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A tranquil mid‑summer sunset over the northern end of Lake Cascade in western Idaho, with soft pastels fading behind the distant mountains. The sandy shoreline in the foreground and the small islands of vegetation were completely underwater just weeks earlier, but reappeared as the level of this 30‑mile‑long irrigation reservoir continued to drop through the season.
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© Stephen L. Frazier - All Rights Reserved. Reproduction, printing, publication, or any other use of this image without written permission is prohibited.
As the land breeze drifts down the Yabba Valley in winter, it carries the colder air from the high country. Once it reaches the town of Imbil and the wider alluvial plains, the breeze eases and the fogs form and smother the landscape, in this case, Imbil Island.
Yabba Creek rises on a plateau from which it descends rapidly by way of a major waterfall and cascades to flow in a confined valley before reaching open country, and as it does its meanders become wide sweeps, over geological time these meanders have wide alluvial pockets, that in flood time are scarred by flood channels and scours, while receiving deposits of mud and sand as the floods retreat. This photographed lagoon is permanent, having been scoured below the normal watertable. It is a natural waterhole for grazing cattle and surveyors created a boundary between two properties, hence the fence that crosses the lagoon.
Early winter mornings are frequently foggy, the fog being delivered by the landbreeze that descends from the plateau and flows down the valley until the wide open flats are reached.
Farmers who have owned this fertile farmland either side of the boundary fence include Myers, Kerridge, Stubbins, Hooper, George & Pauline Price, Blair & Kaili Price, Young, Stubbins and Rozynski. Before them in the 19th Century this was part of "Imbil Station" owned by Lawless, then Elworthy and Mellor families.
In a magical corner of a side gorge, the mosses clothe the purple rocks of the Moolayemba Shales. Above the beds of shale tower the precipice sandstone which is pervious to water. As the shales are impervious, the watertable in the sandstone weeps water perpetually sustaining the mosses, tree ferns and trees that make this glade a delicate and beautiful place, in contrast to the massive cliffs of the gorge.
This scene unfolds each year at the northern end of Lake Cascade due to the rhythms of the changing seasons. The spring snow melt in the mountains fills the reservoir to its brim. Then, in late summer and fall, as water is continuously released for irrigation across thousands of acres of farms in Idaho's Payette Valley, the lake's receding northern shoreline exposes submerged sandbars, leaving the water to drain and eventually form a stream before the winter sets in.
Stubborn willows--such as Salix exigua--emerge with the sandbars, a testament to their resilience after months of complete submersion. These plants live in two worlds--submerged beneath the lake's surface, relying on spongy tissues to channel oxygen and a bit of underwater photosynthesis to survive the deep waters, and then suddenly reemerging to thrive in the air and sunlight. Their yearly cycle leaves me to ponder how both nature's rhythms and human needs (irrigation) shape this beautiful landscape, creating habitat for life uniquely adapted to living at the edge.
Oh... and the wildfire in the background? That's the Rock Fire on West Mountain (2025). It threatened the Tamarack Resort. Its ski trail is visible coming down the side of the mountain.
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© Stephen L. Frazier - All Rights Reserved. Reproduction, printing, publication, or any other use of this image without written permission is prohibited.
It's been over a week since she was able to really visit since her whole family has come down with Covid. Danni got it first, almost 2 weeks ago from her daycare, and then Dad, then Mom. Fortunately, Danni only had 1 day of symptoms, but it took a while for her to finally test negative. Her parents are still slogging through. So far, we have managed to steer clear:)
today was a perfect day to play with the water!
Hoggs Hollow
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Hoggs Hollow is an affluent neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, Canada which is located in the Don River Valley centred on the intersection of Yonge Street and York Mills Road/Wilson Avenue.
Hoggs Hollow is named after Joseph hogg, a Scotsman who settled in the area in 1824. Hogg operated a whisky distillery and a grist mill, and was viewed as the most successful of all the millers in the valley. The name is usually written without the apostrophe as Hoggs Hollow, but sometimes appears as Hogg's Hollow.
In 1856, John and William Hogg, sons to the late James Hogg, subdivided their father's estate under the name "Hoggs Hollow". The Hoggs Hollow subdivision included one hundred and forty-one lots. With the area full of quick sand, swamps and bogs, only a few houses were actually built at this time, however. the subdivision stood in close proximity to the historic village of York Mills. A school, post office, pottery, blacksmith, livery, stable, store, golf links and clubhouse, hillside cemetery (at Yonge Street and Mill Street) and St. John's Anglican Church served the community, one largely made up of Scottish, Irish and English immigrants.
Subdivision of the present day Hoggs Hollow neighbourhood began in the 1920s with the creation of lots, layout of roads, and design of homes reflecting the aesthetic of the English countryside. In 1925, a two room elementary schoolhouse named the Baron Renfrew School opened to replace an earlier structure at 45 York Mills Road (formerly Mercer Avenue and/or concession road 19) that was destroyed by fire.
The neighbourhood grew in stages and was finally completed in the 1960s. Both St. John's Anglican Church and Baron Renfrew (renamed York Mills Public School) grew in size with various additions added. Agricola Finnish Lutheran Church was built in 1967, serving Toronto and area's Finnish Lutheran community.
Hoggs Hollow was connected to Toronto by the Yonge St. streetcar until it was replaced by the Toronto Transit Commission's Yonge Subway in the early 1970s. Hoggs Hollow is now served by the York Mills subway station.
In 1982, York Mills Public School was decommissioned and renovated as office space for the school board. The historic two room schoolhouse exterior was restored.
Hoggs Hollow was a part of the City of North York until 1998 when that city merged with five other municipalities and a regional government to form the new "City of Toronto".
The Jolly Miller tavern, circa 1857, located at the bottom of Hoggs Hollow Hill, 3885 Yonge Street, was closed for many years, and has just re-opened in 2004 after many battles between developers, the city and groups that wanted to preserve the historical landmark. The George S. Pratt House, circa 1886, located at 17 Mill Street, is another historic landmark in Hoggs Hollow. In need of funds, The York Mills Public School building was sold by the school board and demolished. Many of the original estate homes and modern movement residences of the early to mid-20th century are being demolished in favour of large new homes. With a densely developed business area, many businesses and services are available and while church attendance has diminished at St. John's, other churches and synagogues now serve the people of the area.
On October 15, 1954, the valley was inundated by Hurricane Hazel and many attempts have since been made to manage water in the natural watershed of a valley though many homes are still prone to moisture and flooding from the watertable.
On March 17, 1960, the incident popularly known as the "Hoggs Hollow Disaster" occurred. Five young Italian immigrant workers were killed while constructing a tunnel for a water main at Hoggs Hollow. The details of the accident, where they were trapped 35 feet underground in a cramped, dimly lit tunnel, sparked a public outcry over the lack of safety standards in construction. Ultimately it led to an improvement in working conditions. [1]
Periodically, attempts have been made to connect back portions of the valley with new roads to the higher set neighbourhoods of the ridges above.
Home listing prices range from C$1,200,000 to C$7,000,000 in Hoggs Hollow.
Seventyfive Mile Beach is the surf coast of K'gari (formerly also known as Fraser Island). K'gari is UNESCO Heritage listed, and is the largest sand island in the world. Created during the last Ice Age (when sea level was c 100m lower than present) from the abundance of sand along Australia's east coast, it is maintained by the longshore drift of sand and fixed by the watertable and the vegetation that rises to rainforest with large stands of big timbers including satinay, blackbutt, hoop pine and kauri pine.
Jabiru Swamp is a linear swamp behind the foredunes on the ocean side of K'gari.
The water is fresh water derived from the sand mass that coprises most of the island. Rainfall infiltrates the mass of silica dunes creating a watertable which then seeps to the perimeter of the island, thus feeding this swamp with filtered, pure water. The low levels of nutrient in the groundwater requires vegetation in the swamp to depend on photosythesis (algae) and recycling of decaying plant matter. From the air the patterns in the swamp and in the associated bog are strikingly artistic. In fact, ecologists refer to the bogs as patterned bogs.
The entirety of K'gari / Fraser Island has been declared World Heritage estate by UNESCO and is managed by Parks & Wildlife Service of the Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Government.
The crypt of Winchester Cathedral is the setting for Antony Gormley’s sculpture Sound II. In winter when the water table is high the sculpture stands with its feet in water.
This is one I took a few years ago. The cathedral is a great place to visit. Find out about the diver William Walker who saved the cathedral in the early 1900s. Go on a roof tour and see the lead workers marks on the lead sheathing on the roof. In spring see the Peregrines that nest on the cathedral.
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Here is my first published work even though i did it as a freebie its great seeing your work on a web site !
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Here is the flickr set
Isaias Rodriquez (left) and Sam Wilson (right) move a nearly complete 12” (non-clog) trash handling pump down the assembly line for final assembly at Griffin Pump’s manufacturing plant in Houston, Texas prior to shipment to a municipality in the West Indies. For more information visit: www.griffinpump.com
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Here it finishes the Desert and one can see already some vegetation that will end up in the valley of Aqaba, in the south of the country
Aqui termina o deserto e começa o Vale de Aqaba, no sul da Jordania. Se acumula agua que escorre no deserto nas poucas chuvas existentes e corre para esta area onde forma no subsolo o aquifero de Aqaba. O verde já começa a aparecer.
Aquí termina el desierto de Wadi Rum y empieza el Valle de Aqaba. En esta parte sale el agua de las escasas lluvias q caen en el desierto y las correntadas se acumulan en el subsuelo para formar el Manto Acuifero de Aqaba, en el sur del país.
Petra (Arabic: البتراء, Al-Batrāʾ; Ancient Greek: Πέτρα), originally known to the Nabataeans as Raqmu, is a historical and archaeological city in southern Jordan. The city is famous for its rock-cut architecture and water conduit system. Another name for Petra is the Rose City due to the color of the stone out of which it is carved.
Established possibly as early as 312 BC as the capital city of the Arab Nabataeans, it is a symbol of Jordan, as well as Jordan's most-visited tourist attraction.The Nabateans were nomadic Arabs who benefited from the proximity of Petra to the regional trade routes, in becoming a major trading hub, thus enabling them to gather wealth. The Nabateans are also known for their great ability in constructing efficient water collecting methods in the barren deserts and their talent in carving structures into solid rocks. It lies on the slope of Jebel al-Madhbah (identified by some as the biblical Mount Hor in a basin among the mountains which form the eastern flank of Arabah (Wadi Araba), the large valley running from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba. Petra has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985.
The site remained unknown to the western world until 1812, when it was introduced by Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt. It was described as "a rose-red city half as old as time" in a Newdigate Prize-winning poem by John William Burgon. UNESCO has described it as "one of the most precious cultural properties of man's cultural heritage".Petra was named amongst the New7Wonders of the World in 2007 and was also chosen by the Smithsonian Magazine as one of the "28 Places to See Before You Die". (Wikipedia)
Petra (Árabe: البتراء, Al-Batrāʾ; Grego Antigo: Πέτρα), originalmente conhecida pelos Nabateus como Raqmu, é uma cidade histórica e arqueológica no sul da Jordânia. A cidade é famosa por sua arquitetura esculpida na rocha e seu sistema de condução de água. Outro nome para Petra é "Cidade Rosa", devido à cor da pedra da qual foi esculpida. Estabelecida possivelmente já em 312 a.C. como a capital dos Nabateus Árabes, é um símbolo da Jordânia, bem como sua atração turística mais visitada. Os Nabateus eram Árabes nômades que se beneficiaram da proximidade de Petra com as rotas comerciais regionais, tornando-a um grande centro comercial, o que lhes permitiu acumular riqueza. São também conhecidos por sua grande habilidade em construir métodos eficientes de coleta de água nos desertos áridos e seu talento em esculpir estruturas em rochas sólidas. Está localizada na encosta de Jebel al-Madhbah (identificado por alguns como o bíblico Monte Hor) numa bacia entre as montanhas que formam o flanco leste de Arabah (Wadi Araba), o grande vale que se estende do Mar Morto ao Golfo de Aqaba. Petra é um Patrimônio Mundial da UNESCO desde 1985. O local permaneceu desconhecido do mundo ocidental até 1812, quando foi apresentado pelo explorador suíço Johann Ludwig Burckhardt. Foi descrita como "uma cidade rosa-vermelha quase tão antiga quanto o tempo" em um poema vencedor do Prêmio Newdigate por John William Burgon. A UNESCO a descreveu como "uma das propriedades culturais mais preciosas do patrimônio cultural da humanidade". Petra foi eleita uma das Novas 7 Maravilhas do Mundo em 2007 e também foi escolhida pela Smithsonian Magazine como um dos "28 Lugares para Ver Antes de Morrer".
Petra (Árabe: البتراء, Al-Batrāʾ; Griego Antiguo: Πέτρα), originalmente conocida por los Nabateos como Raqmu, es una ciudad histórica y arqueológica en el sur de Jordania. La ciudad es famosa por su arquitectura tallada en la roca y su sistema de conducción de agua. Otro nombre para Petra es "Ciudad Rosa", debido al color de la piedra en la que fue tallada. Establecida posiblemente tan temprano como el 312 a.C. como la capital de los Nabateos Árabes, es un símbolo de Jordania, así como la atracción turística más visitada del país. Los Nabateos eran Árabes nómadas que se beneficiaron de la proximidad de Petra a las rutas comerciales regionales, convirtiéndola en un importante centro comercial, lo que les permitió acumular riqueza. También son conocidos por su gran habilidad para construir métodos eficientes de recolección de agua en los desiertos áridos y su talento para tallar estructuras en rocas sólidas. Se encuentra en la ladera de Jebel al-Madhbah (identificado por algunos como el bíblico Monte Hor) en una cuenca entre las montañas que forman el flanco oriental de Arabah (Wadi Araba), el gran valle que se extiende desde el Mar Muerto hasta el Golfo de Aqaba. Petra ha sido un Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO desde 1985. El sitio permaneció desconocido para el mundo occidental hasta 1812, cuando fue dado a conocer por el explorador suizo Johann Ludwig Burckhardt. Fue descrita como "una ciudad rosa-roja tan antigua como el tiempo" en un poema ganador del Premio Newdigate por John William Burgon. La UNESCO la ha descrito como "una de las propiedades culturales más preciosas del patrimonio cultural del hombre". Petra fue nombrada una de las Nuevas 7 Maravillas del Mundo en 2007 y también fue elegida por la Smithsonian Magazine como uno de los "28 Lugares que Ver Antes de Morir".
