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For AbTeC Gallery’s second exhibition, we present portraits that were created right here on AbTeC Island by a group of youth aged 14-22 from both Kahnawá:ke and Tiohtiá:ke/Montreal, as well as the workshop facilitators.
The images were the outcome of POP Montreal’s sixth annual collaboration with non-profit organization LOVE (Leave Out Violence) Québec. POP invited AbTeC Co-Director Skawennati to work with the group and she, in turn, enlisted AbTeC team members Maize Longboat and Kahentawaks Tiewihsaw to help deliver the Skins 7th Generation Character Design Workshop, a workshop that gives participants the opportunity to imagine an Indigenous future. The youth were asked to imagine, sketch and develop one of their great-great-great-great-great grandchildren.
Over the course of one week in July 2019, the participants met up each morning at Concordia University. They started with good ol’ pencil and paper, and from there were guided into the 3D environment where they transmediated their 2D drawings into their very own avatars. In-world, they learned how to customize clothing, create mini-sets and capture pictures (called “machinimagraphs”). They were then taught how to Photoshop to turn their portraits into these works of art.
The portraits were printed and hung in a real-life exhibition during the Pop Montreal festival. We thought it would be exciting and very fitting to put them into our virtual gallery. Complementary to the portraits, 3D elements and accessories that helped make each avatar unique will be on display Because we could!
The title of the exhibition came directly from the participants, and was translated into Kanienkeha by Trina Stacey.
VMC Image acquired on 28-02-2021 at 03:43:07 at an altitude of 7194.84 km above Mars, on Mars Express orbit number 21688. Image #8 out of 22 from this observation.
Credit: ESA - European Space Agency, creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/ CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
VMC Image acquired on 28-02-2021 at 03:39:07 at an altitude of 7427.90 km above Mars, on Mars Express orbit number 21688. Image #3 out of 22 from this observation.
Credit: ESA - European Space Agency, creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/ CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
ISS Pass in 14 frames, 30 seconds each, taken 2020-05-22 from 22:41:23 UT to 22:49:10 UT. Canon EOS 450D with 8mm Fisheye lens at ISO 400
The very large Prague tram system still has a large number of Tatra T3 types from the 1970s or earlier, some of them rebuilt with low-floor sections and now carrying a special maroon and silver livery instead of the standard red and cream. 8257 is one of these modified cars, seen here at Malostranské náměstí (Old Town Square) on one of the city's busiest routes, the 22 from Nádraží Hostivař to Bílá Hora. (22 Dec 2012)
Stagecoach South West 15802, a 201 ADL Enviro 400MMC bodied Scania N23OUD, reg no WA61KZN, seen on 28/7/21 at Great Western Road, Paignton, whilst operating Service 22 from Dawlish Warren to South Devon College. The vehicle is allocated to Torquay Depot.
Reg. No: WA61KZN
Fleet No: 15802
Chassis: Scania N23OUD
Body: Alexander Dennis Enviro 400MMC H47/28F
Company: Stagecoach Devon
Depot; Torquay
Unbranded in Fleet Livery
Year in Service: 2011
Location: Great Western Road, Paignton, Devon.
The American Red Cross is teamed up with community partners to install free smoke alarms during a Sound the Alarm event in Robeson County.
The home fire safety and smoke alarm installation event took place on Wednesday, January 22, from 10:00 a.m. – 4:00 p.m., is part of the national Red Cross Home Fire Campaign to reduce fire deaths and injuries. Red Cross volunteers and members of Town of Pembroke, Pembroke Fire Department, UNC Pembroke,The Church of Jesus Christ Latter-day Saints, and partners will canvass neighborhoods to install free smoke alarms, replace batteries in existing alarms, and help families create home fire escape plans. Services are free and available for all people in need.
Blue Cross and Blue Shield of North Carolina (Blue Cross NC) is a statewide Home Fire Campaign partner with the American Red Cross. In 2018, Blue Cross NC committed to support the installation of 36,000 smoke alarms in homes across North Carolina over three years and has been a critical partner in mission delivery to end home fire deaths.
Photo Credit: Steve Pippenger, ENC Public Affairs Volunteer
Not once, but twice the International Space Station transits the Sun on consecutive orbits of planet Earth in this video frame composite. The scene was captured on August 22 from a single well-chosen location in Schmalenbeck, Germany where the ISS created intersecting shadow paths only around 7 kilometers wide. Crossing the solar disk in a second or less, the transits themselves were separated in time by about 90 minutes, corresponding to the space station's orbital period. While the large, flare-producing sunspot group below center, AR 2043, remained a comfortable 150 million kilometers away, the distance between camera and orbiting station was 656 kilometers for its first (upper) transit and 915 kilometers for the second more central transit. In sharp silhouette the ISS is noticeably larger in angular size during the closer, first pass. Of course, tomorrow the Moon will transit the Sun. But even at well-chosen locations, its dark, central shadow just misses the Earth's surface creating a partial solar eclipse. via NASA ift.tt/1ggI2oH
Acting NASA Administrator, Steve Jurczyk, speaks to members of the media after NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough and Megan McArthur, ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet, and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, arrived at the Launch and Landing Facility at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center ahead of SpaceX’s Crew-2 mission, Friday, April 16, 2021, in Florida. NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission is the second operational mission of the SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft and Falcon 9 rocket to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program. Kimbrough, McArthur, Pesquet, and Hoshide are scheduled to launch at 6:11 a.m. ET on Thursday, April 22, from Launch Complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Center. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)
27 Sep 1988, Tue (Equinox Skyline, Marble exhibit, Longest Covered Bridge)
Left about 10 and headed north along Route 41 towards Pittsfield, MA then west on Route 20 back into New York State and north on Route 22 from New Lebanon. We then took Route 7 east and crossed into Vermont near Bennington. Best colours yet. Then Route 7a to the Mt Equinox Skyline Drive, Vermont ($5 toll). Monks own it, quite steep. Went on to Proctor, VT and checked out the Marble exhibit after eating Kentucky for lunch at side of road. Continued to floating bridge at Brookfield and along to Windsor to longest covered bridge in New England (probably country) it is closed for repair. ($5 mill by NH government) so could not cross into Cornish Mills in NH. Put us out of way a bit. Continued to East Hebron eventually arriving 8.30 pm after missing the inn – Six Chimneys. Charming but I feel like I am invading stranger’s privacy. Dined at ‘Steve’s Food & Drink’ just down the road, just avoiding closing time at 9. Six Chimneys is located at the junction of Route 3A (Mayhew Turnpike) and North Shore Rd. in Hebron, NH (formerly East Hebron) just 5 miles south of the Plymouth traffic circle.
Soldiers from 3d U.S. Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard) and the U.S. Army Band, “Pershing’s Own”, conduct military funeral honors with funeral escort for U.S. Army Air Force 2nd Lt. Francis Callahan in Section 68 of Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia, Monday, Feb. 24, 2025. Callahan was killed during WWII at age 22.
From a Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA) press release:
In spring 1944, Callahan was assigned to the 732nd Bombardment Squadron, 453rd Bombardment Group, 2nd Combat Bomb Wing, 2nd Air Division, 8th Air Force in the European Theater. During a bombing mission on April 8 in Brunswick, Germany, Callahan was killed in action when his plane was shot down by enemy fighter aircraft fire. Airmen aboard another aircraft flying in formation with Little Joe (the B-24H “Liberator” Callahan was the navigator for) did not report seeing any crewmembers exiting the aircraft before it crashed in the vicinity of Salzwedel. The crash site could not be located by Allied forces during the war and the remains for all ten crewmembers (including Callahan) were unaccounted for following the war.
Beginning in 1946, the American Graves Registration Command (AGRC) began investigating the numerous bomber losses in the Salzwedel and Wistedt areas of Germany as part of their task to search for and recover fallen American personnel in the European Theater. German Forces had maintained accurate documentation of American aircraft shoot-downs, with several reports indicating B-24s crashing in the area. However, AGRC was unable to associate any of these reports with Little Joe or locate any crash or burial sites associated with the loss.
In 2015, an independent research group, Missing Allied Air Crew Research Team (MAACRT), contacted DPAA historians with new information related to a possible crash site near Wistedt, Germany. Investigators located the crash site and recovered various pieces of wreckage along with possible osseous remains which were transferred to the DPAA laboratory for analysis and identification. At the time, no matches were made, and further investigations were scheduled.
Between 2021 and 2023, DPAA investigators returned to the crash site and recovered all possible remaining osseous remains and life support equipment and returned it to the DPAA laboratory.
Anthropological and dental analysis by scientists at DPAA and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis by scientists at the Armed Forces Medical Examiners System were used to finally identify Callahan’s remains.
Callahan was officially accounted for on June 20, 2024, over 80 years since his death. Callahan’s niece, Kathleen Kaminski, received the U.S. flag from his funeral service.
(U.S. Army photo by Elizabeth Fraser / Arlington National Cemetery / released)
St. Peter and St. Paul's Church is a Roman Catholic church located in the Antakalnis neighbourhood of Vilnius, Lithuania.
Construction was begun in 1688 and the decorative works were completed in 1704.
It is the centerpiece of a former monastery complex of the Canons Regular of the Lateran.
Its interior has masterful compositions of some 2,000 stucco figures by Giovanni Pietro Perti and ornamentation by Giovanni Maria Galli and is unique in Europe.
The church is considered a masterpiece of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Baroque.
The interior of the church changed relatively little since that time.
The major change was the loss of the main altar. The wooden altar was moved to the Catholic church in Daugai in 1766.[4]
The altar is now dominated by the Farewell of St. Peter and St. Paul, a large painting by Franciszek Smuglewicz, installed there in 1805.
The interior was restored by Giovanni Beretti and Nicolae Piano from Milan in 1801–04.[11]
At the same time, a new pulpit imitating the ship of Saint Peter was installed.
In 1864, as reprisal for the failed January Uprising, Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky closed the monastery and converted its buildings into military barracks.[11]
There were plans to turn the church into an Eastern Orthodox church, but they never materialized.[11] In 1901–05, the interior was restored again. The church acquired the boat-shaped chandelier and the new pipe organ with two manuals and 23 organ stops.[12]
The dome was damaged during World War II bombings, but was rebuilt true to its original design.[12]
When in 1956 Vilnius Cathedral was converted into an art museum by Soviet authorities, the silver sarcophagus with sacred relics of Saint Casimir was moved to the St. Peter and St. Paul's Church.[13] The sarcophagus was returned to its place in 1989.
Despite religious persecutions in the Soviet Union, extensive interior restoration was carried out in 1976–87.[11]
About the Decorative Scheme
St. Peter and St. Paul's is one of the most studied churches in Lithuania.[19]
Its interior has over 2,000 different decor elements that creates a stunning atmosphere.[20]
The main author of the decor plan is not known. It could be the founder Pac, monks of the Lateran, or Italian artists.
No documents survive to explain the ideas behind the decorations, therefore various art historians attempted to find one central theme: Pac's life and Polish–Lithuanian relations, teachings of Saint Augustine, Baroque theater, etc.[19]
Art historian Birutė Rūta Vitkauskienė identified several main themes of the decor: structure of the Church as proclaimed at the Council of Trent with Saint Peter as the founding rock, early Christian martyrs representing Pac's interest in knighthood and ladyship, themes relevant to the Canons Regular of the Lateran, and themes inherited from previous churches (painting of Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy and altar of Five Wounds of Christ).[21]
The decor combines a great variety of symbols, from local (patron of Vilnius Saint Christopher) to Italian saints (Fidelis of Como),[22] from specific saints to allegories of virtues.
There are many decorative elements – floral (acanthus, sunflowers, rues, fruits), various objects (military weapons, household tools, liturgical implements, shells, ribbons), figures (puttos, angels, soldiers), fantastical creatures (demons, dragons, centaurs), Pac's coat of arms, masks making various expressions – but they are individualized, rarely repeating.[23]
The architects and sculptors borrowed ideas from other churches in Poland (Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków, Sigismund's Chapel of Wawel Cathedral) and Italy (St. Peter's Basilica, Church of the Gesù).[22]
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Peter_and_St._Paul,_V...
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The church was erected after the Russian invasion that devastated Vilnius in the mid-17th century.
Barely a dozen years passed, and the capital of Lithuania began to recover.
In 1668 Mykolas Kazimieras Pacas, Hetman of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and wojewode of Vilnius, embarked upon the Antakalnis.
The church is decorated by the stucco mouldings of two excellent Italian sculptors, Giovanni Pietro Petri and Giovanni Maria Galli.
The interior of the church consists of the main nave, six chapels on both sides, and the transept.
Lt. Col. James Sage ,199th Fighter Squadron commander, talks to maintenance Airmen to coordinate F-22 Raptors ground refueling on Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii, June 6, 2015. Pilots of the F-22 from the Hawaii Air National Guard’s 199th Fighter Squadron and the 19th Fighter Squadron teamed up with maintenance Airmen from the 154th Wing and 15th Maintenance Group to launch and recover 62 Raptors in a day. (U.S. Air Force photo by Tech. Sgt. Aaron Oelrich/Released) .
Soldiers from 3d U.S. Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard) and the U.S. Army Band, “Pershing’s Own”, conduct military funeral honors with funeral escort for U.S. Army Air Force 2nd Lt. Francis Callahan in Section 68 of Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia, Monday, Feb. 24, 2025. Callahan was killed during WWII at age 22.
From a Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA) press release:
In spring 1944, Callahan was assigned to the 732nd Bombardment Squadron, 453rd Bombardment Group, 2nd Combat Bomb Wing, 2nd Air Division, 8th Air Force in the European Theater. During a bombing mission on April 8 in Brunswick, Germany, Callahan was killed in action when his plane was shot down by enemy fighter aircraft fire. Airmen aboard another aircraft flying in formation with Little Joe (the B-24H “Liberator” Callahan was the navigator for) did not report seeing any crewmembers exiting the aircraft before it crashed in the vicinity of Salzwedel. The crash site could not be located by Allied forces during the war and the remains for all ten crewmembers (including Callahan) were unaccounted for following the war.
Beginning in 1946, the American Graves Registration Command (AGRC) began investigating the numerous bomber losses in the Salzwedel and Wistedt areas of Germany as part of their task to search for and recover fallen American personnel in the European Theater. German Forces had maintained accurate documentation of American aircraft shoot-downs, with several reports indicating B-24s crashing in the area. However, AGRC was unable to associate any of these reports with Little Joe or locate any crash or burial sites associated with the loss.
In 2015, an independent research group, Missing Allied Air Crew Research Team (MAACRT), contacted DPAA historians with new information related to a possible crash site near Wistedt, Germany. Investigators located the crash site and recovered various pieces of wreckage along with possible osseous remains which were transferred to the DPAA laboratory for analysis and identification. At the time, no matches were made, and further investigations were scheduled.
Between 2021 and 2023, DPAA investigators returned to the crash site and recovered all possible remaining osseous remains and life support equipment and returned it to the DPAA laboratory.
Anthropological and dental analysis by scientists at DPAA and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis by scientists at the Armed Forces Medical Examiners System were used to finally identify Callahan’s remains.
Callahan was officially accounted for on June 20, 2024, over 80 years since his death. Callahan’s niece, Kathleen Kaminski, received the U.S. flag from his funeral service.
(U.S. Army photo by Elizabeth Fraser / Arlington National Cemetery / released)
Two F-22 Raptors take off during a sortie surge from Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii, June 6, 2015. Pilots of the F-22 from the Hawaii Air National Guard’s 199th Fighter Squadron and the 19th Fighter Squadron teamed up with maintenance Airmen from the 154th Wing and 15th Maintenance Group to launch and recover 62 Raptors in a day. The increase in sorties tested the flying capability of the total force integration squadron known as the Hawaiian Raptors. (U.S. Air Force photo by Tech. Sgt. Aaron Oelrich/Released)
A few years ago, early on Saturday morning, I tried to enter St Dunstan's, with no luck. It was locked fast.
Which was a shame, as it looked a very interesting church from the outside, and with its location, just outside the city gate on the crossing of two main roads.
Anyway, I logged this away in my meory banks, detirmed to go back one day. And for a change this Heritage Weekend, we returned to Canterbury not once, but twice. And on the second day was rewarded with entry to three of the city churches.
St Dunstan is most famous for being the final resting place of Sir Thomas More's head, in the family tomb of his wife. There is fine glass commemorating this.
Some minor work is being carried out at the rear of the church, so a return will be needed to see the full restored church.
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Dedicated to a former Archbishop of Canterbury, St Dunstan's stands outside the city walls. There is structural evidence of the Norman period, but most of the church is fourteenth century. The west tower dates from this time and is very oddly proportioned - about twice the height that its width can really cope with. The south chapel is constructed of brick and was completed in the early sixteenth century. It contains monuments to the More family and is the burial place of St. Thomas More's head, - brought here by his daughter after his execution. The family home stood opposite the church where its brick gateway may still be seen. There are two twentieth-century windows of note in the chapel, by Lawrence Lee and John Hayward.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Canterbury+2
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St. Dunstan's is an Anglican church in Canterbury, Kent, at the junction of London Road and Whitstable Road. It is dedicated to St. Dunstan (909-988) and gives its name to the part of the city on the left bank of the River Stour. The parish has been held in plurality with others nearby at different times, in a way that is confusing and difficult to document. In 2010 the parish was joined with the parishes of the City Centre Parish in a new pastoral grouping, City Centre with St. Dunstan.
