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I accept that this is not the best quality picture, but it shows 26013 and 26014 stored inside the depot at Dundee, and would have thought that photos inside here were scarce. 6th April 1983.
[accepted] Bare Face Challenge
#SLBareFaceChallenge
To participate simply post a photo of your avatar no lashes, no makeup, no enhancements and no PS!
Skin : Belleza - Eva Uber
Hair : Lelutka - Vague
Notes :
1) Few people already tagged me for this challenge. All I can say now "Challenge accepted",
2) This is the nearest bare makeup that they have for this skin.
3) I dont use shadow
4) If you haven't done the challenge, well consider I challenge you :D
Margaret Barr (1904-1991) was born in Bombay, India. She went to school in California, USA, and in the 1920s studied dance with Martha Graham in New York and choreographed her first works. During the 1930s she taught at Dartington Hall in Devon, England, an experimental school run by Dorothy and Leonard Elmhirst, and opened a studio in London. The productions of her own dance dramas often featured original music by composers such as Michael Tippett, Donald Pond and Edmund Rubbra. With her husband Bruce Hart, a conscientious objector, she travelled to New Zealand at the outbreak of World War II, where she accepted the position of Director of Movement at the Auckland School of Drama. She moved to Australia ten years later, and for four decades made a unique contribution as a choreographer, director and teacher. She formed the Margaret Barr Dance Group in Sydney in 1952, was Director of Movement at the National Institute of Dramatic Art from its inception in 1958 to 1975, and conducted classes at her Annandale studio. Her choreography was motivated by strong social and potitical concerns, and her dance dramas ranged over diverse topics such as the work of Mahatma Gandhi and Margaret Mead, drought, and the Melbourne Cup. She died in Sydney on 29 May 1991.
Format: Photograph
Notes: Find more detailed information about this photographic collection: acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/item/itemDetailPaged.aspx?itemID=421396
Search for more great images in the State Library's collections: acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/search/SimpleSearch.aspx
From the collection of the State Library of New South Wales www.sl.nsw.gov.au
Turton Tower, Bolton, consists of a medieval stone pele tower, constructed around 1420, which has evolved over the centuries into an impressive manor house by the addition of subsequent timber-framed and stone built additions.
The tower is claimed to be haunted by a woman in black who is seen climbing a spiral staircase, floating in silence across the room and disappearing down what was a former garderobe (or lavatory) shaft.
Many of these wealthy families of Northern England remained Catholic even when Protestantism ruled and ghost stories were often used to explain the activities of priests in the times when their comings and goings might have aroused suspicion - maybe this 'black lady' was really a priest in his black robes, disappearing into what may have been a priest hole or hiding place?
Another room contains an old wooden crib that rocks of its own accord.
The sound of marching feet has been reported, perhaps explained by the fact that Cromwell's troops were once entertained at Turton during the Civil War.
Loud banging is heard throughout the house, a phenomenon which may be connected with Turton's most famous ghostly tale - that of the Timberbottom skulls. The skulls are those of a male and a female and they were found in Bradshaw Brook in 1750, near Timberbottom Farm. They were kept at the farm, on the mantlepiece, from which any attempt to move them provoked violent poltergeist activity, in the shape of moving furniture, loud banging noises and bloodcurdling screams. Even an attempted burial in Bradshaw churchyard could not silence the skulls and it was only on the demolition of Timberbottom Farm that they accepted a new home at nearby Bradshaw Hall. This was also demolished in the 1950's and the skulls were moved to Turton Tower. One of the skulls is more or less whole but appears to have been slashed by a sharp instrument. The other is just a fragment of skullcap and has been set on a silver stand. Their age and origin remains unknown and many tales have been woven around them but it would seem that they may be very ancient. They are kept standing on the Bradshaw Hall Bible, just in case...
Just before the light left the grassy banks here. Had to accept the person, such a busy late afternoon! ...perhaps they add something?
A few hours ago I just got the worst news of my life, something I have torn the soul. One of my best friends committed suicide.
Still can not believe it and I think it was all a nightmare. Right now I feel a mixture of shame and anger, I am furious at having been their choice. I guess when you outweigh the problems, if you do not see the easy way out. But I keep wondering if I did my best and if I could help in some way, I miss you very much and I keep remembering all the times we spent together, both for good and for bad.
I'm tired to cry, to mourn and to hit the table, now I just have to accept it and resign, even though I have the certainty that this does not end here.
It was a lovely girl full of energy, you could talk to her about anything, he was a tremendously intelligent.