Petra (Arabo: البتراء, Al-Batrāʾ; Greco Antico: Πέτρα), originariamente conosciuta dai Nabatei come Raqmu, è una città storica e archeologica nel sud della Giordania. La città è famosa per la sua architettura rupestre e il suo sistema di condutture idriche. Un altro nome per Petra è "Città Rosa", a causa del colore della pietra in cui è stata scolpita. Fondata probabilmente già nel 312 a.C. come capitale dei Nabatei Arabi, è un simbolo della Giordania, nonché la sua attrazione turistica più visitata. I Nabatei erano Arabi nomadi che trassero beneficio dalla vicinanza di Petra alle rotte commerciali regionali, diventando un importante hub commerciale, cosa che permise loro di accumulare ricchezza. Sono anche noti per la loro grande abilità nel costruire efficienti metodi di raccolta dell'acqua negli aridi deserti e il loro talento nello scolpire strutture nella roccia solida. Si trova sul pendio di Jebel al-Madhbah (identificato da alcuni come il biblico Monte Oreb) in un bacino tra le montagne che formano il fianco orientale dell'Arabah (Wadi Araba), la grande valle che si estende dal Mar Morto al Golfo di Aqaba. Petra è un Patrimonio dell'Umanità UNESCO dal 1985. Il sito rimase sconosciuto al mondo occidentale fino al 1812, quando fu portato alla luce dall'esploratore svizzero Johann Ludwig Burckhardt. Fu descritta come "una città rosa-rossa antica quasi quanto il tempo" in una poesia vincitrice del Premio Newdigate di John William Burgon. L'UNESCO l'ha descritta come "una delle più preziose proprietà culturali del patrimonio culturale dell'uomo". Petra è stata eletta una delle Nuove 7 Meraviglie del Mondo nel 2007 ed è stata anche scelta dalla Smithsonian Magazine come uno dei "28 Luoghi da Vedere Prima di Morire".
Pétra (Arabe : البتراء, Al-Batrāʾ ; Grec Ancien : Πέτρα), initialement connue des Nabatéens sous le nom de Raqmu, est une ville historique et archéologique du sud de la Jordanie. La ville est célèbre pour son architecture taillée dans la roche et son système de conduits d'eau. Un autre nom pour Pétra est la « Cité Rose », en raison de la couleur de la pierre dans laquelle elle est sculptée. Établie peut-être dès 312 av. J.-C. comme capitale des Nabatéens Arabes, elle est un symbole de la Jordanie, ainsi que son attraction touristique la plus visitée. Les Nabatéens étaient des Arabes nomades qui ont tiré profit de la proximité de Pétra avec les routes commerciales régionales pour en faire un centre commercial majeur, accumulant ainsi de grandes richesses. Ils sont également réputés pour leur grande capacité à construire des méthodes efficaces de collecte d'eau dans les déserts arides et leur talent pour sculpter des structures dans la roche solide. Elle se trouve sur les pentes du Jebel al-Madhbah (identifié par certains comme le mont Hor biblique) dans un bassin entouré de montagnes qui forment le flanc est de l'Araba (Wadi Araba), la grande vallée s'étendant de la mer Morte au golfe d'Aqaba. Pétra est inscrite sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO depuis 1985. Le site est resté inconnu du monde occidental jusqu'en 1812, date à laquelle il a été révélé par l'explorateur suisse Johann Ludwig Burckhardt. Elle a été décrite comme « une ville rose-rouge moitié aussi vieille que le temps » dans un poème lauréat du prix Newdigate de John William Burgon. L'UNESCO l'a décrite comme « l'un des biens culturels les plus précieux du patrimoine culturel de l'homme ». Pétra a été désignée comme l'une des Nouvelles 7 Merveilles du Monde en 2007 et a également été choisie par le Smithsonian Magazine comme l'un des « 28 Lieux à Voir Avant de Mourir ».
Petra (Arabisch: البتراء, Al-Batrāʾ; Oud-Grieks: Πέτρα), oorspronkelijk bij de Nabateeërs bekend als Raqmu, is een historische en archeologische stad in Zuid-Jordanië. De stad is beroemd om haar in rotsen uitgehouwen architectuur en haar waterleidingssysteem. Een andere naam voor Petra is de 'Roze Stad', vanwege de kleur van de steen waarin ze is uitgehouwen. Waarschijnlijk al in 312 v.Chr. gesticht als de hoofdstad van de Arabische Nabateeërs, is het een symbool van Jordanië, evenals de meest bezochte toeristische attractie van het land. De Nabateeërs waren nomadische Arabieren die profiteerden van de nabijheid van Petra tot regionale handelsroutes, waardoor het een belangrijk handelsknooppunt werd en zij rijkdom konden vergaren. De Nabateeërs staan ook bekend om hun grote vaardigheid in het construeren van efficiënte waterverzamelingmethoden in de barre woestijnen en hun talent om structuren in massief rotsen uit te houwen. Het ligt op de helling van Jebel al-Madhbah (door sommigen geïdentificeerd als de bijbelse Berg Hor) in een bekken tussen de bergen die de oostelijke flank vormen van de Arabah (Wadi Araba), de grote vallei die loopt van de Dode Zee tot de Golf van Aqaba. Petra staat sinds 1985 op de UNESCO Werelderfgoedlijst. De locatie bleef onbekend voor de westerse wereld tot 1812, toen ze werd geïntroduceerd door de Zwitserse ontdekkingsreiziger Johann Ludwig Burckhardt. Het werd omschreven als "een rozerode stad half zo oud als de tijd" in een met de Newdigate Prize bekroond gedicht van John William Burgon. UNESCO heeft het omschreven als "een van de meest kostbare culturele eigendommen van het culturele erfgoed van de mensheid". Petra werd in 2007 verkozen tot een van de Nieuwe 7 Wereldwonderen en werd ook door Smithsonian Magazine gekozen als een van de "28 Plekken om te Zien Voor Je Sterft".
Petra (Arabisch: البتراء, Al-Batrāʾ; Altgriechisch: Πέτρα), ursprünglich den Nabatäern als Raqmu bekannt, ist eine historische und archäologische Stadt im Süden Jordaniens. Die Stadt ist berühmt für ihre in den Fels gehauene Architektur und ihr Wasserleitungssystem. Ein anderer Name für Petra ist die "Rosarote Stadt", aufgrund der Farbe des Steins, in den sie gemeißelt wurde. Gegründet möglicherweise bereits 312 v. Chr. als Hauptstadt der arabischen Nabatäer, ist sie ein Symbol Jordaniens sowie die meistbesuchte Touristenattraktion des Landes. Die Nabatäer waren nomadische Araber, die von der Nähe Petras zu den regionalen Handelsrouten profitierten, indem sie sie zu einem wichtigen Handelszentrum machten, was ihnen Reichtum einbrachte. Sie sind auch für ihre große Fähigkeit bekannt, effiziente Methoden zur Wassersammlung in den kargen Wüsten zu konstruieren und Strukturen in festen Fels zu hauen. Sie liegt am Hang des Jebel al-Madhbah (von einigen mit dem biblischen Berg Hor identifiziert) in einem Becken zwischen den Bergen, die die östliche Flanke der Araba (Wadi Araba) bilden, dem großen Tal, das vom Toten Meer zum Golf von Aqaba verläuft. Petra ist seit 1985 eine UNESCO-Welterbestätte. Die Stätte blieb der westlichen Welt bis 1812 unbekannt, als sie vom Schweizer Entdecker Johann Ludwig Burckhardt bekannt gemacht wurde. Sie wurde in einem preisgekrönten Newdigate-Gedicht von John William Burgon als "eine rosarote Stadt, halb so alt wie die Zeit" beschrieben. Die UNESCO hat sie als "eines der wertvollsten Kulturgüter des kulturellen Erbes der Menschheit" beschrieben. Petra wurde 2007 zu einem der Neuen 7 Weltwunder gewählt und auch vom Smithsonian Magazine als einer der "28 Orte, die man sehen muss, bevor man stirbt" ausgewählt.
ペトラ（アラビア語: البتراء, アル＝バトラ；古代ギリシャ語: ΠέτRA）は、ナバテア人にはラクムとして知られていた、ヨルダン南部にある歴史的・考古学的な都市です。この都市は、岩を切り出して造られた建築物と水路システムで有名です。切り出された岩石の色から、「バラ色の都市」とも呼ばれています。紀元前312年頃には、アラブ系ナバテア人の首都として確立されていた可能性があり、ヨルダンの象徴であるとともに、同国で最も訪問者の多い観光名所です。ナバテア人は遊牧のアラブ人で、ペトラが地域の交易路に近い利点を活かして主要な交易拠点となり、富を蓄えました。また、不毛な砂漠で効率的な集水方法を構築する卓越した能力と、硬い岩盤に構造物を彫り込む技術でも知られています。ペトラは死海からアカバ湾に至る大きな谷であるアラバ（ワジ・アラバ）の東側を形成する山々に囲まれた盆地に位置するジェベル・アル＝マドバ（一部で聖書のホル山と同定されている）の斜面にあります。ペトラは1985年以来ユネスコ世界遺産です。この遺跡は、1812年にスイス人探検家ヨハン・ルートヴィヒ・ブルクハルトによって紹介されるまで西洋世界に知られていませんでした。ジョン・ウィリアム・バーゴンのニューディゲート賞受賞詩の中で「時間の半分の古さを持つバラ色の都市」と描写され、ユネスコは「人類の文化的遺産の中で最も貴重な文化的財産の一つ」と述べています。ペトラは2007年に新・世界七不思議の一つに選ばれ、また『スミソニアン・マガジン』によって「死ぬ前に見るべき28の場所」の一つにも選ばれています。
佩特拉（阿拉伯语：البتراء，Al-Batrāʾ；古希腊语：ΠέτRA），纳巴泰人最初称之为Raqmu，是位于约旦南部的一座历史和考古城市。该城以其岩石切割建筑和输水系统而闻名。由于雕刻城市的岩石颜色，佩特拉又被称为"玫瑰城"。它可能早在公元前312年就已作为阿拉伯纳巴泰人的首都建立，是约旦的象征，也是该国访问量最大的旅游景点。纳巴泰人是阿拉伯游牧民族，他们利用佩特拉靠近区域贸易路线的优势，使其成为主要贸易中心，从而积累了财富。他们还以在贫瘠沙漠中建造高效集水系统的卓越能力以及在坚硬岩石中雕刻结构的才华而闻名。它坐落于杰贝尔·马德巴（有些人认为就是圣经中的何珥山）的斜坡上，位于阿拉伯谷东侧山脉环绕的盆地中，这条大峡谷从死海一直延伸到亚喀巴湾。佩特拉自1985年以来一直是联合国教科文组织世界遗产地。该遗址一直不为人知，直到1812年由瑞士探险家约翰·路德维希·布尔克哈特介绍给西方世界。约翰·威廉·伯根在一首获得纽迪吉特奖的诗中将其描述为"一座玫瑰红城市，其历史有人类一半古老"。联合国教科文组织将其描述为"人类文化遗产中最宝贵的文化财产之一"。佩特拉于2007年入选世界新七大奇迹，并被《史密森尼》杂志选为"死前必看的28个地方"之一。
البتراء (بالعربية: البتراء، آل-بتْراء؛ باليونانية القديمة: ΠέτRA)، المعروفة أصلاً لدى الأنباط باسم رَقْمُو، هي مدينة تاريخية وأثرية في جنوب الأردن. تشتهر المدينة بهندستها المعمارية المنحوتة في الصخور ونظام قنوات المياه. اسم آخر للبتراء هو "المدينة الوردية" due to the color of the stone out of which it is carved. أُسست possibly as early as 312 BC كعاصمة للأنباط العرب، وهي رمز للأردن، وكذلك الوجهة السياحية الأكثر زيارة في البلاد. كان الأنباط بدواً عرباً استفادوا من قرب البتراء من طرق التجارة الإقليمية، لتصبح محوراً تجارياً رئيسياً، مما مكنهم من جمع الثروة. كما يشتهر الأنباط بقدرتهم الكبيرة على بناء طرق فعالة لجمع المياه في الصحاري القاحلة وموهبتهم في نحت الهياكل في الصخور الصلبة. تقع على منحدر جبل المُذَبَّح (الذي يعرفه البعض بجبل هور التوراتي) في حوض بين الجبال التي تشكل الحافة الشرقية لعاربة (وادي عربة)، الوادي الكبير الممتد من البحر الميت إلى خليج العقبة. البتراء هي موقع تراث عالمي لليونسكو منذ عام 1985. بقي الموقع مجهولاً للعالم الغربي حتى عام 1812، عندما عرَّفه المستكشف السويسري يوهان لودفيغ بوركهارت. وُصفت بأنها "مدينة وردية حمراء نصف قديمة كالزمن" في قصيدة فازت بجائزة نيوديغيت للشاعر جون ويليام بورغون. وقد وصفتها اليونسكو بأنها "واحدة من أثرى الممتلكات الثقافية في التراث الثقافي للإنسان". تم تسمية البتراء among the New7Wonders of the World في 2007 وتم اختيارها أيضاً من قبل مجلة Smithsonian كواحدة من "28 مكاناً يجب أن تراهم قبل أن تموت".
پترا (به عربی: البتراء، آل-بَتراء؛ به یونانی باستان: ΠέτRA) که در ابتدا نزد نَبَطیها با نام رَقْمُو شناخته میشد، یک شهر تاریخی و باستانشناسی در جنوب اردن است. این شهر به خاطر معماری صخرهای و سیستم آبرسانیاش مشهور است. نام دیگر پترا «شهر رز» است که به دلیل رنگ سنگی است که از آن تراشیده شده است. این شهر که احتمالاً در ۳۱۲ سال قبل از میلاد به عنوان پایتخت نبطیهای عرب تأسیس شد، نماد اردن و همچنین پربازدیدترین جاذبهٔ گردشگری این کشور است. نبطیها عربهای بدوی بودند که از مجاورت پترا با routes تجاری منطقه بهره برده و آن را به یک مرکز تجاری بزرگ تبدیل کردند و thus ثروت اندوختند. نبطیها همچنین به دلیل توانایی بزرگشان در ساخت روشهای کارآمد جمعآوری آب در بیابانهای بایر و استعدادشان در کندن سازهها در صخرههای سفت مشهور هستند. این شهر بر روی شیب جبل المُذَبَّح (که برخی آن را با کوه هور کتاب مقدس one میدانند) در حوضهای در میان کوههایی واقع شده که flanks شرقی عَرَبه (وادی عربه) را تشکیل میدهند، درهٔ بزرگی که از دریای مرده تا خلیج عقبه امتداد دارد. پترا از سال ۱۹۸۵ یک میراث جهانی یونسکو بوده است. این مکان تا سال ۱۸۱۲ برای جهان غرب ناشناخته باقی ماند، تا اینکه توسط کاشف سوئیسی یوهان لودویگ بورکهارت معرفی شد. این شهر در شعری برندهٔ جایزهٔ نیودیگیت از جان ویلیام بورگون به عنوان «شهر گُلبهی نیمهقدیمی به قدمت زمان» توصیف شد. یونسکو آن را «یکی از ارزشمندترین داراییهای فرهنگی میراث فرهنگی بشر» توصیف کرده است. پترا در سال ۲۰۰۷ در میان عجایب هفتگانه جدید جهان نام گرفت و همچنین توسط مجلهٔ اسمیتسونین به عنوان یکی از «۲۸ مکان برای دیدن قبل از مرگ» انتخاب شد.
Lost Lake was probably formed by water creating eddies as it rushed over the land, hundreds of feet deep.