The church dates from the 11th century and is a grade I listed building. It was restored in 1878-80 by church architect Ewan Christian. Its association with the deaths of Thomas Becket and Thomas More make it a place of pilgrimage.
Dunstan was Archbishop of Canterbury from 960 to 978 and was canonised soon after his death, becoming the favourite saint of the English until he was supplanted by Thomas Becket.[2] He was buried in Canterbury Cathedral but his tomb was destroyed during the Reformation.
In 1174, when Henry II began his penitential pilgrimage in reparation for the murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket, he changed his clothing into sackcloth at St. Dunstan’s Church and began his pilgrimage from here to Thomas Becket's tomb at Canterbury Cathedral on foot.
His daughter Margaret secured the release of Thomas More's head from its spike on London Bridge and brought it back to the family tomb of her husband William Roper.[4] The Roper family lived nearby off what is now St Dunstan's Street. What remains of their home is called Roper Gate, marked with a commemorative plaque, it is all that survives of Place House. The Roper family vault is located underneath the Nicholas Chapel, to the right of the church's main altar. It was sealed in recent years, according to Anglican tradition. A large stone slab marks its location to the immediate left of the chapel's altar. Three impressive stained glass windows line the chapel, the one behind the altar depicts in brilliant detail the major events and symbols in the life of the Saint. Another of the windows commemorates the visit of Pope John Paul II to Canterbury to pray with the Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury at the site of the martyrdom of St. Thomas Becket in Canterbury Cathedral. The window displays the arms of the Archbishop's diocese and the Pope. Plaques mounted on the walls explain the veracity of the relic of the Saint's head, the sealing of the vault which contains it, and the life of the Saint, including a prayer he wrote.
St Dunstan’s has six bells, hung for change ringing in the English style, the heaviest weighing 13cwt (approx. 675 kg). Due to the unusual narrowness of the belfry, the bells are hung in a two-tier frame.
The fifth bell of the ring is one of the oldest Christian church bells in the world, believed to have been cast in 1325 by William le Belyetere, making it nearly 690 years old as of 2014 [5]
The bells were removed from the tower in 1935 so that a concrete structural beam could be fitted to the tower. At this time the bells were retuned by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, and rehung in the present frame in 1936.
The bells are rung on Friday evenings for practice, and Sunday mornings for the service, by the St Dunstan’s Society of Change Ringers.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Dunstan%27s,_Canterbury
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ir Thomas More (/ˈmɔːr/; 7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535), venerated by Roman Catholics as Saint Thomas More,[1][2] was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist. He was also a councillor to Henry VIII, and Lord High Chancellor of England from October 1529 to 16 May 1532.[3]
More opposed the Protestant Reformation, in particular the theology of Martin Luther and William Tyndale. He also wrote Utopia, published in 1516, about the political system of an imaginary ideal island nation. More opposed the King's separation from the Catholic Church, refusing to acknowledge Henry as Supreme Head of the Church of England and the annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. After refusing to take the Oath of Supremacy, he was convicted of treason and beheaded. Ahead of his execution, he was reported saying his famous words: "I die the King's good servant, but God's first."
Pope Pius XI canonised More in 1935 as a martyr. Pope John Paul II in 2000 declared him the "heavenly Patron of Statesmen and Politicians."[4] Since 1980, the Church of England has remembered More liturgically as a Reformation martyr.[5] The Soviet Union honoured him for the 'Communistic' attitude toward property rights expressed in Utopia.
Born in Milk Street in London, on February 7, 1478, Thomas More was the son of Sir John More,[9] a successful lawyer and later judge, and his wife Agnes (née Graunger). More was educated at St Anthony's School, then considered one of London's finest schools.[10] From 1490 to 1492, More served John Morton, the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor of England, as a household page.[11]:xvi Morton enthusiastically supported the "New Learning" (now called the Renaissance), and thought highly of the young More. Believing that More had great potential, Morton nominated him for a place at the University of Oxford (either in St. Mary's Hall or Canterbury College, both now gone).[12]:38
More began his studies at Oxford in 1492, and received a classical education. Studying under Thomas Linacre and William Grocyn, he became proficient in both Latin and Greek. More left Oxford after only two years—at his father's insistence—to begin legal training in London at New Inn, one of the Inns of Chancery.[11]:xvii[13] In 1496, More became a student at Lincoln's Inn, one of the Inns of Court, where he remained until 1502, when he was called to the Bar.
According to his friend, theologian Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam, More once seriously contemplated abandoning his legal career to become a monk.[14][15] Between 1503 and 1504 More lived near the Carthusian monastery outside the walls of London and joined in the monks' spiritual exercises. Although he deeply admired their piety, More ultimately decided to remain a layman, standing for election to Parliament in 1504 and marrying the following year.[11]:xxi
In spite of his choice to pursue a secular career, More continued ascetical practices for the rest of his life, such as wearing a hair shirt next to his skin and occasionally engaging in flagellation.[11]:xxi A tradition of the Third Order of Saint Francis honours More as a member of that Order on their calendar of saints.
More married Jane Colt in 1505.[12]:118 She was 5 years younger than her husband, quiet and good-natured.[12]:119 Erasmus reported that More wanted to give his young wife a better education than she had previously received at home, and tutored her in music and literature.[12]:119 The couple had four children before Jane died in 1511: Margaret, Elizabeth, Cicely, and John.[12]:132
Going "against friends' advice and common custom," within thirty days More had married one of the many eligible women among his wide circle of friends.[17] He certainly expected a mother to take care of his little children and, as the view of his time considered marriage as an "economic union",[18] he chose a rich widow, Alice Harpur Middleton.[19] More is regarded not getting remarried for sexual pleasure, since Alice is much older than himself, and their marriage possibly had not been consummated.[18] The speed of the marriage was so unusual that More had to get a dispensation of the banns, which, due to his good public reputation, he easily obtained.[17] Alice More lacked Jane's docility; More's friend Andrew Ammonius derided Alice as a "hook-nosed harpy."[20] Erasmus, however, called their marriage happy.[12]:144
More had no children from his second marriage, although he raised Alice's daughter from her previous marriage as his own. More also became the guardian of two young girls: Anne Cresacre would eventually marry his son, John More;[12]:146 and Margaret Giggs (later Clement) would be the only member of his family to witness his execution (she died on the 35th anniversary of that execution, and her daughter married More's nephew William Rastell). An affectionate father, More wrote letters to his children whenever he was away on legal or government business, and encouraged them to write to him often.[12]:150[21]:xiv
More insisted upon giving his daughters the same classical education as his son, a highly unusual attitude at the time.[12]:146–47 His eldest daughter, Margaret, attracted much admiration for her erudition, especially her fluency in Greek and Latin.[12]:147 More told his daughter of his pride in her academic accomplishment in September 1522, after he showed the bishop a letter she had written:
When he saw from the signature that it was the letter of a lady, his surprise led him to read it more eagerly … he said he would never have believed it to be your work unless I had assured him of the fact, and he began to praise it in the highest terms … for its pure Latinity, its correctness, its erudition, and its expressions of tender affection. He took out at once from his pocket a portague [A Portuguese gold coin] … to send to you as a pledge and token of his good will towards you.[21]:152
More's decision to educate his daughters set an example for other noble families. Even Erasmus became much more favourable once he witnessed their accomplishments.[12]:149
A portrait of More and his family was painted by Holbein, but it was lost in a fire in the 18th century. More's grandson commissioned a copy, two versions of which survive.
In 1504 More was elected to Parliament to represent Great Yarmouth, and in 1510 began representing London.[22]
From 1510, More served as one of the two undersheriffs of the City of London, a position of considerable responsibility in which he earned a reputation as an honest and effective public servant. More became Master of Requests in 1514,[23] the same year in which he was appointed as a Privy Counsellor.[24] After undertaking a diplomatic mission to the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, accompanying Thomas Wolsey, Cardinal Archbishop of York, to Calais and Bruges, More was knighted and made under-treasurer of the Exchequer in 1521.[24]
As secretary and personal adviser to King Henry VIII, More became increasingly influential: welcoming foreign diplomats, drafting official documents, and serving as a liaison between the King and Lord Chancellor Wolsey. More later served as High Steward for the universities of Oxford and Cambridge.
In 1523 More was elected as knight of the shire (MP) for Middlesex and, on Wolsey's recommendation, the House of Commons elected More its Speaker.[24] In 1525 More became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, with executive and judicial responsibilities over much of northern England.
More supported the Catholic Church and saw the Protestant Reformation as heresy, a threat to the unity of both church and society. More believed in the theology, polemics, and ecclesiastical laws of the church, and "heard Luther's call to destroy the Catholic Church as a call to war."[25]
His early actions against the Reformation included aiding Wolsey in preventing Lutheran books from being imported into England, spying on and investigating suspected Protestants, especially publishers, and arresting anyone holding in his possession, transporting, or selling the books of the Protestant Reformation. More vigorously suppressed the travelling country ministers who used Tyndale's English translation of the New Testament.[citation needed] It contained controversial translations of certain words; for example, Tyndale used "senior" and "elder" rather than "priest" for the Greek "presbyteros", and some of the marginal glosses challenged Catholic doctrine.[26] It was during this time that most of his literary polemics appeared.
Rumours circulated during and after More's lifetime regarding ill-treatment of heretics during his time as Lord Chancellor. The popular anti-Catholic polemicist John Foxe, who "placed Protestant sufferings against the background of... the Antichrist",[27] was instrumental in publicising accusations of torture in his famous Book of Martyrs, claiming that More had often personally used violence or torture while interrogating heretics. Later authors such as Brian Moynahan and Michael Farris cite Foxe when repeating these allegations.[28] More himself denied these allegations:
Stories of a similar nature were current even in More's lifetime and he denied them forcefully. He admitted that he did imprison heretics in his house – 'theyr sure kepynge' – he called it – but he utterly rejected claims of torture and whipping... 'so helpe me God.'[12]:298
However, More writes in his "Apology" (1533) that he only applied corporal punishment to two heretics: a child who was caned in front of his family for heresy regarding the Eucharist, and a "feeble-minded" man who was whipped for disrupting prayers.[29]:404 During More's chancellorship, six people were burned at the stake for heresy; they were Thomas Hitton, Thomas Bilney, Richard Bayfield, John Tewkesbery, Thomas Dusgate, and James Bainham.[12]:299–306 Moynahan has argued that More was influential in the burning of Tyndale, as More's agents had long pursued him, even though this took place over a year after his own death.[30] Burning at the stake had long been a standard punishment for heresy; about thirty burnings had taken place in the century before More's elevation to Chancellor, and burning continued to be used by both Catholics and Protestants during the religious upheaval of the following decades.[31] His biographer Peter Ackroyd notes that More explicitly "approved of Burning".[12]:298
John Tewkesbury was a London leather seller found guilty by Bishop of London John Stokesley[32] of harbouring banned books; he was sentenced to burning for refusing to recant. More declared: he "burned as there was neuer wretche I wene better worthy."[33]
Modern commentators are divided over More's religious actions as Chancellor. Some biographers, including Ackroyd, have taken a relatively tolerant view of More's campaign against Protestantism by placing his actions within the turbulent religious climate of the time. Others have been more critical, such as Richard Marius, an American scholar of the Reformation, believing that persecutions were a betrayal of More's earlier humanist convictions, including More's zealous and well-documented advocacy of extermination for Protestants.[29]:386–406
Some Protestants take a different view. In 1980, More was added to the Church of England's calendar of Saints and Heroes of the Christian Church, despite being a fierce opponent of the English Reformation that created the Church of England. He was added jointly with John Fisher, to be commemorated every 6 July (the date of More's execution) as "Thomas More, Scholar, and John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, Reformation Martyrs, 1535".[5] Pope John Paul II honoured him by making him patron saint of statesmen and politicians in October 2000, stating: "It can be said that he demonstrated in a singular way the value of a moral conscience... even if, in his actions against heretics, he reflected the limits of the culture of his time".
As the conflict over supremacy between the Papacy and the King reached its apogee, More continued to remain steadfast in supporting the supremacy of the Pope as Successor of Peter over that of the King of England. In 1530, More refused to sign a letter by the leading English churchmen and aristocrats asking Pope Clement VII to annul Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, and also quarrelled with Henry VIII over the heresy laws. In 1531, Henry had isolated More by purging most clergy who supported the papal stance from senior positions in the church. Parliament's reinstatement of the charge of praemunire in 1529 had made it a crime to support in public or office the claim of any authority outside the realm (such as the Papacy) to have a legal jurisdiction superior to the King's. In 1531, a royal decree required the clergy to take an oath acknowledging the King as "Supreme Head" of the Church in England. As a layperson, More did not need to take the oath and the clergy, after some initial resistance, took the oath with the addition of the clause "as far as the law of Christ allows." However, More saw he could not render the support Henry expected from his Lord Chancellor for the policy the King was developing to support the annulment of his marriage with Catherine. In 1532 he petitioned the King to relieve him of his office, alleging failing health. Henry granted his request.
In 1533, More refused to attend the coronation of Anne Boleyn as the Queen of England. Technically, this was not an act of treason, as More had written to Henry acknowledging Anne's queenship and expressing his desire for the King's happiness and the new Queen's health.[34] Despite this, his refusal to attend was widely interpreted as a snub against Anne, and Henry took action against him.
Shortly thereafter, More was charged with accepting bribes, but the charges had to be dismissed for lack of any evidence. In early 1534, More was accused of conspiring with the "Holy Maid of Kent," Elizabeth Barton, a nun who had prophesied against the king's annulment, but More was able to produce a letter in which he had instructed Barton not to interfere with state matters.[citation needed]
On 13 April 1534, More was asked to appear before a commission and swear his allegiance to the parliamentary Act of Succession. More accepted Parliament's right to declare Anne Boleyn the legitimate Queen of England, but, holding fast to the teaching of papal supremacy, he steadfastly refused to take the oath of supremacy of the Crown in the relationship between the kingdom and the church in England. More furthermore publicly refused to uphold Henry's annulment from Catherine. John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, refused the oath along with More. The oath reads:[35]
...By reason whereof the Bishop of Rome and See Apostolic, contrary to the great and inviolable grants of jurisdictions given by God immediately to emperors, kings and princes in succession to their heirs, hath presumed in times past to invest who should please them to inherit in other men's kingdoms and dominions, which thing we your most humble subjects, both spiritual and temporal, do most abhor and detest...
With his refusal to support the King's annulment, More's enemies had enough evidence to have the King arrest him on treason. Four days later, Henry had More imprisoned in the Tower of London. There More prepared a devotional Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation. While More was imprisoned in the Tower, Thomas Cromwell made several visits, urging More to take the oath, which he continued to refuse.
On 1 July 1535, More was tried before a panel of judges that included the new Lord Chancellor, Sir Thomas Audley, as well as Anne Boleyn's father, brother, and uncle. He was charged with high treason for denying the validity of the Act of Supremacy and was tried under the following section of the Treasons Act 1534:
If any person or persons, after the first day of February next coming, do maliciously wish, will or desire, by words or writing, or by craft imagine, invent, practise, or attempt any bodily harm to be done or committed to the king's most royal person, the queen's, or their heirs apparent, or to deprive them or any of them of their dignity, title, or name of their royal estates …
That then every such person and persons so offending … shall have and suffer such pains of death and other penalties, as is limited and accustomed in cases of high treason.[36]
More, relying on legal precedent and the maxim "qui tacet consentire videtur" (literally, who (is) silent is seen to consent), understood that he could not be convicted as long as he did not explicitly deny that the King was Supreme Head of the Church, and he therefore refused to answer all questions regarding his opinions on the subject.
Thomas Cromwell, at the time the most powerful of the King's advisors, brought forth the Solicitor General, Richard Rich, to testify that More had, in his presence, denied that the King was the legitimate head of the church. This testimony was characterised by More as being extremely dubious. Witnesses Richard Southwell and Mr. Palmer both denied having heard the details of the reported conversation, and as More himself pointed out:
Can it therefore seem likely to your Lordships, that I should in so weighty an Affair as this, act so unadvisedly, as to trust Mr. Rich, a Man I had always so mean an Opinion of, in reference to his Truth and Honesty, … that I should only impart to Mr. Rich the Secrets of my Conscience in respect to the King's Supremacy, the particular Secrets, and only Point about which I have been so long pressed to explain my self? which I never did, nor never would reveal; when the Act was once made, either to the King himself, or any of his Privy Councillors, as is well known to your Honours, who have been sent upon no other account at several times by his Majesty to me in the Tower. I refer it to your Judgments, my Lords, whether this can seem credible to any of your Lordships.
The jury took only fifteen minutes, however, to find More guilty.
After the jury's verdict was delivered and before his sentencing, More spoke freely of his belief that "no temporal man may be the head of the spirituality". He was sentenced to be hanged, drawn, and quartered (the usual punishment for traitors who were not the nobility), but the King commuted this to execution by decapitation. The execution took place on 6 July 1535. When he came to mount the steps to the scaffold, he is widely quoted as saying (to the officials): "I pray you, I pray you, Mr Lieutenant, see me safe up and for my coming down, I can shift for myself"; while on the scaffold he declared that he died "the king's good servant, but God's first."
