 8.0 64bit.
This work is protected under copyright laws and agreements.
All rights reserved © 2008 Бернхард Эггер :: ru-moto images
NO RELEASE • NO flickr API • No part of this photostream may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without my prior permission!
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:: Tags: Бернхард Эггер, фото, ru-moto, images, фотограф, 写真家, Fotográfico, photographer, Fotografo, photography, Fotografie, passion, Passione, Leidenschaft, emotion, Emozioni, satisfaction, Faszination, enthusiast, classiche, classica, classic, classical, vintage, storiche, historic, historisch, historique, retro, Rétromobile, Automobile, машина, Autos, car, sportscars, Sportwagen, Rennwagen, Sportfoto, Oldtimersport, Heritage, Motorsport, motoring, competizione, motorracing, Rennsport, Hill Climb, Bergrennen, Gleichmäßigkeitsveranstaltung, corse, Ecurie, veloce, speed, race trake, circuit, Rennstrecke, supershot, Racecar-Trophy, Tauplitzalm, Bergpreis, Bad Mitterndorf, Steiermark, Styria, Австрия, Austria, Automobilsport, Passione senza Tempo, fine art, poster, digital, collection, Canvas Prints, posters, Kunstdruck, print, prints, quality, authentic, exclusive, original, calendar, Kalender, gallery, old stile, Event, events, postcard, greeting card, beauty, beautiful, gorgeous, canvas, best, art, 摩托, 車, バイク, камера,
photographer legends, Neill Bruce, Colin McMaster, Andrew Morland, Ian Dawson, Geoffrey Goddard, Christian Gonzenbach, Christian Hatton, Louis Klemantaski, Stefan Lüscher, Richard Meinert, F. Naef, Peter Roberts, Alois Rottensteiner, Rainer Schlegelmilch, Бернхард Эггер фото,
:: ru-moto images of 100 CAR BRANDS:
Abarth, Abarth-Fiat, AC, Alfa Romeo, Allard, Antas, Alpine, Alvis, Aston Martin, Audi, Austin, Austro V, Auto Union, AWE, Bentley, Bizzarrini, BMW, Borgward, Bristol, Bugatti, Byers, Chevrolet, Chrysler, Cisitalia, Citroen, Colani, Cooper, CR Salmson, Dacia, Datsun, Denzel, De Tomaso, DKW, Devin, Ermini, Ferrari, Fiat, Ford, Filandi, Faralli Mazzanti, FMR, GAZ, Giannini, Gilco, Ginetta, Gordini, Healey, Horch, HRG, IMP, Intermeccanica, Iso, Italia, Jaguar, HWM Jaguar, Lagonda, Lamborghini, Lada, Lancia, Lea Francis, Lotus, Marcos, Maserati, Mazda, Mazzanti, McLaren, Mercedes-Benz, Messerschmitt, MG, Mini, Morgan, Morris, Maybach, NSU, OM, Opel, Osca, Peugeot, Plymouth, Porsche, Puch, Railton, Reliant, Renault, Riley, Rolls-Royce, Saab, Salmson, Siata, Skoda, Squire, Stanguellini, Steyr, Steyr-Puch, Talbot, Tatra, Triumph, Uragano, Veritas, Volkswagen, Volvo, Wanderer,
Bergpreis Tauplitzalm (c) 2008 Бернхард Эггер :: ru-moto images
Wat could of been an excellent night of noise from 2 biggies turned out to be a massive flop as booked! They weren't working in multi and this plpr set hasn't been for a week or so.... but a temp bodge / fix during its outing last night ment the lead loco wasn't actually taking much power and the rear loco was""" think its the full gang chasing agreement now to nip this chasing them round here till late fully in the bud as its just pointless for countless reasons nowadays.
37425 TNT 37405 on 1Q43 Longsight CAR M.D. - Longsight CAR M.D. at Rose Hill Marple 20/11/2024
©All photographs on this site are copyright: DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams) 2011 – 2020 & GETTY IMAGES ®
No license is given nor granted in respect of the use of any copyrighted material on this site other than with the express written agreement of DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams) ©
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I would like to say a huge and heartfelt 'THANK YOU' to GETTY IMAGES, and the 34.811+ Million visitors to my FLICKR site.
***** Selected for sale in the GETTY IMAGES COLLECTION on January 28th 2020
CREATIVE RF gty.im/1202293638 MOMENT OPEN COLLECTION**
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Photograph taken at an altitude of Three hundred and fifty metres, at 14:45pm on Wednesday 11th September 2019 off Island Parkway in the grounds of McArthur Island Park, located on the North bank of the Thompson River in Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada.
The Yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris) is a large ground squirrel, also known as the rock chuck, one of fourteen species of marmots native to mountainous regions of Southwestern Canada and Western United States. Adults can weigh up to 5kgs. They are diurnal and hibernate from late September for approximately eight months each year.
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Nikon D850. Focal length 300mm Shutter speed 1/125s Aperture f/16.0 iso720 RAW (14 bit uncompressed) Image size L (8256 x 5504 FX). Hand held with Nikon Image stabilization VR enabled on Normal mode. Focus mode AF-C focus 51 point with 3D- tracking. AF-Area mode single point & 73 point switchable. Exposure mode - Aperture priority exposure. Nikon Back button focusing enabled. Matrix metering. ISO Sensitivity: Auto. White balance: Natural light auto. Colour space Adobe RGB. Nikon Distortion control on. Picture control: Auto. High ISO NR on. Vignette control: normal. Active D-lighting Auto.
Nikkor AF-P 70-300mm f/4.5-5.6E. Lee SW150 MKII filter holder. Lee SW150Con adapter for Lee 100 rings.Lee 100 67mm screw in adapter ring. Lee SW150 circular polariser glass filter.Lee SW150 Filters field pouch.Nikon EN-EL15a battery.Mcoplus professional MB-D850 multi function battery grip 6960. Matin quick release neckstrap. My Memory 128GB Class 10 SDXC 80MB/s card. Lowepro Flipside 400 AW camera bag. Nikon GP-1 GPS module. Hoodman HEYENRG round eyepiece oversized eyecup.
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LATITUDE: N 50d 41m 32.59s
LONGITUDE: W 120d 22m 22.60s
ALTITUDE: 350.0m
RAW (TIFF) FILE: 130.00MB NEF: 91.1MB
PROCESSED (JPeg) FILE: 35.80MB
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PROCESSING POWER:
Nikon D850 Firmware versions C 1.10 (9/05/2019) LD Distortion Data 2.017 (20/3/18) LF 1.00
HP 110-352na Desktop PC with AMD Quad-Core A6-5200 APU 64Bit processor. Radeon HD8400 graphics. 8 GB DDR3 Memory with 1TB Data storage. 64-bit Windows 10. Verbatim USB 2.0 1TB desktop hard drive. WD My Passport Ultra 1tb USB3 Portable hard drive. Nikon ViewNX-1 64bit (Version 1.3.1 11/07/2019). Nikon Capture NX-D 64bit (Version 1.4.7 15/03/2018). Nikon Picture Control Utility 2 (Version 1.3.2 15/03/2018). Adobe photoshop Elements 8 Version 8.0 64bit.
© Mathias Kellermann 2012 - This work is protected under international copyright laws and agreements. No part of this photostream may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system (except Flickr Expo system and Faves) , or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without my prior written permission.
L'exploitation et la reproduction à des fins commerciales ou non commerciales d'une oeuvre sans autorisation ecrite de son auteur constitue un acte de contrefaçon pénalement sanctionné au titre des articles L.122-4, L335-2 et L335-3 du CPI.
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Thank you all for your comments, invitations and support :)
NASA Deputy Administrator Dava Newman, left, Brazilian Space Agency (AEB) President José Raimundo Braga Coelho, center, and NASA Administrator Charles Bolden talk after signing agreements to further research into heliophysics and space weather and to enhance global climate study and educational opportunities, Tuesday, June 30, 2015 at NASA Headquarters in Washington. Photo Credit: (NASA/Bill Ingalls)
This work is protected under copyright laws and agreements.
All rights reserved © 2008 Бернхард Эггер :: ru-moto images
NO RELEASE • NO flickr API • No part of this photostream may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without my prior permission!
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:: ru-moto is admin of 77 & member of 610 groups (3/2018)
☆ A big thankyou for incredible 60 MILLION VIEWS on flickr!
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
★ classic sports cars ★ motorcycles sports events ★ Mille Miglia | Ennstal-Classic ★ motor sports ★ Oldtimer GP | TT IOM ★ fine art
:: Tags: Бернхард Эггер, фото, ru-moto, images, фотограф, 写真家, Fotográfico, photographer, Fotografo, photography, Fotografie, passion, Passione, Leidenschaft, emotion, Emozioni, satisfaction, Faszination, enthusiast, classiche, classica, classic, classical, vintage, storiche, historic, historisch, historique, retro, Rétromobile, Automobile, машина, Autos, car, sportscars, Sportwagen, Rennwagen, Sportfoto, Oldtimersport, Heritage, Motorsport, motoring, competizione, motorracing, Rennsport, Hill Climb, Bergrennen, Gleichmäßigkeitsveranstaltung, corse, Ecurie, veloce, speed, race trake, circuit, Rennstrecke, supershot, Racecar-Trophy, Tauplitzalm, Bergpreis, Bad Mitterndorf, Steiermark, Styria, Австрия, Austria, Automobilsport, Passione senza Tempo, fine art, poster, digital, collection, Canvas Prints, posters, Kunstdruck, print, prints, quality, authentic, exclusive, original, calendar, Kalender, gallery, old stile, Event, events, postcard, greeting card, beauty, beautiful, gorgeous, canvas, best, art, 摩托, 車, バイク, камера,
photographer legends, Neill Bruce, Colin McMaster, Andrew Morland, Ian Dawson, Geoffrey Goddard, Christian Gonzenbach, Christian Hatton, Louis Klemantaski, Stefan Lüscher, Richard Meinert, F. Naef, Peter Roberts, Alois Rottensteiner, Rainer Schlegelmilch, Бернхард Эггер фото,
:: ru-moto images of 100 CAR BRANDS:
Abarth, Abarth-Fiat, AC, Alfa Romeo, Allard, Antas, Alpine, Alvis, Aston Martin, Audi, Austin, Austro V, Auto Union, AWE, Bentley, Bizzarrini, BMW, Borgward, Bristol, Bugatti, Byers, Chevrolet, Chrysler, Cisitalia, Citroen, Colani, Cooper, CR Salmson, Dacia, Datsun, Denzel, De Tomaso, DKW, Devin, Ermini, Ferrari, Fiat, Ford, Filandi, Faralli Mazzanti, FMR, GAZ, Giannini, Gilco, Ginetta, Gordini, Healey, Horch, HRG, IMP, Intermeccanica, Iso, Italia, Jaguar, HWM Jaguar, Lagonda, Lamborghini, Lada, Lancia, Lea Francis, Lotus, Marcos, Maserati, Mazda, Mazzanti, McLaren, Mercedes-Benz, Messerschmitt, MG, Mini, Morgan, Morris, Maybach, NSU, OM, Opel, Osca, Peugeot, Plymouth, Porsche, Puch, Railton, Reliant, Renault, Riley, Rolls-Royce, Saab, Salmson, Siata, Skoda, Squire, Stanguellini, Steyr, Steyr-Puch, Talbot, Tatra, Triumph, Uragano, Veritas, Volkswagen, Volvo, Wanderer,
Bergpreis Tauplitzalm (c) 2008 Бернхард Эггер :: ru-moto images
This work is protected under copyright laws and agreements.