As to why there's water in it now, I'm not sure, though it's probably a seep lake created by a high watertable (from the nearby dam). There are no streams up here. The nearest is Crab Creek, about 100 feet lower in elevation.
I don't really understand why there aren't springs and streams flowing from this highland into the Crab Creek valley. But then, I don't really understand hydrology. And it's likely nobody know what I'm talking about anyway, so let's just say that Lost Lake is a bit of a mystery and leave it at that.
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'Slide'
Camera: Mamiya RB67
Lens: Mamiya-Sekor 3.8/90
Film: Kodak Vericolor III; x-04/1996; 25iso
Process: DIY ECN-2
Adams County, Washington
April 2021
Water Table is a 1968 sculpture by Isamu Noguchi.
Also on display in this photo, Rain Mountain on the left and Entasis of a Pentagonal Helix by the left side of the window. As Trish Mayo pointed out below, the tall steel sculpture on the right is is "Pylon" from 1958.
The Winston E. Arnow Federal Building is a national historic site located at 100 N. Palafox Street., Pensacola, Florida in Escambia County. Originally built as a courthouse and post office, the building was constructed in 1938 and 1939 and is an example of the Simplified Classical style frequently used for federal buildings in late 1930s and early 1940s. In 2004 it was named for district judge Winston E. Arnow.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 11, 2014 as the United States Post Office and Court House.
Designed in a simple Mission style, the Winston E. Arnow U.S. Courthouse has a full, partially exposed basement, with three full stories above the basement, plus a fourth level mechanical penthouse.
The first through third levels of the front portion of the building (the west elevation and the two west-most bays of the north and south elevations) are faced with Oolitic limestone resting on a concrete base. Recessed window planes are smooth stucco. Three bands of limestone moldings circle this portion of the building, once at the watertable, with two belt courses between the second and third floor windows. A stone screen hides small first floor windows on the north and south elevations. On the rear portion of the building the walls are stuccoed within a single plane. Flat limestone bands repeat the watertable and beltcourses of the front portion, as well as continuing the eaves line of the roof over the front portion of the building. The parapet wall of the rear portion is also topped by a limestone bed molding, just below the coping. A red clay Mission tile hipped roof covers the front portion of the building, while a flat foam roof covers the rear portion. The mechanical penthouse repeats the stucco walls, stone bed molding, and both tiled, hipped roof and foam covered, flat roof. A shallow balcony, with a handsome wrought-iron railing runs nearly the entire width of the front elevation. Even more elaborate wrought-iron grilles cover the transoms over the main entry doors. Equally handsome wrought-iron fixtures flank the main west entries and the south entry to the basement.
Inside, a variety of marbles, polished bronze, colorful terrazzo, and plaster and wood moldings are just some of the original materials used to finish the spaces. The main public spaces, such as the public lobby and original courtroom and its lobby, retain much of their original character with marble or wood wainscoting, molded plaster cornices, columns and other moldings, molded wood door trim and paneled wood doors, marble stairs with bronze handrails, and patterned asphalt tile or terrazzo floors.
Credit for the data above is given to the following websites:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_E._Arnow_Federal_Building
www.gsa.gov/historic-buildings/winston-e-arnow-us-courtho...
Here it finishes the Desert and one can see already some vegetation that will end up in the valley of Aqaba, in the south of the country
Aqui termina o deserto e começa o Vale de Aqaba, no sul da Jordania. Se acumula agua que escorre no deserto nas poucas chuvas existentes e corre para esta area onde forma no subsolo o aquifero de Aqaba. O verde já começa a aparecer.
Aquí termina el desierto de Wadi Rum y empieza el Valle de Aqaba. En esta parte sale el agua de las escasas lluvias q caen en el desierto y las correntadas se acumulan en el subsuelo para formar el Manto Acuifero de Aqaba, en el sur del país.
Petra (Arabic: البتراء, Al-Batrāʾ; Ancient Greek: Πέτρα), originally known to the Nabataeans as Raqmu, is a historical and archaeological city in southern Jordan. The city is famous for its rock-cut architecture and water conduit system. Another name for Petra is the Rose City due to the color of the stone out of which it is carved.
Established possibly as early as 312 BC as the capital city of the Arab Nabataeans, it is a symbol of Jordan, as well as Jordan's most-visited tourist attraction.The Nabateans were nomadic Arabs who benefited from the proximity of Petra to the regional trade routes, in becoming a major trading hub, thus enabling them to gather wealth. The Nabateans are also known for their great ability in constructing efficient water collecting methods in the barren deserts and their talent in carving structures into solid rocks. It lies on the slope of Jebel al-Madhbah (identified by some as the biblical Mount Hor in a basin among the mountains which form the eastern flank of Arabah (Wadi Araba), the large valley running from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba. Petra has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985.
The site remained unknown to the western world until 1812, when it was introduced by Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt. It was described as "a rose-red city half as old as time" in a Newdigate Prize-winning poem by John William Burgon. UNESCO has described it as "one of the most precious cultural properties of man's cultural heritage".Petra was named amongst the New7Wonders of the World in 2007 and was also chosen by the Smithsonian Magazine as one of the "28 Places to See Before You Die". (Wikipedia)
Petra (Árabe: البتراء, Al-Batrāʾ; Grego Antigo: Πέτρα), originalmente conhecida pelos Nabateus como Raqmu, é uma cidade histórica e arqueológica no sul da Jordânia. A cidade é famosa por sua arquitetura esculpida na rocha e seu sistema de condução de água. Outro nome para Petra é "Cidade Rosa", devido à cor da pedra da qual foi esculpida. Estabelecida possivelmente já em 312 a.C. como a capital dos Nabateus Árabes, é um símbolo da Jordânia, bem como sua atração turística mais visitada. Os Nabateus eram Árabes nômades que se beneficiaram da proximidade de Petra com as rotas comerciais regionais, tornando-a um grande centro comercial, o que lhes permitiu acumular riqueza. São também conhecidos por sua grande habilidade em construir métodos eficientes de coleta de água nos desertos áridos e seu talento em esculpir estruturas em rochas sólidas. Está localizada na encosta de Jebel al-Madhbah (identificado por alguns como o bíblico Monte Hor) numa bacia entre as montanhas que formam o flanco leste de Arabah (Wadi Araba), o grande vale que se estende do Mar Morto ao Golfo de Aqaba. Petra é um Patrimônio Mundial da UNESCO desde 1985. O local permaneceu desconhecido do mundo ocidental até 1812, quando foi apresentado pelo explorador suíço Johann Ludwig Burckhardt. Foi descrita como "uma cidade rosa-vermelha quase tão antiga quanto o tempo" em um poema vencedor do Prêmio Newdigate por John William Burgon. A UNESCO a descreveu como "uma das propriedades culturais mais preciosas do patrimônio cultural da humanidade". Petra foi eleita uma das Novas 7 Maravilhas do Mundo em 2007 e também foi escolhida pela Smithsonian Magazine como um dos "28 Lugares para Ver Antes de Morrer".
Petra (Árabe: البتراء, Al-Batrāʾ; Griego Antiguo: Πέτρα), originalmente conocida por los Nabateos como Raqmu, es una ciudad histórica y arqueológica en el sur de Jordania. La ciudad es famosa por su arquitectura tallada en la roca y su sistema de conducción de agua. Otro nombre para Petra es "Ciudad Rosa", debido al color de la piedra en la que fue tallada. Establecida posiblemente tan temprano como el 312 a.C. como la capital de los Nabateos Árabes, es un símbolo de Jordania, así como la atracción turística más visitada del país. Los Nabateos eran Árabes nómadas que se beneficiaron de la proximidad de Petra a las rutas comerciales regionales, convirtiéndola en un importante centro comercial, lo que les permitió acumular riqueza. También son conocidos por su gran habilidad para construir métodos eficientes de recolección de agua en los desiertos áridos y su talento para tallar estructuras en rocas sólidas. Se encuentra en la ladera de Jebel al-Madhbah (identificado por algunos como el bíblico Monte Hor) en una cuenca entre las montañas que forman el flanco oriental de Arabah (Wadi Araba), el gran valle que se extiende desde el Mar Muerto hasta el Golfo de Aqaba. Petra ha sido un Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO desde 1985. El sitio permaneció desconocido para el mundo occidental hasta 1812, cuando fue dado a conocer por el explorador suizo Johann Ludwig Burckhardt. Fue descrita como "una ciudad rosa-roja tan antigua como el tiempo" en un poema ganador del Premio Newdigate por John William Burgon. La UNESCO la ha descrito como "una de las propiedades culturales más preciosas del patrimonio cultural del hombre". Petra fue nombrada una de las Nuevas 7 Maravillas del Mundo en 2007 y también fue elegida por la Smithsonian Magazine como uno de los "28 Lugares que Ver Antes de Morir".
Petra (Arabo: البتراء, Al-Batrāʾ; Greco Antico: Πέτρα), originariamente conosciuta dai Nabatei come Raqmu, è una città storica e archeologica nel sud della Giordania. La città è famosa per la sua architettura rupestre e il suo sistema di condutture idriche. Un altro nome per Petra è "Città Rosa", a causa del colore della pietra in cui è stata scolpita. Fondata probabilmente già nel 312 a.C. come capitale dei Nabatei Arabi, è un simbolo della Giordania, nonché la sua attrazione turistica più visitata. I Nabatei erano Arabi nomadi che trassero beneficio dalla vicinanza di Petra alle rotte commerciali regionali, diventando un importante hub commerciale, cosa che permise loro di accumulare ricchezza. Sono anche noti per la loro grande abilità nel costruire efficienti metodi di raccolta dell'acqua negli aridi deserti e il loro talento nello scolpire strutture nella roccia solida. Si trova sul pendio di Jebel al-Madhbah (identificato da alcuni come il biblico Monte Oreb) in un bacino tra le montagne che formano il fianco orientale dell'Arabah (Wadi Araba), la grande valle che si estende dal Mar Morto al Golfo di Aqaba. Petra è un Patrimonio dell'Umanità UNESCO dal 1985. Il sito rimase sconosciuto al mondo occidentale fino al 1812, quando fu portato alla luce dall'esploratore svizzero Johann Ludwig Burckhardt. Fu descritta come "una città rosa-rossa antica quasi quanto il tempo" in una poesia vincitrice del Premio Newdigate di John William Burgon. L'UNESCO l'ha descritta come "una delle più preziose proprietà culturali del patrimonio culturale dell'uomo". Petra è stata eletta una delle Nuove 7 Meraviglie del Mondo nel 2007 ed è stata anche scelta dalla Smithsonian Magazine come uno dei "28 Luoghi da Vedere Prima di Morire".
Pétra (Arabe : البتراء, Al-Batrāʾ ; Grec Ancien : Πέτρα), initialement connue des Nabatéens sous le nom de Raqmu, est une ville historique et archéologique du sud de la Jordanie. La ville est célèbre pour son architecture taillée dans la roche et son système de conduits d'eau. Un autre nom pour Pétra est la « Cité Rose », en raison de la couleur de la pierre dans laquelle elle est sculptée. Établie peut-être dès 312 av. J.-C. comme capitale des Nabatéens Arabes, elle est un symbole de la Jordanie, ainsi que son attraction touristique la plus visitée. Les Nabatéens étaient des Arabes nomades qui ont tiré profit de la proximité de Pétra avec les routes commerciales régionales pour en faire un centre commercial majeur, accumulant ainsi de grandes richesses. Ils sont également réputés pour leur grande capacité à construire des méthodes efficaces de collecte d'eau dans les déserts arides et leur talent pour sculpter des structures dans la roche solide. Elle se trouve sur les pentes du Jebel al-Madhbah (identifié par certains comme le mont Hor biblique) dans un bassin entouré de montagnes qui forment le flanc est de l'Araba (Wadi Araba), la grande vallée s'étendant de la mer Morte au golfe d'Aqaba. Pétra est inscrite sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO depuis 1985. Le site est resté inconnu du monde occidental jusqu'en 1812, date à laquelle il a été révélé par l'explorateur suisse Johann Ludwig Burckhardt. Elle a été décrite comme « une ville rose-rouge moitié aussi vieille que le temps » dans un poème lauréat du prix Newdigate de John William Burgon. L'UNESCO l'a décrite comme « l'un des biens culturels les plus précieux du patrimoine culturel de l'homme ». Pétra a été désignée comme l'une des Nouvelles 7 Merveilles du Monde en 2007 et a également été choisie par le Smithsonian Magazine comme l'un des « 28 Lieux à Voir Avant de Mourir ».
Petra (Arabisch: البتراء, Al-Batrāʾ; Oud-Grieks: Πέτρα), oorspronkelijk bij de Nabateeërs bekend als Raqmu, is een historische en archeologische stad in Zuid-Jordanië. De stad is beroemd om haar in rotsen uitgehouwen architectuur en haar waterleidingssysteem. Een andere naam voor Petra is de 'Roze Stad', vanwege de kleur van de steen waarin ze is uitgehouwen. Waarschijnlijk al in 312 v.Chr. gesticht als de hoofdstad van de Arabische Nabateeërs, is het een symbool van Jordanië, evenals de meest bezochte toeristische attractie van het land. De Nabateeërs waren nomadische Arabieren die profiteerden van de nabijheid van Petra tot regionale handelsroutes, waardoor het een belangrijk handelsknooppunt werd en zij rijkdom konden vergaren. De Nabateeërs staan ook bekend om hun grote vaardigheid in het construeren van efficiënte waterverzamelingmethoden in de barre woestijnen en hun talent om structuren in massief rotsen uit te houwen. Het ligt op de helling van Jebel al-Madhbah (door sommigen geïdentificeerd als de bijbelse Berg Hor) in een bekken tussen de bergen die de oostelijke flank vormen van de Arabah (Wadi Araba), de grote vallei die loopt van de Dode Zee tot de Golf van Aqaba. Petra staat sinds 1985 op de UNESCO Werelderfgoedlijst. De locatie bleef onbekend voor de westerse wereld tot 1812, toen ze werd geïntroduceerd door de Zwitserse ontdekkingsreiziger Johann Ludwig Burckhardt. Het werd omschreven als "een rozerode stad half zo oud als de tijd" in een met de Newdigate Prize bekroond gedicht van John William Burgon. UNESCO heeft het omschreven als "een van de meest kostbare culturele eigendommen van het culturele erfgoed van de mensheid". Petra werd in 2007 verkozen tot een van de Nieuwe 7 Wereldwonderen en werd ook door Smithsonian Magazine gekozen als een van de "28 Plekken om te Zien Voor Je Sterft".