Another comment he is believed to have made to the executioner is that his beard was completely innocent of any crime, and did not deserve the axe; he then positioned his beard so that it would not be harmed.[39] More asked that his foster/adopted daughter Margaret Clement (née Giggs) be given his headless corpse to bury.[40] She was the only member of his family to witness his execution. He was buried at the Tower of London, in the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula in an unmarked grave. His head was fixed upon a pike over London Bridge for a month, according to the normal custom for traitors. His daughter Margaret (Meg) Roper rescued it, possibly by bribery, before it could be thrown in the River Thames.[citation needed]
The skull is believed to rest in the Roper Vault of St Dunstan's Church, Canterbury, though some researchers[who?] have claimed it might be within the tomb he erected for More in Chelsea Old Church (see below). The evidence,[clarification needed] however, seems to be in favour of its placement in St Dunstan's, with the remains of his daughter, Margaret Roper, and her husband's family, whose vault it was.[citation needed]
Among other surviving relics is his hair shirt, presented for safe keeping by Margaret Clement.[41] This was long in the custody of the community of Augustinian canonesses who until 1983 lived at the convent at Abbotskerswell Priory, Devon. It is now preserved at Syon Abbey, near South Brent.
PACIFIC OCEAN (Dec. 9, 2011) – Lt. Brian Gaffney signals as he prepares to launch an F/A-18F Super Hornet assigned to Strike Fighter Squadron (VFA) 22 from the flight deck of Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Carl Vinson (CVN 70). Carl Vinson and Carrier Air Wing (CVW) 17 are currently underway on a Western Pacific deployment. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist Seaman Nicolas C. Lopez/Released)
Mrs Elizabeth Bonney, nee Lizzie Greener
Sergeant 18688, miner aged 22, from Ouston, near Birtley, killed in action 31 March 1918, buried at Moreuil Communal Cemetery. D Company.
27 Sep 1988, Tue (Equinox Skyline, Marble exhibit, Longest Covered Bridge)
Left about 10 and headed north along Route 41 towards Pittsfield, MA then west on Route 20 back into New York State and north on Route 22 from New Lebanon. We then took Route 7 east and crossed into Vermont near Bennington. Best colours yet. Then Route 7a to the Mt Equinox Skyline Drive, Vermont ($5 toll). Monks own it, quite steep. Went on to Proctor, VT and checked out the Marble exhibit after eating Kentucky for lunch at side of road. Continued to floating bridge at Brookfield and along to Windsor to longest covered bridge in New England (probably country) it is closed for repair. ($5 mill by NH government) so could not cross into Cornish Mills in NH. Put us out of way a bit. Continued to East Hebron eventually arriving 8.30 pm after missing the inn – Six Chimneys. Charming but I feel like I am invading stranger’s privacy. Dined at ‘Steve’s Food & Drink’ just down the road, just avoiding closing time at 9. Six Chimneys is located at the junction of Route 3A (Mayhew Turnpike) and North Shore Rd. in Hebron, NH (formerly East Hebron) just 5 miles south of the Plymouth traffic circle.
Student Research Poster Day took place on 5/5/22 from 9am-11am in Insalaco Hall 216-217-218-219. The campus community came out to support our MU student researchers. Students from the following disciplines presented posters: Biology, Business, Chemistry, Education, Medical Imaging, Nursing, Physical Therapy, Psychology, and Speech Language Pathology
To see hundreds more photographs from the 1980’s, through to today, please go to my main website:
table158photography.weebly.com/
On summer Saturday's only from 26 May 2018 to 8 September 2018 South Western Railway have introduced a service onto the Swanage Railway. The second Saturday into the service, and SWR liveried 159003 is again used for the service, having been used the previous week on the inaugural service. Here it passes over Creech Bottom UWC between Furzebrook Sidings and Worgret Junction operating 2G04 14:10 Corfe Castle - Wareham. Originating at Basingstoke the unit takes a very indirect route to get to Corfe Castle, operating as 1L11 07:22 from Basingstoke via Salisbury, Gillingham, Yeovil Junction, Yeovil Pen Mill, Weymouth and finally Wareham before heading down to Corfe Castle. Three trips are undertaken in total between Wareham and Corfe Castle whereby the unit then returns to London Waterloo as 1L66 15:45 from Corfe Castle, again in a very indirect manor running in reverse of the outward route. South Western Railway are promoting this service with special offers, and loading's are reportedly excellent already after just two weeks, more details can be found here www.southwesternrailway.com/destinations-and-offers/offer...
A few years ago, early on Saturday morning, I tried to enter St Dunstan's, with no luck. It was locked fast.
Which was a shame, as it looked a very interesting church from the outside, and with its location, just outside the city gate on the crossing of two main roads.
Anyway, I logged this away in my memory banks, determined to go back one day. And for a change this Heritage Weekend, we returned to Canterbury not once, but twice. And on the second day was rewarded with entry to three of the city churches.
St Dunstan is most famous for being the final resting place of Sir Thomas More's head, in the family tomb of his wife. There is fine glass commemorating this.
Some minor work is being carried out at the rear of the church, so a return will be needed to see the full restored church.
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Dedicated to a former Archbishop of Canterbury, St Dunstan's stands outside the city walls. There is structural evidence of the Norman period, but most of the church is fourteenth century. The west tower dates from this time and is very oddly proportioned - about twice the height that its width can really cope with. The south chapel is constructed of brick and was completed in the early sixteenth century. It contains monuments to the More family and is the burial place of St. Thomas More's head, - brought here by his daughter after his execution. The family home stood opposite the church where its brick gateway may still be seen. There are two twentieth-century windows of note in the chapel, by Lawrence Lee and John Hayward.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Canterbury+2
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St. Dunstan's is an Anglican church in Canterbury, Kent, at the junction of London Road and Whitstable Road. It is dedicated to St. Dunstan (909-988) and gives its name to the part of the city on the left bank of the River Stour. The parish has been held in plurality with others nearby at different times, in a way that is confusing and difficult to document. In 2010 the parish was joined with the parishes of the City Centre Parish in a new pastoral grouping, City Centre with St. Dunstan.
The church dates from the 11th century and is a grade I listed building. It was restored in 1878-80 by church architect Ewan Christian. Its association with the deaths of Thomas Becket and Thomas More make it a place of pilgrimage.
Dunstan was Archbishop of Canterbury from 960 to 978 and was canonised soon after his death, becoming the favourite saint of the English until he was supplanted by Thomas Becket.[2] He was buried in Canterbury Cathedral but his tomb was destroyed during the Reformation.
In 1174, when Henry II began his penitential pilgrimage in reparation for the murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket, he changed his clothing into sackcloth at St. Dunstan’s Church and began his pilgrimage from here to Thomas Becket's tomb at Canterbury Cathedral on foot.
His daughter Margaret secured the release of Thomas More's head from its spike on London Bridge and brought it back to the family tomb of her husband William Roper.[4] The Roper family lived nearby off what is now St Dunstan's Street. What remains of their home is called Roper Gate, marked with a commemorative plaque, it is all that survives of Place House. The Roper family vault is located underneath the Nicholas Chapel, to the right of the church's main altar. It was sealed in recent years, according to Anglican tradition. A large stone slab marks its location to the immediate left of the chapel's altar. Three impressive stained glass windows line the chapel, the one behind the altar depicts in brilliant detail the major events and symbols in the life of the Saint. Another of the windows commemorates the visit of Pope John Paul II to Canterbury to pray with the Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury at the site of the martyrdom of St. Thomas Becket in Canterbury Cathedral. The window displays the arms of the Archbishop's diocese and the Pope. Plaques mounted on the walls explain the veracity of the relic of the Saint's head, the sealing of the vault which contains it, and the life of the Saint, including a prayer he wrote.
St Dunstan’s has six bells, hung for change ringing in the English style, the heaviest weighing 13cwt (approx. 675 kg). Due to the unusual narrowness of the belfry, the bells are hung in a two-tier frame.
The fifth bell of the ring is one of the oldest Christian church bells in the world, believed to have been cast in 1325 by William le Belyetere, making it nearly 690 years old as of 2014 [5]
The bells were removed from the tower in 1935 so that a concrete structural beam could be fitted to the tower. At this time the bells were retuned by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, and rehung in the present frame in 1936.
The bells are rung on Friday evenings for practice, and Sunday mornings for the service, by the St Dunstan’s Society of Change Ringers.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Dunstan%27s,_Canterbury
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ir Thomas More (/ˈmɔːr/; 7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535), venerated by Roman Catholics as Saint Thomas More,[1][2] was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist. He was also a councillor to Henry VIII, and Lord High Chancellor of England from October 1529 to 16 May 1532.[3]
More opposed the Protestant Reformation, in particular the theology of Martin Luther and William Tyndale. He also wrote Utopia, published in 1516, about the political system of an imaginary ideal island nation. More opposed the King's separation from the Catholic Church, refusing to acknowledge Henry as Supreme Head of the Church of England and the annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. After refusing to take the Oath of Supremacy, he was convicted of treason and beheaded. Ahead of his execution, he was reported saying his famous words: "I die the King's good servant, but God's first."
Pope Pius XI canonised More in 1935 as a martyr. Pope John Paul II in 2000 declared him the "heavenly Patron of Statesmen and Politicians."[4] Since 1980, the Church of England has remembered More liturgically as a Reformation martyr.[5] The Soviet Union honoured him for the 'Communistic' attitude toward property rights expressed in Utopia.
Born in Milk Street in London, on February 7, 1478, Thomas More was the son of Sir John More,[9] a successful lawyer and later judge, and his wife Agnes (née Graunger). More was educated at St Anthony's School, then considered one of London's finest schools.[10] From 1490 to 1492, More served John Morton, the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor of England, as a household page.[11]:xvi Morton enthusiastically supported the "New Learning" (now called the Renaissance), and thought highly of the young More. Believing that More had great potential, Morton nominated him for a place at the University of Oxford (either in St. Mary's Hall or Canterbury College, both now gone).[12]:38
More began his studies at Oxford in 1492, and received a classical education. Studying under Thomas Linacre and William Grocyn, he became proficient in both Latin and Greek. More left Oxford after only two years—at his father's insistence—to begin legal training in London at New Inn, one of the Inns of Chancery.[11]:xvii[13] In 1496, More became a student at Lincoln's Inn, one of the Inns of Court, where he remained until 1502, when he was called to the Bar.
According to his friend, theologian Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam, More once seriously contemplated abandoning his legal career to become a monk.[14][15] Between 1503 and 1504 More lived near the Carthusian monastery outside the walls of London and joined in the monks' spiritual exercises. Although he deeply admired their piety, More ultimately decided to remain a layman, standing for election to Parliament in 1504 and marrying the following year.[11]:xxi
In spite of his choice to pursue a secular career, More continued ascetical practices for the rest of his life, such as wearing a hair shirt next to his skin and occasionally engaging in flagellation.[11]:xxi A tradition of the Third Order of Saint Francis honours More as a member of that Order on their calendar of saints.
More married Jane Colt in 1505.[12]:118 She was 5 years younger than her husband, quiet and good-natured.[12]:119 Erasmus reported that More wanted to give his young wife a better education than she had previously received at home, and tutored her in music and literature.[12]:119 The couple had four children before Jane died in 1511: Margaret, Elizabeth, Cicely, and John.[12]:132
Going "against friends' advice and common custom," within thirty days More had married one of the many eligible women among his wide circle of friends.[17] He certainly expected a mother to take care of his little children and, as the view of his time considered marriage as an "economic union",[18] he chose a rich widow, Alice Harpur Middleton.[19] More is regarded not getting remarried for sexual pleasure, since Alice is much older than himself, and their marriage possibly had not been consummated.[18] The speed of the marriage was so unusual that More had to get a dispensation of the banns, which, due to his good public reputation, he easily obtained.[17] Alice More lacked Jane's docility; More's friend Andrew Ammonius derided Alice as a "hook-nosed harpy."[20] Erasmus, however, called their marriage happy.[12]:144
More had no children from his second marriage, although he raised Alice's daughter from her previous marriage as his own. More also became the guardian of two young girls: Anne Cresacre would eventually marry his son, John More;[12]:146 and Margaret Giggs (later Clement) would be the only member of his family to witness his execution (she died on the 35th anniversary of that execution, and her daughter married More's nephew William Rastell). An affectionate father, More wrote letters to his children whenever he was away on legal or government business, and encouraged them to write to him often.[12]:150[21]:xiv
More insisted upon giving his daughters the same classical education as his son, a highly unusual attitude at the time.[12]:146–47 His eldest daughter, Margaret, attracted much admiration for her erudition, especially her fluency in Greek and Latin.[12]:147 More told his daughter of his pride in her academic accomplishment in September 1522, after he showed the bishop a letter she had written:
When he saw from the signature that it was the letter of a lady, his surprise led him to read it more eagerly … he said he would never have believed it to be your work unless I had assured him of the fact, and he began to praise it in the highest terms … for its pure Latinity, its correctness, its erudition, and its expressions of tender affection. He took out at once from his pocket a portague [A Portuguese gold coin] … to send to you as a pledge and token of his good will towards you.[21]:152
More's decision to educate his daughters set an example for other noble families. Even Erasmus became much more favourable once he witnessed their accomplishments.[12]:149
A portrait of More and his family was painted by Holbein, but it was lost in a fire in the 18th century. More's grandson commissioned a copy, two versions of which survive.
In 1504 More was elected to Parliament to represent Great Yarmouth, and in 1510 began representing London.[22]
From 1510, More served as one of the two undersheriffs of the City of London, a position of considerable responsibility in which he earned a reputation as an honest and effective public servant. More became Master of Requests in 1514,[23] the same year in which he was appointed as a Privy Counsellor.[24] After undertaking a diplomatic mission to the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, accompanying Thomas Wolsey, Cardinal Archbishop of York, to Calais and Bruges, More was knighted and made under-treasurer of the Exchequer in 1521.[24]
As secretary and personal adviser to King Henry VIII, More became increasingly influential: welcoming foreign diplomats, drafting official documents, and serving as a liaison between the King and Lord Chancellor Wolsey. More later served as High Steward for the universities of Oxford and Cambridge.
In 1523 More was elected as knight of the shire (MP) for Middlesex and, on Wolsey's recommendation, the House of Commons elected More its Speaker.[24] In 1525 More became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, with executive and judicial responsibilities over much of northern England.
More supported the Catholic Church and saw the Protestant Reformation as heresy, a threat to the unity of both church and society. More believed in the theology, polemics, and ecclesiastical laws of the church, and "heard Luther's call to destroy the Catholic Church as a call to war."[25]
His early actions against the Reformation included aiding Wolsey in preventing Lutheran books from being imported into England, spying on and investigating suspected Protestants, especially publishers, and arresting anyone holding in his possession, transporting, or selling the books of the Protestant Reformation. More vigorously suppressed the travelling country ministers who used Tyndale's English translation of the New Testament.[citation needed] It contained controversial translations of certain words; for example, Tyndale used "senior" and "elder" rather than "priest" for the Greek "presbyteros", and some of the marginal glosses challenged Catholic doctrine.[26] It was during this time that most of his literary polemics appeared.
Rumours circulated during and after More's lifetime regarding ill-treatment of heretics during his time as Lord Chancellor. The popular anti-Catholic polemicist John Foxe, who "placed Protestant sufferings against the background of... the Antichrist",[27] was instrumental in publicising accusations of torture in his famous Book of Martyrs, claiming that More had often personally used violence or torture while interrogating heretics. Later authors such as Brian Moynahan and Michael Farris cite Foxe when repeating these allegations.[28] More himself denied these allegations:
Stories of a similar nature were current even in More's lifetime and he denied them forcefully. He admitted that he did imprison heretics in his house – 'theyr sure kepynge' – he called it – but he utterly rejected claims of torture and whipping... 'so helpe me God.'[12]:298
However, More writes in his "Apology" (1533) that he only applied corporal punishment to two heretics: a child who was caned in front of his family for heresy regarding the Eucharist, and a "feeble-minded" man who was whipped for disrupting prayers.[29]:404 During More's chancellorship, six people were burned at the stake for heresy; they were Thomas Hitton, Thomas Bilney, Richard Bayfield, John Tewkesbery, Thomas Dusgate, and James Bainham.[12]:299–306 Moynahan has argued that More was influential in the burning of Tyndale, as More's agents had long pursued him, even though this took place over a year after his own death.[30] Burning at the stake had long been a standard punishment for heresy; about thirty burnings had taken place in the century before More's elevation to Chancellor, and burning continued to be used by both Catholics and Protestants during the religious upheaval of the following decades.[31] His biographer Peter Ackroyd notes that More explicitly "approved of Burning".[12]:298
John Tewkesbury was a London leather seller found guilty by Bishop of London John Stokesley[32] of harbouring banned books; he was sentenced to burning for refusing to recant. More declared: he "burned as there was neuer wretche I wene better worthy."[33]
Modern commentators are divided over More's religious actions as Chancellor. Some biographers, including Ackroyd, have taken a relatively tolerant view of More's campaign against Protestantism by placing his actions within the turbulent religious climate of the time. Others have been more critical, such as Richard Marius, an American scholar of the Reformation, believing that persecutions were a betrayal of More's earlier humanist convictions, including More's zealous and well-documented advocacy of extermination for Protestants.[29]:386–406
Some Protestants take a different view. In 1980, More was added to the Church of England's calendar of Saints and Heroes of the Christian Church, despite being a fierce opponent of the English Reformation that created the Church of England. He was added jointly with John Fisher, to be commemorated every 6 July (the date of More's execution) as "Thomas More, Scholar, and John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, Reformation Martyrs, 1535".[5] Pope John Paul II honoured him by making him patron saint of statesmen and politicians in October 2000, stating: "It can be said that he demonstrated in a singular way the value of a moral conscience... even if, in his actions against heretics, he reflected the limits of the culture of his time".