She was not prepared to live in this society, neither in this world as we know it.
I could not stand such injustice and believed in a borderless world, used to say that money was one of the great evils of this world and all these situations would have to be destroyed and replaced by ones that really make this world a place " free "in every way, where love stood out above all in his head was still making his ideal world as a means of escape, he questioned everything I could tell .... But that was not enough and really wanted that world he kept in his head based on ideas and thoughts come true.
From rebellious spirit and endowed with great character, could not take no for an answer, one that does not come from the depths of this infinite universe.
How I miss you dear friend, I hope that when we meet again either in this world, in this physical plane and get my life back, as a new member in my family, as the neighbor across or as you agreed in your Book of life.
With these words I do not want to tie you to me, on the contrary wish to continue your journey and follow evolving. Sure you still have much to learn and to teach those who need it.
With these words I just want to show my love and affection. This is not a goodbye or anything, we could leave it in a "goodbye".
Sorry
Forgive
Thanks
I love you
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A Black-winged Stilt.
Snapped at a Village named ANANTSAGARGAON off National Highway from Sadasivapet -Medak District, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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The Black-winged Stilt, Common Stilt, or Pied Stilt (Himantopus himantopus) is a widely distributed very long-legged wader in the avocet and stilt family (Recurvirostridae). Opinions differ as to whether the birds treated under the scientific name H. himantopus ought to be treated as a single species and if not, how many species to recognize. The scientific name Himantopus comes from the Greek meaning "strap foot" or "thong foot". Most sources today accept 2–4 species.
Adults are 33–36 cm long. They have long pink legs, a long thin black bill and are blackish above and white below, with a white head and neck with a varying amount of black. Males have a black back, often with greenish gloss. Females' backs have a brown hue, contrasting with the black remiges. In the populations that have the top of the head normally white at least in winter, females tend to have less black on head and neck all year round, while males often have much black, particularly in summer. This difference is not clear-cut, however, and males usually get all-white heads in winter.
Immature birds are grey instead of black and have a markedly sandy hue on the wings, with light feather fringes appearing as a whitish line in flight.
Source : Wikipedia.
I like to keep my bicycle in the living room. The fact that it's in the living room disturbs my hubby (and some others) since we have a garage where other bicycles happily reside, so he doesn't understand why my bicycle cannot join them. He said, what if I decided I like to keep my tools in the living room, hmmm? Well, that would be a ridiculous thing to do so don't do that, but this is different. I love my bike, I ride it daily so it's nice to have it close at hand and easy to get to. It just makes me feel happy to have my bicycle in the house with me, like an old friend. So, he finally accepts this little quirk. Things could be worse, what if I had an attachment to horses :)
Looks cool in lightbox
ODC ~ in your house
Nikon D7000 ~ Nikkor 24mm 2.8 Ais
Sagebrush Scramble 5K Fun Run at the National Historic Oregon Trail Interpretive Center in Baker City Oregon
The National Historic Oregon Trail Interpretive Center on Flagstaff Hill outside Baker City Oregon host this annual 5K Run / Walk. Runners and walkers start at the top of Flagstaff Hill at the Center and run down to the actual ruts of the Oregon Trail and then back up to the wagon encampment. The run attracts hundreds of runners and walkers each year to experience this one of a kind fun run with the scenic back drop of the Elkhorn Mountains of Eastern Oregon and the rich pioneering heritage of the Oregon Trail.
A pioneer wagon encampment is the first thing that visitors see when arriving at this award winning and world class interpretive center. The entire facility is staffed with costumed interpreters helping visitors discover the Oregon trail and the experiences of early pioneers as they made their way West during the nation’s largest overland migration. Three are also a number of outdoor exhibits along the trail system including a historic stamp mill, a gold panning station and several mining exhibits, and a working blacksmith shop that visitors can explore as they walk the path down to the actual ruts of the Oregon Trail.
The Interpretive Center hosts numerous special events and activities throughout the year including, Dutch oven cooking demonstrations, lectures, and hands on gold panning demonstrations.
The National Historic Oregon Trail Interpretive Center, operated by the Bureau of Land Management, is located 5 miles east of Baker City, Oregon on Highway 86. Take Exit 302 from I-84. The Center is open from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. daily. Admission for adults is $8. Seniors are $4.50. Children 15 and under are free. Federal passes are accepted. Visit
www.oregontrail.blm.gov for more information about the Center, or call 541-523-1843
For more information about other Baker County historic sites, attractions and special events, visit the Baker County tourism website at www.basecampbaker.com
Words & picture by me
Really though
Really think about it
What is normal?