Petra (Arabisch: البتراء, Al-Batrāʾ; Altgriechisch: Πέτρα), ursprünglich den Nabatäern als Raqmu bekannt, ist eine historische und archäologische Stadt im Süden Jordaniens. Die Stadt ist berühmt für ihre in den Fels gehauene Architektur und ihr Wasserleitungssystem. Ein anderer Name für Petra ist die "Rosarote Stadt", aufgrund der Farbe des Steins, in den sie gemeißelt wurde. Gegründet möglicherweise bereits 312 v. Chr. als Hauptstadt der arabischen Nabatäer, ist sie ein Symbol Jordaniens sowie die meistbesuchte Touristenattraktion des Landes. Die Nabatäer waren nomadische Araber, die von der Nähe Petras zu den regionalen Handelsrouten profitierten, indem sie sie zu einem wichtigen Handelszentrum machten, was ihnen Reichtum einbrachte. Sie sind auch für ihre große Fähigkeit bekannt, effiziente Methoden zur Wassersammlung in den kargen Wüsten zu konstruieren und Strukturen in festen Fels zu hauen. Sie liegt am Hang des Jebel al-Madhbah (von einigen mit dem biblischen Berg Hor identifiziert) in einem Becken zwischen den Bergen, die die östliche Flanke der Araba (Wadi Araba) bilden, dem großen Tal, das vom Toten Meer zum Golf von Aqaba verläuft. Petra ist seit 1985 eine UNESCO-Welterbestätte. Die Stätte blieb der westlichen Welt bis 1812 unbekannt, als sie vom Schweizer Entdecker Johann Ludwig Burckhardt bekannt gemacht wurde. Sie wurde in einem preisgekrönten Newdigate-Gedicht von John William Burgon als "eine rosarote Stadt, halb so alt wie die Zeit" beschrieben. Die UNESCO hat sie als "eines der wertvollsten Kulturgüter des kulturellen Erbes der Menschheit" beschrieben. Petra wurde 2007 zu einem der Neuen 7 Weltwunder gewählt und auch vom Smithsonian Magazine als einer der "28 Orte, die man sehen muss, bevor man stirbt" ausgewählt.
ペトラ（アラビア語: البتراء, アル＝バトラ；古代ギリシャ語: ΠέτRA）は、ナバテア人にはラクムとして知られていた、ヨルダン南部にある歴史的・考古学的な都市です。この都市は、岩を切り出して造られた建築物と水路システムで有名です。切り出された岩石の色から、「バラ色の都市」とも呼ばれています。紀元前312年頃には、アラブ系ナバテア人の首都として確立されていた可能性があり、ヨルダンの象徴であるとともに、同国で最も訪問者の多い観光名所です。ナバテア人は遊牧のアラブ人で、ペトラが地域の交易路に近い利点を活かして主要な交易拠点となり、富を蓄えました。また、不毛な砂漠で効率的な集水方法を構築する卓越した能力と、硬い岩盤に構造物を彫り込む技術でも知られています。ペトラは死海からアカバ湾に至る大きな谷であるアラバ（ワジ・アラバ）の東側を形成する山々に囲まれた盆地に位置するジェベル・アル＝マドバ（一部で聖書のホル山と同定されている）の斜面にあります。ペトラは1985年以来ユネスコ世界遺産です。この遺跡は、1812年にスイス人探検家ヨハン・ルートヴィヒ・ブルクハルトによって紹介されるまで西洋世界に知られていませんでした。ジョン・ウィリアム・バーゴンのニューディゲート賞受賞詩の中で「時間の半分の古さを持つバラ色の都市」と描写され、ユネスコは「人類の文化的遺産の中で最も貴重な文化的財産の一つ」と述べています。ペトラは2007年に新・世界七不思議の一つに選ばれ、また『スミソニアン・マガジン』によって「死ぬ前に見るべき28の場所」の一つにも選ばれています。
佩特拉（阿拉伯语：البتراء，Al-Batrāʾ；古希腊语：ΠέτRA），纳巴泰人最初称之为Raqmu，是位于约旦南部的一座历史和考古城市。该城以其岩石切割建筑和输水系统而闻名。由于雕刻城市的岩石颜色，佩特拉又被称为"玫瑰城"。它可能早在公元前312年就已作为阿拉伯纳巴泰人的首都建立，是约旦的象征，也是该国访问量最大的旅游景点。纳巴泰人是阿拉伯游牧民族，他们利用佩特拉靠近区域贸易路线的优势，使其成为主要贸易中心，从而积累了财富。他们还以在贫瘠沙漠中建造高效集水系统的卓越能力以及在坚硬岩石中雕刻结构的才华而闻名。它坐落于杰贝尔·马德巴（有些人认为就是圣经中的何珥山）的斜坡上，位于阿拉伯谷东侧山脉环绕的盆地中，这条大峡谷从死海一直延伸到亚喀巴湾。佩特拉自1985年以来一直是联合国教科文组织世界遗产地。该遗址一直不为人知，直到1812年由瑞士探险家约翰·路德维希·布尔克哈特介绍给西方世界。约翰·威廉·伯根在一首获得纽迪吉特奖的诗中将其描述为"一座玫瑰红城市，其历史有人类一半古老"。联合国教科文组织将其描述为"人类文化遗产中最宝贵的文化财产之一"。佩特拉于2007年入选世界新七大奇迹，并被《史密森尼》杂志选为"死前必看的28个地方"之一。
البتراء (بالعربية: البتراء، آل-بتْراء؛ باليونانية القديمة: ΠέτRA)، المعروفة أصلاً لدى الأنباط باسم رَقْمُو، هي مدينة تاريخية وأثرية في جنوب الأردن. تشتهر المدينة بهندستها المعمارية المنحوتة في الصخور ونظام قنوات المياه. اسم آخر للبتراء هو "المدينة الوردية" due to the color of the stone out of which it is carved. أُسست possibly as early as 312 BC كعاصمة للأنباط العرب، وهي رمز للأردن، وكذلك الوجهة السياحية الأكثر زيارة في البلاد. كان الأنباط بدواً عرباً استفادوا من قرب البتراء من طرق التجارة الإقليمية، لتصبح محوراً تجارياً رئيسياً، مما مكنهم من جمع الثروة. كما يشتهر الأنباط بقدرتهم الكبيرة على بناء طرق فعالة لجمع المياه في الصحاري القاحلة وموهبتهم في نحت الهياكل في الصخور الصلبة. تقع على منحدر جبل المُذَبَّح (الذي يعرفه البعض بجبل هور التوراتي) في حوض بين الجبال التي تشكل الحافة الشرقية لعاربة (وادي عربة)، الوادي الكبير الممتد من البحر الميت إلى خليج العقبة. البتراء هي موقع تراث عالمي لليونسكو منذ عام 1985. بقي الموقع مجهولاً للعالم الغربي حتى عام 1812، عندما عرَّفه المستكشف السويسري يوهان لودفيغ بوركهارت. وُصفت بأنها "مدينة وردية حمراء نصف قديمة كالزمن" في قصيدة فازت بجائزة نيوديغيت للشاعر جون ويليام بورغون. وقد وصفتها اليونسكو بأنها "واحدة من أثرى الممتلكات الثقافية في التراث الثقافي للإنسان". تم تسمية البتراء among the New7Wonders of the World في 2007 وتم اختيارها أيضاً من قبل مجلة Smithsonian كواحدة من "28 مكاناً يجب أن تراهم قبل أن تموت".
پترا (به عربی: البتراء، آل-بَتراء؛ به یونانی باستان: ΠέτRA) که در ابتدا نزد نَبَطیها با نام رَقْمُو شناخته میشد، یک شهر تاریخی و باستانشناسی در جنوب اردن است. این شهر به خاطر معماری صخرهای و سیستم آبرسانیاش مشهور است. نام دیگر پترا «شهر رز» است که به دلیل رنگ سنگی است که از آن تراشیده شده است. این شهر که احتمالاً در ۳۱۲ سال قبل از میلاد به عنوان پایتخت نبطیهای عرب تأسیس شد، نماد اردن و همچنین پربازدیدترین جاذبهٔ گردشگری این کشور است. نبطیها عربهای بدوی بودند که از مجاورت پترا با routes تجاری منطقه بهره برده و آن را به یک مرکز تجاری بزرگ تبدیل کردند و thus ثروت اندوختند. نبطیها همچنین به دلیل توانایی بزرگشان در ساخت روشهای کارآمد جمعآوری آب در بیابانهای بایر و استعدادشان در کندن سازهها در صخرههای سفت مشهور هستند. این شهر بر روی شیب جبل المُذَبَّح (که برخی آن را با کوه هور کتاب مقدس one میدانند) در حوضهای در میان کوههایی واقع شده که flanks شرقی عَرَبه (وادی عربه) را تشکیل میدهند، درهٔ بزرگی که از دریای مرده تا خلیج عقبه امتداد دارد. پترا از سال ۱۹۸۵ یک میراث جهانی یونسکو بوده است. این مکان تا سال ۱۸۱۲ برای جهان غرب ناشناخته باقی ماند، تا اینکه توسط کاشف سوئیسی یوهان لودویگ بورکهارت معرفی شد. این شهر در شعری برندهٔ جایزهٔ نیودیگیت از جان ویلیام بورگون به عنوان «شهر گُلبهی نیمهقدیمی به قدمت زمان» توصیف شد. یونسکو آن را «یکی از ارزشمندترین داراییهای فرهنگی میراث فرهنگی بشر» توصیف کرده است. پترا در سال ۲۰۰۷ در میان عجایب هفتگانه جدید جهان نام گرفت و همچنین توسط مجلهٔ اسمیتسونین به عنوان یکی از «۲۸ مکان برای دیدن قبل از مرگ» انتخاب شد.
Excerpt from www.gananoque.ca/sites/gananoque.ca/files/1992-041%20%20%...:
145 Stone Street South
The property has had an interesting history since the second recorded deed transfer in 1835. Dwellings on this lot have housed owners or tenants that shaped not only the town's history, but that of Canada West.
The residence seen today results from a literal architectural merger of early and late Victorian structures. The earlier building can still be seen with a gabled facade on Spruce Alley facing south and, perhaps, the ell parallel to Spruce Alley, facing east. The entrance to this dwelling, however, faced Stone Street, but has been overlapped and swallowed by the later major building phase. This early dwelling is characterized by roof lines of 30° pitch and return eaves. The design of this building was that of the Upper Canada version of the Greek Revival style, and included narrow clapboarding, operable shutters, broad corner boarding, watertable board and drip, and balanced 6/6 double hung sash fenestration.
During the merger, the early house was reclad with coved siding, had major fenestration changes made to its west facade, a second storey bracketed and roofed dormer; a triple window and on the south facade, a first storey rectangular projecting and roofed bay window all in the "new" style. Interestingly however, the second floor windows of the south gabled face were left unaltered, showing their original form with shutters removed but no added embellishment. It was as if the owner wanted to leave a small area of the original building for posterity to see.
The early dwelling portion surviving may date from 1840-42, the time of a sale by John MacDonald for the sum of 1250 pounds in the latter year. The period of later construction and of the major building elements now fronting onto Stone Street is definitely of late Victorian vintage, and the abstract data suggests a date of 1894 + when the property was purchased by Dr. James A. McCammon for $3,400.00. Certainly the design features are commensurate with an 1890's date.
Late Victorian architecture is often difficult to label stylistically, for this was an exuberant, even flamboyant era of eclecticism in residential design. The term "Bastard Victorian" was coined decades ago in an attempt to describe this free mixing of styles. One notices several features in this building which point up its whimsical interplay of styles:
1 The principal facade has elements of the earlier (1840's) Italianate Villa revival style - in the twin projecting full height almost tower-like bays. The north element projects 3' and houses the entrance including a semi-circular portico. The south bay, separated at eave line from the former by only inches, projects only half as much, but matches the north bay in detail and has paired and decorated windows. at first and second storeys.
2 Both projections are surmounted by matching steep mansard gables having hipped rooflets - a nice blending of French and Dutch stylistic elements.
3 The portico is balustraded above and accessed as a balcony by a pair of mannerist doors having three quarter glazed panels with arced corners top and bottom.
4 The main entrance consists of a truly classical 6 paneled door flanked however by sidelights which are lead carved diamond paned, and surmounted by a fanlight paned arched transome light.
5 This entrance composition is framed by two heavily grooved (fluted) engaged pilasters or antae, each sub supported by machine decorated drop but flat "brackets".
6 The fenestration is everywhere achieved to provide charm and delight. This involves eccentric placement (north elevator gabled ell); various sizes used in attic lights and roofed dorter and dormer lights; multiple groupings; projecting oriel lights (semi hexagonal in plan or boxed rectangular), and bay windows.
7 All windows are marked by the use of controlled and matching machine-detailed ornamentation. The design of this labeling and other trim makes constant use of groove lines, striations and counter sunk circular "dotting". This is the ornamentation of the industrial revolution, machined work employing power driven routers; jig, coping and band saws; square corner mortice cutters; drill presses and the like.
8 One can see in the motifs used,vestiges of the earlier Egyptian revival (the curved angel wing motif) of Queen Anne features and Tudor half timbering (notably in corner and band boarding). Some elements such as decorative cornice band boarding of the mansards at soffit junctions anticipate the Adirondack stick style then 20 years into the future. These employ cut out rectilinear relief paneling.
9 An eave window on the north elevation is one of the more elaborate design elements. This feature window pierces the eave line and is set out by heavy full-cheek brackets which are strongly articulated by cope sawing and applied and
incised decoration. A gable complete with returning eaves surmounts this element. A matching window was inserted into the west face of the original building.
10 The most pronounced elements of the new construction occur on the south elevation. One is a two storey projecting oriel, 3-light half hexagonal in plan at first floor and boxed rectangular form bay above. Both elements are crowned by large-scaled coved and oversailing eave soffits at each storey. A hipped roof bay window was added to the original building first storey, south face (below the untouched windows referred to above).
These tall trees planted in Munnar and high ranges in general belong to Grandis-Eucalyptus group. Tea Estates need them for firewood. Ecologists complain that they do a lot of damage by drawing too much of ground-water, lowering the water table.
128/365 - We have a water table/sand table combo for the kids...word of advice: don't EVER buy one of these...as you can see from this picture, it's a MUDDY MESS! We just let the boys go to town on it though since it was really the first time we enjoyed our backyard this year...plus it was Mother's Day so part of our tradition is that I don't have to lift a finger all day (which means my husband had to bathe them after, ha ha).
Market Square Park features water fountains in the form of water tables that are like mini-reflecting pools. The stone surfaces feature colored imagery in pleasant hues and evoke associations with French impressionism in themes and style.
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Western part of Sarawak on the island of Borneo. Homes are built up on stilts due to the high watertable and the threat of flooding.
Wallaroo and Wallaroo Mines. We probably all know that Wallaroo is a contraction of two local Narrunga words meaning “wallabies urine.” But why did Robert Miller, a 19th century gentleman do this? Why not call his run Quandong or some other innocuous Narrunga word? Miller soon sold the leasehold on to Walter Watson Hughes. It was one of Hughes’ shepherds, John Boor, who found knobs of green copper in stone by a wombat burrow on the property in December 1859.( Another shepherd Ryan discovered copper at Moonta.) Hughes soon had the Wallaroo Mine operating using miners from the Burra copper mine by mid 1860. But the Wallaroo Mines were actually located at Kadina. Hughes had the mining rights and became the major shareholder of both the Wallaroo and the Moonta mining companies. He increased his fortune many fold over becoming one of the wealthiest men in SA. He was a great benefactor of the University of Adelaide, hence his title of “the Father of the University “.