As the conflict over supremacy between the Papacy and the King reached its apogee, More continued to remain steadfast in supporting the supremacy of the Pope as Successor of Peter over that of the King of England. In 1530, More refused to sign a letter by the leading English churchmen and aristocrats asking Pope Clement VII to annul Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, and also quarrelled with Henry VIII over the heresy laws. In 1531, Henry had isolated More by purging most clergy who supported the papal stance from senior positions in the church. Parliament's reinstatement of the charge of praemunire in 1529 had made it a crime to support in public or office the claim of any authority outside the realm (such as the Papacy) to have a legal jurisdiction superior to the King's. In 1531, a royal decree required the clergy to take an oath acknowledging the King as "Supreme Head" of the Church in England. As a layperson, More did not need to take the oath and the clergy, after some initial resistance, took the oath with the addition of the clause "as far as the law of Christ allows." However, More saw he could not render the support Henry expected from his Lord Chancellor for the policy the King was developing to support the annulment of his marriage with Catherine. In 1532 he petitioned the King to relieve him of his office, alleging failing health. Henry granted his request.
In 1533, More refused to attend the coronation of Anne Boleyn as the Queen of England. Technically, this was not an act of treason, as More had written to Henry acknowledging Anne's queenship and expressing his desire for the King's happiness and the new Queen's health.[34] Despite this, his refusal to attend was widely interpreted as a snub against Anne, and Henry took action against him.
Shortly thereafter, More was charged with accepting bribes, but the charges had to be dismissed for lack of any evidence. In early 1534, More was accused of conspiring with the "Holy Maid of Kent," Elizabeth Barton, a nun who had prophesied against the king's annulment, but More was able to produce a letter in which he had instructed Barton not to interfere with state matters.[citation needed]
On 13 April 1534, More was asked to appear before a commission and swear his allegiance to the parliamentary Act of Succession. More accepted Parliament's right to declare Anne Boleyn the legitimate Queen of England, but, holding fast to the teaching of papal supremacy, he steadfastly refused to take the oath of supremacy of the Crown in the relationship between the kingdom and the church in England. More furthermore publicly refused to uphold Henry's annulment from Catherine. John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, refused the oath along with More. The oath reads:[35]
...By reason whereof the Bishop of Rome and See Apostolic, contrary to the great and inviolable grants of jurisdictions given by God immediately to emperors, kings and princes in succession to their heirs, hath presumed in times past to invest who should please them to inherit in other men's kingdoms and dominions, which thing we your most humble subjects, both spiritual and temporal, do most abhor and detest...
With his refusal to support the King's annulment, More's enemies had enough evidence to have the King arrest him on treason. Four days later, Henry had More imprisoned in the Tower of London. There More prepared a devotional Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation. While More was imprisoned in the Tower, Thomas Cromwell made several visits, urging More to take the oath, which he continued to refuse.
On 1 July 1535, More was tried before a panel of judges that included the new Lord Chancellor, Sir Thomas Audley, as well as Anne Boleyn's father, brother, and uncle. He was charged with high treason for denying the validity of the Act of Supremacy and was tried under the following section of the Treasons Act 1534:
If any person or persons, after the first day of February next coming, do maliciously wish, will or desire, by words or writing, or by craft imagine, invent, practise, or attempt any bodily harm to be done or committed to the king's most royal person, the queen's, or their heirs apparent, or to deprive them or any of them of their dignity, title, or name of their royal estates …
That then every such person and persons so offending … shall have and suffer such pains of death and other penalties, as is limited and accustomed in cases of high treason.[36]
More, relying on legal precedent and the maxim "qui tacet consentire videtur" (literally, who (is) silent is seen to consent), understood that he could not be convicted as long as he did not explicitly deny that the King was Supreme Head of the Church, and he therefore refused to answer all questions regarding his opinions on the subject.
Thomas Cromwell, at the time the most powerful of the King's advisors, brought forth the Solicitor General, Richard Rich, to testify that More had, in his presence, denied that the King was the legitimate head of the church. This testimony was characterised by More as being extremely dubious. Witnesses Richard Southwell and Mr. Palmer both denied having heard the details of the reported conversation, and as More himself pointed out:
Can it therefore seem likely to your Lordships, that I should in so weighty an Affair as this, act so unadvisedly, as to trust Mr. Rich, a Man I had always so mean an Opinion of, in reference to his Truth and Honesty, … that I should only impart to Mr. Rich the Secrets of my Conscience in respect to the King's Supremacy, the particular Secrets, and only Point about which I have been so long pressed to explain my self? which I never did, nor never would reveal; when the Act was once made, either to the King himself, or any of his Privy Councillors, as is well known to your Honours, who have been sent upon no other account at several times by his Majesty to me in the Tower. I refer it to your Judgments, my Lords, whether this can seem credible to any of your Lordships.
The jury took only fifteen minutes, however, to find More guilty.
After the jury's verdict was delivered and before his sentencing, More spoke freely of his belief that "no temporal man may be the head of the spirituality". He was sentenced to be hanged, drawn, and quartered (the usual punishment for traitors who were not the nobility), but the King commuted this to execution by decapitation. The execution took place on 6 July 1535. When he came to mount the steps to the scaffold, he is widely quoted as saying (to the officials): "I pray you, I pray you, Mr Lieutenant, see me safe up and for my coming down, I can shift for myself"; while on the scaffold he declared that he died "the king's good servant, but God's first."
Another comment he is believed to have made to the executioner is that his beard was completely innocent of any crime, and did not deserve the axe; he then positioned his beard so that it would not be harmed.[39] More asked that his foster/adopted daughter Margaret Clement (née Giggs) be given his headless corpse to bury.[40] She was the only member of his family to witness his execution. He was buried at the Tower of London, in the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula in an unmarked grave. His head was fixed upon a pike over London Bridge for a month, according to the normal custom for traitors. His daughter Margaret (Meg) Roper rescued it, possibly by bribery, before it could be thrown in the River Thames.[citation needed]
The skull is believed to rest in the Roper Vault of St Dunstan's Church, Canterbury, though some researchers[who?] have claimed it might be within the tomb he erected for More in Chelsea Old Church (see below). The evidence,[clarification needed] however, seems to be in favour of its placement in St Dunstan's, with the remains of his daughter, Margaret Roper, and her husband's family, whose vault it was.[citation needed]
Among other surviving relics is his hair shirt, presented for safe keeping by Margaret Clement.[41] This was long in the custody of the community of Augustinian canonesses who until 1983 lived at the convent at Abbotskerswell Priory, Devon. It is now preserved at Syon Abbey, near South Brent.
180225-N-GR168-0105 ATLANTIC OCEAN (Feb. 25, 2018) Aviation Boatswain’s Mate (Handling) 2nd Class Benjamin Kimbrough, from St. Louis, signals an MH-60S Sea Hawk, attached to Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron (HSC) 22, from the flight deck of the San Antonio-Class amphibious transport dock ship USS New York (LPD 21) during a replenishment-at-sea with the Lewis and Clark-class dry cargo ship USNS William McLean (T-AKE 12) Feb. 25, 2018. New York, homeported in Mayport, Florida, is conducting naval operations in the U.S. 6th Fleet area of operations. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Lyle Wilkie/Released)
Arriva North East 1601, a 2015 Wright Streetlite DF Max Micro Hybrid, reg no NK15ABZ, seen at Peterlee Bus Station on 12/7/17, whilst operating its allocated Arriva Sapphire Service 22 from Sunderland to Durham. This vehicle is allocated to Belmont Depot.
Coffee in foreground, cinnamon behind, and promary rainforest beyond, in the village of Tanjung Alam in the highlands of the Jambi Province. The surrounding forest, recently protected by Hutan Desa designation, is home to 5 species of monkey and the largest remaining population of Sumatran tigers on earth.
RAN Forest Campaigner Lafcadio Cortesi and Communications Manager Laurel Sutherlin traveled to Indonesia in July of 2011 to meet with and interview an extensive network of allies involved in the movement to resist the rampant deforestation and human rights abuses occurring there. They conducted site visits to remote villages of Siabu, Muara Merang and Tanjung Alam, each impacted in different ways by Indonesia's forest crisis.
Any reference to (RoH) means the Roll of Honour Website, to which I am deeply indebted.
www.roll-of-honour.com/Norfolk/Aylsham.html
The Roll of Honour site refers to the War memorial in the churchyard. Although there is also a wooden memorial plaque in the church, this appears to be identical in practically every detail, other than adding that the Korean War individual died in 1952.
1914 - 1918
Percy Willie Baker, MM………………………(RoH)
Private 41356. 10th Bn., Essex Regiment. Formerly 5995 Norfolk Regiment. Killed in action Tuesday 31 July 1917. Born and lived Aylsham. Enlisted Cromer. Awarded the Military medal (MM). Buried: LA BRIQUE MILITARY CEMETERY No.2, Ieper, West-Vlaanderen, Belgium. Ref. II. A. 2.
On Churchyard War Memorial P.Baker
On Church Memorial board P Baker
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=451001
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census 6 year Percy W is recorded at “The Rookery”, Aylsham, the town of his birth. His parents are John, (aged 42, an ordinary Agricultural Labourer from Erpingham) and Matilda, (aged 39 and from Wood Dalling). John and Matilda have another son, James R, (aged 6), as well as a Matilda’s son from an earlier relationship, John H Frostick, (aged 18).
On the Day This was the first day of Third Ypres, more commonly known as Passchendaele. The 10th Essex were in the 53rd Brigade, whose role was to build on the success of the initial attack. 53 Bde’s task was to leapfrog 30th Div once Glencorse Wood had been taken. Although the lead elements, (8th Suffolks and 6th Berkshires, were orderd in, they found the woods still in enemy hands and were very soon forced to dig in.
forum.irishmilitaryonline.com/showthread.php?t=11535
Horace BALLS…………..…………………………….....(RoH)
Private 2245. "D Coy. 1st/5th Bn., Norfolk Regiment. Died Thursday 12 August 1915 (CD gives 28 August 1915) in Gallipoli. Age 20. Born and enlisted Norwich. Son of Edward C. Balls, of Hungate St., Aylsham, Norfolk. Commemorated: HELLES MEMORIAL, Turkey. Panel 42 to 44.
On Churchyard War Memorial H Balls
On Church Memorial board H Balls
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=698446
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census The most likely match is a 5 year old, born Norwich, living at 74 Angel Road, Angel Gardens, Norwich. His parents are Edward, (age 28, born Norwich and an Innkeeper), and Laura, (aged 27). Horace has a brother, John, (aged 3) and a sister, Violet, (aged 0)
On the day This is the date associated with the “disappearance” of the 1st/5ths - at least in popular mythology.
user.online.be/~snelders/sand.htm
www.drdavidclarke.co.uk/vanbat.htm
Leonard Henry Barber……………………...........(RoH)
Private 241848. 12th Bn., Yorkshire Regiment. Killed in action in France & Flanders on Thursday 11 April 1918. Born Reepham. Lived Aylsham. Enlisted Cromer. Buried: PLOEGSTEERT MEMORIAL, Comines-Warneton, Hainaut, Belgium. Panel 4.
On Churchyard War Memorial L Barber
On Church Memorial board L Barber
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=874198
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census The 8 year old Leonard H, born Hackford, is listed at The Ollands, Gromes Cottage, Hackford. His parents are Frederick J, (a 37 year old Domestic Coachman from Thurston, Suffolk), and Eliza, (aged 33 and from Hingham). Frederick and Eliza’s other children are Earnest J, (aged under 1), Frederick C, (aged 5), Hilda F, (aged 6), Mary P, (aged 2), and Sidney R, (aged 3) - all born Hackford.
On the Day Divisional Battle Honours include:-
Battle of Estaires. 9-11 Apr 1918, including the first defence of Givenchy
orbat.com/site/warpath/divs/40_div.htm
Leonard is also commemorated in the Parish of Reepham - although this has him down as dying on the 8th, and not in a major battle. There are also a number of pictures of Leonard, of family, medals and paperwork.
www.reephambenefice.org.uk/lhbarber.html
Frederick James Barrett……………………….(RoH)
(There is a picture of Frederick on the RoH site)
Private 8118.1st Bn., Norfolk Regiment. Killed in action Wednesday 5 May 1915. Age 25. Born Aylsham. Enlisted Norwich. Husband of Mrs. L. Barrett, of Unicorn Yard, Hungate St., Aylsham, Norfolk. Commemorated: YPRES (MENIN GATE) MEMORIAL, Ieper, West-Vlaanderen, Belgium. Panel 4.
On Churchyard War Memorial F Barrett
On Church Memorial board F Barrett
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=926788
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census The 10 year old Frederick is listed in an “Institution” as a Pauper - possibly the Union Work House Aylsham. His status is son of a Domestic Servant. His 28 year old mother, Sophia, (marital status listed as Single), is also resident, along with possibly a sister of Sophia, Sarah, aged 22 who is described as “feeble-minded”. All were born in Cawston.
On the Day the 1st Norfolks were engaged in the battle of St Julian, (part of 2nd Ypres), which had seen the first use of poison gas on the Western Front. This part of 2nd Ypres was coming to an end, with troops being pulled back to more defensible lines after several holes had been punched in the Allied front. I can find no reference specifically to the 1st Norfolks on this date, but the 1st Bedfords, in the same Brigade were definitely in the front line and being subject to gas attack.
www.bedfordregiment.org.uk/1stbtn/1stbtn1915diary.html
Robert BODDY……………………………….....(RoH)
[BODY on CD & CWGC.] Private 196858th Bn., Norfolk Regiment. Died of wounds Saturday 11 August 1917. Born Aylsham. Enlisted Norwich. Commemorated: YPRES (MENIN GATE) MEMORIAL, Ieper, West-Vlaanderen, Belgium. Panel 4.
On Churchyard War Memorial R Boddy
On Church Memorial board R Boddy
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=928306
(Robert Body is listed as being part of 8th Battalion)
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census The 8 year old Robert Body, (no Robert Boddy’s listed with a Norfolk connection), is listed at Commercial Road, Aylsham., His parents are Richard Body, ( a 39 year old House Painter from Aylsham) and Eliza, (aged 40 and from Oulton). Their other children are Annie, (aged 11), Blanch, (aged 8)and Florence, (aged 9). Eliza’s mother, Rachel Riseborough, a 79 year old Widow is also living with them.
On the DaySaturday 11th August 1917 - Day 12 Third Ypres
Westhoek
During the relief of 7th Bedfords by 8th Norfolks at 4.30am the Germans attacked and captured a pillbox. The Norfolks recaptured it at 6am.
forum.irishmilitaryonline.com/showthread.php?t=11535
Frank Thomas BOND…………………………..(RoH)
There is a picture of Frank on the RoH web-site
[F.E. Bond on Memorial] Private 3/8122. 7th Bn., Norfolk Regiment. Died of wounds Tuesday 9 November 1915. Born Aylsham. Enlisted Norwich. Buried: BETHUNE TOWN CEMETERY, Pas de Calais, France. Ref. IV. F. 87.
On Churchyard War Memorial F E Bond
On Church Memorial board F E Bond
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=62223
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census The 13 year old Frank T. born Aylsham, is now living at 4 Rose Villas, Suffield Park, Cromer. His parents are Dennis J, ( a 46 year old Carpenter from Oxnead), and Sarah, (aged 44 and from Sheringham). Their other children are George E, (aged 22 and a Plasterers Labourer), Granville C, (aged 9), Mabel B. (aged 6), Robert D, (aged 24 and a Carpenter), Rose E, ( a 16 year old Kitchen Servant), and William J, (aged 20 and a Bricklayer). All the children were born Aylsham.
On the Day The 7th Norfolks had suffered considerable losses during their first action the previous month, on the 13th, which included over 190 Other Ranks wounded. It is a possibility that Private Bond was one of these who subsequently succumbed.
www.freewebs.com/lou90/flaxmannames.htm
1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=42270
For much of the First World War, Bethune was comparatively free from bombardment and remained an important railway and hospital centre, as well as a corps and divisional headquarters. The 33rd Casualty Clearing Station was in the town until December 1917.
www.cwgc.org/search/cemetery_details.aspx?cemetery=6000&a...
Henry Harold Brawn……………………………..(RoH)
[Harry Harold Brawn on CD.] Serjeant 7570 1st Bn., Norfolk Regiment. Killed in action Monday 14 September 1914. Age 23. Born Aylsham. Enlisted Norwich. Son of Rebecca Brawn, of Oakfield Rd., Aylsham, Norfolk, and the late Serjt. Maj. Henry Brawn (1st Bn. Norfolk Regt.). Commemorated: LA FERTE-SOUS-JOUARRE MEMORIAL, Seine-et- Marne, France.