And why is it that we cant accept
What isn't "normal"
Press L
What might look like an act of public humiliation to a bystander, was in fact honorary initiation - after going through the whole ugly sweater thing, Michael was officially part of the family, fully accepted by every1, including Naomi's dad.. though Ashley and Jamal still found it to be very amusing.
Cassandra Cain is a fictional superheroine appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Batman. Created by Kelley Puckett and Damion Scott, Cassandra Cain first appeared in Batman #567 (July 1999). The character is one of several who have assumed the role of Batgirl. Over the years, she has also assumed the names of Black Bat and Orphan.
Cassandra's origin story presents her as the daughter of assassins David Cain and Lady Shiva. She was deprived of speech and human contact during her childhood as conditioning to become the world's greatest assassin.
Consequently, Cassandra grew up to become an expert martial artist and developed an incredible ability to interpret body language to the point of reading complex thoughts, while simultaneously developing limited social skills and remaining mute and illiterate.
Cassandra was the first Batgirl to star in her own ongoing Batgirl comic book series. She was replaced as Batgirl by Stephanie Brown in a 2009 storyline. She returned in late 2010, where she was shown working as an anonymous agent of Batman in Hong Kong before adopting the new moniker of Black Bat.
The character was brought back to mainstream continuity after the company-wide reboot in Batman & Robin Eternal, using the code name Orphan, previously used by her father, David Cain. The character's full history was restored in DC's 2021 Infinite Frontier relaunch.
Fictional character biography
Early history
Cassandra's birth and childhood are revealed in the Batgirl series. While seeking a perfect bodyguard for Ra's al Ghul, David Cain finds a potential mother when he sees Sandra Wu-San fighting her sister Carolyn in a martial arts tournament.
Believing that Sandra is holding back for Carolyn, Cain lures Sandra into a trap, sparing her life. David and Sandra have a child, and Sandra leaves the child for David to raise, setting out to become Lady Shiva.
Cain trains Cassandra from birth to be an assassin. She is not taught to read or write; instead, reading body language is her only language. She is able to read people's movements and predict what they are going to do.
When she is eight, Cain takes her to kill a businessman. As the man dies, Cassandra reads what he is feeling, realizes what she did, and runs away from her father.
After that, her activities are a mystery, until she first appears during the "No Man's Land" story arc.
No Man's Land
During the "No Man's Land" storyline, after Gotham is leveled by an earthquake and isolated, Cassandra Cain saves Commissioner Gordon's life and gains Bruce Wayne's approval, and, eventually, becomes the new Batgirl.
Her father, David Cain, sends a video of Cassandra's first murder to Bruce Wayne (Batman) attempting to disrupt her status. However, Wayne continues to accept Cassandra after she takes several bullets to save the life of a hired assassin, proving her devotion to protecting human life.
Batgirl
Bruce Wayne sends Cassandra to Barbara Gordon, currently functioning as Oracle. Barbara says she prefers to live alone but since Cassandra is never home and doesn't talk, it is just like living alone.
A telepath "rewires" Cassandra's brain so that she can think with words and use language, but these abilities come at some cost to her ability to read people's body language.
As she had relied completely on this ability to fight, she is unable to effectively fight crime. Worried, Bruce Wayne takes away her costume and begins training her in defensive skills.
Cassandra soon discovers that the assassin Lady Shiva can read people like she used to be able to and asks Shiva to reteach her.
Lady Shiva accepts on the condition that they would have a duel to the death a year later. As Cassandra would rather be "perfect for a year" instead of "mediocre for a lifetime", she accepts the offer.
When the women fight in a year's time, Cassandra dies within minutes. Realizing Cassandra had a death wish, Shiva then restarts her heart, so that they can have a real fight. In the subsequent fight, Cassandra beats Shiva but does not kill her.
Though not known for her private life, Cassandra does have a one-time romance with Conner Kent after meeting him on a cruise ship. He shares her first kiss, and she even visits him at his home in Smallville, though the relationship never becomes serious.
Cassandra then helps Batman control the violence of a gang war in Gotham City.
Later, Batgirl moves to Blüdhaven with Tim Drake (the third Robin) at Batman's suggestion and with his financial support.
There, Deathstroke takes on a contract from the Penguin to kill Batgirl and decides to let his daughter, Rose (the current Ravager), do the job instead. Cassandra beats Rose by playing on her emotions to leave her open for a critical strike, giving Deathstroke no choice but to get her medical attention.