But the story of Wallaroo, rather than Wallaroo Mines, is about smelting copper rather than mining it. Wallaroo was and still is a major SA port and so it was logical that smelters be established near shipping. The first shipment of copper left Wallaroo in July 1860; the first shipment of smelted copper left Wallaroo in January 1862. The current Hughes smelter chimney left at Wallaroo was one of thirteen smelter stacks built by the mid 1860s. The largest was 120 feet high. Wallaroo smelters are shown in this photograph from the State Archives dated 1870.
The township of Wallaroo emerged adjacent to the smelters as a government town in 1861 with the first Post Office opening in 1863 and the first school in 1861. A Rounsevell coach service linked Wallaroo with Adelaide via a steamer connection from Port Clinton; the Customs House was open for business by 1862; and a desalination plant was operating by 1862 to provide water for the smelters. (Water was also a problem for the Wallaroo Mines as the watertable was high and necessitated a large pump house to pump water from the deep shafts.) Within a few years, Wallaroo was a significant town. Churches, schools, shops and businesses all made this district the major focus of the state. A number of the streets of the town commemorate the names of major investors in the Wallaroo Mining Company or others involved in copper mining names such as Bagot, Hughes, Hay, Stirling, Smith ( from Robert Barr Smith), Elder, Duncan( nephew of Hughes) etc. Other streets reflecting the Cornish mining and Welsh smelting history of the town include Cornish, England, Scotland, and Wales streets.
In 1890 the Wallaroo and Moonta Mines amalgamated. The combined companies employed on average around 1,900 people a year in the mines and smelters. The peak year for employment was 1906 when the company hired 2,700 men. This followed a disastrous fire in 1904 when the large Taylor Shaft and poppet was destroyed by fire at Moonta Mines. There were three main shafts operating at the Wallaroo Mines by 1906, the Boors, Hughes and Office shafts. Between 1860 and 1923 when the mine closed the Wallaroo Mine alone had produced almost £10,000 million worth of copper and the Moonta Mine had produced over £20,000 million worth of copper. But the industrial story of Wallaroo did not cease with the closing of the mines and the smelters.
Once Professor John Custance of the newly founded Roseworthy Agricultural College (1883) discovered the value of superphosphate fertilizer to wheat yields in SA a new fertilizer industry emerged. By the end of the 1890s when usage of super became more widely practised three fertilizer plants were operating in SA, one at Port Adelaide, one at Torrensville and the last at Wallaroo. The copper smelters at Wallaroo produced sulphuric acid as a by product which was mixed with phosphate rock in kilns to form superphosphate. The Wallaroo Phosphate Company began operations in 1899. From 1899 onwards the main imports at the Port of Wallaroo were coal for the copper smelters and phosphate rock for the fertilizer ovens. (The main exports were copper and wheat.) The Wallaroo Phosphate Company merged with the Mt Lyell Fertilizer Company of Tasmania in 1913. When the copper mines closed down in 1923 the fertilizer works was the main industrial employer in Wallaroo. The company had sulphuric acid railed in from Port Pirie where it was a by product of the silver, lead and zinc smelters of BHP there. In 1965 this company became the Adelaide and Wallaroo Fertilizers Company and later the Adelaide Chemical Company. It eventually became Top Brand Fertilizers in 1980 and continued trading for some years but it no longer operates. Phosphate or guano rock was originally imported from Chile to Wallaroo but after 1907 shipments came from Nauru which is basically a phosphate island! Today phosphate rock is mined within Australia at Mt Isa, the infamous Christmas Island and Wonarah in the Northern Territory.
Some of the old buildings passed on our coach tour of Wallaroo for you to inspect more closely over your lunch break are:
•20 Wildman St. House. This was once the home of Caroline Carleton. She wrote the The Song of Australia in 1859 for a poetry competition in Gawler. She got £10. Carl Linger wrote the music to go with it. Caroline moved to Wallaroo in 1870 to live with her daughter Amy who ran a private school in this house. On a trip back from Adelaide in 1874 Caroline Carleton died at Matta House at Kadina which was probably made available for her to live in by the Wallaroo Mining Company. She was buried in the Wallaroo cemetery and a few years later her daughter moved to Western Australia to live. There is a memorial cairn to Caroline Carleton opposite the current Post Office.
•St. Mary’s Anglican Church built in 1864 in Church St. Its pews and altar joinery are in teak.
•The old Police Station (John Tce) was erected by David Bower again in 1862. It closed in 1972. Note the old cells at the back. A newer Police station was built in the 1940s with a tiled roof but neither is used for policing these days.
•The Old Court House built in 1866 by local builder T. Heath. It was used as the local Court until 1972. For years it was the headquarters of the Wallaroo Band. The Court had to be close to the jetty as many cases involved international sailors who had to be dealt with quickly before they were due to sail onwards.
•Kirribilli House (corner Lydia Tce and Hughes St.) This is not to be confused with Kirribilli House in Sydney, the city residence of the Prime Minister! It too was built by David Bower in 1862, but not for a government or a mine official but for himself. At the rear are old stables and outbuildings.
•Sonbern Lodge in John Tce. It was built in 1914 as a Coffee Palace and Guest House (as a result of the Temperance Movement.) It opened to cater for arrivals on the train opposite. It has been a guest house/ motel for many years.
•The Railway Station. This American designed Art Nouveau station was opened in 1914 the same year that identical stations opened in Bordertown, Tailem Bend and Moonta. There had been a train station elsewhere in the railyards that handled passengers from when the railway to Kadina an Adelaide opened in 1878. When passenger trains ceased in 1969 it became a local Arts and Crafts Centre. Since 1985 it has been a conference centre.
•The Wallaroo Town Hall. This fine two storey Edwardian/Classical style building with a clock tower and spire roof was built in 1902. Unfortunately on 27 December 1917 a fire destroyed the building. A fund to rebuild was started and an identical structure re-opened in 1918. It was at this time that the clock tower and spire were added thanks to a local donor, Councillor Richard Tonkin.
•The current Wallaroo Post Office was erected in 1910 by the SA government although the Commonwealth was by then responsible for post offices. It is in a Georgian style and typical of many post offices of this decade. The last SA government built post offices were erected around 1919.
•Cornucopia Hotel. This amazingly large hotel was built and opened in 1862 and is the only hotel in Wallaroo to maintain its original façade. It is evidence of the high prospects expected of the Wallaroo Mines.
•The Customs House, 1862, built by David Bower at the same time as the government declared the international port of Wallaroo. The first Customs Officer was also the Harbourmaster. Used by SA Customs until 1901, then the Commonwealth Customs until 1920 when it became a private residence. There is no customs service today as the port only exports with no imports. This Georgian style building is on the Register of the National Estate and is a private residence.
•The Hughes Smelter 1861, built with 300,000 bricks standing 36.5 metre high. An inscription on the rear says W.W.H. 1861.
•The current National Trust Museum of Wallaroo was the original Post Office of 1865. It was used as a Post Office until 1910 and then the police from across the street took charge of the building for offices and a residence. The National Trust has owned it since 1975. The Museum covers the Wallaroo Smelting Industry; Caroline Carleton; Nautical History of Wallaroo; early telegraph and telephones; and general Wallaroo history. It opens at 2 pm and has an admission fee.
Wallaroo and Wallaroo Mines. We probably all know that Wallaroo is a contraction of two local Narrunga words meaning “wallabies urine.” But why did Robert Miller, a 19th century gentleman do this? Why not call his run Quandong or some other innocuous Narrunga word? Miller soon sold the leasehold on to Walter Watson Hughes. It was one of Hughes’ shepherds, John Boor, who found knobs of green copper in stone by a wombat burrow on the property in December 1859.( Another shepherd Ryan discovered copper at Moonta.) Hughes soon had the Wallaroo Mine operating using miners from the Burra copper mine by mid 1860. But the Wallaroo Mines were actually located at Kadina. Hughes had the mining rights and became the major shareholder of both the Wallaroo and the Moonta mining companies. He increased his fortune many fold over becoming one of the wealthiest men in SA. He was a great benefactor of the University of Adelaide, hence his title of “the Father of the University “.
But the story of Wallaroo, rather than Wallaroo Mines, is about smelting copper rather than mining it. Wallaroo was and still is a major SA port and so it was logical that smelters be established near shipping. The first shipment of copper left Wallaroo in July 1860; the first shipment of smelted copper left Wallaroo in January 1862. The current Hughes smelter chimney left at Wallaroo was one of thirteen smelter stacks built by the mid 1860s. The largest was 120 feet high. Wallaroo smelters are shown in this photograph from the State Archives dated 1870.
The township of Wallaroo emerged adjacent to the smelters as a government town in 1861 with the first Post Office opening in 1863 and the first school in 1861. A Rounsevell coach service linked Wallaroo with Adelaide via a steamer connection from Port Clinton; the Customs House was open for business by 1862; and a desalination plant was operating by 1862 to provide water for the smelters. (Water was also a problem for the Wallaroo Mines as the watertable was high and necessitated a large pump house to pump water from the deep shafts.) Within a few years, Wallaroo was a significant town. Churches, schools, shops and businesses all made this district the major focus of the state. A number of the streets of the town commemorate the names of major investors in the Wallaroo Mining Company or others involved in copper mining names such as Bagot, Hughes, Hay, Stirling, Smith ( from Robert Barr Smith), Elder, Duncan( nephew of Hughes) etc. Other streets reflecting the Cornish mining and Welsh smelting history of the town include Cornish, England, Scotland, and Wales streets.
In 1890 the Wallaroo and Moonta Mines amalgamated. The combined companies employed on average around 1,900 people a year in the mines and smelters. The peak year for employment was 1906 when the company hired 2,700 men. This followed a disastrous fire in 1904 when the large Taylor Shaft and poppet was destroyed by fire at Moonta Mines. There were three main shafts operating at the Wallaroo Mines by 1906, the Boors, Hughes and Office shafts. Between 1860 and 1923 when the mine closed the Wallaroo Mine alone had produced almost £10,000 million worth of copper and the Moonta Mine had produced over £20,000 million worth of copper. But the industrial story of Wallaroo did not cease with the closing of the mines and the smelters.
Once Professor John Custance of the newly founded Roseworthy Agricultural College (1883) discovered the value of superphosphate fertilizer to wheat yields in SA a new fertilizer industry emerged. By the end of the 1890s when usage of super became more widely practised three fertilizer plants were operating in SA, one at Port Adelaide, one at Torrensville and the last at Wallaroo. The copper smelters at Wallaroo produced sulphuric acid as a by product which was mixed with phosphate rock in kilns to form superphosphate. The Wallaroo Phosphate Company began operations in 1899. From 1899 onwards the main imports at the Port of Wallaroo were coal for the copper smelters and phosphate rock for the fertilizer ovens. (The main exports were copper and wheat.) The Wallaroo Phosphate Company merged with the Mt Lyell Fertilizer Company of Tasmania in 1913. When the copper mines closed down in 1923 the fertilizer works was the main industrial employer in Wallaroo. The company had sulphuric acid railed in from Port Pirie where it was a by product of the silver, lead and zinc smelters of BHP there. In 1965 this company became the Adelaide and Wallaroo Fertilizers Company and later the Adelaide Chemical Company. It eventually became Top Brand Fertilizers in 1980 and continued trading for some years but it no longer operates. Phosphate or guano rock was originally imported from Chile to Wallaroo but after 1907 shipments came from Nauru which is basically a phosphate island! Today phosphate rock is mined within Australia at Mt Isa, the infamous Christmas Island and Wonarah in the Northern Territory.
Some of the old buildings passed on our coach tour of Wallaroo for you to inspect more closely over your lunch break are:
•20 Wildman St. House. This was once the home of Caroline Carleton. She wrote the The Song of Australia in 1859 for a poetry competition in Gawler. She got £10. Carl Linger wrote the music to go with it. Caroline moved to Wallaroo in 1870 to live with her daughter Amy who ran a private school in this house. On a trip back from Adelaide in 1874 Caroline Carleton died at Matta House at Kadina which was probably made available for her to live in by the Wallaroo Mining Company. She was buried in the Wallaroo cemetery and a few years later her daughter moved to Western Australia to live. There is a memorial cairn to Caroline Carleton opposite the current Post Office.
•St. Mary’s Anglican Church built in 1864 in Church St. Its pews and altar joinery are in teak.
•The old Police Station (John Tce) was erected by David Bower again in 1862. It closed in 1972. Note the old cells at the back. A newer Police station was built in the 1940s with a tiled roof but neither is used for policing these days.
•The Old Court House built in 1866 by local builder T. Heath. It was used as the local Court until 1972. For years it was the headquarters of the Wallaroo Band. The Court had to be close to the jetty as many cases involved international sailors who had to be dealt with quickly before they were due to sail onwards.
•Kirribilli House (corner Lydia Tce and Hughes St.) This is not to be confused with Kirribilli House in Sydney, the city residence of the Prime Minister! It too was built by David Bower in 1862, but not for a government or a mine official but for himself. At the rear are old stables and outbuildings.
•Sonbern Lodge in John Tce. It was built in 1914 as a Coffee Palace and Guest House (as a result of the Temperance Movement.) It opened to cater for arrivals on the train opposite. It has been a guest house/ motel for many years.
•The Railway Station. This American designed Art Nouveau station was opened in 1914 the same year that identical stations opened in Bordertown, Tailem Bend and Moonta. There had been a train station elsewhere in the railyards that handled passengers from when the railway to Kadina an Adelaide opened in 1878. When passenger trains ceased in 1969 it became a local Arts and Crafts Centre. Since 1985 it has been a conference centre.
•The Wallaroo Town Hall. This fine two storey Edwardian/Classical style building with a clock tower and spire roof was built in 1902. Unfortunately on 27 December 1917 a fire destroyed the building. A fund to rebuild was started and an identical structure re-opened in 1918. It was at this time that the clock tower and spire were added thanks to a local donor, Councillor Richard Tonkin.
•The current Wallaroo Post Office was erected in 1910 by the SA government although the Commonwealth was by then responsible for post offices. It is in a Georgian style and typical of many post offices of this decade. The last SA government built post offices were erected around 1919.
•Cornucopia Hotel. This amazingly large hotel was built and opened in 1862 and is the only hotel in Wallaroo to maintain its original façade. It is evidence of the high prospects expected of the Wallaroo Mines.
•The Customs House, 1862, built by David Bower at the same time as the government declared the international port of Wallaroo. The first Customs Officer was also the Harbourmaster. Used by SA Customs until 1901, then the Commonwealth Customs until 1920 when it became a private residence. There is no customs service today as the port only exports with no imports. This Georgian style building is on the Register of the National Estate and is a private residence.
•The Hughes Smelter 1861, built with 300,000 bricks standing 36.5 metre high. An inscription on the rear says W.W.H. 1861.
•The current National Trust Museum of Wallaroo was the original Post Office of 1865. It was used as a Post Office until 1910 and then the police from across the street took charge of the building for offices and a residence. The National Trust has owned it since 1975. The Museum covers the Wallaroo Smelting Industry; Caroline Carleton; Nautical History of Wallaroo; early telegraph and telephones; and general Wallaroo history. It opens at 2 pm and has an admission fee.