On Churchyard War Memorial H Brawn
On Church Memorial board H Brawn
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=877844
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census There is no Henry, Harry or Harold recorded - but the 1st Battalion were overseas
In 1901, and as a Senior NCO, Serjeant Major Brawn may well have taken his wife with him.
On the dayThe division of which the Norfolks were part were involved in Battle of the Aisne. 12-15 Sep 1914, including the capture of the Aisne Heights including the Chemin des Dames.
warpath.orbat.com/divs/5_div.htm
www.firstworldwar.com/battles/aisne1.htm
Walter Cecil CHAMBERLAIN……………………………….........(RoH)
Private 2520. 1st/5th Bn., Norfolk Regiment. Died in Gallipoli on Thursday 12 August 1915 (CD gives 28 August 1915) Age 18. Enlisted Aylsham. Son of Walter Chamberlain, of Fox Lake, Aylsham, Norfolk. Commemorated: HELLES MEMORIAL, Turkey. Panel 42 to 44.
On Churchyard War Memorial W Chamberlain
On Church Memorial board W Chamberlain
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=697021
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census The 3 year old Walter is listed at Union yard, Aylsham. His parents are Walter, (aged 36 and Ordinary Agricultural Labourer), and Martha, (aged 39 and from Holt). Their other children are Ethel, (aged 6), Hannah, (aged 1), Margaret, (under 1), Thomas, (aged 7), as well as four children from Martha’s previous marriage, Ernest Pike, (aged 9), Frederick Pike, (aged 13), George Pike, (aged 12) and James, (aged 14) - the last three all born at Shouldham, Norfolk. On the night of the Census they also have a visitor staying - the 72 year widow Hannah Doughty, originally from Edgefield and therefore possibly a relative of the George William listed further down.
On the dayThis is the date associated with the “disappearance” of the 1st/5ths - at least in popular mythology.
user.online.be/~snelders/sand.htm
www.drdavidclarke.co.uk/vanbat.htm
Noel Hannant COOKE………………………………..................(RoH)
(There is a picture of Noel on the RoH site)
Private 46643. 36th Field Amb, Royal Army Medical Corps. Formerly 13912 Suffolk Regiment. Killed in action in France & Flanders on Friday 1 October 1915. Age 22. Born Marsham. Enlisted Lowestoft. Son of Ward Hannant Cooke and Lucy Maria Cooke, of Hungate St., Aylsham, Norfolk. Buried: VERMELLES BRITISH CEMETERY, Pas de Calais, France. Ref. I. H. 34.
On Churchyard War Memorial N H Cooke
On Church Memorial board N H Cook
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=251304
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census The 8 year old Noel, born Marsham, is listed at Fengate, Marsham. His parents are Ward, ( a 35 year old Bricklayer from Hainford), and Lucy, (37 and from Blickling). Their other children are Dora, (aged 6, Aylsham), Francis, (under 1,Marsham), Harold, (aged 5, Aylsham), Hugh, (aged 3, Erpingham), Kenneth, (age 1, Erpingham)and Lucy, (aged 9, Marsham).
On the day 5th Field Ambulance was attached to the 18th (Eastern) Division. I’ve had a quick check but I can’t see that the Division was in action, (other than the daily routine of manning trenches and coping with bombardment and sniping for some of them!)
Ernest Hugh COPEMAN……………………………….................(RoH)
(There is also a separate memorial plaque in the church)
Second Lieutenant. 6th Bn., Queen's Own (Royal West Kent Regiment) attd. 37th Bn. Machine Gun Corps (Inf). Killed in action near Loos in France on Saturday 18 March 1916. (Church memorial gives 19 March 1916). Born 18 August 1888. Son of Thomas & Mariana Copeman. B.A. Cantab. Commemorated: LOOS MEMORIAL, Pas de Calais, France. Panel 95 to 97.
On Churchyard War Memorial E H Copeman
On Church Memorial board E H Copeman
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=730348
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census The 12 year old Ernest is now resident as a pupil at a school near Hurstpierrepoint, West Sussex. On the 1891 Census, the 2 year old Ernest was resident at Blickling Road, Buxton. His parents are Thomas, (aged 65, born Aylsham and Living on Own Means, described as being “Short-sighted from birth) and Marian A, (aged 42 and from Aldborough). Their other children appear to be Robert A, (aged 7), “Martial”(?), (aged 6) and John G, (aged 4). The Copeman’s have a live on Governess and two live in servants.
The church memorial reads:
“In memory of Ernest Hugh Copeman, BA Cantab
2nd Lt R W Kent Regt & Machine Gun Corps
Born 18th August 1888
Killed in action near Loos in France
19th March 1916
Also of
Herbert Guy Hele Copeman BA (Oxon)
2nd Lt Oxford and Bucks L.I.
Born 21st May 1891
Killed in action at Guillemont
3rd Sept.1916
The fourth and youngest sons of Thomas and Marianna Copeman
Late of Aylsham
Haec manus ob patriam”
Herbert Guy Hele COPEMAN………………………………...........(RoH)
(There is also a separate memorial plaque in the church - see above)
Second Lieutenant 6th Bn., Oxford. and Bucks Light Infantry. Killed in action at Guillemont on Sunday 3 September 1916. Age 25. Son of Thomas and Mariana A. Copeman. Born at Aylsham 21 May 1891. B.A. Oxon. Buried: GUILLEMONT ROAD CEMETERY, GUILLEMONT, Somme, France. Ref. Sp. Mem. 7.
On Churchyard War Memorial H G H Copeman
On Church Memorial board H G H Copeman
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=534245
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census Herbert G H Copeman, aged 9, is living at Blickling Road, Buxton. His widowed mother Mariana is given as the head of household. Robert S is now aged 17 and employed as a Bank Clerk - see Ernest above for details of the household make-up at the time of the 1891 census, when Robert was listed with the middle initial A. Mariana still retains two household servants.
On the day20th Div was tasked with taking Guillemont. Zero Hour was noon. 59 Bde reinforced by 6th Bn, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (60 Bde) and 7th Bn, Somerset Light Infantry (61 Bde) attacked the southern endof Guillemont while 47 Bde of the 16th (Irish) Div was attached to the 20th Div from Corps Reserve. 10th Bn, King’s Royal Rifle Corps and 6th Bn, Connaught Rangers advanced before the bombardment lifted thus surprising the Germans at Zero Hour. The KRRC with 10th and 11th Bns, the Rifle Brigade reached their objective, the Hardecourt Road in 20 minutes. The KRRC mopped up here while the two Rifle battalions wheeled north to Mount Street.
North of Mount Street 6th Connaughts and 7th Leinsters advanced rapidly into Guillemont bypassing the quarry.In the face of heavy artillery and MG fire, the troops consolidated near North St and South St by 1.15pm.
The advance resumed at 2.50pm on the Ginchy –Wedge Wood Road, which was reached at 3.30pm. 7th Bn, Duke of Cornwall’s Light Infantry moved into the village to assist in consolidation.
Counter attacks at 5.30 and 6.30 pm were repelled.
W CORKE……………………………….......................................(RoH)
Possibly: William Corke. Private 18394. 2nd Bn., Norfolk Regiment. Died in Mesopotamia on Monday 4 September 1916. Age 36. Born Instead, Norfolk. Enlisted Norwich. Husband of Mrs. Matthewman (formerly Corke), of True's Cottages, High St., Wickford, Essex. Buried: AMARA WAR CEMETERY, Iraq. Ref. IX. H. 32.
On Churchyard War Memorial W Corke
On Church Memorial board W Corke
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=627932
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census No obvious match for either William or any other W born circa 1879/81
On the dayMany of the 2nd battalion had become prisoners of the Turks following the fall of the besieged city of Kut . It has been estimated that over 70% of the Norfolks who surrendered at Kut died either on the subsequent march to prison camps, or in captivity.
www.stephen-stratford.co.uk/pte_wilby.htm
www.oldbuckenham-pri.norfolk.procms.co.uk/pages/viewpage....
George William DOUGHTY………………………………............(RoH)
Private 40186. 4th Bn., Bedfordshire Regiment. Formerly 28205 Essex Regiment. Killed in action in France & Flanders on Tuesday 30 October 1917. Born Suffield. Lived Oulton. Enlisted Norwich. Commemorated: TYNE COT MEMORIAL, Zonnebeke, West-Vlaanderen, Belgium. Panel 48 to 50 and 162A.
On Churchyard War Memorial G W Doughty
On Church Memorial board G W Doughty
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=1630276
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census The 14 year-old George Wm. is recorded at Hungate Street, Aylsham, having been born at Suffield. George is employed as a Bricklayers Apprentice. His parents are Walter, (aged 41 and an Ordinary Agricultural Labourer from Foulsham) and Sarah Ann, (aged 42 and from Suffield). Their other children are Ethel M, (aged 9, born Banningham), and Rose Louisa, (aged 16 and born Suffield).
On the day Battalion War Diary
30 Oct. Battn. attacked at 5.50am 7RF on left, Artists Rifles on right, Canadian Corps on right of Artists. Canadians reached [unreadable] objectives but our attack was held up by very heavy and boggy ground surrounding the PADDEBEEK and a total advance of about 150-200 yards only was made.
CASUALTIES -
Officers Killed; Capt. L.C.T. [Leslie Charles Thomas] GATE, 2Lt A.E. TEE.
Wounded; Capt. J. SCOTT, Lt C.H. WAREING, Lt K.V.R. GOLD, 2Lt E.A. GLOSSOP, 2Lt ? BORNETT, 2Lt NEW, 2Lt RADWELL.
OR Killed 52, wounded 180, missing 23.
Battn relieved by NELSON Battn. at 7pm and marched out to IRISH FARM.
www.bedfordregiment.org.uk/4thbtn/4thbtn1917diary.html
C C DUCKER……………………………….....................................(RoH)
Possibly: Cecil Civel Ducker. Private16949. "A Coy. 7th Bn., Norfolk Regiment. Killed in action in France & Flanders on Wednesday 13 October 1915. Age 24. Born Hempnall, Norfolk. Enlisted Norwich. Son of Emily Ducker, of 34, Marlowe Rd., Newnham Croft, Cambridge, and the late William Ducker. Commemorated: LOOS MEMORIAL, Pas de Calais, France. Panel 30 and 31.
On Churchyard War Memorial C C Ducker
On Church Memorial board C C Ducker
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2941542
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census The 10 year old Cecil Civel is living at The Street, Ingworth and is recorded as being at School. There is no place of birth shown for him, but it is likely that it is Martham, the same as his sister
Dora Daymer, (aged 24 and a Draper). Their parents are William, (aged 49 and a Police Pensioner from Cawston), and Emily, (aged 47 and a Grocer from Ingworth).
<On the DayOn 12th October 1915 the Battalion moved from billets to a line in front of the St Elie Quarries, taking over from the Coldstream Guards. The attack was planned to go ahead the following day under a smoke cloud with the Norfolks closing on the German trenches from both ends of their position thus straightening their line, their own trenches being in a semi-circle. The left side of the Battalion was also tasked with bombing a German communications trench. A bright sunny day with an ideal wind for moving the smoke towards the enemy positions, the artillery bombardment began at 12:00 and was intensive by 13:45. 54 heavy and 86 field howitzers and 286 field guns fired on enemy trenches in the area of the Hohenzollern Redoubt, Fosse 8, the Quarries, Gun Trench and the positions south to Chalk Pit Wood. It failed to cause sufficient damage to the enemy positions. The smoke barrage went wrong and ceased by 13:40, twenty minutes before the attack was launched at 14:00 and was thus very thin. German machine gun fire from in front and from the direction of Slag Alley, opposite the Norfolks right flank, enfiladed their attack. Whilst they gained a foothold in the Quarries and consolidated the position they were unable to advance further. In the battalions first serious engagement they lost 5 Officers killed or died of wounds and 6 wounded, and 66 other ranks killed, 196 wounded and 160 missing.
1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=42270
Jack DUCKER………………………………................................(RoH)
No further information available at present.
On Churchyard War Memorial Jack Ducker
On Church Memorial board Jack Ducker
CWGC No obvious match
Norlink No archive items.
Possibles
E J Ducker www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=205757
1901 Census The 1901 Census has a year old William J, living at Pound Road, Aylsham, the town of his birth. William father is James is 39, and an Ordinary Agricultural Labourer from Aylsham. His mother is Letitia, (aged 38 and from Aylsham). Their other children are Ann G S, (aged 9), Marriott W G, (aged 1), Mildred, (aged 17), Rena Des (aged 12), Thomas E, (aged 14 and Cowboy on Farm), and Edward J (aged 4)
(E) James DUCKER………………………………......................(RoH)
Private 40204. 9th Bn., Norfolk Regiment. Killed in action Wednesday 18 October 1916. Born Aylsham. Enlisted East Dereham. Buried: BANCOURT BRITISH CEMETERY, Pas de Calais, France. Ref. VII. B. 9.
On Churchyard War Memorial James Ducker
On Church Memorial board James Ducker
CWGC No obvious match
Norlink No archive items.
Possibles
E J Ducker www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=205757
1901 Census The 1901 Census has a 4 year old Edward J, living at Pound Road, Aylsham, the town of his birth. It is mere speculation that the middle initial stands for James, however that is Edward’s fathers name. James is 39, and an Ordinary Agricultural Labourer from Aylsham. His mother is Letitia, (aged 38 and from Aylsham). Their other children are Ann G S, (aged 9), Marriott W G, (aged 1), Mildred, (aged 17), Rena Des (aged 12), Thomas E, (aged 14 and Cowboy on Farm), and William J (aged 7)
On the Day Wednesday 18th October 1916.
Gueudecourt
9th Bn, Norfolk Regt (6th Div) captured the north western part of Mild Trench and held it against a German attack at nightfall.
forum.irishmilitaryonline.com/showthread.php?t=9058&p...
Thomas Edmund DUCKER……………………………….............(RoH)
Private 40205. 9th Bn., Norfolk Regiment. Killed in action in France & Flanders on Wednesday 18 October 1916. Age 29. Enlisted East Dereham. Husband of Ellen Ducker, of Fox Loke, Aylsham, Norfolk. Buried: BANCOURT BRITISH CEMETERY, Pas de Calais, France. Ref. VII. B. 10.
On Churchyard War Memorial T E Ducker
On Church Memorial board T E Ducker
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=205758
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census The 1901 Census has a 14 year old Thomas E, living at Pound Road, Aylsham, the town of his birth and employed as a Cow Boy on Farm. Thomas’s father, James is 39, and an Ordinary Agricultural Labourer from Aylsham. His mother is Letitia, (aged 38 and from Aylsham). Their other children are Ann G S, (aged 9), Marriott W G, (aged 1), Mildred, (aged 17), Rena Des (aged 12), Edward J, (aged 4), and William J (aged 7)
On the Day Wednesday 18th October 1916.
Gueudecourt
9th Bn, Norfolk Regt (6th Div) captured the north western part of Mild Trench and held it against a German attack at nightfall.
forum.irishmilitaryonline.com/showthread.php?t=9058&p...
Henry C DYBALL………………………………..........................(RoH)
(There is a picture of Henry on the RoH site)
Private 3/10016. 1st Bn., Norfolk Regiment. Killed in action Friday 18 June 1915. Born Aylsham. Enlisted Fulham, Surrey. Commemorated: PERTH CEMETERY (CHINA WALL), Ieper, West-Vlaanderen, Belgium. Sp. Mem. A. 4.
On Churchyard War Memorial H C Dyball
On Church Memorial board H C Dyball
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=103282
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census The 19 year old Henry, born Aylsham, appears to be a Private in an Infantry Regiment, stationed at Britannia Barracks, Norwich. This would probably be the Norfolk Regiment.
On the 1891 Census , Henry was living at Cromer Road, Aylsham with his parents John, (age 52 and an Ordinary Agricultural Labourer) and Harriet (tbc - poor quality reproduction),
On the Day No details known.
Edward DYBALL………………………………..........................(RoH)
Gunner RMA/12824. Royal Marine Artillery. Died Thursday 7 November 1918. Age 24. Son of Charles and Evelyn Dyball, of Cawston Rd., Aylsham. Buried: AYLSHAM CEMETERY, Norfolk, United Kingdom. Ref. H. 72.
On Churchyard War Memorial E Dyball
On Church Memorial board E Dyball
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2802301
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census The 6 year old Edward is living at Gas House Hill, Aylsham, having been born at Burgh. His parents are Charles, (age 41 and a Groom\Gardener from Burgh), Eveline, (aged 40 and from Brampton). Their other children are Eveline A, (aged 21, born Brampton), Frederick, (aged 15 and a Grocers Porter, born Burgh), and Sidney, (aged 1, born Aylsham). Living with them is also a Grand-daughter, Gladys, (aged u/1 and born North Walsham)
On the Day No details known.
William DYBALL………………………………...........................(RoH)
(There is a picture of William on the RoH site)
Leading Seaman 208734. (RFR/CH/B/10521). H.M.S. "Hawke., Royal Navy. Died Thursday 15 October 1914. Age 30. Son of Mr. and Mrs. Charles Dyball, of Cawston Rd., Aylsham; husband of Annie Rosetta Dyball, of Millgate St., Aylsham, Norfolk. Commemorated: CHATHAM NAVAL MEMORIAL, Kent, United Kingdom. Panel 1.