During this time, Cassandra starts developing a friendship with Brenda, the woman who owns the local coffee shop, and even a very short-lived relationship with a boy named Zero. Unfortunately, her friends are all killed in the Blüdhaven disaster.
Cassandra also goes undercover for Batman, as Kasumi, in the Justice League Elite, working under Sister Superior to track and eliminate metahuman threats to the population.
She works with the Batman's old fellow Justice League members Green Arrow and the Flash, and forms a bond with Coldcast, who is the first Leaguer to whom she reveals her identity.
Although he is subsequently accused of murder, she and the rest of the team soon realize that he has been manipulated by renegade Elite member Menagerie, who was himself being manipulated by the spirit of Manchester Black as he tried to drive his sister to destroy London.
As the JLA falls, the Elite, united by the spirit of the deceased Manitou Raven, free Vera and vanquish Black, although the team disbands after this last mission.
Cassandra gathers evidence that indicates that Shiva could be her mother, and seeks her out to confirm this, rejoining the League of Assassins. After she is proclaimed by Nyssa al Ghul as the "One Who Is All", the students of the League are split, half following Shiva, and the others Cassandra.
In the following confrontation, Cassandra is mortally wounded by her "adoptive brother", the Mad Dog, while heroically saving one of the students under her leadership. Shiva revives Cassandra in a Lazarus Pit, then answers Cassandra's questions about her parentage.
When Cassandra asked Shiva whether she was still killing, whether she would ever stop, Shiva says she was, and responds, "It's why I had you", so Cassandra agrees to fight her to the death once more.
After a closely matched battle, Cassandra manages to break Shiva's neck, paralyzing her. She appears ready to place Shiva in the Lazarus Pit, but Shiva pleads with her not to do so. Instead, Cassandra impales Shiva on a hook hanging over the pit, apparently killing her. Cassandra then abandons the identity of Batgirl and returns to her life as a wanderer.
⚡ Happy 🎯 Heroclix 💫 Friday! 👽
_____________________________
A year of the shows and performers of the Bijou Planks Theater.
Secret Identity: Cassandra Cain
Publisher: DC
First appearance: Batman #567 (July 1999)
Created by: Kelley Puckett (Writer)
Damion Scott (Artist)
Panorâmica de 258º em HDR do altar (Presbitério) da Igreja Nossa Senhora do Santíssimo Sacramento, Matriz da cidade de Sacramento, MG, Brasil. Veja imersiva em tela cheia no endereço http://pan0.net/upano.php?id=3835&set_accept=1. Existem pequenos erros de alinhamento que serão corrigidos em uma versão futura.
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258º panoramic view (in HDR) of the altar of the Church Nossa Senhora do Santissimo Sacramento, Brazil. See it immersive in full screen at http://pan0.net/upano.php?id=3835&set_accept=1. There are small alignment errors that will be corrected in a future release.
Pressione L para full screen
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Who we are as people, as individuals, has nothing to do with the way we look. However, how many times have we deduced and passed judgment based upon just that? We see someone walk past us and think to ourselves either that they look like a nice person and therefore we have nothing to fear. Or we think that they look a bit different, a bit odd and therefore we have a lot to fear. The truth is this…we cannot look at someone and determine their personality. We cannot purely look upon them and come to the conclusion that they are kind or not.
The truth is this; it does not matter what colours we wear. It does not matter what fashion style we choose to follow. It does not matter if we choose to ink our skin or not. It does not matter if we have piercings or not. It does not matter if we are light or dark skinned. It does not matter if we have long hair or short, or no hair at all. It does not matter if our eyes are blue, or brown or any other colour. It does not matter for beneath the superficial surface, beneath all that we allow the world to see, it is that what makes us the people we are. It is the way of our hearts, it is our thoughts, and it is our feeling and emotions. To strip back the layers and to see beneath our outer shells, to see the thing which above all others we can call ourselves. To see that, is to know who we are.
"First appearance deceives many." - Ovid
(There is an outtake in the comments too!)
Copyright © 2013 Amy Morris. All Rights Reserved.
Orchid
The Orchidaceae are a diverse and widespread family of flowering plants, with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant, commonly known as the orchid family.
Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of flowering plants. The Orchidaceae have about 28,000 currently accepted species, distributed in about 763 genera.[2][3] The determination of which family is larger is still under debate, because verified data on the members of such enormous families are continually in flux. Regardless, the number of orchid species is nearly equal to the number of bony fishes, more than twice the number of bird species, and about four times the number of mammal species.
The family encompasses about 6–11% of all seed plants.[4] The largest genera are Bulbophyllum (2,000 species), Epidendrum (1,500 species), Dendrobium (1,400 species) and Pleurothallis (1,000 species). It also includes Vanilla (the genus of the vanilla plant), the type genus Orchis, and many commonly cultivated plants such as Phalaenopsis and Cattleya. Moreover, since the introduction of tropical species into cultivation in the 19th century, horticulturists have produced more than 100,000 hybrids and cultivars.
This image has got a somewhat different meaning in a way that this image doesn't have a different meaning today as it has yesterday. It rather is something that used to happen four years ago during our first year living in our home.
We used to live outside a lot during our renovation year. Our chicken Mia loved to join us with meals outside. She was harassed a lot by our rooster Bram and she stayed with us for protection. Since we moved into the house she hasn't been that present around us. Also the fact that Bram isn't around anymore helped and that his son Loeki has accepted Mia she's been living a chickens life more and more.
Seeing her joining us for tea the other day was reliving old times and such a delight.
The SAI Shahak (שחק/Sky) was a tactical bomber developed at the end of the 1940s, that entered service in 1950. After two prototypes crashed due to buffeting and stability issues, a redesigned aerofoil was used that solved the problems. Power comes from two engines in the wings, and top speed is 923 km/h /580 mph, and range is 1900 km/1180 mi. Crew consists of three, two of which are housed in a spacious bubble canopy, allowing for great all-round visibility and comfort. The bomb aimer lies in the front. The pilots like flying their Shahaks, due to their reasonable agility and comfort. However, the engines are a bit underwhelming, and top speed is only reached on the long stretch or during a steep dive.
A payload of 4,700 kg/ 10,362 lbs can be carried, but never in combat.
A typical full bomb load consists of eighteen 227 kg/500 lb GP bombs, 12 in the bomb bay, and six on wing-mounted pylons. This can be switched for three 1,050 kg/2,315 lb laser-guided bombs, a jamming pod and a targeting pod, or a rotary launcher, limiting the bombs carried internally to 8. Other combinations can also be carried. Two 231 kg/ 508 lb torpedoes can be carried by the B-model.
After nine prototypes, the A-model was accepted into service. This is the basic bomber model, virtually identical to the last prototypes. The A* is an updated model, with provisions for a jamming pod and a Gomorra missile for self-defence. The engines produce more thrust, but the added weight means the performance is identical to the previous model.
The Shahak B is the version for coastal defence, and is basically an A* with equipment that allows for navigation over the ocean and provisions for two torpedoes and specialized equipment for anti-ship and -submarine warfare.
The Shahak D is a ground-attacker/ medium- to low-altitude bomber. The bombardier was replaced with an armour plate, and the pilot was given a fancy sight to aim the four 20mm cannons in the wings, each holding 230 rounds.
Quick summary:
Tactical Bomber
5,000 kg Bomb load: +0
Mediocre agility: +1
Subsonic: +0
2000km Range: -2
Comfy: +1
Good visibility: +1
Underpowered: -1
Cost: 30₪
For D&C VI
Loosely based on the English Electric Canberra
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Central Java R-trip Episode 02 - Lawang Sewu
Lawang Sewu ("Thousand Doors") is a landmark in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia, built as the headquarters of the Dutch East Indies Railway Company. The colonial era building is famous as a haunted house, though the Semarang city government has attempted to rebrand it.
Lawang Sewu was designed by Cosman Citroen, from the firm of J.F. Klinkhamer and B.J. Quendag. It was designed in New Indies Style, an academically-accepted term for Dutch Rationalism in the Indies. Similar with Dutch Rationalism, the style is the result of the attempt to develop new solutions to integrate traditional precedents (classicism) with new technological possibilities. It can be described as a transitional style between Traditionalists and the Modernists, and was strongly influenced by the design of Berlage.
Construction began in 1904 with A building, which was completed in 1907. The rest of the complex was finished in 1919. It was initially used by the Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij, the first railway company in the Dutch East Indies.
After the Japanese invaded Indonesia in 1942, the Japanese army took over Lawang Sewu. The basement of B building was turned into a prison, with several executions taking place there. When Semarang was retaken by the Dutch in the battle of Semarang in October 1945, the Dutch forces used the tunnel leading into A building to sneak into the city. A battle ensued, with numerous Indonesian fighters dying.Five employees working there were also killed.
After the war, the Indonesian army took over the complex. It was later returned to the national railway company. In 1992 it was declared a Cultural Property of Indonesia.
Source:Wikipedia.