Wallaroo Mines. On the fringes of Kadina are some impressive relics of the copper mining era but unfortunately most of the industrial buildings were de-constructed and the materials salvaged for sale. The huge industrial complex of the mining era disappeared shortly after the mines closed down. But there are solid remains such as the impressive stone Harvey’s Engine House; the wonderful Wallaroo Mines Institute building, the old pioneer cemetery and the site of the former Wallaroo Mines Methodist Church. The Harvey engine to pump water from the shafts was installed in 1876 when the tower block was erected. The Wallaroo Mines Institute was erected and opened in 1902 but a Mechanics Institute was established here earlier in 1862. The 1902 Institute has a classical style façade and a non-regular sloped roof line. When the nearby Methodist Church at Wallaroo Mines was demolished in 1980 this Institute became St. Pirans Methodist Church, which was part of the Uniting Church. St. Piran is the patron saint of Cornwall and the patron saint of tin miners. The church ceased services in 2003. The burials in the Wallaroo Mines cemetery were re-interred in the Kadina cemetery. The Wesleyan Methodist Church here was built in 1867 and demolished in 1980. The parsonage is still behind the church site.
This is what Climate Change looks like in western NSW which is currently in the grip of the worst drought ever recorded. Some towns have run out of water with many more about to run out.
Increasing severity and persistence of drought and high temperatures will increase plant mortality (and the animals dependent on them). Here Coolabah are dieing back. Though present on the floodplain they may have a degree of dependency on the local watertable rather than just flood dependent. Flood flows are also affected by human water allocations as well as a drying catchment.
Wallaroo and Wallaroo Mines. We probably all know that Wallaroo is a contraction of two local Narrunga words meaning “wallabies urine.” But why did Robert Miller, a 19th century gentleman do this? Why not call his run Quandong or some other innocuous Narrunga word? Miller soon sold the leasehold on to Walter Watson Hughes. It was one of Hughes’ shepherds, John Boor, who found knobs of green copper in stone by a wombat burrow on the property in December 1859.( Another shepherd Ryan discovered copper at Moonta.) Hughes soon had the Wallaroo Mine operating using miners from the Burra copper mine by mid 1860. But the Wallaroo Mines were actually located at Kadina. Hughes had the mining rights and became the major shareholder of both the Wallaroo and the Moonta mining companies. He increased his fortune many fold over becoming one of the wealthiest men in SA. He was a great benefactor of the University of Adelaide, hence his title of “the Father of the University “.
But the story of Wallaroo, rather than Wallaroo Mines, is about smelting copper rather than mining it. Wallaroo was and still is a major SA port and so it was logical that smelters be established near shipping. The first shipment of copper left Wallaroo in July 1860; the first shipment of smelted copper left Wallaroo in January 1862. The current Hughes smelter chimney left at Wallaroo was one of thirteen smelter stacks built by the mid 1860s. The largest was 120 feet high. Wallaroo smelters are shown in this photograph from the State Archives dated 1870.
The township of Wallaroo emerged adjacent to the smelters as a government town in 1861 with the first Post Office opening in 1863 and the first school in 1861. A Rounsevell coach service linked Wallaroo with Adelaide via a steamer connection from Port Clinton; the Customs House was open for business by 1862; and a desalination plant was operating by 1862 to provide water for the smelters. (Water was also a problem for the Wallaroo Mines as the watertable was high and necessitated a large pump house to pump water from the deep shafts.) Within a few years, Wallaroo was a significant town. Churches, schools, shops and businesses all made this district the major focus of the state. A number of the streets of the town commemorate the names of major investors in the Wallaroo Mining Company or others involved in copper mining names such as Bagot, Hughes, Hay, Stirling, Smith ( from Robert Barr Smith), Elder, Duncan( nephew of Hughes) etc. Other streets reflecting the Cornish mining and Welsh smelting history of the town include Cornish, England, Scotland, and Wales streets.
In 1890 the Wallaroo and Moonta Mines amalgamated. The combined companies employed on average around 1,900 people a year in the mines and smelters. The peak year for employment was 1906 when the company hired 2,700 men. This followed a disastrous fire in 1904 when the large Taylor Shaft and poppet was destroyed by fire at Moonta Mines. There were three main shafts operating at the Wallaroo Mines by 1906, the Boors, Hughes and Office shafts. Between 1860 and 1923 when the mine closed the Wallaroo Mine alone had produced almost £10,000 million worth of copper and the Moonta Mine had produced over £20,000 million worth of copper. But the industrial story of Wallaroo did not cease with the closing of the mines and the smelters.
Once Professor John Custance of the newly founded Roseworthy Agricultural College (1883) discovered the value of superphosphate fertilizer to wheat yields in SA a new fertilizer industry emerged. By the end of the 1890s when usage of super became more widely practised three fertilizer plants were operating in SA, one at Port Adelaide, one at Torrensville and the last at Wallaroo. The copper smelters at Wallaroo produced sulphuric acid as a by product which was mixed with phosphate rock in kilns to form superphosphate. The Wallaroo Phosphate Company began operations in 1899. From 1899 onwards the main imports at the Port of Wallaroo were coal for the copper smelters and phosphate rock for the fertilizer ovens. (The main exports were copper and wheat.) The Wallaroo Phosphate Company merged with the Mt Lyell Fertilizer Company of Tasmania in 1913. When the copper mines closed down in 1923 the fertilizer works was the main industrial employer in Wallaroo. The company had sulphuric acid railed in from Port Pirie where it was a by product of the silver, lead and zinc smelters of BHP there. In 1965 this company became the Adelaide and Wallaroo Fertilizers Company and later the Adelaide Chemical Company. It eventually became Top Brand Fertilizers in 1980 and continued trading for some years but it no longer operates. Phosphate or guano rock was originally imported from Chile to Wallaroo but after 1907 shipments came from Nauru which is basically a phosphate island! Today phosphate rock is mined within Australia at Mt Isa, the infamous Christmas Island and Wonarah in the Northern Territory.
Some of the old buildings passed on our coach tour of Wallaroo for you to inspect more closely over your lunch break are:
•20 Wildman St. House. This was once the home of Caroline Carleton. She wrote the The Song of Australia in 1859 for a poetry competition in Gawler. She got £10. Carl Linger wrote the music to go with it. Caroline moved to Wallaroo in 1870 to live with her daughter Amy who ran a private school in this house. On a trip back from Adelaide in 1874 Caroline Carleton died at Matta House at Kadina which was probably made available for her to live in by the Wallaroo Mining Company. She was buried in the Wallaroo cemetery and a few years later her daughter moved to Western Australia to live. There is a memorial cairn to Caroline Carleton opposite the current Post Office.
•St. Mary’s Anglican Church built in 1864 in Church St. Its pews and altar joinery are in teak.
•The old Police Station (John Tce) was erected by David Bower again in 1862. It closed in 1972. Note the old cells at the back. A newer Police station was built in the 1940s with a tiled roof but neither is used for policing these days.
•The Old Court House built in 1866 by local builder T. Heath. It was used as the local Court until 1972. For years it was the headquarters of the Wallaroo Band. The Court had to be close to the jetty as many cases involved international sailors who had to be dealt with quickly before they were due to sail onwards.
•Kirribilli House (corner Lydia Tce and Hughes St.) This is not to be confused with Kirribilli House in Sydney, the city residence of the Prime Minister! It too was built by David Bower in 1862, but not for a government or a mine official but for himself. At the rear are old stables and outbuildings.
•Sonbern Lodge in John Tce. It was built in 1914 as a Coffee Palace and Guest House (as a result of the Temperance Movement.) It opened to cater for arrivals on the train opposite. It has been a guest house/ motel for many years.
•The Railway Station. This American designed Art Nouveau station was opened in 1914 the same year that identical stations opened in Bordertown, Tailem Bend and Moonta. There had been a train station elsewhere in the railyards that handled passengers from when the railway to Kadina an Adelaide opened in 1878. When passenger trains ceased in 1969 it became a local Arts and Crafts Centre. Since 1985 it has been a conference centre.
•The Wallaroo Town Hall. This fine two storey Edwardian/Classical style building with a clock tower and spire roof was built in 1902. Unfortunately on 27 December 1917 a fire destroyed the building. A fund to rebuild was started and an identical structure re-opened in 1918. It was at this time that the clock tower and spire were added thanks to a local donor, Councillor Richard Tonkin.
•The current Wallaroo Post Office was erected in 1910 by the SA government although the Commonwealth was by then responsible for post offices. It is in a Georgian style and typical of many post offices of this decade. The last SA government built post offices were erected around 1919.
•Cornucopia Hotel. This amazingly large hotel was built and opened in 1862 and is the only hotel in Wallaroo to maintain its original façade. It is evidence of the high prospects expected of the Wallaroo Mines.
•The Customs House, 1862, built by David Bower at the same time as the government declared the international port of Wallaroo. The first Customs Officer was also the Harbourmaster. Used by SA Customs until 1901, then the Commonwealth Customs until 1920 when it became a private residence. There is no customs service today as the port only exports with no imports. This Georgian style building is on the Register of the National Estate and is a private residence.
•The Hughes Smelter 1861, built with 300,000 bricks standing 36.5 metre high. An inscription on the rear says W.W.H. 1861.
•The current National Trust Museum of Wallaroo was the original Post Office of 1865. It was used as a Post Office until 1910 and then the police from across the street took charge of the building for offices and a residence. The National Trust has owned it since 1975. The Museum covers the Wallaroo Smelting Industry; Caroline Carleton; Nautical History of Wallaroo; early telegraph and telephones; and general Wallaroo history. It opens at 2 pm and has an admission fee.
I found out about this residence a year or two ago after downloding and reading many online alberta town documents. This beautiful house was built in 1916 and finished in 1917. The beautiful barn was built in 1918.
History from the Vulcan County Heritage document, is below.
Statement of Integrity
The Miller Residence is in good, near
original condition. The stonework appears
to be in good condition, with few episodes
of cracking or spalling of cobblestones. The
original 9-over-1 single hung windows have
been replaced with aluminum sometime in
the last 20 years. The gable peak has been
re-stuccoed and the original cobblestones in
the stucco covered. Balcony rails have been
added to the balcony. There are areas of
cracked parging at the watertable in various
locations around the house. A flat roof
addition has been added to the rear of the
house but is subtle and sympathetic to the
original design.
Description of Historic Place
The Miller Residence is a handsome one
and one-half storey ornate cobble-stone
residence situated on a farm site northeast
of the Village of Carmangay. Situated
amongst a rural landscape, the Miller
Residence displays Arts and Crafts elements
and is characterized by its front-gabled roof with
gabled wall dormers, wide overhangs,
half-timbering at the gable peaks, and
extensive cobble-stone cladding on the
first storey. The Miller farm site includes a
front-gambrelled barn with diamond paned
windows as the peak and sliding double
doors.
Heritage Value of Historic Place
The Miller Residence, built 1916-1917,
is valued for its unique architectural
expression and is a notable example of local
masonry construction in rural Carmangay.
The use of locally-available cobble-stones
demonstrates the ingenuity on behalf of
its masonry contractors. Large slabs of
local stone were utilized for the building’s
foundation. The walls up to the first storey,
are comprised of squared stones two feet
thick, which were squared directly on site.
Above the first storey, a main stone wall
was built that measures 40 centimeters
thick. Smaller field stones were used for
the veneer of building that give the house a
rustic charm. Echoing trends in architecture
at the time, an Arts and Crafts aesthetic is
reflected in its projecting central verandah
with stone columns and closed balustrade,
half-timbered gables, and the varied use
of textured claddings, such as stucco and
stone.
The MIller Residence is significant for
its association to the Miller family, who
were prominent pioneer farmers in the
Carmangay area. There house is symbolic
of the prosperity of the Miller family and
of Carmangay in the late 1910s. They
constructed this homestead between 1916
and 1917 with their fifth child born shortly
after its completion. Both W.H. Miller and
his wife were prominent local citizens and
were active members of the Carmangay
community. W.H. Miller served as chairman
of the school board for a period of 19
years; additionally he was a member of
the Agricultural Society, and a director
and teacher for the Methodist and United Church. W.H. Miller and his wife retired from farming in
1937 and relocated to Penticton. At this time, the house
was passed on to their son Wallace and his wife Rose, who
occupied the premises for some time.
The Miller Residence is further valued as a historic
farmstead and is a tangible link to the farming industry in
rural Carmangay. During the Edwardian era, Carmangay
and its surrounding area began to attract a number of
wheat farmers. The industry grew steadily due to fertile
soils and the completion of the CPR railway in 1909-11,
which facilitated both the transport of goods and people to
Calgary. The high level of craftsmanship demonstrated in
the Miller Residence is atypical of farming homesteads in
Southern Alberta, and reflects the prosperity of the Miller
family in the Interwar period. The Miller Residence, known
locally as the ‘Stone House’, remains a landmark of the
community today.
The old Marion County Jail Marion County Jail was built in 1938-1939. The ail is a simple two-story concrete cube with "Marion County Jail" carved into the parapet and decorative incised banding linking the second floor windows. A beltcourse separates the two floors, and the whole composition is anchored by a watertable. The centrally located entrance is sheltered by a simple cantilevered hood and flanked by original hopper-style windows. (Source: National Register of Historic Places Registration Form No. 97000633)
The structure is located in the Downtown Columbia Historic District listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a contributing property.
Wallaroo and Wallaroo Mines. We probably all know that Wallaroo is a contraction of two local Narrunga words meaning “wallabies urine.” But why did Robert Miller, a 19th century gentleman do this? Why not call his run Quandong or some other innocuous Narrunga word? Miller soon sold the leasehold on to Walter Watson Hughes. It was one of Hughes’ shepherds, John Boor, who found knobs of green copper in stone by a wombat burrow on the property in December 1859.( Another shepherd Ryan discovered copper at Moonta.) Hughes soon had the Wallaroo Mine operating using miners from the Burra copper mine by mid 1860. But the Wallaroo Mines were actually located at Kadina. Hughes had the mining rights and became the major shareholder of both the Wallaroo and the Moonta mining companies. He increased his fortune many fold over becoming one of the wealthiest men in SA. He was a great benefactor of the University of Adelaide, hence his title of “the Father of the University “.
But the story of Wallaroo, rather than Wallaroo Mines, is about smelting copper rather than mining it. Wallaroo was and still is a major SA port and so it was logical that smelters be established near shipping. The first shipment of copper left Wallaroo in July 1860; the first shipment of smelted copper left Wallaroo in January 1862. The current Hughes smelter chimney left at Wallaroo was one of thirteen smelter stacks built by the mid 1860s. The largest was 120 feet high. Wallaroo smelters are shown in this photograph from the State Archives dated 1870.
The township of Wallaroo emerged adjacent to the smelters as a government town in 1861 with the first Post Office opening in 1863 and the first school in 1861. A Rounsevell coach service linked Wallaroo with Adelaide via a steamer connection from Port Clinton; the Customs House was open for business by 1862; and a desalination plant was operating by 1862 to provide water for the smelters. (Water was also a problem for the Wallaroo Mines as the watertable was high and necessitated a large pump house to pump water from the deep shafts.) Within a few years, Wallaroo was a significant town. Churches, schools, shops and businesses all made this district the major focus of the state. A number of the streets of the town commemorate the names of major investors in the Wallaroo Mining Company or others involved in copper mining names such as Bagot, Hughes, Hay, Stirling, Smith ( from Robert Barr Smith), Elder, Duncan( nephew of Hughes) etc. Other streets reflecting the Cornish mining and Welsh smelting history of the town include Cornish, England, Scotland, and Wales streets.
In 1890 the Wallaroo and Moonta Mines amalgamated. The combined companies employed on average around 1,900 people a year in the mines and smelters. The peak year for employment was 1906 when the company hired 2,700 men. This followed a disastrous fire in 1904 when the large Taylor Shaft and poppet was destroyed by fire at Moonta Mines. There were three main shafts operating at the Wallaroo Mines by 1906, the Boors, Hughes and Office shafts. Between 1860 and 1923 when the mine closed the Wallaroo Mine alone had produced almost £10,000 million worth of copper and the Moonta Mine had produced over £20,000 million worth of copper. But the industrial story of Wallaroo did not cease with the closing of the mines and the smelters.
Once Professor John Custance of the newly founded Roseworthy Agricultural College (1883) discovered the value of superphosphate fertilizer to wheat yields in SA a new fertilizer industry emerged. By the end of the 1890s when usage of super became more widely practised three fertilizer plants were operating in SA, one at Port Adelaide, one at Torrensville and the last at Wallaroo. The copper smelters at Wallaroo produced sulphuric acid as a by product which was mixed with phosphate rock in kilns to form superphosphate. The Wallaroo Phosphate Company began operations in 1899. From 1899 onwards the main imports at the Port of Wallaroo were coal for the copper smelters and phosphate rock for the fertilizer ovens. (The main exports were copper and wheat.) The Wallaroo Phosphate Company merged with the Mt Lyell Fertilizer Company of Tasmania in 1913. When the copper mines closed down in 1923 the fertilizer works was the main industrial employer in Wallaroo. The company had sulphuric acid railed in from Port Pirie where it was a by product of the silver, lead and zinc smelters of BHP there. In 1965 this company became the Adelaide and Wallaroo Fertilizers Company and later the Adelaide Chemical Company. It eventually became Top Brand Fertilizers in 1980 and continued trading for some years but it no longer operates. Phosphate or guano rock was originally imported from Chile to Wallaroo but after 1907 shipments came from Nauru which is basically a phosphate island! Today phosphate rock is mined within Australia at Mt Isa, the infamous Christmas Island and Wonarah in the Northern Territory.
Some of the old buildings passed on our coach tour of Wallaroo for you to inspect more closely over your lunch break are:
•20 Wildman St. House. This was once the home of Caroline Carleton. She wrote the The Song of Australia in 1859 for a poetry competition in Gawler. She got £10. Carl Linger wrote the music to go with it. Caroline moved to Wallaroo in 1870 to live with her daughter Amy who ran a private school in this house. On a trip back from Adelaide in 1874 Caroline Carleton died at Matta House at Kadina which was probably made available for her to live in by the Wallaroo Mining Company. She was buried in the Wallaroo cemetery and a few years later her daughter moved to Western Australia to live. There is a memorial cairn to Caroline Carleton opposite the current Post Office.
•St. Mary’s Anglican Church built in 1864 in Church St. Its pews and altar joinery are in teak.
•The old Police Station (John Tce) was erected by David Bower again in 1862. It closed in 1972. Note the old cells at the back. A newer Police station was built in the 1940s with a tiled roof but neither is used for policing these days.
•The Old Court House built in 1866 by local builder T. Heath. It was used as the local Court until 1972. For years it was the headquarters of the Wallaroo Band. The Court had to be close to the jetty as many cases involved international sailors who had to be dealt with quickly before they were due to sail onwards.
•Kirribilli House (corner Lydia Tce and Hughes St.) This is not to be confused with Kirribilli House in Sydney, the city residence of the Prime Minister! It too was built by David Bower in 1862, but not for a government or a mine official but for himself. At the rear are old stables and outbuildings.
•Sonbern Lodge in John Tce. It was built in 1914 as a Coffee Palace and Guest House (as a result of the Temperance Movement.) It opened to cater for arrivals on the train opposite. It has been a guest house/ motel for many years.
•The Railway Station. This American designed Art Nouveau station was opened in 1914 the same year that identical stations opened in Bordertown, Tailem Bend and Moonta. There had been a train station elsewhere in the railyards that handled passengers from when the railway to Kadina an Adelaide opened in 1878. When passenger trains ceased in 1969 it became a local Arts and Crafts Centre. Since 1985 it has been a conference centre.
•The Wallaroo Town Hall. This fine two storey Edwardian/Classical style building with a clock tower and spire roof was built in 1902. Unfortunately on 27 December 1917 a fire destroyed the building. A fund to rebuild was started and an identical structure re-opened in 1918. It was at this time that the clock tower and spire were added thanks to a local donor, Councillor Richard Tonkin.
•The current Wallaroo Post Office was erected in 1910 by the SA government although the Commonwealth was by then responsible for post offices. It is in a Georgian style and typical of many post offices of this decade. The last SA government built post offices were erected around 1919.
•Cornucopia Hotel. This amazingly large hotel was built and opened in 1862 and is the only hotel in Wallaroo to maintain its original façade. It is evidence of the high prospects expected of the Wallaroo Mines.
•The Customs House, 1862, built by David Bower at the same time as the government declared the international port of Wallaroo. The first Customs Officer was also the Harbourmaster. Used by SA Customs until 1901, then the Commonwealth Customs until 1920 when it became a private residence. There is no customs service today as the port only exports with no imports. This Georgian style building is on the Register of the National Estate and is a private residence.
•The Hughes Smelter 1861, built with 300,000 bricks standing 36.5 metre high. An inscription on the rear says W.W.H. 1861.
•The current National Trust Museum of Wallaroo was the original Post Office of 1865. It was used as a Post Office until 1910 and then the police from across the street took charge of the building for offices and a residence. The National Trust has owned it since 1975. The Museum covers the Wallaroo Smelting Industry; Caroline Carleton; Nautical History of Wallaroo; early telegraph and telephones; and general Wallaroo history. It opens at 2 pm and has an admission fee.
**Sedalia Commercial Historic District** - National Register of Historic Places Ref # 01000687, date listed 6/28/2001
Roughly Ohio, Lamine, W. Main, E. Main, and parts of Second-Fifth Sts.
Sedalia, MO (Pettis County)
The Sedalia Commercial Historic District represents the highest concentration of historic buildings which remain in the central business district. The historic district focuses on South Ohio Avenue, spanning six blocks along this major thoroughfare of the central business district. Originally a cow path (according to local legend). South Ohio Avenue became the point of expansion of the earliest business district which had developed on Main Street near the Missouri Pacific line which reached Sedalia in 1861. When the town began booming after the Civil War, brick buildings were replacing frame buildings, due in part to the availability of brick and instigated by fires in frame buildings. Much of this building began occurring along the "cow path" which headed south from Main Street, a path which turned at a point two blocks north of Main Street. The effect of the "cow path" today is an interesting and inviting angle on the main business street, creating an attractive view of historic commercial architecture ranging from the 1870s to the 1930s. (pg 3)
111 West Fifth, New Lona Theater, (Liberty Theater), 1920, Classical Revival. Rectangular plan, two plus stories, limestone foundation with a foliated guilloche watertable, yellow brick, terra cotta trim. The second story end bays have paired 8-light casements with ornate terracotta surrounds over blind balustrades; the frieze above the surround is inscribed "AMVSEMENT" (east) and "EDVCATION" (west) in contrasting blue letters. Above each of these is a pediment with dentils. A full entablature is across the building with a molded architrave, frieze with "LONA THEATER" inscribed in contrasting blue letters and swags over the end bays, and a projecting cornice with dentils. (pg 28) (1)
References (1) NRHP Nomination Form s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/opastorage/live/33/8199/...
Wallaroo and Wallaroo Mines. We probably all know that Wallaroo is a contraction of two local Narrunga words meaning “wallabies urine.” But why did Robert Miller, a 19th century gentleman do this? Why not call his run Quandong or some other innocuous Narrunga word? Miller soon sold the leasehold on to Walter Watson Hughes. It was one of Hughes’ shepherds, John Boor, who found knobs of green copper in stone by a wombat burrow on the property in December 1859.( Another shepherd Ryan discovered copper at Moonta.) Hughes soon had the Wallaroo Mine operating using miners from the Burra copper mine by mid 1860. But the Wallaroo Mines were actually located at Kadina. Hughes had the mining rights and became the major shareholder of both the Wallaroo and the Moonta mining companies. He increased his fortune many fold over becoming one of the wealthiest men in SA. He was a great benefactor of the University of Adelaide, hence his title of “the Father of the University “.
But the story of Wallaroo, rather than Wallaroo Mines, is about smelting copper rather than mining it. Wallaroo was and still is a major SA port and so it was logical that smelters be established near shipping. The first shipment of copper left Wallaroo in July 1860; the first shipment of smelted copper left Wallaroo in January 1862. The current Hughes smelter chimney left at Wallaroo was one of thirteen smelter stacks built by the mid 1860s. The largest was 120 feet high. Wallaroo smelters are shown in this photograph from the State Archives dated 1870.
The township of Wallaroo emerged adjacent to the smelters as a government town in 1861 with the first Post Office opening in 1863 and the first school in 1861. A Rounsevell coach service linked Wallaroo with Adelaide via a steamer connection from Port Clinton; the Customs House was open for business by 1862; and a desalination plant was operating by 1862 to provide water for the smelters. (Water was also a problem for the Wallaroo Mines as the watertable was high and necessitated a large pump house to pump water from the deep shafts.) Within a few years, Wallaroo was a significant town. Churches, schools, shops and businesses all made this district the major focus of the state. A number of the streets of the town commemorate the names of major investors in the Wallaroo Mining Company or others involved in copper mining names such as Bagot, Hughes, Hay, Stirling, Smith ( from Robert Barr Smith), Elder, Duncan( nephew of Hughes) etc. Other streets reflecting the Cornish mining and Welsh smelting history of the town include Cornish, England, Scotland, and Wales streets.
In 1890 the Wallaroo and Moonta Mines amalgamated. The combined companies employed on average around 1,900 people a year in the mines and smelters. The peak year for employment was 1906 when the company hired 2,700 men. This followed a disastrous fire in 1904 when the large Taylor Shaft and poppet was destroyed by fire at Moonta Mines. There were three main shafts operating at the Wallaroo Mines by 1906, the Boors, Hughes and Office shafts. Between 1860 and 1923 when the mine closed the Wallaroo Mine alone had produced almost £10,000 million worth of copper and the Moonta Mine had produced over £20,000 million worth of copper. But the industrial story of Wallaroo did not cease with the closing of the mines and the smelters.
Once Professor John Custance of the newly founded Roseworthy Agricultural College (1883) discovered the value of superphosphate fertilizer to wheat yields in SA a new fertilizer industry emerged. By the end of the 1890s when usage of super became more widely practised three fertilizer plants were operating in SA, one at Port Adelaide, one at Torrensville and the last at Wallaroo. The copper smelters at Wallaroo produced sulphuric acid as a by product which was mixed with phosphate rock in kilns to form superphosphate. The Wallaroo Phosphate Company began operations in 1899. From 1899 onwards the main imports at the Port of Wallaroo were coal for the copper smelters and phosphate rock for the fertilizer ovens. (The main exports were copper and wheat.) The Wallaroo Phosphate Company merged with the Mt Lyell Fertilizer Company of Tasmania in 1913. When the copper mines closed down in 1923 the fertilizer works was the main industrial employer in Wallaroo. The company had sulphuric acid railed in from Port Pirie where it was a by product of the silver, lead and zinc smelters of BHP there. In 1965 this company became the Adelaide and Wallaroo Fertilizers Company and later the Adelaide Chemical Company. It eventually became Top Brand Fertilizers in 1980 and continued trading for some years but it no longer operates. Phosphate or guano rock was originally imported from Chile to Wallaroo but after 1907 shipments came from Nauru which is basically a phosphate island! Today phosphate rock is mined within Australia at Mt Isa, the infamous Christmas Island and Wonarah in the Northern Territory.
Some of the old buildings passed on our coach tour of Wallaroo for you to inspect more closely over your lunch break are:
•20 Wildman St. House. This was once the home of Caroline Carleton. She wrote the The Song of Australia in 1859 for a poetry competition in Gawler. She got £10. Carl Linger wrote the music to go with it. Caroline moved to Wallaroo in 1870 to live with her daughter Amy who ran a private school in this house. On a trip back from Adelaide in 1874 Caroline Carleton died at Matta House at Kadina which was probably made available for her to live in by the Wallaroo Mining Company. She was buried in the Wallaroo cemetery and a few years later her daughter moved to Western Australia to live. There is a memorial cairn to Caroline Carleton opposite the current Post Office.
•St. Mary’s Anglican Church built in 1864 in Church St. Its pews and altar joinery are in teak.
•The old Police Station (John Tce) was erected by David Bower again in 1862. It closed in 1972. Note the old cells at the back. A newer Police station was built in the 1940s with a tiled roof but neither is used for policing these days.
•The Old Court House built in 1866 by local builder T. Heath. It was used as the local Court until 1972. For years it was the headquarters of the Wallaroo Band. The Court had to be close to the jetty as many cases involved international sailors who had to be dealt with quickly before they were due to sail onwards.
•Kirribilli House (corner Lydia Tce and Hughes St.) This is not to be confused with Kirribilli House in Sydney, the city residence of the Prime Minister! It too was built by David Bower in 1862, but not for a government or a mine official but for himself. At the rear are old stables and outbuildings.
•Sonbern Lodge in John Tce. It was built in 1914 as a Coffee Palace and Guest House (as a result of the Temperance Movement.) It opened to cater for arrivals on the train opposite. It has been a guest house/ motel for many years.
•The Railway Station. This American designed Art Nouveau station was opened in 1914 the same year that identical stations opened in Bordertown, Tailem Bend and Moonta. There had been a train station elsewhere in the railyards that handled passengers from when the railway to Kadina an Adelaide opened in 1878. When passenger trains ceased in 1969 it became a local Arts and Crafts Centre. Since 1985 it has been a conference centre.
•The Wallaroo Town Hall. This fine two storey Edwardian/Classical style building with a clock tower and spire roof was built in 1902. Unfortunately on 27 December 1917 a fire destroyed the building. A fund to rebuild was started and an identical structure re-opened in 1918. It was at this time that the clock tower and spire were added thanks to a local donor, Councillor Richard Tonkin.
•The current Wallaroo Post Office was erected in 1910 by the SA government although the Commonwealth was by then responsible for post offices. It is in a Georgian style and typical of many post offices of this decade. The last SA government built post offices were erected around 1919.
•Cornucopia Hotel. This amazingly large hotel was built and opened in 1862 and is the only hotel in Wallaroo to maintain its original façade. It is evidence of the high prospects expected of the Wallaroo Mines.
•The Customs House, 1862, built by David Bower at the same time as the government declared the international port of Wallaroo. The first Customs Officer was also the Harbourmaster. Used by SA Customs until 1901, then the Commonwealth Customs until 1920 when it became a private residence. There is no customs service today as the port only exports with no imports. This Georgian style building is on the Register of the National Estate and is a private residence.
•The Hughes Smelter 1861, built with 300,000 bricks standing 36.5 metre high. An inscription on the rear says W.W.H. 1861.
•The current National Trust Museum of Wallaroo was the original Post Office of 1865. It was used as a Post Office until 1910 and then the police from across the street took charge of the building for offices and a residence. The National Trust has owned it since 1975. The Museum covers the Wallaroo Smelting Industry; Caroline Carleton; Nautical History of Wallaroo; early telegraph and telephones; and general Wallaroo history. It opens at 2 pm and has an admission fee.
A picture of the Antony Gormley sculpture, Sound II, in the crypt of Winchester Cathedral I mean. However, since it is the first time I have visited the crypt, here is my rendering (which I concluded would have been better slightly to the right and lower down)
Protest against Cuadrilla drilling & fracking just outside the village of Balcombe in West Sussex. Balcombe, West Sussex, UK, 2nd August 2013.
Wallaroo and Wallaroo Mines. We probably all know that Wallaroo is a contraction of two local Narrunga words meaning “wallabies urine.” But why did Robert Miller, a 19th century gentleman do this? Why not call his run Quandong or some other innocuous Narrunga word? Miller soon sold the leasehold on to Walter Watson Hughes. It was one of Hughes’ shepherds, John Boor, who found knobs of green copper in stone by a wombat burrow on the property in December 1859.( Another shepherd Ryan discovered copper at Moonta.) Hughes soon had the Wallaroo Mine operating using miners from the Burra copper mine by mid 1860. But the Wallaroo Mines were actually located at Kadina. Hughes had the mining rights and became the major shareholder of both the Wallaroo and the Moonta mining companies. He increased his fortune many fold over becoming one of the wealthiest men in SA. He was a great benefactor of the University of Adelaide, hence his title of “the Father of the University “.
But the story of Wallaroo, rather than Wallaroo Mines, is about smelting copper rather than mining it. Wallaroo was and still is a major SA port and so it was logical that smelters be established near shipping. The first shipment of copper left Wallaroo in July 1860; the first shipment of smelted copper left Wallaroo in January 1862. The current Hughes smelter chimney left at Wallaroo was one of thirteen smelter stacks built by the mid 1860s. The largest was 120 feet high. Wallaroo smelters are shown in this photograph from the State Archives dated 1870.
The township of Wallaroo emerged adjacent to the smelters as a government town in 1861 with the first Post Office opening in 1863 and the first school in 1861. A Rounsevell coach service linked Wallaroo with Adelaide via a steamer connection from Port Clinton; the Customs House was open for business by 1862; and a desalination plant was operating by 1862 to provide water for the smelters. (Water was also a problem for the Wallaroo Mines as the watertable was high and necessitated a large pump house to pump water from the deep shafts.) Within a few years, Wallaroo was a significant town. Churches, schools, shops and businesses all made this district the major focus of the state. A number of the streets of the town commemorate the names of major investors in the Wallaroo Mining Company or others involved in copper mining names such as Bagot, Hughes, Hay, Stirling, Smith ( from Robert Barr Smith), Elder, Duncan( nephew of Hughes) etc. Other streets reflecting the Cornish mining and Welsh smelting history of the town include Cornish, England, Scotland, and Wales streets.
In 1890 the Wallaroo and Moonta Mines amalgamated. The combined companies employed on average around 1,900 people a year in the mines and smelters. The peak year for employment was 1906 when the company hired 2,700 men. This followed a disastrous fire in 1904 when the large Taylor Shaft and poppet was destroyed by fire at Moonta Mines. There were three main shafts operating at the Wallaroo Mines by 1906, the Boors, Hughes and Office shafts. Between 1860 and 1923 when the mine closed the Wallaroo Mine alone had produced almost £10,000 million worth of copper and the Moonta Mine had produced over £20,000 million worth of copper. But the industrial story of Wallaroo did not cease with the closing of the mines and the smelters.
Once Professor John Custance of the newly founded Roseworthy Agricultural College (1883) discovered the value of superphosphate fertilizer to wheat yields in SA a new fertilizer industry emerged. By the end of the 1890s when usage of super became more widely practised three fertilizer plants were operating in SA, one at Port Adelaide, one at Torrensville and the last at Wallaroo. The copper smelters at Wallaroo produced sulphuric acid as a by product which was mixed with phosphate rock in kilns to form superphosphate. The Wallaroo Phosphate Company began operations in 1899. From 1899 onwards the main imports at the Port of Wallaroo were coal for the copper smelters and phosphate rock for the fertilizer ovens. (The main exports were copper and wheat.) The Wallaroo Phosphate Company merged with the Mt Lyell Fertilizer Company of Tasmania in 1913. When the copper mines closed down in 1923 the fertilizer works was the main industrial employer in Wallaroo. The company had sulphuric acid railed in from Port Pirie where it was a by product of the silver, lead and zinc smelters of BHP there. In 1965 this company became the Adelaide and Wallaroo Fertilizers Company and later the Adelaide Chemical Company. It eventually became Top Brand Fertilizers in 1980 and continued trading for some years but it no longer operates. Phosphate or guano rock was originally imported from Chile to Wallaroo but after 1907 shipments came from Nauru which is basically a phosphate island! Today phosphate rock is mined within Australia at Mt Isa, the infamous Christmas Island and Wonarah in the Northern Territory
Wallaroo and Wallaroo Mines. We probably all know that Wallaroo is a contraction of two local Narrunga words meaning “wallabies urine.” But why did Robert Miller, a 19th century gentleman do this? Why not call his run Quandong or some other innocuous Narrunga word? Miller soon sold the leasehold on to Walter Watson Hughes. It was one of Hughes’ shepherds, John Boor, who found knobs of green copper in stone by a wombat burrow on the property in December 1859.( Another shepherd Ryan discovered copper at Moonta.) Hughes soon had the Wallaroo Mine operating using miners from the Burra copper mine by mid 1860. But the Wallaroo Mines were actually located at Kadina. Hughes had the mining rights and became the major shareholder of both the Wallaroo and the Moonta mining companies. He increased his fortune many fold over becoming one of the wealthiest men in SA. He was a great benefactor of the University of Adelaide, hence his title of “the Father of the University “.
But the story of Wallaroo, rather than Wallaroo Mines, is about smelting copper rather than mining it. Wallaroo was and still is a major SA port and so it was logical that smelters be established near shipping. The first shipment of copper left Wallaroo in July 1860; the first shipment of smelted copper left Wallaroo in January 1862. The current Hughes smelter chimney left at Wallaroo was one of thirteen smelter stacks built by the mid 1860s. The largest was 120 feet high. Wallaroo smelters are shown in this photograph from the State Archives dated 1870.
The township of Wallaroo emerged adjacent to the smelters as a government town in 1861 with the first Post Office opening in 1863 and the first school in 1861. A Rounsevell coach service linked Wallaroo with Adelaide via a steamer connection from Port Clinton; the Customs House was open for business by 1862; and a desalination plant was operating by 1862 to provide water for the smelters. (Water was also a problem for the Wallaroo Mines as the watertable was high and necessitated a large pump house to pump water from the deep shafts.) Within a few years, Wallaroo was a significant town. Churches, schools, shops and businesses all made this district the major focus of the state. A number of the streets of the town commemorate the names of major investors in the Wallaroo Mining Company or others involved in copper mining names such as Bagot, Hughes, Hay, Stirling, Smith ( from Robert Barr Smith), Elder, Duncan( nephew of Hughes) etc. Other streets reflecting the Cornish mining and Welsh smelting history of the town include Cornish, England, Scotland, and Wales streets.
In 1890 the Wallaroo and Moonta Mines amalgamated. The combined companies employed on average around 1,900 people a year in the mines and smelters. The peak year for employment was 1906 when the company hired 2,700 men. This followed a disastrous fire in 1904 when the large Taylor Shaft and poppet was destroyed by fire at Moonta Mines. There were three main shafts operating at the Wallaroo Mines by 1906, the Boors, Hughes and Office shafts. Between 1860 and 1923 when the mine closed the Wallaroo Mine alone had produced almost £10,000 million worth of copper and the Moonta Mine had produced over £20,000 million worth of copper. But the industrial story of Wallaroo did not cease with the closing of the mines and the smelters.
Once Professor John Custance of the newly founded Roseworthy Agricultural College (1883) discovered the value of superphosphate fertilizer to wheat yields in SA a new fertilizer industry emerged. By the end of the 1890s when usage of super became more widely practised three fertilizer plants were operating in SA, one at Port Adelaide, one at Torrensville and the last at Wallaroo. The copper smelters at Wallaroo produced sulphuric acid as a by product which was mixed with phosphate rock in kilns to form superphosphate. The Wallaroo Phosphate Company began operations in 1899. From 1899 onwards the main imports at the Port of Wallaroo were coal for the copper smelters and phosphate rock for the fertilizer ovens. (The main exports were copper and wheat.) The Wallaroo Phosphate Company merged with the Mt Lyell Fertilizer Company of Tasmania in 1913. When the copper mines closed down in 1923 the fertilizer works was the main industrial employer in Wallaroo. The company had sulphuric acid railed in from Port Pirie where it was a by product of the silver, lead and zinc smelters of BHP there. In 1965 this company became the Adelaide and Wallaroo Fertilizers Company and later the Adelaide Chemical Company. It eventually became Top Brand Fertilizers in 1980 and continued trading for some years but it no longer operates. Phosphate or guano rock was originally imported from Chile to Wallaroo but after 1907 shipments came from Nauru which is basically a phosphate island! Today phosphate rock is mined within Australia at Mt Isa, the infamous Christmas Island and Wonarah in the Northern Territory.
Some of the old buildings passed on our coach tour of Wallaroo for you to inspect more closely over your lunch break are:
•20 Wildman St. House. This was once the home of Caroline Carleton. She wrote the The Song of Australia in 1859 for a poetry competition in Gawler. She got £10. Carl Linger wrote the music to go with it. Caroline moved to Wallaroo in 1870 to live with her daughter Amy who ran a private school in this house. On a trip back from Adelaide in 1874 Caroline Carleton died at Matta House at Kadina which was probably made available for her to live in by the Wallaroo Mining Company. She was buried in the Wallaroo cemetery and a few years later her daughter moved to Western Australia to live. There is a memorial cairn to Caroline Carleton opposite the current Post Office.
•St. Mary’s Anglican Church built in 1864 in Church St. Its pews and altar joinery are in teak.
•The old Police Station (John Tce) was erected by David Bower again in 1862. It closed in 1972. Note the old cells at the back. A newer Police station was built in the 1940s with a tiled roof but neither is used for policing these days.
•The Old Court House built in 1866 by local builder T. Heath. It was used as the local Court until 1972. For years it was the headquarters of the Wallaroo Band. The Court had to be close to the jetty as many cases involved international sailors who had to be dealt with quickly before they were due to sail onwards.
•Kirribilli House (corner Lydia Tce and Hughes St.) This is not to be confused with Kirribilli House in Sydney, the city residence of the Prime Minister! It too was built by David Bower in 1862, but not for a government or a mine official but for himself. At the rear are old stables and outbuildings.
•Sonbern Lodge in John Tce. It was built in 1914 as a Coffee Palace and Guest House (as a result of the Temperance Movement.) It opened to cater for arrivals on the train opposite. It has been a guest house/ motel for many years.
•The Railway Station. This American designed Art Nouveau station was opened in 1914 the same year that identical stations opened in Bordertown, Tailem Bend and Moonta. There had been a train station elsewhere in the railyards that handled passengers from when the railway to Kadina an Adelaide opened in 1878. When passenger trains ceased in 1969 it became a local Arts and Crafts Centre. Since 1985 it has been a conference centre.
•The Wallaroo Town Hall. This fine two storey Edwardian/Classical style building with a clock tower and spire roof was built in 1902. Unfortunately on 27 December 1917 a fire destroyed the building. A fund to rebuild was started and an identical structure re-opened in 1918. It was at this time that the clock tower and spire were added thanks to a local donor, Councillor Richard Tonkin.
•The current Wallaroo Post Office was erected in 1910 by the SA government although the Commonwealth was by then responsible for post offices. It is in a Georgian style and typical of many post offices of this decade. The last SA government built post offices were erected around 1919.
•Cornucopia Hotel. This amazingly large hotel was built and opened in 1862 and is the only hotel in Wallaroo to maintain its original façade. It is evidence of the high prospects expected of the Wallaroo Mines.
•The Customs House, 1862, built by David Bower at the same time as the government declared the international port of Wallaroo. The first Customs Officer was also the Harbourmaster. Used by SA Customs until 1901, then the Commonwealth Customs until 1920 when it became a private residence. There is no customs service today as the port only exports with no imports. This Georgian style building is on the Register of the National Estate and is a private residence.
•The Hughes Smelter 1861, built with 300,000 bricks standing 36.5 metre high. An inscription on the rear says W.W.H. 1861.
•The current National Trust Museum of Wallaroo was the original Post Office of 1865. It was used as a Post Office until 1910 and then the police from across the street took charge of the building for offices and a residence. The National Trust has owned it since 1975. The Museum covers the Wallaroo Smelting Industry; Caroline Carleton; Nautical History of Wallaroo; early telegraph and telephones; and general Wallaroo history. It opens at 2 pm and has an admission fee.
Established in 1869 as Hann's Hotel, changed name to the Imperial in 1871. The building was demolished in 1960.
"A rather curious accident happened in King William Street on Thursday morning. A lad named Chittle was driving a horse and baker's cart belonging to Mr. Menz, and when near the corner of Flinders-street the animal became restive in consequence of the harness being disarranged. The driver was pulling the animal up when it began to kick, and he was thrown to the ground. The beast then bolted along the pavement, passed the Government Offices, and under the portico of the Town Hall, galloped along the flags, barely escaping a ladder on which a man was standing against Messrs. D. and W. Murray's shop, knocked some splinters off Mr. Duryea's verandah post, and immediately afterwards struck a post in front of the Imperial Hotel with such force that the trap was thrown completely across the pavement into the watertable. Mr. Borten's son had a narrow escape, as he was standing close to the post when the wheel struck it. The trap was considerably damaged, but the brute continued its career along King William-street, apparently none the worse for the fall. The noise had frightened a horse attached to a buggy in front of the Town Hall, and this animal dashed into Waymouth street, when it was pluckily stopped by Mr. Felix Goodfellow, who jumped up behind and caught the reins."
South Australian Advertiser, Friday 27 September 1872, p2
See: www.flickr.com/photos/state_library_south_australia/86371... and www.flickr.com/photos/state_library_south_australia/15532...
Visit the State Library of South Australia to view more photos of South Australia.