Special note: HMS Hawke was a cruiser launched in 1891. she was one of the oldest ships in the Royal Navy at the outbreak of World War 1. On the 15th October 1914 while sailing in the North Sea some 60 miles off the coast of Scotland, she was struck by a torpedo fired from German submarine U.9. and sunk almost immediately. 52 men managed to get into the lifeboat, but the remaining 544 of the crew perished. U.9 under the command of Otto Weddingen was responsible for sinking Royal Navy ships Cressey, Hogue and Aboukir about a month earlier.
On Churchyard War Memorial W Dyball
On Church Memorial board W Dyball
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=3048892
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census No obvious match - but on the 1891 Census, the 6 year old William can be found at Aylsham Road, Burgh. His parents are Charles, (aged 31 and an Agricultural Labourer) and Eveline, (Aged 30) - see Edward above for more details from the 1901 Census.
On the Day
www.battleships-cruisers.co.uk/hms_hawke.htm
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hawke_(1891)
1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/lofiversion/index.php/t...
century.guardian.co.uk/1910-1919/Story/0,,126442,00.html
William George FIELD………………………………...........................(RoH)
Private 240213. 1st/5th Bn., Norfolk Regiment. Died Friday 2 November 1917. Born and enlisted Aylsham. Commemorated: JERUSALEM MEMORIAL, Israel. Panels 12 to 15.
On Churchyard War Memorial W Field
On Church Memorial board W Field
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=1645154
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census There is a 5 year old William Field living at Burgh Road, Aylsham. His parents are Uriah, (a 46 year old Monumental Mason from Kennington, London), and Mary A, (43 and from Erpingham). Their other children are Bessie, (aged 13), John, (aged 23 and a Boot Maker), and Lucie, (aged 9). All the children were born at Aylsham.
On the DayThird Battle of Gaza
The first action at Gaza took place before dawn on 2 November when the 161st and 162nd Brigades of the 54th Division attacked the Turkish trench system in the sand dunes between Gaza and the sea. On this occasion it was a night attack by well prepared troops with overwhelming artillery support and armoured (six tanks). The British infantry advanced about 2 miles on a 5,000 yard front and held their gains against repeated Turkish counter-attacks. Casualty figures were heavy for both sides but this time favoured the British.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Gaza
Sydney FISHER………………………………................................(RoH)
Serjeant 26131. 39th Bn., Machine Gun Corps (Inf). Formerly 18982 Norfolk Regiment. Killed in action Monday 25 March 1918 in France & Flanders. Born Buxton. Lived Aylsham. Enlisted Norwich. Commemorated: POZIERES MEMORIAL, Somme, France. Panel 90 to 93.
On Churchyard War Memorial S Fisher
On Church Memorial board S Fisher
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=1580862
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census The 14 year old Sydney, born Buxton, is now living at Cawston Road, Aylsham and employed as an errand boy. He is living with his Uncle, William Randell, and his wife Lydia and the rest of their family. On the 1891 Census he is living at Lodge Farm, Mill Street, Buxton. His father Thomas, aged 50, appears to be some kind of Bailiff, and was originally from Scottow. His mother Matilda, is 42 and from Cawston. Their other children are William, (aged 14 and an Agricultural Labourer) and Mabel, (aged 5).
On the Day The 39th Battalion, like many other units, would have been heavily engaged resisting the German Spring Offensive.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Offensive
Francis Henry FROSTICK………………………………...............(RoH)
Able Seaman R/543. Hawke Bn. R.N. Div., Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. Died Tuesday 24 April 1917. Age 26. Son of James and Emily Frostick, of Hungate St., Aylsham, Norfolk. Commemorated: ARRAS MEMORIAL, Pas de Calais, France. Bay 1
On Churchyard War Memorial F H Frostick
On Church Memorial board F H Frostick
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=1557805
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census There is a Frank Frostick,on the census, aged 11 and living at the Cottages by the Mill, Oxnead. Frank was born at Aylsham. His parents are James, (aged 46 and a Cattleman on Farm from Banningham), and Emily, (aged 45 and from Skeyton). Their other children are Elsie, (aged 3, born Oxnead), Frederick, (aged 7, born Aylsham), and William, (aged 15 and a Bricklayers Labourer, born Heigham).
On the DayWESTERN FRONT
9 April-15 May Battle of Arras, including
23-24 April Second Battle of the Scarpe (Second phase of Arras Offensive), 63rd (RN) Division captured Gavrelle
The attack on Gavrelle was commenced on 23 April and was carried out by the 189th and 190th Brigades. At 4.45 a.m. Nelson and Drake battalions went over the top under cover of an artillery barrage. The first line of German trenches was quickly taken, and an hour later the attack was ceased at the edge of the village.
The artillery barrage was relocated across the village, which was reduced to rubble. Other battalions from the brigade were moved forward. House to house fighting led to the taking of Gavrelle, at the cost of 1,500 casualties.
Virtually all the remaining reservists of the original Royal Naval Division lost their lives at Gavrelle. They were the veterans who had survived the fighting at Gallipoli and at the Ancre.
www.wereldoorlog1418.nl/RND-Royal-Naval-Division/index.html
www.naval-history.net/xDKCas1917-04Apr.htm
H J GIBBONS……………………………….............................(RoH)
No further information available at present.
On Churchyard War Memorial H J Gibbons
On Church Memorial board H J Gibbons
CWGC
Possibly H J East Surrey Regiment died 1916
www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=576007
Or Henry John, Royal Lancaster Regiment, died 1918
www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=301567
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census There is a 14 year old Henry G, born Aylsham, and now employed as an Errand Boy at Chemist, living at 9 West Street, Cromer. His mother Alice M M, (age 36 and from Colby) has re-married, and so Henry is living with his step-father, James Norgate, a 32 year old Corn Porter from North Walsham).
William GILES………………………………............................(RoH)
Private 51361. 2nd Bn., Manchester Regiment. Killed in action Friday 19 April 1918 in France & Flanders. Age 27. Born Skeyton. Lived Aylsham. Enlisted Norwich. Son of William and Annie Giles, of Woodgate Cottages, Aylsham, Norfolk. Buried: QUESNOY FARM MILITARY CEMETERY, Pas de Calais, France. Ref. C. 7.
On Churchyard War Memorial W Giles
On Church Memorial board W Giles
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=590871
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census There is an 8 year old “Willie” Giles, living at North Walsham Road, Skeyton, the village of his birth. Willie’s parents are William, (aged 35 and a Cattle Feeder on Farm from Scottow), and Annie, (aged 38 and from Scottow). Their other children are Alice, (aged 5, born Sketon), George, (aged 12, born Oxnead), John, (aged 9, born Swanton Abbott), Martha, (aged 13, born Swanton Abbott), and Sidney, (aged 2, born Skeyton).
On the day April 1918
Ayette attacked and carried. Batt was in the front line until the 25th 14 KIA, 87 wounded, 16 gassed, 1 missing.25th withdrawn to Barly
www.themanchesters.org/2nd batt.htm
Clare Horsley GOULDER……………………………….............(RoH)
Corporal 13146. 8th Bn., Norfolk Regiment. Died Tuesday 31 October 1916. Born Aylsham. Enlisted Norwich. Buried: AYLSHAM CEMETERY, Norfolk, United Kingdom. Ref. B. 77.
On Churchyard War Memorial C H Goulder
On Church Memorial board C H Goulder
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2802302
Norlink No archive items.
There is a memorial to all the Goulder boys who died in the Great War in Aylsham Cemetery. Clare is listed as having been wounded on the Somme on the 1st July 1916, and subsequently dying in Hospital on the 31st October 1916. He was born on the 14th January 1892.
1901 Census The 9 year old Clare H is recorded at Pound Lane, Aylsham. His parents are John, (aged 56 and a Farmer and Manure Agent from Wramplingham), and Mary, (aged 52 and from Stretford, Lancashire). Their other children are Colin Chas, (aged 11), Frances M, (aged 12), John Lee, (aged 17), and Sybil M, (aged 19). The Goulders have two live in servants.
John Lee GOULDER………………………………................(RoH)
(There is a picture of John on the RoH website)
Serjeant 2179. 1st/5th Bn., Norfolk Regiment. Killed in action Saturday 21 August 1915. Born and enlisted Aylsham. Commemorated: HELLES MEMORIAL, Turkey. Panel 42 to 44.
On Churchyard War Memorial J L Goulder
On Church Memorial board J L Goulder
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=693690
Norlink No archive items.
There is a memorial to all the Goulder boys who died in the Great War in Aylsham Cemetery. John Lee is listed as having died in action at Suvla. He was born the 16th April 1883.
1901 Census The 17 year old John Lee is recorded at Pound Lane, Aylsham. His parents are John, (aged 56 and a Farmer and Manure Agent from Wramplingham), and Mary, (aged 52 and from Stretford, Lancashire). Their other children are Colin Chas, (aged 11), Frances M, (aged 12), Clare H, (aged 9), and Sybil M, (aged 19). The Goulders have two live in servants.
On the Day 21st August 1915
Having lost over 200 men from the battalion shortly before this on the 12th, the battalion was to lose at least another 36 on this day.
Robert Christopher GOULDER………………………………..(RoH)
Lance Corporal 13188. 8th Bn., Norfolk Regiment. Killed in action Saturday 1 July 1916. Born Aylsham. Enlisted Norwich. Commemorated: THIEPVAL MEMORIAL, Somme, France. Pier and Face 1 C and 1 D.
On Churchyard War Memorial Not noted by me
On Church Memorial board R C Goulder
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=786636
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census A 14 year old Robert Goulder, born Aylsham, is recorded as a Boarder at a Private Grammer School in Banham, Norfolk. Ten years earlier, the same individual is now listed as Robert C. and is living at Cromer Road, Aylsham with his parents John and Mary - see family details recorded for Clare and John Lee. The only additional child listed appears to be a Humphrey W, (aged 6 in 1891, born Aylsham)
On the Day The 6th Battalion, Royal Berks went over the top alongside the 8th Norfolks on the first day of the Somme. The story of what happened to the two units can be read here,
www.6throyalberks.co.uk/1stJuly/default.html
The 8th Battalion as part of the 18th (Eastern) Division was present on the first day of the Battle of the Somme on 1 July 1916. They got beyond their initial target and had by 5.00pm reached the German trenches known as "Montauban Alley". Over one hundred men and three officers had been killed.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Norfolk_Regiment
Arthur Robert HALL………………………………..........................(RoH)
Sapper 230925. 130th Field Coy., Royal Engineers. Died Friday 18 October 1918. Born and lived Aylsham. Enlisted Cromer. Buried: ST. SEVER CEMETERY EXTENSION, ROUEN, Seine-Maritime, France. Ref. S. II. J 9.
On Churchyard War Memorial Not noted by me
On Church Memorial board A Hall
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=518028
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census There is a 14 year old Arthur, born Aylsham, employed as a Stonemason, and currently residing at Millgate, Aylsham. His parents are Charles, (aged 48 and a Stone Mason from Cossey, Norfolk), and Susanna, (aged 47 and from Burgh). Their other children are Ada, (aged 25 and a Drapers Assistant), Alfred, (aged 17 and a Grocers Assistant), Bessie, (aged 18 and a Drapers Assistant), Frank, (aged 7), and Harry, (aged 11).
Arthur James HORNE………………………………......................(RoH)
[C.D. Gives surname as HOME.] Private 27389. 6th Bn., Somerset Light Infantry. Formerly G/37364 Royal Fusiliers. Killed in action in France & Flanders on Saturday 3 November 1917. Born Aylsham. Enlisted Norwich. Husband of Mrs. L. Farrow (formerly Horne), of Footpath House, Swanton Abbott, Norwich, Norfolk. Commemorated: TYNE COT MEMORIAL , Zonnebeke, West-Vlaanderen, Belgium. Panel 41 to 42 and 163A.
On Churchyard War Memorial Not noted by me
On Church Memorial board A J Horne
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=837244
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census The 12 year old Arthur J, employed as an Errand Boy\Porter, is recorded at Woodgate Cottage, Aylsham. His parents are Johnathan, (aged 39 and a Team Man on farm from Foulsham), and Mary Ann, (age 40 and from Norwich). Their other children are Bertie S, (aged 1), Gladys F, (aged 3), and Walter S, (aged 7). Also living with them are Johnathan’s father, James, (aged 82 and from Saxthorpe, on Parish Poor Relief).
Eric HORNER………………………………..................................(RoH)
(There is a picture of Eric on the RoH website)
Lance Corporal 11376. 6th Bn., Yorkshire Regiment. Killed in action Saturday 21 August 1915. Born Aylsham. Enlisted South Shields. Commemorated: HELLES MEMORIAL, Turkey. Panel 55 to 58.
On Churchyard War Memorial Not noted by me
On Church Memorial board E Horner
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=691984
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census The 9 year old Eric is resident at Cawston Road, Aylsham. His parents are Frederick J, (aged 37 and a Blacksmith from Calthorpe), and Eliza, (aged 37 and from Aylsham). Their other children are Cora, (aged 12), Ella, (aged 12), Hilda, (aged 4), Leonard, (aged 11), and Raymond, (aged 7).
1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=124...
On the Day The Yorkshires were involved in the costly Battle of Scimitar Hill and the attack on “W” Hills on this day.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Scimitar_Hill
www.firstworldwar.com/battles/scimitarhill.htm
G HUNT……………………………….........................................(RoH)
No further information available at present.
On Churchyard War Memorial Not noted by me
On Church Memorial board G Hunt
CWGC
Possibly George Lewis aged 18 of the 1st/5th Duke of Wellingtons (West Riding) Regiment. His parents are shown as residing at Neatishead.
www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=794393
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census Possibilities are:-
George, (aged 2), living at Hungate Street, Aylsham. Parents Arthur, (32, Agricultural Labourer), Alice (33, born Fritton) - other children Arthur W. (6), and Florence C (4).
George, (aged 16 - Cattle Man on Farm), living at Mucklands, Aylsham..Mother Elizabeth, (aged 39 and a Widow from Barningham Parva) - other children Bertie, (aged 12), Daisy, (aged 10), Lily, (aged 8), and Sidney, (aged 14 and a Baker).
(Charles) Frederick KNIGHTS……………………………….........(RoH)
Private 127984. 34th Coy., Machine Gun Corps (Inf). Formerly 35348 East Surrey Regiment. Killed in action Thursday 11 April 1918 in France & Flanders. Born Northrepps. Lived Aylsham. Enlisted Cromer. Son of Fredrick Charles Knights. Commemorated: PLOEGSTEERT MEMORIAL, Comines-Warneton, Hainaut, Belgium. Panel 11.
On Churchyard War Memorial Not noted by me
On Church Memorial board F Knights
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=869316
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census There is a 2 year old Frederick Knights living at Norwich Road, Aylsham who was born at Southrepps. He is living with his Grand-Parents Frederick, (aged 50 and a Railway Porter from Diss), and Alice, (aged 40 and from Wells, Norfolk). The children of Frederick and Alice are Adeline, (aged 14), Anne, (aged 19), Bertie G, (aged 5), Edith, (aged 11), and Sidney, (aged 9).
C LEE………………………………............................................(RoH)
No further information available at present.
On Churchyard War Memorial Looks more like G Lee but carving not in common with other C’s or G’s
On Church Memorial board C Lee
CWGC
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census There is a 9 year old Charles H Lee, born Cawston and now living at Cawston Road, Aylsham. His parents are Herbert Wm, (aged 31 and a Farm Bailiff from Cawston), and Elizabeth, (aged 31 and also from Cawston). Their other children are Sidney S., (aged 4, born Cawston), Valentine E. (aged 2, born Aylsham) and Walter W. (aged 7, born Cawston).
This points us to a possible match on the CWGC database - Charles Herbert Lee who was 26 when he died on the 14/11/1918. His wife had re-married, and was now living at Aldborough, but Charles is buried in the Churchyard of St Giles, Colby, Norfolk. Charles is on the Colby War Memorial. He had served as a Pioneer in the Royal Engineers.
www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2802318
www.roll-of-honour.com/Norfolk/Colby.html
If they are all the same individual, then Charles is probably the brother of the Sydney listed below.
Sydney Samuel LEE………………………………......................(RoH)
Private 22202. 2nd Bn., Norfolk Regiment. Died Sunday 7 January 1917. Age 20. Born Aylsham. Enlisted Norwich. Son of Hubert William and Elizabeth Lee, of Beer House Farm, Cawston, Norfolk. Commemorated: KIRKEE 1914-1918 MEMORIAL, India. Face C.
On Churchyard War Memorial S Lee
On Church Memorial board S Lee
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=1481525
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census There is a 4 year old Sidney S Lee, born Cawston and now living at Cawston Road, Aylsham. His parents are Herbert Wm, (aged 31 and a Farm Bailiff from Cawston), and Elizabeth, (aged 31 and also from Cawston). Their other children are Charles H., (aged 9, born Cawston), Valentine E. (aged 2, born Aylsham) and Walter W. (aged 7, born Cawston).