Accept what cannot be changed and transform everything that can be changed. If the world turns, why would you stand still ?
Merci pour vos commentaire et fav,
j’accepte toutes les critiques constructives
Couleurs naturelles
Photo non retouchée
Thanks for your comments and fav,
I accept all constructive criticism
Natural colors
Unretouched photo
The Lord frustrates the plans of the nations
and thwarts all their schemes.
But the Lord’s plans stand firm forever;
his intentions can never be shaken.
[Psalm 33:10-11 NLT]
5 THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW:
1. Like it or not, we are ALL sinners: As the Scriptures say, “No one is righteous—not even one. No one is truly wise; no one is seeking God. All have turned away; all have become useless. No one does good, not a single one.” (Romans 3:10-12 NLT)
2. The punishment for sin is death: When Adam sinned, sin entered the world. Adam’s sin brought death, so death spread to everyone, for everyone sinned. (Romans 5:12 NLT)
3. Jesus is our only hope: But God showed his great love for us by sending Christ to die for us while we were still sinners. (Romans 5:8 NLT) For the wages of sin is death, but the free gift of God is eternal life through Christ Jesus our Lord. (Romans 6:23 NLT)
4. SALVATION is by GRACE through FAITH in JESUS: God saved you by his grace when you believed. And you can’t take credit for this; it is a gift from God. Salvation is not a reward for the good things we have done, so none of us can boast about it. For we are God’s masterpiece. He has created us anew in Christ Jesus, so we can do the good things he planned for us long ago. (Ephesians 2:8-10 NLT)
5. Accept Jesus and receive eternal life: If you openly declare that Jesus is Lord and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved. (Romans 10:9 NLT) But to all who believed him and accepted him, he gave the right to become children of God. (John 1:12 NLT) And this is what God has testified: He has given us eternal life, and this life is in his Son. Whoever has the Son has life; whoever does not have God’s Son does not have life. (1 John 5:11-12 NLT)
Read the Bible for yourself. Allow the Lord to speak to you through his Word. YOUR ETERNITY IS AT STAKE!
The Nepalese Peace Pagoda complemented the Nepalese Pavilion at the World Exposition 1988 (Expo 88), held at Southbank in Brisbane. The square, three-level replica of a traditional Nepalese temple is built of hand-carved wood, and has a double-tiered roof of brass with brass trimmings. It proved popular with the crowds who attended Expo 88, and the Peace Pagoda is the last international exhibit remaining on the Expo 88 site. It was originally sited near the Vulture Street entrance to Expo 88. In 1991 it was moved to its current location, amongst the rainforest near the northern riverbank entrance to the Southbank Parklands.
World Expositions (or Exhibitions) become increasingly popular after the 1851 Great Exhibition in London, but their frequency, and the standard of their facilities, was not regulated until after the 1928 Paris Convention on International Expositions. The Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) was established in 1931 to administer the Convention. Under BIE rules there are two types of international exposition: the Universal/Category A/General Exposition, and the International/Category B/Special Exposition. The former involves broad themes, and participants design their own pavilions from the ground up, based on the theme.
The International Exposition, which has a narrower theme, is much cheaper to host, and is usually limited to one branch of human endeavour. Participants rent prefabricated pavilions from the host country's committee. Brisbane's Expo 88 was an International Exposition, with the theme "Leisure in the Age of Technology". Most of the structures built on exposition sites are intended to be temporary, but some sites have become parks, incorporating surviving exposition elements, including the sites of Montreal 1967, Seville 1992, Taejon 1993, and Lisbon 1998. Some structures have gone on to become landmarks in their own right, such as the Royal Exhibition Building (Melbourne 1880), the Eiffel Tower (Paris 1889), and the Space Needle (Seattle 1962).
The first bid to bring an exposition to Brisbane in 1988 began with James Maccormick , the architect who had designed the Australian pavilions at Montreal 1967, Osaka 1970, and Spokane 1974. The Brisbane Chamber of Commerce was converted to the idea, and lobbied the Queensland State Government during 1977. However, the Queensland Government was worried about the cost of a Universal Exposition, and was preoccupied with its bid for the 1982 Commonwealth Games. A second Queensland bid was made in 1981. The Australian Bicentennial Authority (ABA), under John Reid, wanted an Universal Exposition in Australia as part of Bicentennial in 1988, and the Federal Government was prepared to fund half of the cost of an exposition in Melbourne or Sydney. However, when these states turned the offer down in January 1981, Reid approached the Queensland Government with a proposal for a cheaper International Exposition. In late 1981 the State Cabinet funded a study that identified South Brisbane as the preferred site. The State Cabinet approved the study on 5 November 1981, on the condition that the Federal Government share the capital costs, but Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser rejected this notion in December 1981.
Queensland made two more attempts in 1982 for an International Exposition. Frank Moore, Chairman of the Queensland Tourist and Travel Corporation (QTTC), believed that private enterprise could fund the exposition, and that it would benefit Queensland's tourism. Queensland's Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen asked Prime Minister Fraser to get the BIE to keep a slot open for Brisbane in 1988. Fraser was willing to support this proposal, so long as there was no Federal financial commitment. However, Queensland private enterprise was not forthcoming, and Bjelke-Petersen withdrew the proposal in April 1982. November of 1982 witnessed a renewed bid by the State Government. The State would lend money to a statutory authority, which would be tasked with buying and developing the land, and managing the exposition. Brisbane's application was sent to the December 1982 meeting of the BIE in Paris, and was approved in June 1983.
The Brisbane Exposition and South Bank Redevelopment Authority (BESBRA) was established in February 1984 by an Act of the Queensland Parliament. BESBRA was soon referred to in the media as the Expo 88 Authority, or the Expo Authority. Sir Llewellyn Edwards, the Deputy Premier, was appointed as Chairman. In April 1984 the Expo 88 Authority's general manager, Bob Minnikin, claimed that Expo 88 would require $180 million to produce, including resumptions and development, and $90 million to run. It was hoped that gate takings and sponsorship would cover the running costs, and that the development cost would be recouped through selling off the site after Expo 88. Only 13 hectares of the Expo 88 site was private land, with the remainder of the 40 hectares belonging to either the State Government or the Brisbane City Council. Nonetheless, the last resumption did not occur until October 1984, as the owner of the heritage-listed residence 'Collins Place' fought a running legal battle with the Expo 88 Authority.
Grey and Stanley Streets were closed to traffic in July 1985, and demolition work began. Construction of the pavilions started in January 1986. The concept of the Expo 88 architects, Bligh Maccormick 88, included eight large shade-canopies, to protect the public from the Queensland sun. Landscaping began in March 1987, and the Monorail, which would circle the site on a 2.3 kilometre long track, was commissioned in June of that year. By January 1988, $90 million of the $136.8 million construction budget had been spent, and 7.8 million visitors were expected.
During 1987 developers had been asked to present their proposals for Southbank's redevelopment after Expo 88. In February 1988 the State Government announced that the redevelopment plan of the River City 2000 Consortium had been accepted. The Consortium, headed by Sir Frank Moore of the QTTC, had visions of a World Trade Centre on an island, and a casino. However, by early 1988 there was a growing call in the media for more of the site to be turned into public parkland. During March and April 1988 the National Trust protested the River City 2000 Consortium's scheme to move Collins Place, the Plough Inn, and the Allgas Building, three heritage listed buildings, to a historic village. Premier Mike Ahern eventually gave reassurances that this would not happen.
Expo 88 ran for seven days a week, between the hours of 10am-10pm, for six months. Between its opening on 30 April, attended by Queen Elizabeth II, and 30 October 1988, the Expo attracted 15,760,447 visitors, the majority of these being Australians. Most of the international visitors were Japanese, but 100,000 came from the United Kingdom and Europe, with 150,000 visitors from the United States. A total of 36 nations, two international organisations, 14 state and regional governments, and 34 corporations had exhibits.
The pavilions were mostly plain, modular, and temporary. However, the Nepalese Peace Pagoda is a distinctive building, and was easily noticed as the public came through the Vulture Street entrance to Expo 88. The Association to Preserve Asian Culture (APAC) commissioned the Peace Pagoda, which was built by 160 craftsmen of the Kathmandu Valley over two years, before being assembled in Brisbane. It is one of only three such temples outside Nepal, the others being at Munich and Osaka. Nepal has a long history of intricate woodcarving on buildings, and the Peace Pagoda was an attempt to showcase this skill to the world. The two small timber pavilions in front of the Peace Pagoda sold yoghurt lati, samosas, orange juice and lemon tea. Artisans demonstrated their crafts inside the ground floor of the Pagoda, and people could drink their tea and watch the Expo crowds from the teahouse on the first floor. The nearby Nepalese pavilion showcased traditional costumes, climbing dress, photographs, and artefacts.