All Rights Reserved © 2013 Bernard Egger :: rumoto images
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:: Берни Эггерян, Бернард Эггер, фото, rumoto, images, фотограф, 写真家, Nikon, FX, full frame, Fotográfico, photographer, Fotografo, photography, Fotografie, passion, Passione, Leidenschaft, emotion, Emozioni, satisfaction, Faszination, enthusiast, classiche, classica, classic, classical, vintage, storiche, historic, historisch, historique, retro, Rétromobile, Automobile, машина, Autos, car, sportscars, Sportwagen, Rennwagen, Sportfoto, Oldtimersport, Heritage, Motorsport, motoring, competizione, motorracing, Rennsport, corse, Ecurie, veloce, speed, race, racing, race trake, circuit, Rennstrecke, Rally, Rallye, supershot, Racecar-Trophy, Planai Classic, Gröbming, Австрия, Sberbank, Сбербанк, ZENITH, Ennstal-Classic, Styria, Austria, Automobilsport, Passione senza Tempo, fine art, poster, digital, collection, Canvas Prints, posters, Kunstdruck, print, prints, quality, authentic, exclusive, original, calendar, Kalender, gallery, old stile, Event, events, postcard, greeting card, beauty, beautiful, gorgeous, canvas, best, art, 摩托, 車, バイク, камера,
motorsport photographer legends, Neill Bruce, Colin McMaster, Andrew Morland, Ian Dawson, Берни Эггерян, Geoffrey Goddard, Christian Gonzenbach, Christian Hatton, Louis Klemantaski, Stefan Lüscher, Richard Meinert, F. Naef, Peter Roberts, Rainer Schlegelmilch,
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differs from all the turkeys out there
1967 Austin Mini Cooper S MK I Kröpfl Planai Classic (c) 2015 Bernard Egger :: rumoto images 2798
In the presence of ESA Director General Johann-Dietrich Woerner (left), Volker Liebig, ESA’s Director of Earth Observation Programmes (right) and Alain Ratier, EUMETSAT’s Director General (centre), signed a Cooperation Agreement on 5 October 2015, at ESA headquarters in Paris, France.
The agreement secures the continued development of the MetOp Second Generation satellites, which will start providing meteorological observations from polar orbit in mid-2021.
MetOp-SG is a cooperative undertaking between ESA and EUMETSAT, the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites.
The MetOp-SG satellites, which form the space segment of EUMETSAT’s Second Generation Polar System, will deliver critical, operational, meteorological observations from polar orbit from 2021 to the mid-2040s. This new generation of satellites will provide enhanced continuity of the current MetOp series, today’s main source of global data for Numerical Weather Prediction, and will also introduce several new measurements. Comprising six satellites, MetOp-SG will operate as a dual system, with an atmospheric sounding and optical imaging instruments on the MetOp-SG-A series and a microwave imaging instrument on MetOp‑SG‑B. The new system will deliver significant improvements for weather forecasting, atmospheric chemistry, operational oceanography, hydrology and climate monitoring. The first A satellite is planned to be launched in mid‑2021, followed by the first B satellite 18 months later. Each series will consist of three satellites to provide 21 years of operations.
Through the agreement, ESA is responsible for the funding and development of the first satellites of the A and B series fulfilling user and system requirements defined by EUMETSAT and for the procurement of the recurrent satellites on its behalf. EUMETSAT procures all the launch services and develops the ground systems required to control the satellites, acquire and process their data and deliver products and services to users in response to their evolving needs. EUMETSAT also integrates and tests the full system that it will operate over two decades for the benefit of users.
With the agreement now in place the next phase of the mission, which entails the detailed design and manufacture of the satellites and associated instruments, will formally start in November upon completion of the Preliminary Design Review.
Credit: ESA–Stephane Corvaja, 2015
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based on historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
The CAC Sabre, sometimes known as the Avon Sabre or CA-27, was an Australian variant of the North American Aviation F-86F Sabre fighter aircraft. In 1951, Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation obtained a license agreement to build the F-86F Sabre. In a major departure from the North American blueprint, it was decided that the CA-27 would be powered by a license-built version of the Rolls-Royce Avon R.A.7, rather than the General Electric J47. In theory, the Avon was capable of more than double the maximum thrust and double the thrust-to-weight ratio of the US engine. This necessitated a re-design of the fuselage, as the Avon was shorter, wider and lighter than the J47.
To accommodate the Avon, over 60 percent of the fuselage was altered and there was a 25 percent increase in the size of the air intake. Another major revision was in replacing the F-86F's six machine guns with two 30mm ADEN cannon, while other changes were also made to the cockpit and to provide an increased fuel capacity.
The prototype aircraft first flew on 3 August 1953. The production aircrafts' first deliveries to the Royal Australian Air Force began in 1954. The first batch of aircraft were powered by the Avon 20 engine and were designated the Sabre Mk 30. Between 1957 and 1958 this batch had the wing slats removed and were re-designated Sabre Mk 31. These Sabres were supplemented by 20 new-built aircraft. The last batch of aircraft were designated Sabre Mk 32 and used the Avon 26 engine, of which 69 were built up to 1961.
Beyond these land-based versions, an indigenous version for carrier operations had been developed and built in small numbers, too, the Sea Sabre Mk 40 and 41. The roots of this aircraft, which was rather a prestigious idea than a sensible project, could be traced back to the immediate post WWII era. A review by the Australian Government's Defence Committee recommended that the post-war forces of the RAN be structured around a Task Force incorporating multiple aircraft carriers. Initial plans were for three carriers, with two active and a third in reserve, although funding cuts led to the purchase of only two carriers in June 1947: Majestic and sister ship HMS Terrible, for the combined cost of AU£2.75 million, plus stores, fuel, and ammunition. As Terrible was the closer of the two ships to completion, she was finished without modification, and was commissioned into the RAN on 16 December 1948 as HMAS Sydney. Work progressed on Majestic at a slower rate, as she was upgraded with the latest technology and equipment. To cover Majestic's absence, the Colossus-class carrier HMS Vengeance was loaned to the RAN from 13 November 1952 until 12 August 1955.
Labour difficulties, late delivery of equipment, additional requirements for Australian operations, and the prioritization of merchant ships over naval construction delayed the completion of Majestic. Incorporation of new systems and enhancements caused the cost of the RAN carrier acquisition program to increase to AU£8.3 million. Construction and fitting out did not finish until October 1955. As the carrier neared completion, a commissioning crew was formed in Australia and first used to return Vengeance to the United Kingdom.
The completed carrier was commissioned into the RAN as HMAS Majestic on 26 October 1955, but only two days later, the ship was renamed Melbourne and recommissioned.
In the meantime, the rather political decision had been made to equip Melbourne with an indigenous jet-powered aircraft, replacing the piston-driven Hawker Fury that had been successfully operated from HMAS Sydney and HMAS Vengeance, so that the "new jet age" was even more recognizable. The choice fell on the CAC Sabre, certainly inspired by North American's successful contemporary development of the navalized FJ-2 Fury from the land-based F-86 Sabre. The CAC 27 was already a proven design, and with its more powerful Avon engine it even offered a better suitability for carrier operations than the FJ-2 with its rather weak J47 engine.
Work on this project, which was initially simply designated Sabre Mk 40, started in 1954, just when the first CAC 27's were delivered to operative RAAF units. While the navalized Avon Sabre differed outwardly only little from its land-based brethren, many details were changed and locally developed. Therefore, there was also, beyond the general outlines, little in common with the North American FJ-2 an -3 Fury.
Externally, a completely new wing with a folding mechanism was fitted. It was based on the F-86's so-called "6-3" wing, with a leading edge that was extended 6 inches at the root and 3 inches at the tip. This modification enhanced maneuverability at the expense of a small increase in landing speed due to deletion of the leading edge slats, a detail that was later introduced on the Sabre Mk 31, too. As a side benefit, the new wing leading edges without the slat mechanisms held extra fuel. However, the Mk 40's wing was different as camber was applied to the underside of the leading edge to improve low-speed handling for carrier operations. The wings were provided with four stations outboard of the landing gear wells for up to 1000 lb external loads on the inboard stations and 500 lb on the outboard stations.
Slightly larger stabilizers were fitted and the landing gear was strengthened, including a longer front wheel strut. The latter necessitated an enlarged front wheel well, so that the front leg’s attachment point had to be moved forward. A ventral launch cable hook was added under the wing roots and an external massive arrester hook under the rear fuselage.
Internally, systems were protected against salt and humidity and a Rolls-Royce Avon 211 turbojet was fitted, a downrated variant of the already navalized Avon 208 from the British DH Sea Vixen, but adapted to the different CAC 27 airframe and delivering 8.000 lbf (35.5 kN) thrust – slightly more than the engines of the land-based CAC Sabres, but also without an afterburner.
A single Mk 40 prototype was built from a new CAC 27 airframe taken directly from the production line in early 1955 and made its maiden flight on August 20th of the same year. In order to reflect its naval nature and its ancestry, this new CAC 27 variant was officially christened “Sea Sabre”.
Even though the modified machine handled well, and the new, cambered wing proved to be effective, many minor technical flaws were discovered and delayed the aircraft's development until 1957. These included the wing folding mechanism and the respective fuel plumbing connections, the landing gear, which had to be beefed up even more for hard carrier landings and the airframe’s structural strength for catapult launches, esp. around the ventral launch hook.
In the meantime, work on the land-based CAC 27 progressed in parallel, too, and innovations that led to the Mk 31 and 32 were also incorporated into the naval Mk 40, leading to the Sea Sabre Mk 41, which became the effective production aircraft. These updates included, among others, a detachable (but fixed) refueling probe under the starboard wing, two more pylons for light loads located under the wing roots and the capability to carry and deploy IR-guided AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles, what significantly increased the Mk 41's efficiency as day fighter. With all these constant changes it took until April 1958 that the Sabre Mk 41, after a second prototype had been directly built to the new standard, was finally approved and cleared for production. Upon delivery, the RAN Sea Sabres carried a standard NATO paint scheme with Extra Dark Sea Grey upper surfaces and Sky undersides.
In the meantime, the political enthusiasm concerning the Australian carrier fleet had waned, so that only twenty-two aircraft were ordered. The reason behind this decision was that Australia’s carrier fleet and its capacity had become severely reduced: Following the first decommissioning of HMAS Sydney in 1958, Melbourne became the only aircraft carrier in Australian service, and she was unavailable to provide air cover for the RAN for up to four months in every year; this time was required for refits, refueling, personnel leave, and non-carrier duties, such as the transportation of troops or aircraft. Although one of the largest ships to serve in the RAN, Melbourne was one of the smallest carriers to operate in the post-World War II period, so that its contribution to military actions was rather limited. To make matters worse, a decision was made in 1959 to restrict Melbourne's role to helicopter operations only, rendering any carrier-based aircraft in Australian service obsolete. However, this decision was reversed shortly before its planned 1963 implementation, but Australia’s fleet of carrier-borne fixed-wing aircraft would not grow to proportions envisioned 10 years ago.
Nevertheless, on 10 November 1964, an AU£212 million increase in defense spending included the purchase of new aircraft for Melbourne. The RAN planned to acquire 14 Grumman S-2E Tracker anti-submarine aircraft and to modernize Melbourne to operate these. The acquisition of 18 new fighter-bombers was suggested (either Sea Sabre Mk 41s or the American Douglas A-4 Skyhawk), too, but these were dropped from the initial plan. A separate proposal to order 10 A-4G Skyhawks, a variant of the Skyhawk designed specifically for the RAN and optimized for air defense, was approved in 1965, but the new aircraft did not fly from Melbourne until the conclusion of her refit in 1969. This move, however, precluded the production of any new and further Sea Sabre.
At that time, the RAN Sea Sabres received a new livery in US Navy style, with upper surfaces in Light Gull Gray with white undersides. The CAC Sea Sabres remained the main day fighter and attack aircraft for the RAN, after the vintage Sea Furies had been retired in 1962. The other contemporary RAN fighter type in service, the Sea Venom FAW.53 all-weather fighter that had replaced the Furies, already showed its obsolescence.
In 1969, the RAN purchased another ten A-4G Skyhawks, primarily in order to replace the Sea Venoms on the carriers, instead of the proposed seventh and eighth Oberon-class submarines. These were operated together with the Sea Sabres in mixed units on board of Melbourne and from land bases, e.g. from NAS Nowra in New South Wales, where a number of Sea Sabres were also allocated to 724 Squadron for operational training.
Around 1970, Melbourne operated a standard air group of four jet aircraft, six Trackers, and ten Wessex helicopters until 1972, when the Wessexes were replaced with ten Westland Sea King anti-submarine warfare helicopters and the number of jet fighters doubled. Even though the A-4G’s more and more took over the operational duties on board of Melbourne, the Sea Sabres were still frequently deployed on the carrier, too, until the early Eighties, when both the Skyhawks and the Sea Sabres received once more a new camouflage, this time a wraparound scheme in two shades of grey, reflecting their primary airspace defense mission.
The CAC 27 Mk 41s’ last carrier operations took place in 1981 in the course of Melbourne’s involvements in two major exercises, Sea Hawk and Kangaroo 81, the ship’s final missions at sea. After Melbourne was decommissioned in 1984, the Fleet Air Arm ceased fixed-wing combat aircraft operation. This was the operational end of the Sabre Mk 41, which had reached the end of their airframe lifetime, and the Sea Sabre fleet had, during its career, severely suffered from accidents and losses: upon retirement, only eight of the original twenty-two aircraft still existed in flightworthy condition, so that the aircraft were all scrapped. The younger RAN A-4Gs were eventually sold to New Zealand, where they were kept in service until 2002.
General characteristics:
Crew: 1
Length: 37 ft 6 in (11.43 m)
Wingspan: 37 ft 1 in (11.3 m)
Height: 14 ft 5 in (4.39 m)
Wing area: 302.3 sq ft (28.1 m²)
Empty weight: 12,000 lb (5,443 kg)
Loaded weight: 16,000 lb (7,256 kg)
Max. takeoff weight: 21,210 lb (9,621 kg)
Powerplant:
1× Rolls-Royce Avon 208A turbojet engine with 8,200 lbf (36.44 kN)
Performance:
Maximum speed: 700 mph (1,100 km/h) (605 knots)
Range: 1,153 mi, (1,000 NM, 1,850 km)
Service ceiling: 52,000 ft (15,850 m)
Rate of climb: 12,000 ft/min at sea level (61 m/s)
Armament:
2× 30 mm ADEN cannons with 150 rounds per gun
5,300 lb (2,400 kg) of payload on six external hardpoints;
Bombs were usually mounted on outer two pylons as the mid pair were wet-plumbed pylons for
2× 200 gallons drop tanks, while the inner pair was usually occupied by a pair of AIM-9 Sidewinder
AAMs
A wide variety of bombs could be carried with maximum standard loadout being 2x 1,000 lb bombs
or 2x Matra pods with unguided SURA missiles plus 2 drop tanks for ground attacks, or 2x AIM-9 plus
two drop tanks as day fighter
The kit and its assembly:
This project was initially inspired by a set of decals from an ESCI A-4G which I had bought in a lot – I wondered if I could use it for a submission to the “In the navy” group build at whatifmodelers.com in early 2020. I considered an FJ-3M in Australian colors on this basis and had stashed away a Sword kit of that aircraft for this purpose. However, I had already built an FJ variant for the GB (a kitbashed mix of an F-86D and an FJ-4B in USMC colors), and was reluctant to add another Fury.
This spontaneously changed after (thanks to Corona virus quarantine…) I cleaned up one of my kit hoards and found a conversion set for a 1:72 CAC 27 from JAYS Model Kits which I had bought eons ago without a concrete plan. That was the eventual trigger to spin the RAN Fury idea further – why not a navalized version of the Avon Sabre for HMAS Melbourne?
The result is either another kitbash or a highly modified FJ-3M from Sword. The JAYS Model Kits set comes with a THICK sprue that carries two fuselage halves and an air intake, and it also offers a vacu canopy as a thin fallback option because the set is actually intended to be used together with a Hobby Craft F-86F.
While the parts, molded in a somewhat waxy and brittle styrene, look crude on the massive sprue, the fuselage halves come with very fine recessed engravings. And once you have cleaned the parts (NOTHING for people faint at heart, a mini drill with a saw blade is highly recommended), their fit is surprisingly good. The air intake was so exact that no putty was needed to blend it with the rest of the fuselage.
The rest came from the Sword kit and integrating the parts into the CAC 27 fuselage went more smoothly than expected. For instance, the FJ-3M comes with a nice cockpit tub that also holds a full air intake duct. Thanks to the slightly wider fuselage of the CAC 27, it could be mounted into the new fuselage halves without problems and the intake duct almost perfectly matches the intake frame from the conversion set. The tailpipe could be easily integrated without any mods, too. The fins had to be glued directly to the fuselage – but this is the way how the Sword kit is actually constructed! Even the FJ-3M’s wings match the different fuselage perfectly. The only modifications I had to make is a slight enlargement of the ventral wing opening at the front and at the read in order to take the deeper wing element from the Sword kit, but that was an easy task. Once in place, the parts blend almost perfectly into each other, just minor PSR was necessary to hide the seams!
Other mods include an extended front wheel well for the longer leg from the FJ-3M and a scratched arrester hook installation, made from wire, which is on purpose different from the Y-shaped hook of the Furies.
For the canopy I relied on the vacu piece that came with the JAYS set. Fitting it was not easy, though, it took some PSR to blend the windscreen into the rest of the fuselage. Not perfect, but O.K. for such a solution from a conversion set.
The underwing pylons were taken from the Sword kit, including the early Sidewinders. I just replaced the drop tanks – the OOB tanks are very wide, and even though they might be authentic for the FJ-3, I was skeptical if they fit at all under the wings with the landing gear extended? In order to avoid trouble and for a more modern look, I replaced them outright with more slender tanks, which were to mimic A-4 tanks (USN FJ-4s frequently carried Skyhawk tanks). They actually come from a Revell F-16 kit, with modified fins. The refueling probe comes from the Sword kit.
A last word about the Sword kit: much light, but also much shadow. While I appreciate the fine surface engravings, the recognizably cambered wings, a detailed cockpit with a two-piece resin seat and a pretty landing gear as well as the long air intake, I wonder why the creators totally failed to provide ANY detail of the arrester hook (there is literally nothing, as if this was a land-based Sabre variant!?) or went for doubtful solutions like a front landing gear that consists of five(!) single, tiny parts? Sadism? The resin seat was also broken (despite being packed in a seperate bag), and it did not fit into the cockpit tub at all. Meh!
Painting and markings:
From the start I planned to give the model the late RAN A-4Gs’ unique air superiority paint scheme, which was AFAIK introduced in the late Seventies: a two-tone wraparound scheme consisting of “Light Admiralty Grey” (BS381C 697) and “Aircraft Grey” (BS 381C 693). Quite simple, but finding suitable paints was not an easy task, and I based my choice on pictures of the real aircraft (esp. from "buzz" number 880 at the Fleet Air Arm Museum, you find pics of it with very good light condition) rather than rely on (pretty doubtful if not contradictive) recommendations in various painting instructions from models or decal sets.
I wanted to keep things simple and settled upon Dark Gull Grey (FS 36231) and Light Blue (FS 35414), both enamel colors from Modelmaster, since both are rather dull interpretations of these tones. Esp. the Light Blue comes quite close to Light Admiralty Grey, even though it should be lighter for more contrast to the darker grey tone. But it has that subtle greenish touch of the original BS tone, and I did not want to mix the colors.
The pattern was adapted from the late A-4Gs’ scheme, and the colors were dulled down even more through a light black ink wash. Some post-shading with lighter tones emphasized the contrast between the two colors again. And while it is not an exact representation of the unique RAN air superiority scheme, I think that the overall impression is there.
The cockpit interior was painted in very dark grey, while the landing gear, its wells and the inside of the air intake became white. A red rim was painted around the front opening, and the landing gear covers received a red outline, too. The white drop tanks are a detail I took from real world RAN A-4Gs - in the early days of the air superiority scheme, the tanks were frequently still finished in the old USN style livery, hence the white body but fins and tail section already in the updated colors.
The decals became a fight, though. As mentioned above, the came from an ESCI kit – and, as expected, the were brittle. All decals with a clear carrier film disintegrated while soaking in water, only those with a fully printed carrier film were more or less usable. One roundel broke and had to be repaired, and the checkered fin flash was a very delicate affair that broke several times, even though I tried to save and repair it with paint. But you can unfortunately see the damage.
Most stencils and some replacements (e. g. the “Navy” tag) come from the Sword FJ-3. While these decals are crisply printed, their carrier film is utterly thin, so thin that applying esp. the larger decals turned out to be hazardous and complicated. Another point that did not really convince me about the Sword kit.
Finally, the kit was sealed with matt acrylic varnish (Italeri) and some soot stains were added around the exhaust and the gun ports with graphite.
In the end, this build looks, despite the troubles and the rather exotic ingredients like a relatively simple Sabre with Australian markings, just with a different Navy livery. You neither immediately recognize the FJ-3 behind it, nor the Avon Sabre’s bigger fuselage, unless you take a close and probably educated look. Very subtle, though.
The RAN air superiority scheme from the late Skyhawks suits the Sabre/Fury-thing well – I like the fact that it is a modern fighter scheme, but, thanks to the tones and the colorful other markings, not as dull and boring like many others, e. g. the contemporary USN "Ghost" scheme. Made me wonder about an early RAAF F-18 in this livery - should look very pretty, too?
A ceremony to mark the 25th anniversary of the signing of the Good Friday Agreement is organised during the plenary session in the European Parliament, in Brussels. The GFA, also known as the Belfast Agreement, was signed on 10 April 1998 by the British and Irish governments, and confirmed by referendums in Ireland and Northern Ireland in May the same year. The agreement established devolved political power-sharing structures for the nationalist and unionist communities in Northern Ireland, and brought the 30-year period of violent conflict in Northern Ireland, known as The Troubles, to an end.
____
This photo is free to use under Creative Commons license CC-BY-4.0 and must be credited: "CC-BY-4.0: © European Union 2023– Source: EP". (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) No model release form if applicable. For bigger HR files please contact: webcom-flickr(AT)europarl.europa.eu
[Young Personal Reflections]
"The Agreement", 6ème et dernière photographie de la série.
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Aaahh! Its too early for this...! But I can see you are pretty excited, so here is what we'll do:
- I open my eye
- you take some pictures
- you pack your things
- you leave the same way you came from
- you let us sleep
And I obeyed...
Marthe Mbita holds a series of official functions with women’s organizations and actively participates in creating a conducive environment to consolidate peace. She played a key role in the negotiations of the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement signed between armed groups in December 2017 by directly engaging in discussions with their respective leaders. Building on this, in 2019, the UN peacekeeping mission in the country, MINUSCA, supported women to formally participate in the peace negotiations for the first time in the history of the country. Women’s efforts were critical in ensuring a peace agreement was reached and gender provisions integrated. Marthe actively promotes the civil and political rights of women with local authorities and community leaders and brings together international organizations and communities, including women to promote their rights and support them in their activities. She develops a wide array of activities to help promote peaceful coexistence between women from diverse ethnic, political and religious backgrounds to prevent further tensions.
“When I make someone feel at peace, when I help people live together peacefully, it enriches not only me but the country as a whole.”
Photo: UN Photo/Leila Thiam
Find out more about Marthe’s work (in French): minusca.unmissions.org/plaidoyer-pour-la-mise-en-place-ra...
Find out more about how UN Peacekeeping is supporting women in the Central African Republic: youtu.be/601J7jmn_Vk
Find out more about women’s advancement in the Central African Republic through the UN Women’s database: data.unwomen.org/country/central-african-republic
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Within the former German-Soviet Environmental Agreement in the years 1989-1991 3 biological expeditions to the Taymyr peninsula in northernmost Siberia were performed. They laid the ground for a partnership agreement between the Taymyrsky Zapovednik (nature reserve) and the Schleswig-Holstein Waddensea National Park and later the establishment (1993) of the Great Arctic Reserve (Zapovednik). The Taymyr peninsula is covered by the most extensive and northernmost tundra habitats in Siberia. These enormous wetlands are used during the short Arctic summer by millions of waterbirds, which winter in Southern Europe, Southern Asia and Africa. The biodiversity of the Taymyr peninsula is with 20% well covered with different kinds of protected areas. However, there may be need to connect them by South-North corridors to secure adaptation of biodiversity moving North with climate change. With increased warming and thawing of tundra massive release of methane stored in the ground could trigger further climate change.
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This photo has been graciously provided to be used in the GRID-Arendal resources library by: Peter Prokosch
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IFCS Football Camp Styria - Irdning Austria 2012 -
FK Anzhi Makachakala - www.fc-anji.ru/
ФК "Анжи" Махачкала is a Russian football club based in Makhachkala, capital of the Republic of Dagestan. Founded in 1991, the club plays in the Russian Premier League. Anzhi's home ground is the Dinamo Stadium situated in Makhachkala. The word "Anzhi" (in Kumyk language means "pearl") - is an ancient Kumyk name of the area that is now the city of Makhachkala.
The club popularity is rising rapidly since the signing of Samuel Eto'o in the summer of 2011 and appointing Guus Hiddink as manager in February 2012. [de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschi_Machatschkala]
Tor - goal: Wladimir Gabulow (1), Jewgeni Pomasan (31), Alexander Markarow (77)
Abwehr - defender: Roberto Carlos (3), Alexei Igonin (4), Rassim Tagirbekow (13), Benoit Angbwa (18), Christopher Samba (22), Joao Carlos (30), Ali Gadschidekow (63), Oskars Klava (83)
Mittelfeld - midfield: Ali Ibrahim Kebe Baye (5), Mbark Boussoufa (6), Kamil Agalarow (7), Jucilei (8), Mehdi Carcela Gonzalez (20), Odil Ahmedov (25), Juri Schirkow (81), Alexei Iwanow (88), Machatsch Gadschijew (90)
Sturm - forward strikers: Schamil Lachijalow (10), Jan Holenda (17), Isah Eliakwu (33), Alexander Prudiknow (89), Samuel Eto'o (99)
:: Берни Эггерян, Бернхард Эггер, Bernard Egger, фото, rumoto, фотограф, motoring, photofiles, photography, Fotográfico, supershot, fc-anji, FK Anschi Machatschkala, eu-moto images, IFCS, Football Camp, Styria, Austria, Steiermark, Österreich, Irdning, ATV, ФК Анжи Махачкала, Футбольный Клуб, Republic of Dagestan, Russian Premier League, Premier League, Samuel Eto'o, Makhachkala, ФК, FC, FK, Dinamo Stadium, Guus Hiddink, football, Fußball, Futbolny, soccer, fotbal, Анжи Махачкала, photo, Fotos, Bilder, image, press, media, Roberto Carlos, Team, Mannschaft, Tor, Goal, Tormann, camp, Training, Nikon, FX full-frame, Klub, Club, Premjer-Liga, UEFA, FIFA, Liga, Spiel, Partie, Match, Pokal, KSV Kapfenberg,
The Arc de Triomphe in Paris, France, is illuminated in green to celebrate the entry into force of the Paris Agreement, the most ambitious climate change agreement in history, on November 4, 2016. [Photo by Jean-Baptiste Gurliat/ Mairie de Paris]
Rafael Mariano Grossi, IAEA Director General, signs an agreement with Maria Korsnick, President & Chief Executive Officer of NEI, between the International Atomic Energy Agency and Nuclear Energy Institute at the IAEA 65th General Conference. IAEA, Vienna, Austria. 21 September 2021.
Photo Credit: Dean Calma / IAEA
IAEA
Rafael Mariano Grossi, IAEA Director General
Diego Candano Laris, Senior Advisor to the Director General
Ewelina Hilger, IAEA Special Advisor to the Director General
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Forchtenstein Castle was built in the 13th century as a frontier castle high above the Rosalia hills, and served as a bulwark of the West during the Turkish wars. Owned by the Esterházy family since the early 17th century. Forchtenstein Castle has since then been a "vault" housing the family's major art collections.
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Legislators, invited guests and members of the media attend a ribbon cutting ceremony on Aug. 16, 2019, in High Bay 2 of the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The VAB is getting its first commercial tenant. Northrop Grumman signed a Reimbursable Space Act Agreement with NASA for use of the facilities. The company will assemble and test its new OmegA rocket inside the massive facility’s High Bay 2. The company also will modify MLP-3 to serve as the launch vehicle’s assembly and launch platform. Northrop Grumman is developing the OmegA rocket, an intermediate/heavy-class launch vehicle, as part of a launch services agreement with the U.S. Air Force. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic , European country and an independent state in the west of the Scandinavian Peninsula . Geographically speaking, the country is long and narrow, and on the elongated coast towards the North Atlantic are Norway's well-known fjords . The Kingdom of Norway includes the main country (the mainland with adjacent islands within the baseline ), Jan Mayen and Svalbard . With these two Arctic areas, Norway covers a land area of 385,000 km² and has a population of approximately 5.5 million (2023). Mainland Norway borders Sweden in the east , Finland and Russia in the northeast .
Norway is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy , where Harald V has been king and head of state since 1991 , and Jonas Gahr Støre ( Ap ) has been prime minister since 2021 . Norway is a unitary state , with two administrative levels below the state: counties and municipalities . The Sami part of the population has, through the Sami Parliament and the Finnmark Act , to a certain extent self-government and influence over traditionally Sami areas. Although Norway has rejected membership of the European Union through two referendums , through the EEA Agreement Norway has close ties with the Union, and through NATO with the United States . Norway is a significant contributor to the United Nations (UN), and has participated with soldiers in several foreign operations mandated by the UN. Norway is among the states that have participated from the founding of the UN , NATO , the Council of Europe , the OSCE and the Nordic Council , and in addition to these is a member of the EEA , the World Trade Organization , the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and is part of the Schengen area .
Norway is rich in many natural resources such as oil , gas , minerals , timber , seafood , fresh water and hydropower . Since the beginning of the 20th century, these natural conditions have given the country the opportunity for an increase in wealth that few other countries can now enjoy, and Norwegians have the second highest average income in the world, measured in GDP per capita, as of 2022. The petroleum industry accounts for around 14% of Norway's gross domestic product as of 2018. Norway is the world's largest producer of oil and gas per capita outside the Middle East. However, the number of employees linked to this industry fell from approx. 232,000 in 2013 to 207,000 in 2015.
In Norway, these natural resources have been managed for socially beneficial purposes. The country maintains a welfare model in line with the other Nordic countries. Important service areas such as health and higher education are state-funded, and the country has an extensive welfare system for its citizens. Public expenditure in 2018 is approx. 50% of GDP, and the majority of these expenses are related to education, healthcare, social security and welfare. Since 2001 and until 2021, when the country took second place, the UN has ranked Norway as the world's best country to live in . From 2010, Norway is also ranked at the top of the EIU's democracy index . Norway ranks third on the UN's World Happiness Report for the years 2016–2018, behind Finland and Denmark , a report published in March 2019.
The majority of the population is Nordic. In the last couple of years, immigration has accounted for more than half of population growth. The five largest minority groups are Norwegian-Poles , Lithuanians , Norwegian-Swedes , Norwegian-Syrians including Syrian Kurds and Norwegian-Pakistani .
Norway's national day is 17 May, on this day in 1814 the Norwegian Constitution was dated and signed by the presidency of the National Assembly at Eidsvoll . It is stipulated in the law of 26 April 1947 that 17 May are national public holidays. The Sami national day is 6 February. "Yes, we love this country" is Norway's national anthem, the song was written in 1859 by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (1832–1910).
Norway's history of human settlement goes back at least 10,000 years, to the Late Paleolithic , the first period of the Stone Age . Archaeological finds of settlements along the entire Norwegian coast have so far been dated back to 10,400 before present (BP), the oldest find is today considered to be a settlement at Pauler in Brunlanes , Vestfold .
For a period these settlements were considered to be the remains of settlers from Doggerland , an area which today lies beneath the North Sea , but which was once a land bridge connecting today's British Isles with Danish Jutland . But the archaeologists who study the initial phase of the settlement in what is today Norway reckon that the first people who came here followed the coast along what is today Bohuslân. That they arrived in some form of boat is absolutely certain, and there is much evidence that they could easily move over large distances.
Since the last Ice Age, there has been continuous settlement in Norway. It cannot be ruled out that people lived in Norway during the interglacial period , but no trace of such a population or settlement has been found.
The Stone Age lasted a long time; half of the time that our country has been populated. There are no written accounts of what life was like back then. The knowledge we have has been painstakingly collected through investigations of places where people have stayed and left behind objects that we can understand have been processed by human hands. This field of knowledge is called archaeology . The archaeologists interpret their findings and the history of the surrounding landscape. In our country, the uplift after the Ice Age is fundamental. The history of the settlements at Pauler is no more than fifteen years old.
The Fosna culture settled parts of Norway sometime between 10,000–8,000 BC. (see Stone Age in Norway ). The dating of rock carvings is set to Neolithic times (in Norway between 4000 BC to 1700 BC) and show activities typical of hunters and gatherers .
Agriculture with livestock and arable farming was introduced in the Neolithic. Swad farming where the farmers move when the field does not produce the expected yield.
More permanent and persistent farm settlements developed in the Bronze Age (1700 BC to 500 BC) and the Iron Age . The earliest runes have been found on an arrowhead dated to around 200 BC. Many more inscriptions are dated to around 800, and a number of petty kingdoms developed during these centuries. In prehistoric times, there were no fixed national borders in the Nordic countries and Norway did not exist as a state. The population in Norway probably fell to year 0.
Events in this time period, the centuries before the year 1000, are glimpsed in written sources. Although the sagas were written down in the 13th century, many hundreds of years later, they provide a glimpse into what was already a distant past. The story of the fimbul winter gives us a historical picture of something that happened and which in our time, with the help of dendrochronology , can be interpreted as a natural disaster in the year 536, created by a volcanic eruption in El Salvador .
In the period between 800 and 1066 there was a significant expansion and it is referred to as the Viking Age . During this period, Norwegians, as Swedes and Danes also did, traveled abroad in longships with sails as explorers, traders, settlers and as Vikings (raiders and pirates ). By the middle of the 11th century, the Norwegian kingship had been firmly established, building its right as descendants of Harald Hårfagre and then as heirs of Olav the Holy . The Norwegian kings, and their subjects, now professed Christianity . In the time around Håkon Håkonsson , in the time after the civil war , there was a small renaissance in Norway with extensive literary activity and diplomatic activity with Europe. The black dew came to Norway in 1349 and killed around half of the population. The entire state apparatus and Norway then entered a period of decline.
Between 1396 and 1536, Norway was part of the Kalmar Union , and from 1536 until 1814 Norway had been reduced to a tributary part of Denmark , named as the Personal Union of Denmark-Norway . This staff union entered into an alliance with Napoléon Bonaparte with a war that brought bad times and famine in 1812 . In 1814, Denmark-Norway lost the Anglophone Wars , part of the Napoleonic Wars , and the Danish king was forced to cede Norway to the king of Sweden in the Treaty of Kiel on 14 January of that year. After a Norwegian attempt at independence, Norway was forced into a loose union with Sweden, but where Norway was allowed to create its own constitution, the Constitution of 1814 . In this period, Norwegian, romantic national feeling flourished, and the Norwegians tried to develop and establish their own national self-worth. The union with Sweden was broken in 1905 after it had been threatened with war, and Norway became an independent kingdom with its own monarch, Haakon VII .
Norway remained neutral during the First World War , and at the outbreak of the Second World War, Norway again declared itself neutral, but was invaded by National Socialist Germany on 9 April 1940 .
Norway became a member of the Western defense alliance NATO in 1949 . Two attempts to join the EU were voted down in referendums by small margins in 1972 and 1994 . Norway has been a close ally of the United States in the post-war period. Large discoveries of oil and natural gas in the North Sea at the end of the 1960s led to tremendous economic growth in the country, which is still ongoing. Traditional industries such as fishing are also part of Norway's economy.
Stone Age (before 1700 BC)
When most of the ice disappeared, vegetation spread over the landscape and due to a warm climate around 2000-3000 BC. the forest grew much taller than in modern times. Land uplift after the ice age led to a number of fjords becoming lakes and dry land. The first people probably came from the south along the coast of the Kattegat and overland into Finnmark from the east. The first people probably lived by gathering, hunting and trapping. A good number of Stone Age settlements have been found which show that such hunting and trapping people stayed for a long time in the same place or returned to the same place regularly. Large amounts of gnawed bones show that they lived on, among other things, reindeer, elk, small game and fish.
Flintstone was imported from Denmark and apart from small natural deposits along the southern coast, all flintstone in Norway is transported by people. At Espevær, greenstone was quarried for tools in the Stone Age, and greenstone tools from Espevær have been found over large parts of Western Norway. Around 2000-3000 BC the usual farm animals such as cows and sheep were introduced to Norway. Livestock probably meant a fundamental change in society in that part of the people had to be permanent residents or live a semi-nomadic life. Livestock farming may also have led to conflict with hunters.
The oldest traces of people in what is today Norway have been found at Pauler , a farm in Brunlanes in Larvik municipality in Vestfold . In 2007 and 2008, the farm has given its name to a number of Stone Age settlements that have been excavated and examined by archaeologists from the Cultural History Museum at UiO. The investigations have been carried out in connection with the new route for the E18 motorway west of Farris. The oldest settlement, located more than 127 m above sea level, is dated to be about 10,400 years old (uncalibrated, more than 11,000 years in real calendar years). From here, the ice sheet was perhaps visible when people settled here. This locality has been named Pauler I, and is today considered to be the oldest confirmed human traces in Norway to date. The place is in the mountains above the Pauler tunnel on the E18 between Larvik and Porsgrunn . The pioneer settlement is a term archaeologists have adopted for the oldest settlement. The archaeologists have speculated about where they came from, the first people in what is today Norway. It has been suggested that they could come by boat or perhaps across the ice from Doggerland or the North Sea, but there is now a large consensus that they came north along what is today the Bohuslän coast. The Fosna culture , the Komsa culture and the Nøstvet culture are the traditional terms for hunting cultures from the Stone Age. One thing is certain - getting to the water was something they mastered, the first people in our country. Therefore, within a short time they were able to use our entire long coast.
In the New Stone Age (4000 BC–1700 BC) there is a theory that a new people immigrated to the country, the so-called Stone Ax People . Rock carvings from this period show motifs from hunting and fishing , which were still important industries. From this period, a megalithic tomb has been found in Østfold .
It is uncertain whether there were organized societies or state-like associations in the Stone Age in Norway. Findings from settlements indicate that many lived together and that this was probably more than one family so that it was a slightly larger, organized herd.
Finnmark
In prehistoric times, animal husbandry and agriculture were of little economic importance in Finnmark. Livelihoods in Finnmark were mainly based on fish, gathering, hunting and trapping, and eventually domestic reindeer herding became widespread in the Middle Ages. Archaeological finds from the Stone Age have been referred to as the Komsa culture and comprise around 5,000 years of settlement. Finnmark probably got its first settlement around 8000 BC. It is believed that the coastal areas became ice-free 11,000 years BC and the fjord areas around 9,000 years BC. after which willows, grass, heather, birch and pine came into being. Finnmarksvidda was covered by pine forest around 6000 BC. After the Ice Age, the land rose around 80 meters in the inner fjord areas (Alta, Tana, Varanger). Due to ice melting in the polar region, the sea rose in the period 6400–3800 BC. and in areas with little land elevation, some settlements from the first part of the Stone Age were flooded. On Sørøya, the net sea level rise was 12 to 14 meters and many residential areas were flooded.
According to Bjørnar Olsen , there are many indications of a connection between the oldest settlement in Western Norway (the " Fosnakulturen ") and that in Finnmark, but it is uncertain in which direction the settlement took place. In the earliest part of the Stone Age, settlement in Finnmark was probably concentrated in the coastal areas, and these only reflected a lifestyle with great mobility and no permanent dwellings. The inner regions, such as Pasvik, were probably used seasonally. The archaeologically proven settlements from the Stone Age in inner Finnmark and Troms are linked to lakes and large watercourses. The oldest petroglyphs in Alta are usually dated to 4200 BC, that is, the Neolithic . Bjørnar Olsen believes that the oldest can be up to 2,000 years older than this.
From around 4000 BC a slow deforestation of Finnmark began and around 1800 BC the vegetation distribution was roughly the same as in modern times. The change in vegetation may have increased the distance between the reindeer's summer and winter grazing. The uplift continued slowly from around 4000 BC. at the same time as sea level rise stopped.
According to Gutorm Gjessing, the settlement in Finnmark and large parts of northern Norway in the Neolithic was semi-nomadic with movement between four seasonal settlements (following the pattern of life in Sami siida in historical times): On the outer coast in summer (fishing and seal catching) and inland in winter (hunting for reindeer, elk and bear). Povl Simonsen believed instead that the winter residence was in the inner fjord area in a village-like sod house settlement. Bjørnar Olsen believes that at the end of the Stone Age there was a relatively settled population along the coast, while inland there was less settlement and a more mobile lifestyle.
Bronze Age (1700 BC–500 BC)
Bronze was used for tools in Norway from around 1500 BC. Bronze is a mixture of tin and copper , and these metals were introduced because they were not mined in the country at the time. Bronze is believed to have been a relatively expensive material. The Bronze Age in Norway can be divided into two phases:
Early Bronze Age (1700–1100 BC)
Younger Bronze Age (1100–500 BC)
For the prehistoric (unwritten) era, there is limited knowledge about social conditions and possible state formations. From the Bronze Age, there are large burial mounds of stone piles along the coast of Vestfold and Agder, among others. It is likely that only chieftains or other great men could erect such grave monuments and there was probably some form of organized society linked to these. In the Bronze Age, society was more organized and stratified than in the Stone Age. Then a rich class of chieftains emerged who had close connections with southern Scandinavia. The settlements became more permanent and people adopted horses and ard . They acquired bronze status symbols, lived in longhouses and people were buried in large burial mounds . Petroglyphs from the Bronze Age indicate that humans practiced solar cultivation.
Finnmark
In the last millennium BC the climate became cooler and the pine forest disappears from the coast; pine forests, for example, were only found in the innermost part of the Altafjord, while the outer coast was almost treeless. Around the year 0, the limit for birch forest was south of Kirkenes. Animals with forest habitats (elk, bear and beaver) disappeared and the reindeer probably established their annual migration routes sometime at that time. In the period 1800–900 BC there were significantly more settlements in and utilization of the hinterland was particularly noticeable on Finnmarksvidda. From around 1800 BC until year 0 there was a significant increase in contact between Finnmark and areas in the east including Karelia (where metals were produced including copper) and central and eastern Russia. The youngest petroglyphs in Alta show far more boats than the earlier phases and the boats are reminiscent of types depicted in petroglyphs in southern Scandinavia. It is unclear what influence southern Scandinavian societies had as far north as Alta before the year 0. Many of the cultural features that are considered typical Sami in modern times were created or consolidated in the last millennium BC, this applies, among other things, to the custom of burying in brick chambers in stone urns. The Mortensnes burial ground may have been used for 2000 years until around 1600 AD.
Iron Age (c. 500 BC–c. 1050 AD)
The Einangsteinen is one of the oldest Norwegian runestones; it is from the 4th century
Simultaneous production of Vikings
Around 500 years BC the researchers reckon that the Bronze Age will be replaced by the Iron Age as iron takes over as the most important material for weapons and tools. Bronze, wood and stone were still used. Iron was cheaper than bronze, easier to work than flint , and could be used for many purposes; iron probably became common property. Iron could, among other things, be used to make solid and sharp axes which made it much easier to fell trees. In the Iron Age, gold and silver were also used partly for decoration and partly as means of payment. It is unknown which language was used in Norway before our era. From around the year 0 until around the year 800, everyone in Scandinavia (except the Sami) spoke Old Norse , a North Germanic language. Subsequently, several different languages developed in this area that were only partially mutually intelligible. The Iron Age is divided into several periods:
Early Iron Age
Pre-Roman Iron Age (c. 500 BC–c. 0)
Roman Iron Age (c. 0–c. AD 400)
Migration period (approx. 400–600). In the migration period (approx. 400–600), new peoples came to Norway, and ruins of fortress buildings etc. are interpreted as signs that there has been talk of a violent invasion.
Younger Iron Age
Merovingian period (500–800)
The Viking Age (793–1066)
Norwegian Vikings go on plundering expeditions and trade voyages around the coastal countries of Western Europe . Large groups of Norwegians emigrate to the British Isles , Iceland and Greenland . Harald Hårfagre starts a unification process of Norway late in the 8th century , which was completed by Harald Hardråde in the 1060s . The country was Christianized under the kings Olav Tryggvason , fell in the battle of Svolder ( 1000 ) and Olav Haraldsson (the saint), fell in the battle of Stiklestad in 1030 .
Sources of prehistoric times
Shrinking glaciers in the high mountains, including in Jotunheimen and Breheimen , have from around the year 2000 uncovered objects from the Viking Age and earlier. These are objects of organic material that have been preserved by the ice and that elsewhere in nature are broken down in a few months. The finds are getting older as the melting makes the archaeologists go deeper into the ice. About half of all archaeological discoveries on glaciers in the world are made in Oppland . In 2013, a 3,400-year-old shoe and a robe from the year 300 were found. Finds at Lomseggen in Lom published in 2020 revealed, among other things, well-preserved horseshoes used on a mountain pass. Many hundreds of items include preserved clothing, knives, whisks, mittens, leather shoes, wooden chests and horse equipment. A piece of cloth dated to the year 1000 has preserved its original colour. In 2014, a wooden ski from around the year 700 was found in Reinheimen . The ski is 172 cm long and 14 cm wide, with preserved binding of leather and wicker.
Pytheas from Massalia is the oldest known account of what was probably the coast of Norway, perhaps somewhere on the coast of Møre. Pytheas visited Britannia around 325 BC. and traveled further north to a country by the "Ice Sea". Pytheas described the short summer night and the midnight sun farther north. He wrote, among other things, that people there made a drink from grain and honey. Caesar wrote in his work about the Gallic campaign about the Germanic tribe Haruders. Other Roman sources around the year 0 mention the land of the Cimbri (Jutland) and the Cimbri headlands ( Skagen ) and that the sources stated that Cimbri and Charyds lived in this area. Some of these peoples may have immigrated to Norway and there become known as hordes (as in Hordaland). Sources from the Mediterranean area referred to the islands of Scandia, Scandinavia and Thule ("the outermost of all islands"). The Roman historian Tacitus wrote around the year 100 a work about Germania and mentioned the people of Scandia, the Sviones. Ptolemy wrote around the year 150 that the Kharudes (Hordes) lived further north than all the Cimbri, in the north lived the Finnoi (Finns or Sami) and in the south the Gutai (Goths). The Nordic countries and Norway were outside the Roman Empire , which dominated Europe at the time. The Gothic-born historian Jordanes wrote in the 5th century about 13 tribes or people groups in Norway, including raumaricii (probably Romerike ), ragnaricii ( Ranrike ) and finni or skretefinni (skrid finner or ski finner, i.e. Sami) as well as a number of unclear groups. Prokopios wrote at the same time about Thule north of the land of the Danes and Slavs, Thule was ten times as big as Britannia and the largest of all the islands. In Thule, the sun was up 40 days straight in the summer. After the migration period , southern Europeans' accounts of northern Europe became fuller and more reliable.
Settlement in prehistoric times
Norway has around 50,000 farms with their own names. Farm names have persisted for a long time, over 1000 years, perhaps as much as 2000 years. The name researchers have arranged different types of farm names chronologically, which provides a basis for determining when the place was used by people or received a permanent settlement. Uncompounded landscape names such as Haug, Eid, Vik and Berg are believed to be the oldest. Archaeological traces indicate that some areas have been inhabited earlier than assumed from the farm name. Burial mounds also indicate permanent settlement. For example, the burial ground at Svartelva in Løten was used from around the year 0 to the year 1000 when Christianity took over. The first farmers probably used large areas for inland and outland, and new farms were probably established based on some "mother farms". Names such as By (or Bø) show that it is an old place of residence. From the older Iron Age, names with -heim (a common Germanic word meaning place of residence) and -stad tell of settlement, while -vin and -land tell of the use of the place. Farm names in -heim are often found as -um , -eim or -em as in Lerum and Seim, there are often large farms in the center of the village. New farm names with -city and -country were also established in the Viking Age . The first farmers probably used the best areas. The largest burial grounds, the oldest archaeological finds and the oldest farm names are found where the arable land is richest and most spacious.
It is unclear whether the settlement expansion in Roman times, migrations and the Iron Age is due to immigration or internal development and population growth. Among other things, it is difficult to demonstrate where in Europe the immigrants have come from. The permanent residents had both fields (where grain was grown) and livestock that grazed in the open fields, but it is uncertain which of these was more important. Population growth from around the year 200 led to more utilization of open land, for example in the form of settlements in the mountains. During the migration period, it also seems that in parts of the country it became common to have cluster gardens or a form of village settlement.
Norwegian expansion northwards
From around the year 200, there was a certain migration by sea from Rogaland and Hordaland to Nordland and Sør-Troms. Those who moved settled down as a settled Iron Age population and became dominant over the original population which may have been Sami . The immigrant Norwegians, Bumen , farmed with livestock that were fed inside in the winter as well as some grain cultivation and fishing. The northern border of the Norwegians' settlement was originally at the Toppsundet near Harstad and around the year 500 there was a Norwegian settlement to Malangsgapet. That was as far north as it was possible to grow grain at the time. Malangen was considered the border between Hålogaland and Finnmork until around 1400 . Further into the Viking Age and the Middle Ages, there was immigration and settlement of Norwegian speakers along the coast north of Malangen. Around the year 800, Norwegians lived along the entire outer coast to Vannøy . The Norwegians partly copied Sami livelihoods such as whaling, fur hunting and reindeer husbandry. It was probably this area between Malangen and Vannøy that was Ottar from the Hålogaland area. In the Viking Age, there were also some Norwegian settlements further north and east. East of the North Cape are the scattered archaeological finds of Norwegian settlement in the Viking Age. There are Norwegian names for fjords and islands from the Viking Age, including fjord names with "-anger". Around the year 1050, there were Norwegian settlements on the outer coast of Western Finnmark. Traders and tax collectors traveled even further.
North of Malangen there were Norse farming settlements in the Iron Age. Malangen was considered Finnmark's western border until 1300. There are some archaeological traces of Norse activity around the coast from Tromsø to Kirkenes in the Viking Age. Around Tromsø, the research indicates a Norse/Sami mixed culture on the coast.
From the year 1100 and the next 200–300 years, there are no traces of Norwegian settlement north and east of Tromsø. It is uncertain whether this is due to depopulation, whether it is because the Norwegians further north were not Christianized or because there were no churches north of Lenvik or Tromsø . Norwegian settlement in the far north appears from sources from the 14th century. In the Hanseatic period , the settlement was developed into large areas specialized in commercial fishing, while earlier (in the Viking Age) there had been farms with a combination of fishing and agriculture. In 1307 , a fortress and the first church east of Tromsø were built in Vardø . Vardø became a small Norwegian town, while Vadsø remained Sami. Norwegian settlements and churches appeared along the outermost coast in the Middle Ages. After the Reformation, perhaps as a result of a decline in fish stocks or fish prices, there were Norwegian settlements in the inner fjord areas such as Lebesby in Laksefjord. Some fishing villages at the far end of the coast were abandoned for good. In the interior of Finnmark, there was no national border for a long time and Kautokeino and Karasjok were joint Norwegian-Swedish areas with strong Swedish influence. The border with Finland was established in 1751 and with Russia in 1826.
On a Swedish map from 1626, Norway's border is indicated at Malangen, while Sweden with this map showed a desire to control the Sami area which had been a common area.
The term Northern Norway only came into use at the end of the 19th century and administratively the area was referred to as Tromsø Diocese when Tromsø became a bishopric in 1840. There had been different designations previously: Hålogaland originally included only Helgeland and when Norse settlement spread north in the Viking Age and the Middle Ages, Hålogaland was used for the area north approximately to Malangen , while Finnmark or "Finnmarken", "the land of the Sami", lay outside. The term Northern Norway was coined at a cafe table in Kristiania in 1884 by members of the Nordlændingernes Forening and was first commonly used in the interwar period as it eventually supplanted "Hålogaland".
State formation
The battle in Hafrsfjord in the year 872 has long been regarded as the day when Norway became a kingdom. The year of the battle is uncertain (may have been 10-20 years later). The whole of Norway was not united in that battle: the process had begun earlier and continued a couple of hundred years later. This means that the geographical area became subject to a political authority and became a political unit. The geographical area was perceived as an area as it is known, among other things, from Ottar from Hålogaland's account for King Alfred of Wessex around the year 880. Ottar described "the land of the Norwegians" as very long and narrow, and it was narrowest in the far north. East of the wasteland in the south lay Sveoland and in the north lay Kvenaland in the east. When Ottar sailed south along the land from his home ( Malangen ) to Skiringssal, he always had Norway ("Nordveg") on his port side and the British Isles on his starboard side. The journey took a good month. Ottar perceived "Nordveg" as a geographical unit, but did not imply that it was a political unit. Ottar separated Norwegians from Swedes and Danes. It is unclear why Ottar perceived the population spread over such a large area as a whole. It is unclear whether Norway as a geographical term or Norwegians as the name of a ethnic group is the oldest. The Norwegians had a common language which in the centuries before Ottar did not differ much from the language of Denmark and Sweden.
According to Sverre Steen, it is unlikely that Harald Hårfagre was able to control this entire area as one kingdom. The saga of Harald was written 300 years later and at his death Norway was several smaller kingdoms. Harald probably controlled a larger area than anyone before him and at most Harald's kingdom probably included the coast from Trøndelag to Agder and Vestfold as well as parts of Viken . There were probably several smaller kingdoms of varying extent before Harald and some of these are reflected in traditional landscape names such as Ranrike and Ringerike . Landscape names of "-land" (Rogaland) and "-mark" (Hedmark) as well as names such as Agder and Sogn may have been political units before Harald.
According to Sverre Steen, the national assembly was completed at the earliest at the battle of Stiklestad in 1030 and the introduction of Christianity was probably a significant factor in the establishment of Norway as a state. Håkon I the good Adalsteinsfostre introduced the leasehold system where the "coastal land" (as far as the salmon went up the rivers) was divided into ship raiders who were to provide a longship with soldiers and supplies. The leidange was probably introduced as a defense against the Danes. The border with the Danes was traditionally at the Göta älv and several times before and after Harald Hårfagre the Danes had control over central parts of Norway.
Christianity was known and existed in Norway before Olav Haraldson's time. The spread occurred both from the south (today's Denmark and northern Germany) and from the west (England and Ireland). Ansgar of Bremen , called the "Apostle of the North", worked in Sweden, but he was never in Norway and probably had little influence in the country. Viking expeditions brought the Norwegians of that time into contact with Christian countries and some were baptized in England, Ireland and northern France. Olav Tryggvason and Olav Haraldson were Vikings who returned home. The first Christians in Norway were also linked to pre-Christian local religion, among other things, by mixing Christian symbols with symbols of Odin and other figures from Norse religion.
According to Sverre Steen, the introduction of Christianity in Norway should not be perceived as a nationwide revival. At Mostratinget, Christian law was introduced as law in the country and later incorporated into the laws of the individual jurisdictions. Christianity primarily involved new forms in social life, among other things exposure and images of gods were prohibited, it was forbidden to "put out" unwanted infants (to let them die), and it was forbidden to have multiple wives. The church became a nationwide institution with a special group of officials tasked with protecting the church and consolidating the new religion. According to Sverre Steen, Christianity and the church in the Middle Ages should therefore be considered together, and these became a new unifying factor in the country. The church and Christianity linked Norway to Roman Catholic Europe with Church Latin as the common language, the same time reckoning as the rest of Europe and the church in Norway was arranged much like the churches in Denmark, Sweden and England. Norway received papal approval in 1070 and became its own church province in 1152 with Archbishop Nidaros .
With Christianity, the country got three social powers: the peasants (organized through the things), the king with his officials and the church with the clergy. The things are the oldest institution: At allthings all armed men had the right to attend (in part an obligation to attend) and at lagthings met emissaries from an area (that is, the lagthings were representative assemblies). The Thing both ruled in conflicts and established laws. The laws were memorized by the participants and written down around the year 1000 or later in the Gulationsloven , Frostatingsloven , Eidsivatingsloven and Borgartingsloven . The person who had been successful at the hearing had to see to the implementation of the judgment themselves.
Early Middle Ages (1050s–1184)
The early Middle Ages is considered in Norwegian history to be the period between the end of the Viking Age around 1050 and the coronation of King Sverre in 1184 . The beginning of the period can be dated differently, from around the year 1000 when the Christianization of the country took place and up to 1100 when the Viking Age was over from an archaeological point of view. From 1035 to 1130 it was a time of (relative) internal peace in Norway, even several of the kings attempted campaigns abroad, including in 1066 and 1103 .
During this period, the church's organization was built up. This led to a gradual change in religious customs. Religion went from being a domestic matter to being regulated by common European Christian law and the royal power gained increased power and influence. Slavery (" servitude ") was gradually abolished. The population grew rapidly during this period, as the thousands of farm names ending in -rud show.
The urbanization of Norway is a historical process that has slowly but surely changed Norway from the early Viking Age to today, from a country based on agriculture and sea salvage, to increasingly trade and industry. As early as the ninth century, the country got its first urban community, and in the eleventh century we got the first permanent cities.
In the 1130s, civil war broke out . This was due to a power struggle and that anyone who claimed to be the king's son could claim the right to the throne. The disputes escalated into extensive year-round warfare when Sverre Sigurdsson started a rebellion against the church's and the landmen's candidate for the throne , Magnus Erlingsson .
Emergence of cities
The oldest Norwegian cities probably emerged from the end of the 9th century. Oslo, Bergen and Nidaros became episcopal seats, which stimulated urban development there, and the king built churches in Borg , Konghelle and Tønsberg. Hamar and Stavanger became new episcopal seats and are referred to in the late 12th century as towns together with the trading places Veøy in Romsdal and Kaupanger in Sogn. In the late Middle Ages, Borgund (on Sunnmøre), Veøy (in Romsdalsfjorden) and Vågan (in Lofoten) were referred to as small trading places. Urbanization in Norway occurred in few places compared to the neighboring countries, only 14 places appear as cities before 1350. Stavanger became a bishopric around 1120–1130, but it is unclear whether the place was already a city then. The fertile Jæren and outer Ryfylke were probably relatively densely populated at that time. A particularly large concentration of Irish artefacts from the Viking Age has been found in Stavanger and Nord-Jæren.
It has been difficult to estimate the population in the Norwegian medieval cities, but it is considered certain that the cities grew rapidly in the Middle Ages. Oscar Albert Johnsen estimated the city's population before the Black Death at 20,000, of which 7,000 in Bergen, 3,000 in Nidaros, 2,000 in Oslo and 1,500 in Tunsberg. Based on archaeological research, Lunden estimates that Oslo had around 1,500 inhabitants in 250 households in the year 1300. Bergen was built up more densely and, with the concentration of exports there, became Norway's largest city in a special position for several hundred years. Knut Helle suggests a city population of 20,000 at most in the High Middle Ages, of which almost half in Bergen.
The Bjarkøyretten regulated the conditions in cities (especially Bergen and Nidaros) and in trading places, and for Nidaros had many of the same provisions as the Frostating Act . Magnus Lagabøte's city law replaced the bjarkøretten and from 1276 regulated the settlement in Bergen and with corresponding laws also drawn up for Oslo, Nidaros and Tunsberg. The city law applied within the city's roof area . The City Act determined that the city's public streets consisted of wide commons (perpendicular to the shoreline) and ran parallel to the shoreline, similarly in Nidaros and Oslo. The roads were small streets of up to 3 cubits (1.4 metres) and linked to the individual property. From the Middle Ages, the Norwegian cities were usually surrounded by wooden fences. The urban development largely consisted of low wooden houses which stood in contrast to the relatively numerous and dominant churches and monasteries built in stone.
The City Act and supplementary provisions often determined where in the city different goods could be traded, in Bergen, for example, cattle and sheep could only be traded on the Square, and fish only on the Square or directly from the boats at the quayside. In Nidaros, the blacksmiths were required to stay away from the densely populated areas due to the risk of fire, while the tanners had to stay away from the settlements due to the strong smell. The City Act also attempted to regulate the influx of people into the city (among other things to prevent begging in the streets) and had provisions on fire protection. In Oslo, from the 13th century or earlier, it was common to have apartment buildings consisting of single buildings on a couple of floors around a courtyard with access from the street through a gate room. Oslo's medieval apartment buildings were home to one to four households. In the urban farms, livestock could be kept, including pigs and cows, while pastures and fields were found in the city's rooftops . In the apartment buildings there could be several outbuildings such as warehouses, barns and stables. Archaeological excavations show that much of the buildings in medieval Oslo, Trondheim and Tønsberg resembled the oblong farms that have been preserved at Bryggen in Bergen . The land boundaries in Oslo appear to have persisted for many hundreds of years, in Bergen right from the Middle Ages to modern times.
High Middle Ages (1184–1319)
After civil wars in the 12th century, the country had a relative heyday in the 13th century. Iceland and Greenland came under the royal authority in 1262 , and the Norwegian Empire reached its greatest extent under Håkon IV Håkonsson . The last king of Haraldsätten, Håkon V Magnusson , died sonless in 1319 . Until the 17th century, Norway stretched all the way down to the mouth of Göta älv , which was then Norway's border with Sweden and Denmark.
Just before the Black Death around 1350, there were between 65,000 and 85,000 farms in the country, and there had been a strong growth in the number of farms from 1050, especially in Eastern Norway. In the High Middle Ages, the church or ecclesiastical institutions controlled 40% of the land in Norway, while the aristocracy owned around 20% and the king owned 7%. The church and monasteries received land through gifts from the king and nobles, or through inheritance and gifts from ordinary farmers.
Settlement and demography in the Middle Ages
Before the Black Death, there were more and more farms in Norway due to farm division and clearing. The settlement spread to more marginal agricultural areas higher inland and further north. Eastern Norway had the largest areas to take off and had the most population growth towards the High Middle Ages. Along the coast north of Stad, settlement probably increased in line with the extent of fishing. The Icelandic Rimbegla tells around the year 1200 that the border between Finnmark (the land of the Sami) and resident Norwegians in the interior was at Malangen , while the border all the way out on the coast was at Kvaløya . From the end of the High Middle Ages, there were more Norwegians along the coast of Finnmark and Nord-Troms. In the inner forest and mountain tracts along the current border between Norway and Sweden, the Sami exploited the resources all the way down to Hedmark.
There are no censuses or other records of population and settlement in the Middle Ages. At the time of the Reformation, the population was below 200,000 and only in 1650 was the population at the same level as before the Black Death. When Christianity was introduced after the year 1000, the population was around 200,000. After the Black Death, many farms and settlements were abandoned and deserted, in the most marginal agricultural areas up to 80% of the farms were abandoned. Places such as Skien, Veøy and Borgund (Ålesund) went out of use as trading towns. By the year 1300, the population was somewhere between 300,000 and 560,000 depending on the calculation method. Common methods start from detailed information about farms in each village and compare this with the situation in 1660 when there are good headcounts. From 1300 to 1660, there was a change in the economic base so that the coastal villages received a larger share of the population. The inland areas of Eastern Norway had a relatively larger population in the High Middle Ages than after the Reformation. Kåre Lunden concludes that the population in the year 1300 was close to 500,000, of which 15,000 lived in cities. Lunden believes that the population in 1660 was still slightly lower than the peak before the Black Death and points out that farm settlement in 1660 did not reach the same extent as in the High Middle Ages. In 1660, the population in Troms and Finnmark was 6,000 and 3,000 respectively (2% of the total population), in 1300 these areas had an even smaller share of the country's population and in Finnmark there were hardly any Norwegian-speaking inhabitants. In the High Middle Ages, the climate was more favorable for grain cultivation in the north. Based on the number of farms, the population increased 162% from 1000 to 1300, in Northern and Western Europe as a whole the growth was 200% in the same period.
Late Middle Ages (1319–1537)
Due to repeated plague epidemics, the population was roughly halved and the least productive of the country's farms were laid waste. It took several hundred years before the population again reached the level before 1349 . However, those who survived the epidemics gained more financial resources by sharing. Tax revenues for the state almost collapsed, and a large part of the noble families died out or sank into peasant status due to the fall in national debt . The Hanseatic League took over trade and shipping and dominated fish exports. The Archbishop of Nidaros was the country's most powerful man economically and politically, as the royal dynasty married into the Swedish in 1319 and died out in 1387 . Eventually, Copenhagen became the political center of the kingdom and Bergen the commercial center, while Trondheim remained the religious center.
From Reformation to Autocracy (1537–1660)
In 1537 , the Reformation was carried out in Norway. With that, almost half of the country's property was confiscated by the royal power at the stroke of a pen. The large seizure increased the king's income and was able, among other things, to expand his military power and consolidated his power in the kingdom. From roughly the time of the Reformation and in the following centuries, the state increased its power and importance in people's lives. Until around 1620, the state administration was fairly simple and unspecialised: in Copenhagen, the central administration mainly consisted of a chancellery and an interest chamber ; and sheriffs ruled the civil (including bailiffs and sheriffs) and the military in their district, the sheriffs collected taxes and oversaw business. The accounts were not clear and without summaries. The clergy, which had great power as a separate organization, was appointed by the state church after the Reformation, administered from Copenhagen. In this period, Norway was ruled by (mainly) Danish noble sheriffs, who acted as intermediaries between the peasants and the Oldenborg king in the field of justice, tax and customs collection.
From 1620, the state apparatus went through major changes where specialization of functions was a main issue. The sheriff's tasks were divided between several, more specialized officials - the sheriffs retained the formal authority over these, who in practice were under the national administration in Copenhagen. Among other things, a separate military officer corps was established, a separate customs office was established and separate treasurers for taxes and fees were appointed. The Overbergamtet, the central governing body for overseeing mining operations in Norway, was established in 1654 with an office in Christiania and this agency was to oversee the mining chiefs in the Nordenfjeld and Sønnenfjeld areas (the mines at Kongsberg and Røros were established in the previous decades). The formal transition from county government to official government with fixed-paid county officials took place after 1660, but the real changes had taken place from around 1620. The increased specialization and transition to official government meant that experts, not amateurs, were in charge of each area, and this civil service meant, according to Sverre Steen that the dictatorship was not a personal dictatorship.
From 1570 until 1721, the Oldenborg dynasty was in repeated wars with the Vasa dynasty in Sweden. The financing of these wars led to a severe increase in taxation which caused great distress.
Politically-geographically, the Oldenborg kings had to cede to Sweden the Norwegian provinces of Jemtland , Herjedalen , Idre and Särna , as well as Båhuslen . As part of the financing of the wars, the state apparatus was expanded. Royal power began to assert itself to a greater extent in the administration of justice. Until this period, cases of violence and defamation had been treated as civil cases between citizens. The level of punishment was greatly increased. During this period, at least 307 people were also executed for witchcraft in Norway. Culturally, the country was marked by the fact that the written language became Danish because of the Bible translation and the University of Copenhagen's educational monopoly.
From the 16th century, business became more marked by production for sale and not just own consumption. In the past, it was particularly the fisheries that had produced such a large surplus of goods that it was sold to markets far away, the dried fish trade via Bergen is known from around the year 1100. In the 16th century, the yield from the fisheries multiplied, especially due to the introduction of herring in Western Norway and in Trøndelag and because new tools made fishing for herring and skre more efficient. Line fishing and cod nets that were introduced in the 17th century were controversial because the small fishermen believed it favored citizens in the cities.
Forestry and the timber trade became an important business, particularly because of the boom saw which made it possible to saw all kinds of tables and planks for sale abroad. The demand for timber increased at the same time in Europe, Norway had plenty of forests and in the 17th century timber became the country's most important export product. There were hundreds of sawmills in the country and the largest had the feel of factories . In 1680, the king regulated the timber trade by allowing exports only from privileged sawmills and in a certain quantity.
From the 1520s, some silver was mined in Telemark. When the peasants chased the German miners whereupon the king executed five peasants and demanded compensation from the other rebellious peasants. The background for the harsh treatment was that the king wanted to assert his authority over the extraction of precious metals. The search for metals led to the silver works at Kongsberg after 1624, copper in the mountain villages between Trøndelag and Eastern Norway, and iron, among other things, in Agder and lower Telemark. The financial gain of the quarries at that time is unclear because there are no reliable accounts. Kongsberg made Denmark-Norway self-sufficient in silver and the copper works produced a good deal more than the domestic demand and became an important export commodity. Kongsberg and Røros were the only Norwegian towns established because of the quarries.
In addition to the sawmills, in the 17th century, industrial production ( manufactures ) was established in, among other things, wool weaving, soap production, tea boiling , nail production and the manufacture of gunpowder .
The monopoly until the Peace of Kiel (1660–1814)
Until 1660, the king had been elected by the Danish Riksråd, while he inherited the kingdom of Norway, which was a tradition in Norway. After a series of military defeats, the king committed a coup d'état and deposed the Riksdag. King Frederik III introduced absolute power, which meant that there were hardly any legal restrictions on the king's power. This reinforced the expansion of the state apparatus that had been going on for a few decades, and the civil administration was controlled to a greater extent from the central administration in Copenhagen. According to Sverre Steen, the more specialized and expanded civil service meant that the period of autocracy was not essentially a personal dictatorship: The changing monarchs had the formal last word on important matters, but higher officials set the conditions. According to Steen, the autocracy was not tyrannical where the citizens were treated arbitrarily by the king and officials: the laws were strict and the punishments harsh, but there was legal certainty. The king rarely used his right to punish outside the judiciary and often used his right to commute sentences or pardons. It almost never happened that the king intervened in a court case before a verdict had been passed.
In 1662, the sheriff system (in which the nobility played an important role) was abolished and replaced with amt . Norway was divided into four main counties (Akershus, Kristiansands, Bergenhus and Trondhjems) which were later called stiftamt led by stiftamtmen with a number of county marshals and bailiffs (futer) under them. The county administrator in Akershus also had other roles such as governor. The former sheriffs were almost absolute within their fiefs, while the new stifamtmen and amtmen had more limited authority; among other things, they did not have military equipment like the sheriffs. The county officials had no control over state income and could not enrich themselves privately as the sheriffs could, taxes and fees were instead handled by their own officials. County officials were employed by the king and, unlike the sheriffs, had a fixed salary. Officials appointed by the king were responsible for local government. Before 1662, the sheriffs themselves appointed low officials such as bailiffs, mayors and councillors. A church commissioner was given responsibility for overseeing the churchwardens' accounts. In 1664, two general road masters were appointed for Norway, one for Sonnafjelske (Eastland and Sørlandet) and one for Nordafjelske (Westlandet and Trøndelag; Northern Norway had no roads).
Both Denmark and Norway got new law books. The wretched state finances led to an extensive sale of crown property, first to the state's creditors. Further sales meant that many farmers became self-owned at the end of the 18th century. Industrial exploitation of Norwegian natural resources began, and trade and shipping and especially increasing timber exports led to economic growth in the latter part of the 1700s.
From 1500 to 1814, Norway did not have its own foreign policy. After the dissolution of the Kalmar Union in 1523, Denmark remained the leading power in the Nordic region and dominated the Baltic Sea, while Sweden sought to expand geographically in all directions and strengthened its position. From 1625 to 1660, Denmark lost its dominance: Christian IV lost to the emperor in the Thirty Years' War and ceded Skåne, Blekinge, Halland, Båhuslen , Jemtland and Herjedalen as well as all the islands in the inner part of the Baltic Sea. With this, Norway got its modern borders, which have remained in place ever since. Sweden was no longer confined by Norway and Denmark, and Sweden became the great power in the Nordic region. At the same time, Norway remained far from Denmark (until 1660 there was an almost continuous land connection between Norway and Denmark). During the Great Nordic War, Danish forces moved towards Scania and ended with Charles the 12th falling at Fredriksten . From 1720 to 1807 there was peace except for the short Cranberry War in 1788. In August 1807, the British navy surrounded Denmark and demanded that the Danish fleet be handed over. After bombing 2-7. On September 1807, the Danes capitulated and handed over the fleet (known as the "fleet robbery") and the arsenal. Two weeks later, Denmark entered into an alliance with Napoleon and Great Britain declared war on Denmark in November 1807. The Danish leadership had originally envisioned an alliance with Great Britain. Anger at the fleet robbery and fear of French occupation of Denmark itself (and thus breaking the connection with Norway) were probably the motive for the alliance with France. According to Sverre Steen, the period 1807-1814 was the most significant in Norway's history (before the Second World War). Foreign trade was paralyzed and hundreds of Norwegian ships were seized by the British. British ships, both warships and privateers , blocked the sea route between Norway and Denmark as described in " Terje Vigen " by Henrik Ibsen . During the Napoleonic Wars , there was a food shortage and famine in Norway, between 20 and 30 thousand people out of a population of around 900 thousand died from sheer lack of food or diseases related to malnutrition.
From the late summer of 1807, Norway was governed by a government commission led by the governor and commander-in-chief, Prince Christian August . Christian August was considered an honorable and capable leader. In 1808, a joint Russian and Danish/Norwegian attack on Sweden was planned; the campaign fails completely and Christian August concludes a truce with the Swedes. The Swedish king was deposed, the country got a new constitution with a limited monarchy and in the summer of 1808, Christian August was elected heir to the throne in Sweden. Christian August died a few months after he moved to Sweden and the French general Jean Baptiste Bernadotte became the new heir to the throne with the name "Karl Johan". After Napoleon was defeated at Leipzig in 1813, Bernadotte entered Holstein with Swedish forces and forced the Danish king to the Peace of Kiel .
Colonies and slave trade
Denmark-Norway acquired overseas colonies: St. Thomas (1665), St. Jan and St. Croix (18th century). At the same time, the kingdom entered into an agreement with rulers on the Gold Coast (Ghana) regarding the establishment of slave forts, including Christiansborg in Accra . The trade was triangular from Copenhagen to the Gold Coast with weapons, gunpowder and liquor which were exchanged for gold, ivory and slaves . The slaves were transported across the Atlantic to the Caribbean, among other things to the Danish-Norwegian colonies where St. Croix was most important. The ships returned to Copenhagen with sugar, tobacco, cotton and other goods. About 100,000 slaves were transported across the sea on Danish and Norwegian ships from 1660 to 1802. About 10% of the slaves died during the crossing. At least two of the slave ships ("Cornelia" and "Friderich") were in Norwegian ownership. Engelbret Hesselberg was a fut on St. Croix and after a slave rebellion in 1759, he had some of the rebels executed, among other things, by burning them alive, hanging them by their feet or putting them naked in a cage in the sun. At the end of the 18th century, opposition to the slave trade grew in Denmark-Norway, among others the Norwegian Claus Fasting promoted strong criticism. The slave trade was banned from 1803, while slavery itself was banned in Denmark from 1848.
Immigration to Norway
In the 1500s and 1600s, many people moved within Europe. From Germany, France and the Netherlands, enterprising people came to Sweden and Denmark, and gave rise to influential families. Danes in particular came to Norway who, formally speaking, were not foreigners, but were probably perceived as strangers by the local population. There was some immigration of ethnic Germans, some from areas under the Danish crown and others. Some immigrated from the Netherlands, England and Scotland. For example, half of those who applied for citizenship in Bergen in the 17th century were foreigners and they were often founders of new businesses. Immigrants from the Netherlands brought knowledge of line fishing and the preparation of herring; the Scot came with knowledge of the production of cuttlefish ; and Germans engaged in mining. Some foreigners ran large farms they bought near the cities, for example Frogner near Christiania and Lade near Trondheim. A large part of the country's leading echelon of officials and merchants were around 1,800 descendants of immigrants, and family names of foreign origin had a higher status. According to Sverre Steen, it was special for Norway that the immigrants and their descendants were given such a much stronger position than other residents.
Social and cultural conditions
Around 1800, most people, both women and men, in Norway could read and many could write. Foreigners traveling in Norway were surprised at how well-informed and interested Norwegian farmers were about the situation outside the country. In the 17th century, Peder Claussøn Friis translated Snorre Sturlason's royal sagas from Old Norse, and in a new edition this book became important in nation-building in later centuries. Early in the 18th century, Tormod Torfæus wrote Norway's history to 1387 in 4 volumes in Latin ; the preparation is considered to be scientifically unsustainable. In the 1730s, Ludvig Holberg wrote the popular scientific Danmarks Reges Historie , which is considered to maintain a high standard. According to Holberg, Norway emerged as a kingdom after the "nomenclature union in 1380". Holberg was the most important Norwegian cultural figure in the Danish era. Gerhard Schøning wrote Norges Reges Historie (in Danish) in the 1770s ; Schøning claimed that the Norwegians were a separate people from the dawn of time and had immigrated from the north-east without visiting Denmark.
1814
Norway remained the hereditary kingdom of the Oldenborg kings until 1814 , when the king had to renounce Norway at the Peace of Kiel on 14 January 1814 after being on the losing side during the Napoleonic Wars . Greenland, the Faroe Islands and Iceland were not included in the transfer to Sweden. The King of Sweden undertook to maintain the laws and freedoms the Norwegians had and Norway was to take over its share of the national debt. At the same time, the Swedish king ceded Rügen and Swedish Pomerania as well as 1 million dalers. Norway was ceded to the king of Sweden and the Treaty of Kiel established that Norway was a separate kingdom. Prince Christian Frederik traveled to Trondheim to calm the mood. Sixty leading citizens of Trondheim signed a letter in which they supported the prince's policy of independence and at the same time asked that a congress should be convened to lay the foundations for Norway's future constitution. On his return from Trondheim, he gathered 15 civil servants and 6 businessmen for the Stormannsmøetet at Eidsvoll 16-17. February where it was agreed on a constitutional assembly in the same place from 10 April. Until then, the prince was to rule the country as regent with the support of a government council. After the meeting, the prince announced that the Norwegian people had been released from their oath to Frederik VI and, as a free and independent people, had the right to decide their own government constitution.
Sverre Steen describes these as revolutionary ideas: It involved a transition from princely sovereignty to popular sovereignty as was known from the US Constitution and from the French Revolution. Georg Sverdrup stated at the nobles' meeting in February that the Norwegian krone had thus "returned home" to the Norwegian people and that the people could, by their own decision, transfer the krone to whoever was deemed most suitable. The transition was not prepared in Norway except as an idea as individuals. In the previous years, there had been dissatisfaction (especially in Eastern Norway) with the Danish government, but no stated demands for secession from Denmark. When the rumor spread in 1813 that Denmark would probably have to cede Norway, there was talk of independence. At the elders' meeting, it was agreed that the congregations should gather in the churches and swear allegiance to Norway, as a simple referendum on independence and against union with Sweden. At the same time, the priests organized elections for the National Assembly, which was to convene later.
In public, there was overwhelming support for independence, while those who wanted union with Sweden advanced their views in silence. The mood of the people was for full independence.