(Frank) Sydney LEMAN………………………………................(RoH)
Private 40900. 11th Bn., Essex Regiment. Formerly 32927 Suffolk Regiment. Died of wounds Saturday 23 March 1918 in France & Flanders. Age 35. Born Kelling. Lived Aylsham. Enlisted Cromer. Buried: DERNANCOURT COMMUNAL CEMETERY EXTENSION, Somme, France. Ref. III. J. 46.
On Churchyard War Memorial S Leman
On Church Memorial board S Leman
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=37479
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census No apparent match. On the 1891 Census, the 9 year old Frank, having been born at Kelling was by now living at The Street, (Possibly Kelling or Erpingham - original is a poor quality scan). His parents are John Leman, (aged 31 and an Agricultural Labourer, place of birth illegible on the Genes Re-united site - possibly Erpingham) and Jane, (aged 30 and probably from Kelling). I believe the other children are Jane, Agnes, Stuart and Arthur, but I shall roll my eyes next time I hear someone waffle on about how standards of hand-writing used to be so much better in Victorian times J
On the DayThe 11th Essex had been heavily engaged in holding back the German onslaught of their 1918 Spring Offensive which had commenced on the 21st.
www.gutenberg.org/files/20115/20115-h/20115-h.htm#page044
Private Leman may well have picked up his fatal wounds during this time.
B MARSHALL……………………………….....................................(RoH)
No further information available at present.
On Churchyard War Memorial B Marshall
On Church Memorial board B Marshall
CWGC
Possibly Bertie Walter, aged 22, of the 35th Battalion, Machine Gun Corps, who died 30/11/1917. Bertie’s parents (James & Laura) are recorded as living at Stafford Street, Norwich.
www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=554906
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census No obvious match for any B Marshall and no obvious Marshall connection with Aylsham.
Frederick MOY………………………………..................................(RoH)
Private 240040. 1st/5th Bn., Norfolk Regiment. Killed in action Thursday 19 April 1917. Born Aylsham. Enlisted Millgate, Higham, Norfolk. Buried: GAZA WAR CEMETERY, Israel. Ref. XXII. G. 5.
On Churchyard War Memorial F Moy
On Church Memorial board F Moy
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=650910
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census No obvious match on the 1901 or 1891 Censuses. There are two Moy familys, both with numerous sons, and Aylsham connections - one having subsequently moved to Old Buckenham, but there is not even a middle initial F. on any of them.
On the Day 19th April 1917 During the 2nd Battle of Gaza,
Facing the Tank Redoubt was the 161st Brigade of the 54th Division. To their right were the two Australian battalions (1st and 3rd) of the Imperial Camel Corps Brigade who had dismounted about 4,000 yards from their objective. As the infantry went in to attack at 7.30am they were joined by a single tank called "The Nutty" which attracted a lot of shell fire. The tank followed a wayward path towards the redoubt on the summit of a knoll where it was fired on point blank by four field guns until it was stopped and set alight in the middle of the position.
The infantry and the 1st Camel Battalion, having suffered heavy casualties on their approach, now made a bayonet charge against the trenches. About 30 "Camels" and 20 of the British infantry (soldiers of the 5th (territorial Battalion of the Norfolk Regiment) reached the redoubt, then occupied by around 600 Turks who immediately broke and fled towards their second line of defences to the rear.
The British and Australians held on unsupported for about two hours by which time most had been wounded. With no reinforcements at hand and a Turkish counter-attack imminent, the survivors endeavoured to escape back to their own lines.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Gaza
More than a thousand one hundred of the men of the 54th posted killed wounded or missing were from the two Norfolk regiment battalions, equating to 75% of their strength. Eastern Daily Press "Sunday" section May 5, 2007
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Gaza
William NORTON………………………………...............................(RoH)
Private 41117. 7th Bn., The Queen's (Royal West Surrey Regt.) attd. 288th Coy., Royal Engineers. Died Saturday 17 March 1917. Age 41. Born and lived Aylsham. Enlisted Cromer. Son of Mr. and Mrs. W. Norton, of Aylsham; husband of S. E. Norton, of Pound Rd., Aylsham, Norfolk. Buried: WARLINCOURT HALTE BRITISH CEMETERY, SAULTY, Pas de Calais, France. Ref. V. E. 4.
On Churchyard War Memorial W Norton
On Church Memorial board W Norton
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=91524
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census The 25 year old William, born Aylsham, is employed as a Domestic Gardener and is living on Hungate Street, Aylsham with his widowed mother Esther, (aged 48 and born Edgefield). Also living with them are William’s brothers Albert, (aged 15 and a Cattle Feeder on Farm), Augustus, (aged 12) and Frederick, (aged 9).
J C PAYNE……………………………….........................................(RoH)
[No record on CD.] Private T/254791. Army Service Corps. Died Thursday 20 December 1917. Age 35. Buried: AYLSHAM CEMETERY, Norfolk, United Kingdom. Ref. G. 70.
On Churchyard War Memorial J C Payne
On Church Memorial board J C Payne
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2802303
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census The 1901 Census has a 17 year old James C, born Aylsham and employed as a Bricklayers Labourer. He is living at Drabblegate, Aylsham with his parents William, (aged 44 and a Bricklayer), and Sophia, (aged 40). Their other children are Blanch, (aged 10), Eliza, (aged 13), Ethel S, (aged 8), Frederick H, (aged 19 and a Gardener, (not Domestic)), Harry E. (aged 7), Katie (aged 6), and William, (aged 4).
Frederick PEGG……………………………….............................(RoH)
Corporal 12967. 7th Bn., Suffolk Regiment. Killed in action Wednesday 27 March 1918. Born Aylsham. Enlisted Lowestoft. Commemorated: POZIERES MEMORIAL, Somme, France. Panel 25
On Churchyard War Memorial F Pegg
On Church Memorial board F Pegg
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=1586611
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census The 14 year old Frederick, born Aylsham, is living on Hungate Street and employed as an Errand Boy. His parents are Alfred Charles, (a 47 year old Carpenter from Heydon), and Clara, (47 and from Wood Dalling). Their other children are Benjamin A, (aged 15 and a Newspaper Boy), Caroline E, (aged 22), Francis H, (aged 13), Marshall A, (aged 20 and a Bricklayers Labourer), and Stephen S.A. (aged 11).
On the dayThe 7th Suffolks were involved in the fighting retreat that was gradually bringing the German Spring Offensive to a halt before Albert.
1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=111...
W J PITCHER………………………………...............................(RoH)
Possibly: Wilfred Pitcher. Private 240948. 1st/5th Bn., Norfolk Regiment. Died in Palestine on Thursday 19 April 1917. Enlisted East Dereham. Buried: GAZA WAR CEMETERY, Israel. Ref. XXIII. D. 10.
On Churchyard War Memorial W J Pitcher
On Church Memorial board W J Pitcher
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=651074
Norlink No archive items.
There is a memorial to Wilfred’s father Elliot who died in 1934 in Aylsham cemetery. This also lists a son Wilfred John who fell in action in Egypt, 19th April 1917.Elliot’s wife, (and presumably Wilfred’s mother) is listed as Alice Mary.
1901 Census The 1 year old Wilfred, born Aldborough, is living Near the Green, Aldborough. His parents are Elliott, (aged 25 and a Domestic Gardener) and Alice, (aged 22 and from Saxthorpe). Wilfred has a brother George, (aged under 1).
On the dayMore than a thousand one hundred of the men of the 54th posted killed wounded or missing were from the two Norfolk regiment battalions, equating to 75% of their strength. Eastern Daily Press "Sunday" section May 5, 2007
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Gaza
19th April 1917 During the 2nd Battle of Gaza,
Facing the Tank Redoubt was the 161st Brigade of the 54th Division. To their right were the two Australian battalions (1st and 3rd) of the Imperial Camel Corps Brigade who had dismounted about 4,000 yards from their objective. As the infantry went in to attack at 7.30am they were joined by a single tank called "The Nutty" which attracted a lot of shell fire. The tank followed a wayward path towards the redoubt on the summit of a knoll where it was fired on point blank by four field guns until it was stopped and set alight in the middle of the position.
The infantry and the 1st Camel Battalion, having suffered heavy casualties on their approach, now made a bayonet charge against the trenches. About 30 "Camels" and 20 of the British infantry (soldiers of the 5th (territorial Battalion of the Norfolk Regiment) reached the redoubt, then occupied by around 600 Turks who immediately broke and fled towards their second line of defences to the rear.
The British and Australians held on unsupported for about two hours by which time most had been wounded. With no reinforcements at hand and a Turkish counter-attack imminent, the survivors endeavoured to escape back to their own lines.
To the right (west) of Tank Redoubt, the 3rd Camel Battalion, advancing in the gap between two redoubts, actually made the furthest advance of the battle, crossing the Gaza-Beersheba Road and occupying a pair of low hills (dubbed "Jack" and "Jill"). As the advances on their flanks faltered, the "Camels" were forced to retreat to avoid being isolated.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Gaza
E J PRESTON………………………………................................(RoH)
Possibly: Ernest James Preston. Gunner 906467. 337th Bde., Royal Field Artillery. Died in Mesopotamia on Monday 28 October 1918. (CD gives date as 25 October 1918). Lived and enlisted Norwich. Buried: BASRA WAR CEMETERY, Iraq. Ref. I. S. 3.
On Churchyard War Memorial E J Preston
On Church Memorial board E J Preston
CWGC www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=631320
Norlink No archive items.
1901 Census The 4 year old Ernest J is living at Buxton Road, Aylsham, the town of his birth. His parents are Leonard J, (34 and a Road Surveyor from Hevingham), and Louisa E, (aged 30 and from Highfield, Sussex). The Prestons also have a daughter, Florence M, aged 1. Although I only have access to the high-level search on the 1911 census, Ernest is still recorded in the District of Aylsham. I can only assume he either moved to Norwich to seek work or that the Ernest James on the RoH site is a different individual.
C RISEBOROUGH……………………………….........................(RoH)
Possibly either: Charles Riseborough. Gunner 98474. Guards Div. H.Q., Royal Field Artillery. Killed in action in France & Flanders on Sunday 3 October 1915. Born Holt. Enlisted Norwich. Buried: FOSSE 7 MILITARY CEMETERY, MAZINGARBE, Pas de Calais, France
Soldiers from 3d U.S. Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard) and the U.S. Army Band, “Pershing’s Own”, conduct military funeral honors with funeral escort for U.S. Army Air Force 2nd Lt. Francis Callahan in Section 68 of Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia, Monday, Feb. 24, 2025. Callahan was killed during WWII at age 22.
From a Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA) press release:
In spring 1944, Callahan was assigned to the 732nd Bombardment Squadron, 453rd Bombardment Group, 2nd Combat Bomb Wing, 2nd Air Division, 8th Air Force in the European Theater. During a bombing mission on April 8 in Brunswick, Germany, Callahan was killed in action when his plane was shot down by enemy fighter aircraft fire. Airmen aboard another aircraft flying in formation with Little Joe (the B-24H “Liberator” Callahan was the navigator for) did not report seeing any crewmembers exiting the aircraft before it crashed in the vicinity of Salzwedel. The crash site could not be located by Allied forces during the war and the remains for all ten crewmembers (including Callahan) were unaccounted for following the war.
Beginning in 1946, the American Graves Registration Command (AGRC) began investigating the numerous bomber losses in the Salzwedel and Wistedt areas of Germany as part of their task to search for and recover fallen American personnel in the European Theater. German Forces had maintained accurate documentation of American aircraft shoot-downs, with several reports indicating B-24s crashing in the area. However, AGRC was unable to associate any of these reports with Little Joe or locate any crash or burial sites associated with the loss.
In 2015, an independent research group, Missing Allied Air Crew Research Team (MAACRT), contacted DPAA historians with new information related to a possible crash site near Wistedt, Germany. Investigators located the crash site and recovered various pieces of wreckage along with possible osseous remains which were transferred to the DPAA laboratory for analysis and identification. At the time, no matches were made, and further investigations were scheduled.
Between 2021 and 2023, DPAA investigators returned to the crash site and recovered all possible remaining osseous remains and life support equipment and returned it to the DPAA laboratory.
Anthropological and dental analysis by scientists at DPAA and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis by scientists at the Armed Forces Medical Examiners System were used to finally identify Callahan’s remains.
Callahan was officially accounted for on June 20, 2024, over 80 years since his death. Callahan’s niece, Kathleen Kaminski, received the U.S. flag from his funeral service.
(U.S. Army photo by Elizabeth Fraser / Arlington National Cemetery / released)
Dean Tubandt receives the Commander's Award for Civilian Service on Jan. 22 from U.S. Army Garrison Red Cloud and Area I Acting Deputy Commander Ron James and Command Sgt. Maj. Patrick M. Quirk, the garrison's senior enlisted leader. Tubandt was recognized for his service and accomplishments for the Plans, Analysis and Integration Office in support of the Area I mission. He will return to Ft. Wainwright, AK.
A view of arrival and departure on route 22 at Putney Common in this view of London General's RML 2441 about to make the tight left turn from the Lower Richmond Road into Putney Common at the end of its westbound journey on route 22 from Piccadilly Circus whilst an unidentified fellow Putney-based RML makes its way eastwards along Lower Richmond Road on the start of its journey on route 22 towards Putney Bridge and through the inner south-west London suburbs towards the West End. Thankfully routes 14 and 22 were not modified or shortened as a result of London Buses' Wandsworth Area Route Network (WARN) scheme being implemented in March 1991 although both routes 14 and 22 did gain frequencies in peak hours and on Saturdays during the 1990s, with route 22 being operated as an OPO route on Sundays and public holidays using the MCW Metrobus fleet based at Merton (AL) bus garage back then. Upon its last major overhaul at Aldenham Works RML 2441 carries the former body from RML 2367.
We're getting ready! Are you coming to our PAISTE Day? Up to 60% off all PAISTE Cymbals!
Come on down Saturday November 22 from 10:00am to 5:00pm
A few years ago, early on Saturday morning, I tried to enter St Dunstan's, with no luck. It was locked fast.
Which was a shame, as it looked a very interesting church from the outside, and with its location, just outside the city gate on the crossing of two main roads.
Anyway, I logged this away in my meory banks, detirmed to go back one day. And for a change this Heritage Weekend, we returned to Canterbury not once, but twice. And on the second day was rewarded with entry to three of the city churches.
St Dunstan is most famous for being the final resting place of Sir Thomas More's head, in the family tomb of his wife. There is fine glass commemorating this.
Some minor work is being carried out at the rear of the church, so a return will be needed to see the full restored church.
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Dedicated to a former Archbishop of Canterbury, St Dunstan's stands outside the city walls. There is structural evidence of the Norman period, but most of the church is fourteenth century. The west tower dates from this time and is very oddly proportioned - about twice the height that its width can really cope with. The south chapel is constructed of brick and was completed in the early sixteenth century. It contains monuments to the More family and is the burial place of St. Thomas More's head, - brought here by his daughter after his execution. The family home stood opposite the church where its brick gateway may still be seen. There are two twentieth-century windows of note in the chapel, by Lawrence Lee and John Hayward.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Canterbury+2
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St. Dunstan's is an Anglican church in Canterbury, Kent, at the junction of London Road and Whitstable Road. It is dedicated to St. Dunstan (909-988) and gives its name to the part of the city on the left bank of the River Stour. The parish has been held in plurality with others nearby at different times, in a way that is confusing and difficult to document. In 2010 the parish was joined with the parishes of the City Centre Parish in a new pastoral grouping, City Centre with St. Dunstan.
The church dates from the 11th century and is a grade I listed building. It was restored in 1878-80 by church architect Ewan Christian. Its association with the deaths of Thomas Becket and Thomas More make it a place of pilgrimage.
Dunstan was Archbishop of Canterbury from 960 to 978 and was canonised soon after his death, becoming the favourite saint of the English until he was supplanted by Thomas Becket.[2] He was buried in Canterbury Cathedral but his tomb was destroyed during the Reformation.
In 1174, when Henry II began his penitential pilgrimage in reparation for the murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket, he changed his clothing into sackcloth at St. Dunstan’s Church and began his pilgrimage from here to Thomas Becket's tomb at Canterbury Cathedral on foot.
His daughter Margaret secured the release of Thomas More's head from its spike on London Bridge and brought it back to the family tomb of her husband William Roper.[4] The Roper family lived nearby off what is now St Dunstan's Street. What remains of their home is called Roper Gate, marked with a commemorative plaque, it is all that survives of Place House. The Roper family vault is located underneath the Nicholas Chapel, to the right of the church's main altar. It was sealed in recent years, according to Anglican tradition. A large stone slab marks its location to the immediate left of the chapel's altar. Three impressive stained glass windows line the chapel, the one behind the altar depicts in brilliant detail the major events and symbols in the life of the Saint. Another of the windows commemorates the visit of Pope John Paul II to Canterbury to pray with the Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury at the site of the martyrdom of St. Thomas Becket in Canterbury Cathedral. The window displays the arms of the Archbishop's diocese and the Pope. Plaques mounted on the walls explain the veracity of the relic of the Saint's head, the sealing of the vault which contains it, and the life of the Saint, including a prayer he wrote.
St Dunstan’s has six bells, hung for change ringing in the English style, the heaviest weighing 13cwt (approx. 675 kg). Due to the unusual narrowness of the belfry, the bells are hung in a two-tier frame.