Expo 88 was a turning point for Queensland's culture and economy, especially in Brisbane. On 30 May 1983 Joh Bjelke-Petersen had noted that if Brisbane's bid were successful, it would focus the world's spotlight on Queensland. Sir Frank Moore believed that the key to developing a major tourist industry in Queensland was a series of hallmark events, including the 1982 Commonwealth Games, which would focus attention on Queensland far better than any advertising campaign. Expo 88 was also intended to start Brisbane on a modernisation process, and towards becoming a 'global' city. The urban renewal of South Brisbane was just one aspect. In April 1984 Sir Llew stated that Queensland would never be the same again after Expo 88, and Brisbane would develop an image as a centre of trade, culture and entertainment. In April 1988 the Courier Mail claimed that Expo 88 was "bridging the yawning gap from a hayseed State to an urbane, international future". Sir Llew also claimed in April 1988 that the aim was for Expo 88 to be a catalyst for a change in lifestyle. Queenslanders had experienced extended opening hours and outdoor café dining, and had liked it.
While the crowds enjoyed Expo 88, controversy continued regarding future plans for the site. There were calls for more public input on redevelopment plans. About 4.5 hectares of land between Stanley Street and the river belonged to the Brisbane City Council (BCC), as Clem Jones Park, and had been lent to the Expo 88 Authority. In June 1988 it was decided to restore this land as parkland, and the River City 2000 Consortium lost its Preferred Developer status.
Government plans for a South Bank Development Corporation were announced, and in July 1988 an interim committee, headed by Sir Llew, was formed to oversee redevelopment. Sir Llew noted in October 1988 that more public funding was necessary to increase the parkland component of the new Southbank, as the land had been earmarked for development to repay for the cost of Expo 88. The draft redevelopment plans released in November 1988 included 12 hectares of parkland. Public submissions on the plan suggested that people wanted to be able to return to the Expo 88 site, to a public facility that had a similar combination of food, art and nature.
At the end of Expo 88, the APAC had planned to sell the Nepalese Peace Pagoda, and it appeared likely that it would be moved to Japan. However, 90,000 people had signed a petition during Expo 88 to keep the Peace Pagoda in Brisbane, and in late 1988 the BCC offered to provide land for the Peace Pagoda, if the Federal Government would pay for its cost and maintenance. A "Save the Pagoda Campaign" was active by February 1989. Public donations eventually totalled $52,000, with $30,000 coming from one couple, who wanted to "give Brisbane something to remember from Expo 88". The BCC provided $50,000, and the Federal Government supplied $100,000. "The Friends of the Pagoda Committee" also raised funds to buy several items that had complemented the Peace Pagoda, including a brass statue of the deity of compassion, a bronze bell and carved stone frame, and a stone lingam.
The Southbank Development Corporation was set up February 1989, with Vic Pullar as the Chairman. Approximately $200 million had been spent on developing the Expo site, and this money had to be recouped. The South Bank Corporation Act was passed in May 1989, and the former Clem Jones Park area was transferred to the Southbank Corporation, which was tasked with managing a new parkland precinct. In June 1989 submissions were sought from five architectural firms, and in August the "Media Five" concept of a mixed residential, commercial, and parkland development was chosen. Under Media Five's plans, the Peace Pagoda would be moved to the northern part of the parklands. The Media Five Chairman, Desmond Brooks, also suggested that Collins Place, the Plough Inn and the Allgas Building be removed to a historic village, but Vic Pullar rejected this idea. However, when the Southbank Corporation's Draft Development Plan was released in November 1989, it proposed to only keep the facades of the historic buildings. After protests by the National Trust, the State Government overruled the Southbank Corporation.
The proposed redevelopment included a waterway through the park, and a large lagoon, which was later downsized. In March 1990 the Final Plan was presented, after public submissions, and site redevelopment started in July 1990. The official Southbank Parklands opening occurred on 20 June 1992. The Waterway was later filled in and replaced with the Energex Arbour, which was officially opened in March 2000.
The transfer of the Peace Pagoda to its current site started on 24 September 1991. The deity of compassion was moved from the first floor to a glass case on the ground floor, the sides of the ground floor were encased in glass, and a display case was added inside. Access to the first floor was sealed off. The two smaller pavilions were also transferred, but their service windows were locked up. Two lion statues and two elephant statues were also relocated. The building was originally designed to be demountable, but it is currently set in a ceramic tiled floor. The Peace Pagoda was one of the best-loved exhibits at Expo 88, as visitors were able to relax in it away from the bustle of the crowds. Today it is still popular, both with tourists, and those who go there to meditate and reflect.
Source: Queensland Heritage Register.
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