The fifth bell of the ring is one of the oldest Christian church bells in the world, believed to have been cast in 1325 by William le Belyetere, making it nearly 690 years old as of 2014 [5]
The bells were removed from the tower in 1935 so that a concrete structural beam could be fitted to the tower. At this time the bells were retuned by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, and rehung in the present frame in 1936.
The bells are rung on Friday evenings for practice, and Sunday mornings for the service, by the St Dunstan’s Society of Change Ringers.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Dunstan%27s,_Canterbury
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ir Thomas More (/ˈmɔːr/; 7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535), venerated by Roman Catholics as Saint Thomas More,[1][2] was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist. He was also a councillor to Henry VIII, and Lord High Chancellor of England from October 1529 to 16 May 1532.[3]
More opposed the Protestant Reformation, in particular the theology of Martin Luther and William Tyndale. He also wrote Utopia, published in 1516, about the political system of an imaginary ideal island nation. More opposed the King's separation from the Catholic Church, refusing to acknowledge Henry as Supreme Head of the Church of England and the annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. After refusing to take the Oath of Supremacy, he was convicted of treason and beheaded. Ahead of his execution, he was reported saying his famous words: "I die the King's good servant, but God's first."
Pope Pius XI canonised More in 1935 as a martyr. Pope John Paul II in 2000 declared him the "heavenly Patron of Statesmen and Politicians."[4] Since 1980, the Church of England has remembered More liturgically as a Reformation martyr.[5] The Soviet Union honoured him for the 'Communistic' attitude toward property rights expressed in Utopia.
Born in Milk Street in London, on February 7, 1478, Thomas More was the son of Sir John More,[9] a successful lawyer and later judge, and his wife Agnes (née Graunger). More was educated at St Anthony's School, then considered one of London's finest schools.[10] From 1490 to 1492, More served John Morton, the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor of England, as a household page.[11]:xvi Morton enthusiastically supported the "New Learning" (now called the Renaissance), and thought highly of the young More. Believing that More had great potential, Morton nominated him for a place at the University of Oxford (either in St. Mary's Hall or Canterbury College, both now gone).[12]:38
More began his studies at Oxford in 1492, and received a classical education. Studying under Thomas Linacre and William Grocyn, he became proficient in both Latin and Greek. More left Oxford after only two years—at his father's insistence—to begin legal training in London at New Inn, one of the Inns of Chancery.[11]:xvii[13] In 1496, More became a student at Lincoln's Inn, one of the Inns of Court, where he remained until 1502, when he was called to the Bar.
According to his friend, theologian Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam, More once seriously contemplated abandoning his legal career to become a monk.[14][15] Between 1503 and 1504 More lived near the Carthusian monastery outside the walls of London and joined in the monks' spiritual exercises. Although he deeply admired their piety, More ultimately decided to remain a layman, standing for election to Parliament in 1504 and marrying the following year.[11]:xxi
In spite of his choice to pursue a secular career, More continued ascetical practices for the rest of his life, such as wearing a hair shirt next to his skin and occasionally engaging in flagellation.[11]:xxi A tradition of the Third Order of Saint Francis honours More as a member of that Order on their calendar of saints.
More married Jane Colt in 1505.[12]:118 She was 5 years younger than her husband, quiet and good-natured.[12]:119 Erasmus reported that More wanted to give his young wife a better education than she had previously received at home, and tutored her in music and literature.[12]:119 The couple had four children before Jane died in 1511: Margaret, Elizabeth, Cicely, and John.[12]:132
Going "against friends' advice and common custom," within thirty days More had married one of the many eligible women among his wide circle of friends.[17] He certainly expected a mother to take care of his little children and, as the view of his time considered marriage as an "economic union",[18] he chose a rich widow, Alice Harpur Middleton.[19] More is regarded not getting remarried for sexual pleasure, since Alice is much older than himself, and their marriage possibly had not been consummated.[18] The speed of the marriage was so unusual that More had to get a dispensation of the banns, which, due to his good public reputation, he easily obtained.[17] Alice More lacked Jane's docility; More's friend Andrew Ammonius derided Alice as a "hook-nosed harpy."[20] Erasmus, however, called their marriage happy.[12]:144
More had no children from his second marriage, although he raised Alice's daughter from her previous marriage as his own. More also became the guardian of two young girls: Anne Cresacre would eventually marry his son, John More;[12]:146 and Margaret Giggs (later Clement) would be the only member of his family to witness his execution (she died on the 35th anniversary of that execution, and her daughter married More's nephew William Rastell). An affectionate father, More wrote letters to his children whenever he was away on legal or government business, and encouraged them to write to him often.[12]:150[21]:xiv
More insisted upon giving his daughters the same classical education as his son, a highly unusual attitude at the time.[12]:146–47 His eldest daughter, Margaret, attracted much admiration for her erudition, especially her fluency in Greek and Latin.[12]:147 More told his daughter of his pride in her academic accomplishment in September 1522, after he showed the bishop a letter she had written:
When he saw from the signature that it was the letter of a lady, his surprise led him to read it more eagerly … he said he would never have believed it to be your work unless I had assured him of the fact, and he began to praise it in the highest terms … for its pure Latinity, its correctness, its erudition, and its expressions of tender affection. He took out at once from his pocket a portague [A Portuguese gold coin] … to send to you as a pledge and token of his good will towards you.[21]:152
More's decision to educate his daughters set an example for other noble families. Even Erasmus became much more favourable once he witnessed their accomplishments.[12]:149
A portrait of More and his family was painted by Holbein, but it was lost in a fire in the 18th century. More's grandson commissioned a copy, two versions of which survive.
In 1504 More was elected to Parliament to represent Great Yarmouth, and in 1510 began representing London.[22]
From 1510, More served as one of the two undersheriffs of the City of London, a position of considerable responsibility in which he earned a reputation as an honest and effective public servant. More became Master of Requests in 1514,[23] the same year in which he was appointed as a Privy Counsellor.[24] After undertaking a diplomatic mission to the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, accompanying Thomas Wolsey, Cardinal Archbishop of York, to Calais and Bruges, More was knighted and made under-treasurer of the Exchequer in 1521.[24]
As secretary and personal adviser to King Henry VIII, More became increasingly influential: welcoming foreign diplomats, drafting official documents, and serving as a liaison between the King and Lord Chancellor Wolsey. More later served as High Steward for the universities of Oxford and Cambridge.
In 1523 More was elected as knight of the shire (MP) for Middlesex and, on Wolsey's recommendation, the House of Commons elected More its Speaker.[24] In 1525 More became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, with executive and judicial responsibilities over much of northern England.
More supported the Catholic Church and saw the Protestant Reformation as heresy, a threat to the unity of both church and society. More believed in the theology, polemics, and ecclesiastical laws of the church, and "heard Luther's call to destroy the Catholic Church as a call to war."[25]
His early actions against the Reformation included aiding Wolsey in preventing Lutheran books from being imported into England, spying on and investigating suspected Protestants, especially publishers, and arresting anyone holding in his possession, transporting, or selling the books of the Protestant Reformation. More vigorously suppressed the travelling country ministers who used Tyndale's English translation of the New Testament.[citation needed] It contained controversial translations of certain words; for example, Tyndale used "senior" and "elder" rather than "priest" for the Greek "presbyteros", and some of the marginal glosses challenged Catholic doctrine.[26] It was during this time that most of his literary polemics appeared.
Rumours circulated during and after More's lifetime regarding ill-treatment of heretics during his time as Lord Chancellor. The popular anti-Catholic polemicist John Foxe, who "placed Protestant sufferings against the background of... the Antichrist",[27] was instrumental in publicising accusations of torture in his famous Book of Martyrs, claiming that More had often personally used violence or torture while interrogating heretics. Later authors such as Brian Moynahan and Michael Farris cite Foxe when repeating these allegations.[28] More himself denied these allegations:
Stories of a similar nature were current even in More's lifetime and he denied them forcefully. He admitted that he did imprison heretics in his house – 'theyr sure kepynge' – he called it – but he utterly rejected claims of torture and whipping... 'so helpe me God.'[12]:298
However, More writes in his "Apology" (1533) that he only applied corporal punishment to two heretics: a child who was caned in front of his family for heresy regarding the Eucharist, and a "feeble-minded" man who was whipped for disrupting prayers.[29]:404 During More's chancellorship, six people were burned at the stake for heresy; they were Thomas Hitton, Thomas Bilney, Richard Bayfield, John Tewkesbery, Thomas Dusgate, and James Bainham.[12]:299–306 Moynahan has argued that More was influential in the burning of Tyndale, as More's agents had long pursued him, even though this took place over a year after his own death.[30] Burning at the stake had long been a standard punishment for heresy; about thirty burnings had taken place in the century before More's elevation to Chancellor, and burning continued to be used by both Catholics and Protestants during the religious upheaval of the following decades.[31] His biographer Peter Ackroyd notes that More explicitly "approved of Burning".[12]:298
John Tewkesbury was a London leather seller found guilty by Bishop of London John Stokesley[32] of harbouring banned books; he was sentenced to burning for refusing to recant. More declared: he "burned as there was neuer wretche I wene better worthy."[33]
Modern commentators are divided over More's religious actions as Chancellor. Some biographers, including Ackroyd, have taken a relatively tolerant view of More's campaign against Protestantism by placing his actions within the turbulent religious climate of the time. Others have been more critical, such as Richard Marius, an American scholar of the Reformation, believing that persecutions were a betrayal of More's earlier humanist convictions, including More's zealous and well-documented advocacy of extermination for Protestants.[29]:386–406
Some Protestants take a different view. In 1980, More was added to the Church of England's calendar of Saints and Heroes of the Christian Church, despite being a fierce opponent of the English Reformation that created the Church of England. He was added jointly with John Fisher, to be commemorated every 6 July (the date of More's execution) as "Thomas More, Scholar, and John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, Reformation Martyrs, 1535".[5] Pope John Paul II honoured him by making him patron saint of statesmen and politicians in October 2000, stating: "It can be said that he demonstrated in a singular way the value of a moral conscience... even if, in his actions against heretics, he reflected the limits of the culture of his time".
As the conflict over supremacy between the Papacy and the King reached its apogee, More continued to remain steadfast in supporting the supremacy of the Pope as Successor of Peter over that of the King of England. In 1530, More refused to sign a letter by the leading English churchmen and aristocrats asking Pope Clement VII to annul Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, and also quarrelled with Henry VIII over the heresy laws. In 1531, Henry had isolated More by purging most clergy who supported the papal stance from senior positions in the church. Parliament's reinstatement of the charge of praemunire in 1529 had made it a crime to support in public or office the claim of any authority outside the realm (such as the Papacy) to have a legal jurisdiction superior to the King's. In 1531, a royal decree required the clergy to take an oath acknowledging the King as "Supreme Head" of the Church in England. As a layperson, More did not need to take the oath and the clergy, after some initial resistance, took the oath with the addition of the clause "as far as the law of Christ allows." However, More saw he could not render the support Henry expected from his Lord Chancellor for the policy the King was developing to support the annulment of his marriage with Catherine. In 1532 he petitioned the King to relieve him of his office, alleging failing health. Henry granted his request.
In 1533, More refused to attend the coronation of Anne Boleyn as the Queen of England. Technically, this was not an act of treason, as More had written to Henry acknowledging Anne's queenship and expressing his desire for the King's happiness and the new Queen's health.[34] Despite this, his refusal to attend was widely interpreted as a snub against Anne, and Henry took action against him.
Shortly thereafter, More was charged with accepting bribes, but the charges had to be dismissed for lack of any evidence. In early 1534, More was accused of conspiring with the "Holy Maid of Kent," Elizabeth Barton, a nun who had prophesied against the king's annulment, but More was able to produce a letter in which he had instructed Barton not to interfere with state matters.[citation needed]
On 13 April 1534, More was asked to appear before a commission and swear his allegiance to the parliamentary Act of Succession. More accepted Parliament's right to declare Anne Boleyn the legitimate Queen of England, but, holding fast to the teaching of papal supremacy, he steadfastly refused to take the oath of supremacy of the Crown in the relationship between the kingdom and the church in England. More furthermore publicly refused to uphold Henry's annulment from Catherine. John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, refused the oath along with More. The oath reads:[35]
...By reason whereof the Bishop of Rome and See Apostolic, contrary to the great and inviolable grants of jurisdictions given by God immediately to emperors, kings and princes in succession to their heirs, hath presumed in times past to invest who should please them to inherit in other men's kingdoms and dominions, which thing we your most humble subjects, both spiritual and temporal, do most abhor and detest...
With his refusal to support the King's annulment, More's enemies had enough evidence to have the King arrest him on treason. Four days later, Henry had More imprisoned in the Tower of London. There More prepared a devotional Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation. While More was imprisoned in the Tower, Thomas Cromwell made several visits, urging More to take the oath, which he continued to refuse.
On 1 July 1535, More was tried before a panel of judges that included the new Lord Chancellor, Sir Thomas Audley, as well as Anne Boleyn's father, brother, and uncle. He was charged with high treason for denying the validity of the Act of Supremacy and was tried under the following section of the Treasons Act 1534:
If any person or persons, after the first day of February next coming, do maliciously wish, will or desire, by words or writing, or by craft imagine, invent, practise, or attempt any bodily harm to be done or committed to the king's most royal person, the queen's, or their heirs apparent, or to deprive them or any of them of their dignity, title, or name of their royal estates …
That then every such person and persons so offending … shall have and suffer such pains of death and other penalties, as is limited and accustomed in cases of high treason.[36]
More, relying on legal precedent and the maxim "qui tacet consentire videtur" (literally, who (is) silent is seen to consent), understood that he could not be convicted as long as he did not explicitly deny that the King was Supreme Head of the Church, and he therefore refused to answer all questions regarding his opinions on the subject.
Thomas Cromwell, at the time the most powerful of the King's advisors, brought forth the Solicitor General, Richard Rich, to testify that More had, in his presence, denied that the King was the legitimate head of the church. This testimony was characterised by More as being extremely dubious. Witnesses Richard Southwell and Mr. Palmer both denied having heard the details of the reported conversation, and as More himself pointed out:
Can it therefore seem likely to your Lordships, that I should in so weighty an Affair as this, act so unadvisedly, as to trust Mr. Rich, a Man I had always so mean an Opinion of, in reference to his Truth and Honesty, … that I should only impart to Mr. Rich the Secrets of my Conscience in respect to the King's Supremacy, the particular Secrets, and only Point about which I have been so long pressed to explain my self? which I never did, nor never would reveal; when the Act was once made, either to the King himself, or any of his Privy Councillors, as is well known to your Honours, who have been sent upon no other account at several times by his Majesty to me in the Tower. I refer it to your Judgments, my Lords, whether this can seem credible to any of your Lordships.
The jury took only fifteen minutes, however, to find More guilty.
After the jury's verdict was delivered and before his sentencing, More spoke freely of his belief that "no temporal man may be the head of the spirituality". He was sentenced to be hanged, drawn, and quartered (the usual punishment for traitors who were not the nobility), but the King commuted this to execution by decapitation. The execution took place on 6 July 1535. When he came to mount the steps to the scaffold, he is widely quoted as saying (to the officials): "I pray you, I pray you, Mr Lieutenant, see me safe up and for my coming down, I can shift for myself"; while on the scaffold he declared that he died "the king's good servant, but God's first."
Another comment he is believed to have made to the executioner is that his beard was completely innocent of any crime, and did not deserve the axe; he then positioned his beard so that it would not be harmed.[39] More asked that his foster/adopted daughter Margaret Clement (née Giggs) be given his headless corpse to bury.[40] She was the only member of his family to witness his execution. He was buried at the Tower of London, in the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula in an unmarked grave. His head was fixed upon a pike over London Bridge for a month, according to the normal custom for traitors. His daughter Margaret (Meg) Roper rescued it, possibly by bribery, before it could be thrown in the River Thames.[citation needed]
The skull is believed to rest in the Roper Vault of St Dunstan's Church, Canterbury, though some researchers[who?] have claimed it might be within the tomb he erected for More in Chelsea Old Church (see below). The evidence,[clarification needed] however, seems to be in favour of its placement in St Dunstan's, with the remains of his daughter, Margaret Roper, and her husband's family, whose vault it was.[citation needed]
Among other surviving relics is his hair shirt, presented for safe keeping by Margaret Clement.[41] This was long in the custody of the community of Augustinian canonesses who until 1983 lived at the convent at Abbotskerswell Priory, Devon. It is now preserved at Syon Abbey, near South Brent.
A view of the platform end of former Stagecoach London RML 2488 at the Liquid Leisure water sports facility near the Berkshire village of Datchet with the side blind above the platform for crew-operated routes 14 and 22 from Putney (AF) bus garage and with the rear blind for crew-operated route 19 from the former Battersea (BA) bus garage. Upon its last major overhaul at Aldenham Works RML 2488 is fitted with the former body from RML 2501.
2hrs of data taken on the 20/10/22 from Nara, Japan. A bortle 7 area. Nikon D5300 sightron dual-band filter Evostar 72 with 0.8 flattener/reducer.
VMC Image acquired on 04-12-2020 at 01:46:11 at an altitude of 1417.09 km above Mars, on Mars Express orbit number 21392. Image #7 out of 22 from this observation.
Credit: ESA - European Space Agency, creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/ CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO