A beautiful historic Scottish Fishing bay dating back to the 1700's, under duress due to problems between the "Owner" and local fishermen who have utilised this historic harbour as they and their fore fathers have done for hundreds of years .

 

I revisited today Tuesday 27th August 2019 , I was disappointed to see concrete barriers blocking access to cars and fishing boats , sad circumstances indeed , though I still managed to capture as much of the bays charm a I could , its ongoing battle and new concrete blocks preventing access made me feel unhappy and sad, any ways I have pasted some of my previous comments and news items reference this pathetic situation below for your perusal, I am on the side of the fishermen , its a sad tale indeed.

 

Check my previous posts in my Cove Bay folder for photos of the harbour in its glory days that I have taken over the years before this nonsense raised its ugly head.

 

Previous Posts

 

I love this bay, its a beautiful tranquil place, however after reading news reports on a court judgement 13/7/2018 forcing the fisher men to remove their boats within 28 days it saddened me, hence I made a trip today Friday 13th July 2018 to capture the views and scenery before this unpopular ruling is implemented, what a sad situation indeed, I have included the news report on the legal wrangle at the end of this description.

 

Cove is a 20 minute drive from my home in Aberdeen Scotland, it was a pleasure to visit today and capture the tranquility that it presented.

 

Scattered across the harbour are stones with various sealife characters carved into them.

 

Cove Bay is a suburb on the south-east edge of Aberdeen, Scotland.

 

Today Cove is home to over 7000 people. It is a popular residential location owing to its extremely village-like status.

 

It is a quiet suburb just at the edge of the City and in 2015 won the Silver award for Scotland in bloom. Nearby Altens and Tullos Industrial Estates, affording ample employment opportunities.

 

History

 

Cove Bay is situated to the east of the ancient Causey Mounth, which road was built on high ground to make passable this only available medieval route from coastal points south from Stonehaven to Aberdeen.

 

This ancient trackway specifically connected the River Dee crossing (where the Bridge of Dee is located) via Portlethen Moss, Muchalls Castle and Stonehaven to the south.

 

The route was that taken by William Keith, 7th Earl Marischal and the Marquess of Montrose, who led a Covenanter army of 9000 men in the battle of the Civil War in 1639.

 

Cove Bay was a village in the extreme north-east corner of Kincardine, governed from Stonehaven, until 1975, when it was added to the City of Aberdeen. Though simply referred to as Cove, in the 19th and early 20th centuries it was known as The Cove, becoming Cove Bay around 1912.

 

Industry

 

Cove has been noted for industries such as granite, which was quarried in several locations to the south of the village. Owing to its close-grained texture, Cove granite was one of the hardest in north-east Scotland and proved highly resistant to frost, making it ideal for causeway stones used in the construction of roads. It was widely exported to cities in England, including Billingsgate Market in London.

 

Fishing

The village itself sprung up around the fishing industry, with the boats berthed on a shingle beach, a gap in the rocks that afforded a natural harbour. During this time, it is estimated that approximately 300 people lived in the area. In the mid 19th century the fishing was at its height, which, over years, has included cod, haddock, salmon, herring and shellfish. The piers and breakwater were constructed in 1878. At the end of World War I the fishing began to decline. At present only a couple of boats pursue shellfish on a part-time basis.

 

Between 1894 and 1937, Cove also housed a fishmeal factory, the Aberdeen Fish Meal Factory, which was located at the edge of the cliffs. It produced quality manure which was exported to both Europe and America. It became locally known as "the stinker" because of the processing odour, which was highlighted by the Aberdeen entertainer Harry Gordon in a parody entitled A Song of Cove.

 

Amenities

Retail

 

Cove has just had a brand new Co-operative built just off of Earnshugh Circle.

To the west of Loirston Road is the Cove Shopping Centre, which overlooks Loirston Primary School. This houses a pharmacist, the Wee China Chinese takeaway/Chip shop, Ruby Tuesdays beauty salon and the Harr Rock cafe (Cove's second).

 

Within the new development of cove a local Sainsbury's has opened. There is also the Harr Rock Cafe (the first one), a hairdressers and a gift shop within the new development.

 

There are also 2 RS McColl newsagents. One located at Bervie Brow in Altens, and a second located on the corner of Loirston Road and Cove Road which also houses a Post Office.

 

Hospitality

 

The Cove Bay hotel is located on Colsea Road. There is also The Aberdeen Altens Hotel in Altens, which has 216 bedrooms, making it the largest of the three Thistle Hotels in Aberdeen.

 

There is also a pub, the Langdykes which now has an Indian restaurant situated inside called The Curry lounge which you can sit in or take away.

 

Transport

 

Bus services to and from Cove and the wider area of Aberdeen are available. These are run by First Aberdeen with the numbers 3 (to Mastrick) and the 18 to Dyce, via Kincorth. Stagecoach also cover cove partially, with numbers 7A & 8 (Both to the City Centre).

 

Healthcare

Cove Bay has its own medical centre, the Cove Bay Medical Centre. It was originally located on Catto Walk, but moved to a new facility off Earns Hugh Road. Cove Dental Care has since moved into the old surgery building.

 

Sport

Cove is currently home to two football teams: Cove Rangers, who currently play in the Highland Football League, they temporarily play in Harlow Park, Inverurie, as their old home Allan park was demolished to make way for housing. Cove Thistle, who hold amateur status. Sunday amateur team Cove Revolution folded in 2010.

 

There are also many youth teams in the area that are run by Cove Youth FC. The Cove Youth FC area SFA credited community club, organizing players from 6 years old up to 19 years old. They also have a girls section. The Cove Community Football Trust is run by Cove Rangers FC, Cove Thistle FC and Cove Youth FC.

 

Other Amenities

A state-of-the-art library was recently built between Loirston Primary School and the Cove Shopping Centre. There are blueprints for a local sports centre to also be built in the near future.

 

Education

Cove has two primary schools, Charleston Primary School and Loirston Primary School. Most secondary pupils attend the nearby Kincorth Academy, but some choose to go to Portlethen Academy.

 

Future Developments

Aberdeen Gateway[edit]

Construction on a new Aberdeen Gateway industrial development began in 2008. It will see new offices and industrial units built to the south of the village. Current tenants at the site include National Oilwell Varco (NOV), Driving Standards Agency and Hydrasun. A Community football pitch is also inlcluded within the development.

 

Cove Academy

Plans for a secondary school in Cove have now been approved and will be situated alongside Wellington Road. It is thought that once this is built pupils from Cove, Torry as well as Kincorth will attend this school.

 

The Legal Wrangle - Landowner V Fishermen - Judgement 13/7/18

  

Fishermen told to move boats from Cove Bay after legal dispute

 

Fishermen have been told to move their boats from an Aberdeen bay after a long-running dispute.

Several fishermen were fighting an eviction order on behalf of landowner Pralhad Kolhe at Cove Bay, where they had been fishing for many years.

In a written judgement, a sheriff has given them 28 days to move their boats and equipment from Mr Kolhe's land.

However, Sheriff Andrew Miller also ordered the removal of obstructions to vehicular access onto the pier.

 

The case was heard at Aberdeen Sheriff Court earlier this year.

 

One of the fisherman, Jim Adam, told a court he was "stunned" to receive a legal letter telling him to remove his boat.

 

He had been fishing from Cove Bay since 1966.

'We were hopeful'

 

The first day of the hearing heard the letter said the landowner, who lives in a house overlooking the harbour, was unable to make use of his land for amenity purposes and that he did not wish Mr Adam's vessel, or any other vessel, on his land.

 

In the ruling, Sheriff Miller also gave Mr Kolhe 28 days to remove the obstructions to vehicle access to the pier.

Mr Adam told BBC Scotland: "We are disappointed, we were hopeful.

 

"The good news is at least for the recreational folks they have got vehicle access."

 

News Report From P&J Aberdeen

 

A campaign group could use new powers to try to buy the land at the centre of a long-running dispute over access to Cove Harbour.

 

Councillors in Aberdeen agreed yesterday to investigate using the purchase powers contained in the Community Empowerment Scotland Act 2015 to finally resolve the stand-off.

 

The proposal was backed after Jim Adam, chairman of the Cove Fishermen Association, delivered an emotional plea to Aberdeen City Council’s petitions committee yesterday.

 

He outlined the group’s ongoing disagreement with the landowner, Pralhad Kohle, over vehicle access to the harbour-side.

 

Mr Adam highlighted the historical use of the harbour since the 1700s for fishing boats and recreational users, showing members photographs as evidence.

 

He also said the denial of emergency access to the harbour would create safety issues, and spoke of a strong community spirit in the village.

 

Cove Councillor Neil Cooney stated: “Boats have been fishing out of Cove since mediaeval times; we need to retain that heritage.”

 

Committee convener Alan Donnelly said: “You would think, with 11,000 signatures, that the owner would take it seriously and come along.”

 

He added: “We are moving today that the council refers the petition to the landowner, with the hope that they can come to an amicable solution.

 

“And request a report to the communities, housing and infrastructure committee to investigate the viability of the community to use the new Community Empowerment Scotland Act 2015 to purchase the land.”

 

Speaking afterwards Mr Adam said: “We are very encouraged by the support from the council. It’s very positive and has opened up a number of avenues, but we would like there to be an amicable solution.

 

“The Community Empowerment Act is a very useful tool, but it would be a last resort.”

 

Mr Kohle, who was not in attendance, owns a house overlooking the bay and some of the land at the harbour below.

 

Scotland’s First Minister has pledged to investigate the “suffering” faced by the Cove Harbour fishing community as a result of a devastating fire and a dispute with the landlord.

 

The first minister promised action after being warned the Scottish Government risked ignoring a group whose livelihoods had been threatened by recent events.

 

Ms Sturgeon said the government wanted “to do everything we possibly can” to help communities faced with difficulties after the Cove Harbour situation was raised with her.

 

In January, thousands of pounds worth of damage was caused when a fire, thought to be deliberate, destroyed five vessels, boating equipment, a shed and fishing gear.

 

The community has also been involved in a long-running battle with landowner Pralhad Kolhe, a plastic surgeon who had sought to evict the fishermen’s fleet of traditional vessels from the part of the harbour he owns.

 

The Cove Fisherman’s Association had a four-year legal battle with Mr Kolhe, and lost their fight to dock their small fleet of traditional vessels at a particular part of Cove Harbour last year.

 

Last August the remaining vessels at the site were finally moved from Mr Kolhe’s land to a small corner of the harbour. The judgement said access to the pier for walkers and vehicles should be maintained.

 

After January’s fire, North East MSP Liam Kerr wrote to Rural Economy Secretary Fergus Ewing asking for support for the fishermen.

 

Mr Ewing replied say he was “very saddened” by the disaster but financial support would be “limited”.

 

Yesterday Mr Kerr raised Cove Harbour with Ms Sturgeon in the Scottish Parliament.

 

Mr Kerr told the first minister the Cove Harbour fishing community was “suffering” and faced “significant” legal costs.

 

The Tory MSP said the fishermen had requested a meeting with Mr Ewing “but to no avail”.

 

And he asked Ms Sturgeon to persuade Mr Ewing to meet the community and “not risk ignoring a community facing the loss of their livelihoods”.

 

The First Minister said: “Of course we want to do everything we possibly can to help any community experiencing difficulties.

 

“I am not aware beyond what the member has just said of the content of the correspondence to Fergus Ewing.

 

“But I am happy to give an undertaking to look into that and if Fergus Ewing thinks there is help the Scottish Government can offer – certainly to meet with those affected.”

 

A group of Aberdeen fishermen who lost a court case last year have been hit with a legal fee bill of around £45,000 – just days after their cherished vessels were destroyed in a malicious fire.

 

The Cove Fishermen’s Association was forced to move its boats at Cove Harbour last year after a court ruled in favour of landowner Pralhad Kolhe – who owns sections of the historic bay.

 

Mr Kolhe has been seeking to remove the small fleet of boats from his land, but in the months since the court’s decision, the fishermen have continued their activities by keeping their remaining vessels in a much smaller pocket of the harbour not under the landowner’s control, further away from the shoreline

Copyright © 2012 Ruggero Poggianella Photostream.

All rights reserved. Please, do not use my photos without my written permission.

Tous droits reservés. Défense d'utilisation de cette image sans ma permission.

Todos derechos reservados. No usar sin mi consentimiento.

Please note that the fact that "This photo is public" doesn't mean it's public domain or a free stock image.

 

Dressed in a flowing brown jellaba and peaked gray tarboosh, Abdelatif Benslimane wanders the narrow lanes of Old Fez, his eyes darting from wall to column to fountain, his mouth whispering familiar names. "Fifty points inside eight. Four clasped hands. Spider's house. Empty and full." This is not the secret patter of a mystic, but rather the precise terminology of a master craftsman. Benslimane is a ceramic mosaicist, a zlayji in Moroccan Arabic, and these are the names of just some of the many patterns he sees in any short stroll through the old city. His art of glazed and cut tiles arranged in complex geometries, known as zillij, is everywhere in Fez. Its broad range of color, its infinite possibilities of design and its sudden pleasure of discovery - around a corner at eye level or, at a distance, as part of an architectural whole - all contribute to the striking impression the city gives that it wears two faces at once: an ageless beauty masked by a well-worn antiquity. Titus Burkhardt, a Swiss art historian and one of the first advisors to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) on the conservation of the old city, compared Fez in its bowl-shaped valley to an opened geode, "brimful of thousands of tightly packed crystals and surrounded by a silver-green rim; this was Fez, the Old City of Fez, in the twilight; the countless crystals now come more clearly into view; one side of them was light, while the other side had become darkened and weather-beaten."

Burkhardt might have been thinking specifically of the city's crystal-like zillij work, refracting the sun but darkening in the dim, covered suqs and lanes. Throughout the madinah - which is what Old Fez is called locally, using the Arabic word for "city" - small mosaic panels and narrow running bands of zillij decorate otherwise blank walls. They shimmer, hold the eye, and offer release, creating introspective moments in otherwise boisterous public spaces. Although zillij reached what many consider its apogee in the 16th-century Saadian Tombs in Marrakesh, and a second flowering in the many royal palaces and public buildings built throughout the country between 1961 and 1999 by King Hassan II, it is in Fez that zillij is best appreciated as an ever-present adornment of everyday life. Outside the madinah, in the sprawling modern city, it graces apartment building lobbies and office façades, café counters and sidewalk flower planters. In the madinah it accents the city's greatest monuments: the 14th-century Attarine and Bou Inaniyya madrasas (Islamic schools), the Qarawiyyin mosque and the tomb of Moulay Idriss II, who founded Fez in the year 809 of the western calendar. Even the donkeys that carry the old city's burdens drink from zillij -faced troughs. And Morocco's 20-dirham bank note is adorned by a fountain designed by a master zlayji from Fez. The Nejjarine Fountain, which still offers water to passerby, uses large star patterns and fills a lower register with a smaller, all-over pattern. The Moroccan city of Fez has been likened to a geode, filled with glittering crystals of art and architecture. Among its brightest refractions are the geometric tile works known as zillij, which grace homes, shops, schools, mosques and streets. Much ofthe best zillij has been made by members of the last five generations of the Benslimane family, which has recently opened its first branch store - in lower Manhattan.

Roger LeTourneau, the leading western historian of Fez, said that among all of the city's various craftsmen, zlayjis were most worthy of being called artists, because "their reputation went beyond the city walls. It was not unusual for the sultan or a notable personage from another great Moroccan city to call upon their talent." And among such zlayjis, not a few of them have come from five generations of the Benslimane family. In the 1920's, at the behest of the newly installed French colonial governor, Abdelatif Benslimane's grandfather Ahmad retiled the well-known 17th-century Nejjarine Fountain, one of the city's best, just outside the Funduq Nejjarine. Abdelatif's father, Muhammad, later repaired Ahmad's jewel, taking apart one by one the mosaic pieces damaged by rough public use and mounting them afresh. "Whenever I walk this way," says Abdelatif, "I bow my head in respect to the masters who preceded me."

His father also repaired Nasrid-era zillij in Cordoba and Granada, Spain and worked five years in Paris. Abdelatif worked as his apprentice in three royal palaces, the tomb of King Muhammed V in Rabat, and on the Palais Jamaï Hotel, one of Fez's finest. He died in 1984, while helping make the private home of the pasha of Marrakesh into a modern masterpiece. Abdelatif, now 67, learned well from his father. Works of his mature hand can be found in places near and far - the entryway and fountain of the Wataniyya Commercial Center on the new city's main avenue, in five-star hotel lobbies throughout the country, and even in Jiddah, Saudi Arabia, in the interior of the Zeinab Mosque. His own son, Muhammad, recently opened a shop in New York selling his father's work and his own, designed especially for the North American market: table-tops, small fountains, decoratively edged mirrors and patterned runners for kitchen and bath.

Radiating from a central 10-pointed star, a zillij pattern expands, logically and coherently, toward infinity.

Mosaic work in Morocco is not unique to the Islamic period, and neither is zillij unique to Morocco. Not far from Fez lie the remains of the Roman city of Volubilis, where intricate marble floor mosaics take on myriad forms. Beginning in the mid-llth century, North Africa's Almoravid rulers, and later the Almohads, introduced zillij to the buildings of their imperial cities in Morocco and Spain. It can still be seen on important dynastic landmarks such as the minaret of the Kutubiyya Mosque in Marrakesh, the Hassan Tower in Rabat and the Giralda in Seville. Near-cousins of the art form are also found in lands east of the Mediterranean. In the 14th century, Tangier-born Ibn Battuta favorably compared the zillij of his homeland to the eastern mosaics called qashani. Thirteenth-century Seljuk Turkey and 12th-century Persia knew the beauty of cut tile work in floral patterns, and the Egyptian Mamluks made extensive use of mosaics, marquetry and other patterns in polychrome stone.

About Fez, at the beginning of the 13th century, a survey of the city ordered by the Almohad ruler al-Nasir Muhammad (1199-1213) counted 188 ceramic workshops. In the 14th century, historian Ibn Khaldun noted the desire of wealthy merchants there "to build great houses and decorate them with ceramics, mosaics, and arabesques." In later years in Muslim Spain, or al-Andalus, zillij reached artistic heights that have never been surpassed, evident especially in the Alcazar and Alhambra palaces. As Arab historian Leo Africanus noted, the eventual expulsion of the Muslims from Spain in 1492 benefited Fez: It provided the city with an influx not only of great craftsmen, but also a new class of patrons. Today, private patronage is still the key to sustaining labor-intensive zillij, which - though an unusually expensive art form - is considered indispensable by Moroccans of all social and economic stations. Benslimane's clients range from Shaykh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, president of the United Arab Emirates, who owns several houses in Morocco, to businessmen and countless others of more ordinary means. New homeowners on even the most limited budgets often yearn for a traditional Moroccan reception room, or salon, which means zillij halfway up walls whose upper portions are finished by elaborately carved stucco and topped with an inlaid wooden ceiling—and if they can't afford all of it at once, it is commissioned piecemeal, over years.

A typical job for a zlayji starts with a call from an architect whose client has asked for a mosaic panel measuring, let us say, two meters (78") square, to decorate a new home's salon. Any traditional design and color scheme are possible, but the space and its proportions impose certain overall constraints: A 50-point star, for example, needs room for its 24- and 12-point satellite stars, a common Islamic pattern that Burkhardt called "a shimmering planetarium, in which each line starts from a center and leads to a center."

An encyclopedia could not contain the full array of complex, often individually varied patterns and the individually shaped, hand-cut tesserae, or furmah, found in zillij work. Star-based patterns are identified by their number of points—'itnashari for 12, 'ishrini for 20, arba' wa 'ishrini for 24 and so on, but they are not necessarily named with exactitude. The so-called khamsini, for 50 points, and mi'ini, for 100, actually consist of 48 and 96 points respectively, because geometry requires that the number of points of any star in this sequence be divisible by six. (There are also sequences based on five and on eight.)

Within a single star pattern, variations abound—by the mix of colors, the size of the furmah, and the complexity and size of interspacing elements such as strapping, braids, or "lanterns." And then there are all the non-star patterns—honeycombs, webs, steps and shoulders, and checkerboards. The Alhambra's interlocking zillij patterns were reportedly a source of inspiration for the tessellations of modern Dutch artist M.C. Escher. The more commonly used of the 360 different furmah, according to one scholar's exhaustive count, run the geometrical gamut from star medallions, which are used as the center of the star patterns, to chevrons and triangles, hexagons and octagons, lozenges and diamonds, and curvilinear and rectilinear strapwork. Organic shapes go by the names of the objects from which they are abstracted - bottlenecks, ducks, combs, bracelets, cups and hands.

"There are many, too many for me to remember, but I have almost surely used them all," says Benslimane.

For one of his current private commissions, a wall-mounted fountain decorated with a 24-point star pattern on a square-meter panel (39" square), Benslimane figures about 5000 furmah will be needed, consisting of 32 different shapes in eight colors. He works backward from these numbers to calculate how many square, glazed "mother tiles," each 10 centimeters (4") on a side, he must order from the kiln in order to cut this combination of furmah. The pottery quarter, where smoke always lingers on the slopes of the Fez River below the madinah, is located just inside the 18th-century gate called Bab al-Ftouh. Bi-level, beehive-shaped ovens are fueled with faytour, or olive pomace, the pits and dry pulpy material left after olives have been pressed for oil. Faytour burns at an extraordinarily high temperature. Tiles are molded of a special, fine-bodied clay from nearby Jebel Ben Jelliq, which, after being fired, can be scored and struck to break cleanly along straight lines. The glaze too contains a key local ingredient. A sandy red soil from Meknes is added to recycled battery lead and kiln-baked for two days. Then it is milled into a powdered glazing compound and mixed with water and a pigment. Some pigments are made locally, such as green from recycled copper and dark blue and black from mineral ores, while other, modern colors unknown in older work, such as turquoise, rose and yellow, are imported. The tiles are fired twice, first in the kiln's hotter lower level before being glazed and again in the upper story after one face has been dipped in a color bath. A single finished square costs the zlayji about 10 cents, but broken pieces, bought at discount prices, will often suffice when the furmah to be cut from the mother tile are small.

The next step is to cut the furmah, and this is a two-stage process. Ahmad Burqadi is an independent tile cutter, or nqaash, who frequently fills Benslimane's larger orders. His workshop is in the old city's busy Bab al-Khokha quarter, and on this day he and his assistants are cutting furmah called qamarshun, whose shape is a Greek cross with tapered ends, that measure about one centimeter (3/8") end to end.

Burqadi uses a finished qamarshun as a template to ink outlines onto a square mother tile. Striking it with a chisel-headed hammer against his anvil's steel tongue, he scores lightly along the drawn lines and snaps out the rough shape with his hand. He has cut along sixteen separate edges, and not one has fractured other than where he intended. He hands the piece off to the finish cutter sitting cross-legged beside him before an anvil with a tongue of terra cotta, which provides the softer striking surface required for the finer end-work. The finisher cleans up the shape and bevels the back side so that only the furmah's glazed edges will touch when set against another piece. Burqadi and his helper can make several hundred of these shapes per day. More delicate furmah, such as triangled strapwork pieces, take longer and break more often, so about 80 of these is considered a good day's output. Because many lengths of strapwork are required in any design using that motif, a simple 10-point star pattern - the same one found in the Bou Inaniyya madrasa - would today cost more than $1500 for a single square-meter panel. The entry wall to the prayer room of the Attarine madrasah, built by the Marinid Sultan Abu Said in 1325, displays a tour de force of the art of tile cutting. A master nqaash has cut the calligraphic word Allah (God) less than two centimeters across, the size of a dime, from a green tile, and also a space in which to inlay it within a white tile medallion. The curving edges of the inset and its background match perfectly. From that center, the pattern expands infinitely to cover the wall or, potentially, the universe.

The Attarine also boasts fine examples of another specialty of the nqaash that is called taqshir, or "peeled work," in which glaze is scraped off negative areas of the mother tile to leave behind a shiny pattern in low relief. This serves best to highlight the calligraphic and floral borders at waist height that top off the zillij work on walls, most often in black glaze. The effect is striking, as the exposed terracotta base of the tile weathers irregularly, setting off the glistening glaze all the more. After the furmah have been cut and bagged by shape and color, they are sent to the worksite for mounting. This last stage is the job of the fraash, or layout artist. Benslimane's most experienced fraash is Muhammad Rashidi, who first apprenticed with his boss at the age of 13 and is now in charge of the wall-mounted fountain project.

Rashidi takes a pencil to draw a partial diagram of the 24-point star pattern on the floor and gradually fills it in, placing each piece glazed-side down. At dead center is the twelve-pointed star medallion. From each of its tips sprout two elongated diamonds, thus giving the pattern its full count of twenty-four. Radiating around this center is a burst of evenly spaced eight-pointed star pieces called dirhams.

Starting with the dirhams, Rashidi lays out all the furmah of each shape and color in turn, slowly connecting the star piece coordinates with interspacing elements until the puzzle is complete. Because the back side of each furmah is monochromatic and irregularly beveled, the overall pattern is almost impossible to discern.

Galaxies of eight-pointed stars cover a wall in Fez as panels of zillij tilework are mounted and aligned. This quintessentially Morocan art form is not created by pressing tiles onto a grouted surface; rather, it is laid out on a dry floor upside-down,each tessera placed in precise contact with its neighbors, the final pattern visible only in the mind of the master zlayji. After a final firming of the pattern, which he accomplishes by gingerly walking over the layout to push the pieces toward the center, Rashidi sprays a powdery cement over the design. The next day he will apply a seven-centimeter-thick (3") concrete backing that, when dry, will allow the mosaic to be attached to a wall as a single panel. Only then will the brilliance and complexity of the design join the artistic firmament of the zlayji's universe.

Benslimane speaks of zillij as being more than simply a combination of glaze, tile and concrete. "Truthfulness - sidq - is in everything I make," he says. By this, he means being true to his metier and faithful to the traditions of his craft. On one occasion, after a client was late in paying, Benslimane sold his new car to help his assistants - with whom he had just completed a particularly fine piece of work - buy sheep for the annual 'Id al-Adha, or Feast of the Sacrifice. To this day he drives the old clunker that replaced that car. This act of generosity towards fellow zlayjis underscores what historian Roger LeTourneau meant when he noted that Fez's craftsmen feel so well compensated by the respect accorded them that they are unashamed of their otherwise modest economic status. "Fez is not," he wrote, "the city of mystery, as has often been said, but rather the city of good sense and good living" - values that are embodied in the art of zillij.

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Senza ombra di dubbio è un posto da visitare e che non dimenticherete. Il buio e il suono dei tamburi nella notte, i fumi delle bancarelle che vendono cibo, i fuochi, la varietà di persone che lo popola sono un ricordo vivido nella mia mente. Jemaa el Fna è la piazza al centro della quale si sviluppa la città vecchia di Marrakech. È circondata a nord dal souk, a est dalla Kasbah. Patrimonio orale dell'umanità Unesco è trafficatissima giorno e notte: tanti i turisti, ma la massima parte delle persone che la popolano sono marocchini. È sede di bancarelle che vendono diversi genere di merci (dalla frutta, alle spremute, alle stoffe, a oggetti usati contro le malattie). La mattina è dominata da incantatori di serpenti, acquaioli, decoratrici con l'hennè. Ma fate attenzione perché tutto ha un prezzo. La foto scattata con la scimmia o con il cobra che vi saranno messi in testa o il ritratto dell'acquaiolo (non bevete l'acqua se ci tenete allo stomaco, però) andranno remunerati e vi conviene contrattare il prezzo prima per evitare sgraditissime sorprese. La sera a dominare la piazza buia sono invece concerti, cantastorie e le decine di affollatissime bancarelle dedicate al cibo e che offrono in particolare economici brochettes (spiedini di carne o pesce), con i fumi delle grigliate che si elevano sopra la piazza illuminati dalle luci. Uno stand vale l'altro e mangiarci è un'esperienza da fare.

La Piazza Jema El-Fna è uno dei punti di ritrovo principali di Marrakech. Nel 2001 l'Unesco l'ha denominata Patrimonio Orale e Immateriale dell'Umanità. È situata a lato dei vari suk e a partire dalle ore 17.00 si riempie di venditori di succhi di frutta naturali, frutta secca, donne che dipingono il corpo con l'hennè, incantatori di serpenti, musici, venditori ambulanti, tassisti, veggenti, turisti e addirittura dentisti! Inoltre è circondata da piccole moschee e la chiamata alla preghiera diventa un vero spettacolo. I caffè più famosi della città si trovano proprio qui: Il Café De France, l'Argana... Tutti hanno terrazze in cui sedersi per sorseggiare tè alla menta o cenare con vista sulla piazza. A ora di cena,in particolare durante il tramonto, vengono improvvisati punti di ristoro che propongono pietanze di carne, pesce o cuscus.

La Piazza Jemaa el Fna è la piazza centrale di Marrakech, luogo dichiarato dall'UNESCO "di tradizione orale". Qui si recano gli "Gnaouas", un gruppo di musicisti locali, a suonare musica e percussioni, accompagnati da incantatori di serpenti o di scimmie. Si raccontano storie, si balla, si mangia fino a tarda ora. Durante il giorno la piazza, che si trova accanto alla Kutubia, è quasi vuota a causa del gran caldo. Nel pomeriggio iniziano ad apparire i primi tavoli e le prime sedie, assieme ai venditori di cibo e a coloro che preparano carne alla griglia e cous-cous. Durante il giorno si può prendere un succo d'arancia, spremuto all'istante, accompagnato da datteri e dolci tipici. Il momento migliore rimane il tardo pomeriggio, quando la piazza si riempie di gente del posto, persone arrivate dal deserto per vendere tessuti o animali magici in grado di curare qualsiasi malanno, famiglie che vengono a mangiare.

 

Jamaa el Fna (Arabic: ساحة جامع الفناء jâmiʻ al-fanâʼ) is a square and market place in Marrakesh's medina quarter (old city). The origin of its name is unclear: Jemaa means "congregational mosque" in Arabic, probably referring to a destroyed Almoravid mosque. "Fanâʼ" or "finâ'" can mean "death" or "a courtyard, space in front of a building." Thus, one meaning could be "The mosque or assembly of death," or "The Mosque at the End of the World". A more likely explanation is that it refers to a mosque with a distinctive courtyard or square in front of it. Marrakesh was founded by the Almoravids 1070-1072. After a destructive struggle, it was falling to the Almohads in 1147. Following this, Jamaa el Fna was renovated along with much of the city. The city walls were also extended by Abou Yacoub Youssef and particularly by Yacoub el Mansour 1147-1158. The surrounding mosque, palace, hospital, parade ground and gardens around the edges of the marketplace were also overhauled, and the Kasbah was fortified. Subsequently, with the fortunes of the city, Jamaa el Fna saw periods of decline and also renewal. The place remains the main square of Marrakesh, used by locals and tourists. During the day it is predominantly occupied by orange juice stalls, youths with chained Barbary apes, water sellers in colourful costumes with traditional leather water-bags and brass cups, and snake charmers who will pose for photographs for tourists. As the day progresses, the entertainment on offer changes: the snake charmers depart, and late in the day the square becomes more crowded, with Chleuh dancing-boys (it would be against custom for girls to provide such entertainment), story-tellers (telling their tales in Berber or Arabic, to an audience of appreciative locals), magicians, and peddlers of traditional medicines. As darkness falls, the square fills with dozens of food-stalls as the number of people on the square peaks. The square is edged along one side by the Marrakesh souk, a traditional North African market catering both for the common daily needs of the locals, and for the tourist trade. On other sides are hotels and gardens and cafe terraces offering an escape from the noise and confusion of the square. Once a bus station, the place was closed to vehicle traffic in the early 2000s. The authorities are well aware of its importance to the tourist trade, and a strong but discreet police presence ensures the safety of visitors. The idea of the UNESCO project Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity came from people concerned about the Jamaa el Fna. The place is known for its active concentration of traditional activities by storytellers, musicians and performers, but it was threatened by economic development pressures. In fighting for the protection of traditions, the residents called for action on an international level, to recognize the need for the protection of such places - termed "cultural spaces" - and other popular and traditional forms of cultural expression. UNESCO encourages communities to identify, document, protect, promote and revitalize such heritage. The UNESCO label aims to raise awareness about the importance of oral and intangible heritage as an essential component of cultural diversity. The spectacle of Jamaa el Fna is repeated daily and each day it is different. Everything changes - voices, sounds, gestures, the public which sees, listens, smells, tastes, touches. The oral tradition is framed by one much vaster - that we can call intangible. The Square, as a physical space, shelters a rich oral and intangible tradition.

 

Jamaâ El Fna (en arabe : جامع الفناء, littéralement en français: "assemblée des trépassés" est une place située à Marrakech à côté de la mosquée Koutoubia. Ce haut-lieu touristique attire sans cesse plus d'un million de visiteurs venus pour assister aux spectacles animés par les charmeurs de serpents, les dresseurs de singes, les conteurs, les musiciens et d’autres artistes populaires, jeux, dessin au henné, etc... du début de soirée jusqu'à l'appel de la prière de l'aube. L'espace culturel de la place Jemaa el-Fna a été inscrit par l’UNESCO en 2001 en tant que patrimoine culturel immatériel de l'humanité. Elle se distingue aussi par des orateurs qui racontent des histoires ou vantent les mérites de produits magiques. Son nom de "assemblée des trépassés" vient du fait qu'elle servait autrefois à l'exposition, sur ordre du Sultan, des têtes des condamnés à mort qui venaient d'être exécutés. Certains jours, on pouvait ainsi compter jusqu'à quarante-cinq têtes. Elle est le théâtre d'une explosion meurtrière le 28 avril 20113. L’attentat, provoqué par une bombe actionnée à distance dont l'auteur présumé a été arrêté le 5 mai 2011, a fait 17 morts dont 8 français.

The Reserve Bank head office as with the other Reserve Bank buildings around Australia were designed by the Commonwealth Department of Works Banks and Special Projects Branch, utilising the Late Twentieth-Century International or Stripped Classical architectural style.

 

The building is constructed with a structural steel frame with welded joints providing rigidity and resistance to wind loads. Floors and basement walls are of reinforced concrete, with additional reinforcement and security features incorporated into the walls of the basement strong rooms. The upper level floors (above ground floor) are constructed of light weight concrete to reduce weight in the structure.

The facade treatment of the building is distinctive and derives from both the modular design created to allow office subdivision which is expressed in the window mullions and the use of materials including the extensive use of natural stone.

 

The Reserve Bank buildings throughout Australia reflected a confidence in things Australian and in the future, when the Australian economy was booming. They were designed as statements of ‘corporate pride’ and the vital economic role the Reserve Bank aspired to play in the Nation. The buildings were significant in creating an International image for the Australian economy, and were in part due to the vision of Dr HC Coombs as the first Governor of the Reserve Bank of Australia.

Sydney was the first project in this significant building program following the purchase of the site in Martin Place from the Council of the City of Sydney in December 1958 Dr Coombs was determined that the Head Office would be an impressive structure, built to reflect the Bank’s prestige and leadership of the financial system. As the flagship building, it was to be largely constructed from Australian materials.

 

The Head Office opened in 1964 and included a number of specially commissioned modern sculptures and an ‘Australian’ native garden in Macquarie Street. The building was well received in architectural circles, but drew some criticism from the general public, who dubbed building the “Marble and Gold Palace” for its perceived extravagance on Commonwealth expenditure on Public Works, which coincided with a ‘credit squeeze’ within the general Australian economy.

 

The design of the Head Office building reflected the architectural philosophies of the time, providing a tower located over a podium that related to the streetscape, and incorporating extensive staff facilities.

The Head Office accommodated both banking and administrative functions, and staff training and recreational facilities. The building originally contained a target practice facility to enable security staff to be trained in the use of pistols and small arms for security.

 

Stylistic Context

The Head Office, Sydney, was designed in the Late Twentieth-Century International style, although the design of the podium draws on the characteristics of the Late Twentieth-Century Stripped Classical style.

 

The Late Twentieth-Century International style was a continuation of the post-war International style of the 1950s, a style that was widely published in architectural magazines of the time, and initially was influenced by Walter Gropius. By the 1960s the style had proliferated under practitioners such as IM Pei in the United States of America and a number of practitioners in Australia where the style was largely associated with commercial and institutional buildings.

 

The Head Office building is composed of a twenty-two storey tower with three levels of basements. The lower levels of the tower contain the public areas and a cantilevered podium.

The building rises to a height of 80.5m above the Macquarie Street Ground Level. The 3rd Basement is 12.5m below ground level.

Source: Heritage Management Plan NBRS Partners

L'utilisation sans ma permission est illégale./Use of my images without my permission is illegal.

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Merci beaucoup pour vos visites et commentaires ♥, thank you so much for the visit and kind comments! ♥

 

L'utilisation sans ma permission est illégale./Use of my images without my permission is illegal.

www.facebook.com/michel.guerin.792

 

Merci beaucoup pour vos visites et commentaires, thank you so much for the visit and kind comments!

Monkton Farleigh ammunition depot utilised an old stone quarry below a plateau some 450 feet above the valley floor in which ran the main line railway that was its principal source of supply. Before the depot could be commissioned, an efficient means was need to bring in ammunition from the railway at Farleigh Down Sidings. The sidings were just over a mile from the depot as the crow flies but more than four miles by road along steep and tortuous country lanes.

 

In November 1937 the Great Western Railway were contracted to lay the sidings and build a 1000 foot long raised loading platform complete with a narrow gauge track to carry the ammunition wagons. Outline plans had already been prepared to drive a mile long tunnel from the heart of the workings terminating in an underground sorting yard built beneath the sidings in the valley below.

 

These photographs, taken in January 2016, showcase the building as it stands today.

 

Inspiration for the framing of the shots came from the 1975 New Topographics exhibition.

Ragged Schools were charitable schools dedicated to the free education of destitute children in 19th century Britain. The schools were developed in working class districts of the rapidly expanding industrial towns. In 1844, the Ragged Schools Union was established to combine resources throughout the country, providing free education, food, clothing, lodging and other home missionary services for these children.[1]

The Ragged School movement grew out of recognition that charitable and denominational schools were not beneficial for children in inner-city areas. Working in the poorest districts, teachers (who were often local working people) initially utilised stables, lofts, and railway arches for their classes. There was an emphasis on reading, writing, arithmetic, and study of the Bible. The curriculum expanded into industrial and commercial subjects in many schools. It is estimated that around 300,000 children went through the London Ragged Schools alone between 1844 and 1881.[1]

There is a Ragged School Museum in the East End of London that shows how a Ragged School would have looked - it is housed in buildings previously occupied by Dr Thomas Barnardo.

 

Several different schools claim to have been the first, truly-free school for poor or ragged people. For many of the destitute children of London, going to school each day was not an option. There was no such thing as free education for everyone. From the 18th century onwards, Ragged Schools were few and far between. They had been started in areas where someone had been concerned enough to want to help disadvantaged children towards a better life.[2]

In the late 18th century, Thomas Cranfield offered free education for poor children in London. While he was a tailor by trade, Cranfield's educational background included studies at a Sunday school on Kingsland Road, Hackney. In 1798, he established a free children's day school, located on Kent Street near London Bridge. By the time of his death in 1838, he had established 19 free schools that provided services for children and infants living in the lower income sections of London. These opportunities and services were offered days, nights, and on Sundays, for the destitute children of poor families throughout London.[3][4]

John Pounds, a Portsmouth shoemaker, provides one of the earliest well-documented examples of the movement. When was 12 years old, Pounds' father arranged for him to be apprenticed as a shipwright. Three years later, he fell into a dry dock and was crippled for life. Unable to work as a shipwright, John became a shoemaker and by 1803 had his own shop in St Mary Street, Portsmouth.

In 1818, John Pounds, known as the crippled cobbler, began teaching poor children without charging fees. He actively recruited children and young people to his school. He spent time on the streets and quays of Portsmouth making contact and even bribing them to come with the offer of baked potatoes. He began teaching local children reading, writing, and arithmetic. His reputation as a teacher grew and he soon had over 40 students attending his lessons. He also gave lessons in cooking, carpentry and shoemaking. Pounds died in 1839.

 

After Pounds' death, Thomas Guthrie wrote Plea for Ragged Schools and proclaimed John Pounds as the originator of this idea. Thomas Guthrie started a ragged school in Edinburgh and Sheriff Watson established another one in Aberdeen. In 1844, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury formed the Ragged School Union and over the next eight years over 200 free schools for poor children were established in Britain.[4]

In 1841, Sheriff Watson established another school in Aberdeen, Scotland. His methods were different from his colleagues. Unlike the efforts of Pounds, Cranfield, and Guthrie, Watson used compulsion. Watson was frustrated by the number of children who committed a petty crime and faced him in his courtroom. Rather than sending them to prison for vagrancy, Watson established a school for boys. As a law official, the sheriff arrested the vagrant children and enrolled them in school.[4]

The Industrial Feeding School opened to provide reading, writing and arithmetic. Watson believed that gaining these skills would help the boys rise above the lowest level of society. Three meals a day were provided and the boys were taught useful trades such as shoemaking and printing. A school for girls followed in 1843.[5] In 1845, the schools were integrated. From here, the movement spread to Dundee and other parts of Scotland, mostly due to the work of the Rev Thomas Guthrie of Edinburgh.

Thomas Guthrie was an early promoter of free education for working class children. He started what appears to have been the first Scottish free school for the poor. In 1860, he published a volume containing his three pamphlets concerning Ragged Schools entitled Seedtime and Harvest. Thomas Guthrie is often quoted as the founder of the Ragged Schools of Scotland. His first introduction to the idea of Ragged Schools was in 1841, when he was the Parish Minister of St. John’s Church in Edinburgh. On a visit to Anstruther in Fife, he saw a picture of the cobbler’s room of John Pounds in Portsmouth, who had started teaching ragged children free of charge in his shop in 1818. In 1844, the movement spread to England, with the establishment of the London Ragged School Union under the chairmanship of Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury.

 

In April 1844, Locke, Moutlon, Morrison, and Starey formed a steering committee to address the social welfare needs of the community. On 11 April 1844, at 17 Ampton Street off the Grays Inn Road, they facilitated a public meeting to determine local interest, research feasibility, and establish structure. This was the birth of the Ragged Schools Union.[1][4] In 1944, the Union adopted the name "Shaftesbury Society" in honour of the 7th Earl of Shaftesbury. In 2007, the Society was merged with John Grooms, taking the new name of Livability.

The term Ragged School was introduced by the London City Mission. In the beginning, many of the schools were started by churches, and were staffed by volunteers. The growing number of children made it necessary to have paid members of staff. Beginning in 1835, the Mission hired staff missionaries and recruited lay agents to assist the poor with a wide range of free, charitable help ranging from clothing to basic education.[2]

Mr Locke of the Ragged School Union called for more help in keeping the schools open. Many petitions for funding and grants were made to Parliament to assist with educational reform. He asked the government to give more thought to preventing crime, rather than punishing the wrongdoers. He said the latter course only made the young criminals worse.[1][2]

In 1840, the Mission used the term "ragged" in its Annual Report to describe their establishment of five schools for 570 children. In the report, the Mission reported that their schools had been formed exclusively for children "raggedly clothed". The children only had very ragged clothes to wear and they rarely had shoes. In other words they did not own clothing suitable to attend any other kind of school.

 

Several people volunteered and offered their time, skills, and talents as educators and administrators of the Ragged Schools. Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury was one of Britain's greatest social reformers, whose broad-ranging concerns included education, animal welfare, public health and improving working conditions.

In 1843, Lord Shaftesbury became the president of the Ragged Schools. He used his knowledge of the schools, the refuges, and his understanding of the living conditions among low income families to pursue changes in legislation. He served as the president of the Ragged School Union for 39 years. In 1944, the Union adopted the name "Shaftesbury Society", in his honour. Shaftesbury maintained his commitment to the Ragged Schools and educational reform until his death in 1885.

 

In 1843, Charles Dickens began his association with the schools and visited the Field Lane Ragged School.[7] He was appalled by the conditions, yet moved toward reform.[8] The experience inspired him to write A Christmas Carol. While he initially intended to write a pamphlet on the plight of poor children, he realised that a dramatic story would have more impact.

Dickens continued to support the schools, donating funds on various occasions. At one point, he donated funds, along with a water trough, stating that it was "so the boys may wash and for a supervisor"! (from a letter to Field Lane). He later wrote about the school and his experience there in Household Words. In 1837, he used the area called Field Lane as a setting for Fagin’s den in his classic novel, Oliver Twist.

 

By 1844, there were at least 20 free schools for the poor, maintained through the generosity of community philanthropists, the volunteers working with their local churches, and the organisational support of the London City Mission. During this time, it was suggested that it would be beneficial to establish an official organisation or society to share resources and promote their common cause.

In 1844, the Ragged Schools Union started with about 200 teachers. With articles in publications like the Chambers’ Journal, the support and patronage of Lord Shaftesbury, and the organisational abilities of those working with the Union, Ragged Schools became better known. There was a massive growth in the numbers of schools, teachers and students. By 1851, the number of educators would grow to include around 1,600 persons. By 1867, some 226 Sunday Ragged Schools, 204 day schools and 207 evening schools provided a free education for about 26,000 students.[1]

The 7th Earl of Shaftesbury served as chairman for 39 years. During his tenure, an estimated 300,000 destitute children received a free education. The free school movement became respectable, even fashionable, attracting the attention of many wealthy philanthropists. Wealthy individuals such as Angela Burdett-Coutts gave large sums of money to the Ragged Schools Union. This helped to establish 350 ragged schools by the time the 1870 Education Act was passed.[9] As Eager (1953) explains, "He gave what had been a Nonconformist undertaking, the cachet of his Tory churchmanship — an important factor at a time when even broad-minded (Anglican) churchmen thought that Nonconformists should be fairly credited with good intentions, but that cooperation (with them) was undesirable".

 

The success of the Ragged Schools definitively demonstrated that there was a demand for education among the poor. In response, both England and Wales established school boards to administer elementary schools. However, education was still not free of fees. After 1870, public funding began to be provided for elementary education among working people.

School boards were public bodies created in boroughs and parishes under the Elementary Education Act of 1870 following campaigning by George Dixon, Joseph Chamberlain and the National Education League for elementary education that was free from Anglican doctrine. Members to the board were directly elected, not appointed by borough councils or parishes. As the school boards were built and funded, the demand for Ragged Schools declined. The Board Schools continued in operation for 32 years. They were abolished by the Education Act of 1902, which replaced them with Local Education Authorities.

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragged_school

Image source: www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM1108376

 

Queensland Figaro and Punch

6 July 1889

 

TOM COWARD'S National Hotel, Brisbane

 

The National Hotel, recently erected in Petrie's Bight, is without doubt a distinct improvement, from an architectural point of view, to the city of Brisbane. Also is it possessed of great advantages as to site, whereby the convenience of visitors is considerably augmented; it being situated within 30 yards of the Howard Smith's wharf. The architect for the building, Mr. Gailey, may be said to have fairly surpassed himself in the design, every inch of space being utilised, the, rooms withal being on a scale far larger than what we are generally accustomed to. The edifice, with an altitude of 45ft. to the parapet, 55ft, to the top of the turret, and with a frontage of 105ft; to Queen-street, presents an imposing and handsome facade, and Mr. Watson, the contractor, is to be complimented on the thoroughness with which he has carried out the solid and artistic design laid down. Entering from the ground floor, one passes through a wide hall ornamented with ferns and pot plants, and lit from above by a handsome lamp. This leads on to the vestibule and a spacious enclosure, wherein is the office, &c. Opening from this is the dining-room, 55ft. by 15ft., and its lofty proportions are admirable. On the opposite side of the vestibule, and fronting the turn from Queen-street to Adelaide-street, are the public and private bars, most elaborately fitted with oak and cedar counters and shelves, and brilliantly lit up with chandeliers. Between the bar and the billiard room is another hall leading to Queen-street. The latter room ie 23ft. by 23ft and is as comfortable and well lit as could be desired. The table is one of cook's best, and the cues and marking arrangements are of the first quality.

 

History of Customs House

The Brisbane Customs House, located at the northern end of Queen Street and beside the Brisbane River at the northern end of the Town Reach, is an imposing two-storeyed rendered brick building in the classical style. The site is prominent due to the proximity to the river, the bend in Queen Street and the general topography which opens up many views to and from the building. A prominent feature is the large copper dome at the semi-circular northern end which is a focal point viewed from both directions along Queen Street and from the river for ships arriving from Moreton Bay. The architectural form of the building announces the northern edge of the city centre and is sympathetic to the landscape features of cliffs and river bends.

 

The architectural form clearly demonstrates the intended purpose of the building with the double entrance from both the city and the river, which is a response to the siting of the building between the river and the town. The riverside setting allows long views across and along the river to the building.

 

Other features of the Brisbane Customs House which demonstrate its former use are more characteristic of late 19th century customs houses in Australia, especially the general design and planning arrangement of the building to include an imposing masonry façade, an impressive public space (the former Long Room now used for functions), a secure bonded warehouse (the former Queens Warehouse, now converted to an art gallery), offices and a secure boundary fence.

 

The Brisbane Customs House is a well proportioned and skilfully designed example of a Victorian building in the Renaissance mode executed to take best advantage of its dominant site and solve the practical problems of dual access from the town and from the river. It has considerable unity in its scale, form and use of materials.

 

The main structure of the building is of brick on a stone foundation. The columns, pilasters, balusters to the colonnade, the parapet and side entrances are of Murphy's Creek sandstone. There are cast iron balustrades on the recessed verandahs and external stairs. The main roof is clad with corrugated iron. Timber window and door joinery survives reasonably intact on the exterior walls.

The exterior of the building is very intact except for the loss of the original roof, which was replaced by the present steel trussed roof in the 1940s, the removal of chimneys and the widening of the northwestern end of the balconies in the 1940s.

 

The interior fabric is less intact due to the alterations and additions carried out during its use as a customs house and to the most recent refurbishment, which removed much of the 1940s fabric but recovered aspects of the 19th century form, including reconstruction of the original timber staircase.

Inside the building the most imposing space is that of the Long Room beneath the dome. Fluted Corinthian pilasters of painted plaster are below the coffered ceiling of the dome, which has a central glazed section. In the basement some of the original walls with arched openings remain.

 

The 1890-91 Moggill sandstone retaining wall carries around the perimeter of the site reasonably intact and incorporates a wrought iron balustrade, masonry piers, stairs and rooms for the former underground privies at the river's edge. There is a small ground with a mature fig tree and sunken garden, which contribute to the building's riverside setting.

The Brisbane Customs House at the northern end of the Town Reach of the Brisbane River, near Petrie's Bight, was erected between 1886 and 1889 to a design prepared by Charles McLay of the Queensland Colonial Architect's Office.

The 1880s building replaced an earlier and much smaller customs house on the site. The location had been chosen in 1849 following the declaration of Moreton Bay as a port of entry in 1846 and after considerable discussion as to the most suitable location for a customs house. At the time shipping activity was centred on the South Brisbane Reach and the decision to locate a customs house at the northern end of the Town Reach acted as an impetus for the development of wharves along this part of the river. A small building was erected for customs purposes in 1850 and in the following decades became increasingly inadequate as Brisbane emerged as the principal commercial centre and port of Queensland.

 

In 1884 the Queensland Government decided to construct a new customs house. In March 1886 a design by Charles McLay was selected from many proposals in the Colonial Architect's Office for a new Brisbane Customs House. McLay completed the specification in May 1886 and construction commenced in September that year.

 

Charles McLay was the major designer under the colonial architect George Connolly and was appointed Chief Draftsman in 1889. His works include the Bundaberg Post Office, probably the Fortitude Post Office and the Lady Norman Wing Brisbane Children's Hospital (with JJ Clark), of which the Brisbane Customs House is by far the most ambitious and prominent design.

 

The contract was let to one of Brisbane's oldest and most respected contractors, John Petrie & Son, who tendered with a price of £37,342. The contract time was 30 months but because of difficulties with the supply of some materials, especially stone for the foundations, and alterations to the original plans, the building took longer than anticipated to complete and it was opened on 2 September 1889. Retaining walls, fencing, a double staircase down to the river and nearby earth closets were also constructed.

 

Construction was finished in three years at a cost of £38,346. The downstream end of the Brisbane central business district was selected to spur the development of wharves in the precinct known as Petrie Bight. The lower floor contained a secure warehouse where goods not having been passed customs were stored.

 

The completed building incorporated pedimented gables and a massive colonnade. Heraldic scenes in the pediments were precursors to the official Queensland coat of arms, which was not granted until 1893. A curved iron balustrade to the balconies included the initials of the reigning sovereign, Victoria Regina, in the cast. Red cedar was used extensively for desks, counters, cabinets and tables as well as for a massive and elegant staircase.

 

The Brisbane Customs House was built during a period of economic prosperity and a construction 'boom' in Queensland and was amongst the more impressive of a number of notable public and commercial buildings erected in Brisbane during the 1880s, which included the first stage of the Treasury Building (1886-1889). Public pride in the new customs house was considerable. On 7 September 1889, a few days after the building was opened for business, the local Brisbane Courier newspaper drew attention to "the handsome and imposing appearance, especially as seen from the river or from Petrie's Bight" and predicted that the Brisbane Customs House with its tall columns, pilasters and large copper-sheathed dome would "become one of the features of the city".

 

In 1891 stables, additional retaining walls and fencing, and more earth closets were erected at a cost of £446. By the mid-1890s gardens and a driveway had been developed. The mature fig tree now at the site was possibly planted about this time. Minor repairs were carried out throughout the 1890s, including some work in 1895 after seven feet (2.1 m) of water inundated the basement during the Brisbane River floods early in 1893.

 

By December 1908 the Brisbane Customs House, valued at £80,804 (£40,804 for the structure and £40,000 for the site), had been transferred to the Commonwealth.

In 1906 the inadequacies of the original flat roof were overcome by the installation of a new hipped roof. Rearrangement of counters and partitions in the Long Room was carried out in 1911 and again in 1919. Frequently minor repairs, cleaning and maintenance work was carried out to the interior of the building in succeeding decades. In 1947 major internal alterations were undertaken: all but two of the internal masonry walls were demolished; the timber floors were replaced by concrete slabs; the cedar staircase was removed and a new terrazzo one was installed at another location; mezzanine floors were erected in the Long Room; and the roof was replaced - without the original chimneys. In 1978 part of the exterior was cleaned, repaired and sealed and painted.

 

In the mid-1980s the Australian Customs Department moved out of the building to Australia House. The building remained vacant from 1988 until leased by the University of Queensland and restored as a convention centre and art gallery in the mid-1990s. At this period some of the interior masonry walls that had been removed in 1947 were replaced and the original timber stair was reconstructed. Non-significant partitions added after 1948 and parts of the 1940s fit out were removed except for some good quality intact 1940s office cabinetry which survived and part of the 1940s main stair which provided access to the basement. Two of the 1940s galleries added to the Long Room were removed and one, at the southwest end, retained and adapted. Timber window and door joinery was conserved and plaster mouldings reconstructed where they were missing.

In 2015, Customs House continues to be used by the University of Queensland as a function centre, art gallery and restaurant.

 

apps.des.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=600156

  

A TimeLine Events photo charter at RAF Cosford, the service’s No1 School of Technical Training for recruits, utilising the Jaguar aircraft that are now under their care.

Copyright © 2012 Ruggero Poggianella Photostream.

All rights reserved. Please, do not use my photos without my written permission.

Please note that the fact that "This photo is public" doesn't mean it's public domain or a free stock image. Unauthorized use is strictly prohibited. If you wish to use any of my images for any reason/purpose please contact me for written permission. Tous droits reservés. Défense d'utilisation de cette image sans ma permission. Todos derechos reservados. No usar sin mi consentimiento.

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Senza ombra di dubbio è un posto da visitare e che non dimenticherete. Il buio e il suono dei tamburi nella notte, i fumi delle bancarelle che vendono cibo, i fuochi, la varietà di persone che lo popola sono un ricordo vivido nella mia mente. Jemaa el Fna è la piazza al centro della quale si sviluppa la città vecchia di Marrakech. È circondata a nord dal souk, a est dalla Kasbah. Patrimonio orale dell'umanità Unesco è trafficatissima giorno e notte: tanti i turisti, ma la massima parte delle persone che la popolano sono marocchini. È sede di bancarelle che vendono diversi genere di merci (dalla frutta, alle spremute, alle stoffe, a oggetti usati contro le malattie). La mattina è dominata da incantatori di serpenti, acquaioli, decoratrici con l'hennè. Ma fate attenzione perché tutto ha un prezzo. La foto scattata con la scimmia o con il cobra che vi saranno messi in testa o il ritratto dell'acquaiolo (non bevete l'acqua se ci tenete allo stomaco, però) andranno remunerati e vi conviene contrattare il prezzo prima per evitare sgraditissime sorprese. La sera a dominare la piazza buia sono invece concerti, cantastorie e le decine di affollatissime bancarelle dedicate al cibo e che offrono in particolare economici brochettes (spiedini di carne o pesce), con i fumi delle grigliate che si elevano sopra la piazza illuminati dalle luci. Uno stand vale l'altro e mangiarci è un'esperienza da fare.

La Piazza Jema El-Fna è uno dei punti di ritrovo principali di Marrakech. Nel 2001 l'Unesco l'ha denominata Patrimonio Orale e Immateriale dell'Umanità. È situata a lato dei vari suk e a partire dalle ore 17.00 si riempie di venditori di succhi di frutta naturali, frutta secca, donne che dipingono il corpo con l'hennè, incantatori di serpenti, musici, venditori ambulanti, tassisti, veggenti, turisti e addirittura dentisti! Inoltre è circondata da piccole moschee e la chiamata alla preghiera diventa un vero spettacolo. I caffè più famosi della città si trovano proprio qui: Il Café De France, l'Argana... Tutti hanno terrazze in cui sedersi per sorseggiare tè alla menta o cenare con vista sulla piazza. A ora di cena,in particolare durante il tramonto, vengono improvvisati punti di ristoro che propongono pietanze di carne, pesce o cuscus.

La Piazza Jemaa el Fna è la piazza centrale di Marrakech, luogo dichiarato dall'UNESCO "di tradizione orale". Qui si recano gli "Gnaouas", un gruppo di musicisti locali, a suonare musica e percussioni, accompagnati da incantatori di serpenti o di scimmie. Si raccontano storie, si balla, si mangia fino a tarda ora. Durante il giorno la piazza, che si trova accanto alla Kutubia, è quasi vuota a causa del gran caldo. Nel pomeriggio iniziano ad apparire i primi tavoli e le prime sedie, assieme ai venditori di cibo e a coloro che preparano carne alla griglia e cous-cous. Durante il giorno si può prendere un succo d'arancia, spremuto all'istante, accompagnato da datteri e dolci tipici. Il momento migliore rimane il tardo pomeriggio, quando la piazza si riempie di gente del posto, persone arrivate dal deserto per vendere tessuti o animali magici in grado di curare qualsiasi malanno, famiglie che vengono a mangiare.

 

Jamaa el Fna (Arabic: ساحة جامع الفناء jâmiʻ al-fanâʼ) is a square and market place in Marrakesh's medina quarter (old city). The origin of its name is unclear: Jemaa means "congregational mosque" in Arabic, probably referring to a destroyed Almoravid mosque. "Fanâʼ" or "finâ'" can mean "death" or "a courtyard, space in front of a building." Thus, one meaning could be "The mosque or assembly of death," or "The Mosque at the End of the World". A more likely explanation is that it refers to a mosque with a distinctive courtyard or square in front of it. Marrakesh was founded by the Almoravids 1070-1072. After a destructive struggle, it was falling to the Almohads in 1147. Following this, Jamaa el Fna was renovated along with much of the city. The city walls were also extended by Abou Yacoub Youssef and particularly by Yacoub el Mansour 1147-1158. The surrounding mosque, palace, hospital, parade ground and gardens around the edges of the marketplace were also overhauled, and the Kasbah was fortified. Subsequently, with the fortunes of the city, Jamaa el Fna saw periods of decline and also renewal. The place remains the main square of Marrakesh, used by locals and tourists. During the day it is predominantly occupied by orange juice stalls, youths with chained Barbary apes, water sellers in colourful costumes with traditional leather water-bags and brass cups, and snake charmers who will pose for photographs for tourists. As the day progresses, the entertainment on offer changes: the snake charmers depart, and late in the day the square becomes more crowded, with Chleuh dancing-boys (it would be against custom for girls to provide such entertainment), story-tellers (telling their tales in Berber or Arabic, to an audience of appreciative locals), magicians, and peddlers of traditional medicines. As darkness falls, the square fills with dozens of food-stalls as the number of people on the square peaks. The square is edged along one side by the Marrakesh souk, a traditional North African market catering both for the common daily needs of the locals, and for the tourist trade. On other sides are hotels and gardens and cafe terraces offering an escape from the noise and confusion of the square. Once a bus station, the place was closed to vehicle traffic in the early 2000s. The authorities are well aware of its importance to the tourist trade, and a strong but discreet police presence ensures the safety of visitors. The idea of the UNESCO project Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity came from people concerned about the Jamaa el Fna. The place is known for its active concentration of traditional activities by storytellers, musicians and performers, but it was threatened by economic development pressures. In fighting for the protection of traditions, the residents called for action on an international level, to recognize the need for the protection of such places - termed "cultural spaces" - and other popular and traditional forms of cultural expression. UNESCO encourages communities to identify, document, protect, promote and revitalize such heritage. The UNESCO label aims to raise awareness about the importance of oral and intangible heritage as an essential component of cultural diversity. The spectacle of Jamaa el Fna is repeated daily and each day it is different. Everything changes - voices, sounds, gestures, the public which sees, listens, smells, tastes, touches. The oral tradition is framed by one much vaster - that we can call intangible. The Square, as a physical space, shelters a rich oral and intangible tradition.

 

Jamaâ El Fna (en arabe : جامع الفناء, littéralement en français: "assemblée des trépassés" est une place située à Marrakech à côté de la mosquée Koutoubia. Ce haut-lieu touristique attire sans cesse plus d'un million de visiteurs venus pour assister aux spectacles animés par les charmeurs de serpents, les dresseurs de singes, les conteurs, les musiciens et d’autres artistes populaires, jeux, dessin au henné, etc... du début de soirée jusqu'à l'appel de la prière de l'aube. L'espace culturel de la place Jemaa el-Fna a été inscrit par l’UNESCO en 2001 en tant que patrimoine culturel immatériel de l'humanité. Elle se distingue aussi par des orateurs qui racontent des histoires ou vantent les mérites de produits magiques. Son nom de "assemblée des trépassés" vient du fait qu'elle servait autrefois à l'exposition, sur ordre du Sultan, des têtes des condamnés à mort qui venaient d'être exécutés. Certains jours, on pouvait ainsi compter jusqu'à quarante-cinq têtes. Elle est le théâtre d'une explosion meurtrière le 28 avril 20113. L’attentat, provoqué par une bombe actionnée à distance dont l'auteur présumé a été arrêté le 5 mai 2011, a fait 17 morts dont 8 français.

A TimeLine Events photo charter at RAF Cosford, the service’s No1 School of Technical Training for recruits, utilising the Jaguar aircraft that are now under their care.

Copyright © 2013 Ruggero Poggianella Photostream.

www.fotopoggia.it

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Please note that the fact that "this photo is public" doesn't mean it's public domain or a free stock image.

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The library of Celsus is an ancient Roman building in Ephesus, Anatolia, now part of Selçuk, Turkey. It was built in honor of the Roman Senator Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus (completed in 135 AD) by Celsus son, Gaius Julius Aquila (consul, 110 AD). Celsus had been consul in 92 AD, governor of Asia in 115 AD, and a wealthy and popular local citizen. He was a native of nearby Sardis and amongst the earliest men of purely Greek origin to become a consul in the Roman Empire and is honored both as a Greek and a Roman on the library itself. Celsus paid for the construction of the library with his own personal wealth. The library was built to store 12,000 scrolls and to serve as a monumental tomb for Celsus, who was buried in a sarcophagus beneath the library, in the main entrance which is both a crypt containing his sarcophagus and a sepulchral monument to him. It was unusual to be buried within a library or even within city limits, so this was a special honor for Celsus.

Construction on the library began in 117 A.D. and was completed in 120, in Ephesus, a territory that was traditionally Greek. The building is important as one of the few remaining examples of an ancient Roman-influenced library. It also shows that public libraries were built not only in Rome itself but throughout the Roman Empire. The interior of the library and all its books were destroyed by fire in the devastating earthquake that struck the city in 262. Only the facade survived. About 400 AD, the library was transformed into a Nymphaeum. The facade was completely destroyed by a later earthquake, likely in the late Byzantine period. In a massive restoration which is considered to be very true to the historic building, the front façade was rebuilt during the 1960s and 1970s and now serves as a prime example of Roman public architecture. The Library of Celsus may serve as a model for other, less well preserved, libraries elsewhere in the Empire, for it is possible that literary collections were housed in other Roman cities for the benefit of students as well as traveling Romans. Such libraries may also have housed collections of local documents of interest if the documents were not destroyed during the Roman conquest.

The edifice is a single hall that faces east toward the morning sun, as Vitruvius advised, to benefit early risers. The library is built on a platform, with nine steps the full width of the building leading up to three front entrances. The center entrance is larger than the two flanking ones, and all are adorned with windows above them. Flanking the entrances are four pairs of Composite columns elevated on pedestals. A set of Corinthian columns stands directly above the first set, adding to the height of the building. The pairs of columns on the second level frame the windows as the columns on the first level frame the doors, and also create niches that would have housed statues. It is thought there may have been a third set of columns, but today there are only two registers of columns.

This type of facade with inset frames and niches for statues is similar to that found in ancient Greek theaters (the stage building behind the orchestra, or skene) and is thus characterized as "scenographic".

The building's other sides are irrelevant architecturally because the library was flanked by buildings. The inside of the building, not fully restored, was a single rectangular room (measuring 17x11 m) with a central apse framed by a large arch at the far wall. A statue of Celsus or of Athena, goddess of truth, stood in the apse, and Celsus' tomb lay directly below in a vaulted chamber. Along the other three sides were rectangular recesses that held cupboards and shelves for the 12,000 scrolls. Celsus was said to have left a legacy of 25,000 denarii to pay for the library's reading material.

The second and third levels could be reached via a set of stairs built into the walls to add support to the building and had similar niches for scrolls. The ceiling was flat, and there may have been a central square oculus to provide more light.

The style of the library, with its ornate, balanced, well-planned façade, reflects the Greek influence on Roman architecture. The building materials, brick, concrete, and mortared rubble, signify the new materials that came into use in the Roman Empire around the 2nd century AD. The building's façade was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 20 million lira banknote of 2001-2005 and of the 20 new lira banknote of 2005-2009.

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www.facebook.com/michel.guerin.792

 

Merci beaucoup pour vos visites et commentaires, thank you so much for the visit and kind comments!

 

These days, St Laurence sits beside a busy double mini roundabout, surrounded by shots and take aways, it is a place you could easily miss.

 

I have had my eye on htis for some time, but there is always elsewhere to go to on Heritage weekend, so a second weekend of that this year meant that on the second Saturday we were parking the car outside.

 

The church is pretty enough from the outside, but the windows have wire mesh to protect them, but we received a warm welcome as we entered the porch.

 

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Very much a village church, set back from the road in the heart of this former agricultural settlement. Now a suburb of Ramsgate it is the original parish church for the later resort. Norman in date, with a fine crossing tower, it is well worth a visit if only for its monuments which record many military men (who passed through the parish during the Napoleonic Wars) and the wealthy eighteenth century visitors who came to Ramsgate for their health and died there. There is a fine Royal Arms of George II over the south door, whilst a twentieth century rood beam emphasises the height of the Norman crossing arch. The chancel is pleasantly empty, with a noble nineteenth century reredos of blank arcading. The south chapel contains an unusual memorial to Sarah Spencer who died in 1745. This poor lady has had so many later members of her family commemorated on her tablet, that there is no room left. Every flat surface has been utilised! Opposite is a little-known but eminently beautiful relief of Henrietta Ashley who died in 1874 carved by the Royal Academician Thomas Woolner. The collection of stained glass has recently been enriched by a window in the north aisle by the Cathedral Studios (1998) which depicts the nearby St Augustine's Cross. It is a simple, dignified and moving attempt to record the 1400th anniversary of the landing of St Augustine which occurred just a couple of miles away. Other stained glass can best be described as curious. The east window was erected as a memorial to Queen Victoria who, we are told, `worshipped in this church` when staying in the area. At the base is a series of panels recording the arrival of St Augustine. One shows the baptism of King Ethelbert in the font of St Martin's Church, Canterbury - a font which wasn't carved until 400 years later! The artist, Alfred Hemming, obviously felt that a font of authentic design would not have been worthy of the subject! The bizarre east window in the south chapel (1902) shows some very sleepy dead being woken at the Last Trump whilst St Peter swings his key impatiently at the gates of Heaven! Not to be missed!

 

www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=St+Lawrence

 

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ST. LAURENCE.

THE PARISH OF ST. LAURENCE lies the next southward from that of St. Peter last described, taking its name from the saint to which the church is dedicated. The ville Ramsgate, within this parish, is within the liberty of the cinque ports; but the rest of the parish is within the hundred of Ringslow and jurisdiction of the justices of the county.

 

The VILLAGE OF ST. LAURENCE, having the church on an hill on the west side of it, is neat and small, being pleasantly situated in the south-east part of this parish, and commands one of the most extensive prospects in this island, as well towards the sea as the neighbouring parts of the county. This parish is about three miles from east to west, and two miles from north to south. The lands in it are more enclosed than the more northern parishes before-described. It is very populous, and has in it several small hamlets, or knots of houses, besides those particularly mentioned before; among which, in the western part of it, are Manston-green, and Spratingstreet; (fn. 1) on the northern, Hains, and Lymington; on the eastern, Hallicandane, and Herson; and towards the south, Great and Little Cliffsend, Chilson, Courtstairs; and adjoining to the sea, Pegwell, alias Courtis a small manor, usually stiled Pegwell, alias Courtstairs, and is an appendage to that of Sheriffs court, in Minster, as has been taken notice of before, in the description of that estate.

 

Adjoining is Courtstairs, alias Pegwell bay, where the inhabitants catch shrimps, lobsters, soles, mullets, &c. and a delicious flat-fish, called a prill, much sought after. At Pegwell there is a neat villa, lately erected by William Garrow, esq. for his occasional residence, and between this place and Ramsgate is another, called Belmont, an elegant building in the gothic taste, late the residence of Joseph Ruse, esq.

 

¶From this bay to a place called Cliffs-end, instead of chalk, the ground next the sea is a sort of blueish earth, somewhat like Fuller's earth; it is about sixteen feet above the sand, and in it are seen strata of culver and other fish shells, lying in a confused manner, one on the top of the other. This earth has been carried away frequently by people, as Fuller's earth, in great quantities, to dispose of as such; but on a trial it was found very deficient, and not partaking of any quality belonging to it.

 

By the return made by archbishop Parker, in 1563, to the privy council, it appears that there were then here ninety-eight housholds; but this place, owing to the prosperity of Ramsgate, has greatly increased for many years past, insomuch that in 1773, here were in this parish, including Ramsgate, which contains more than two thirds of the houses and inhabitants of the whole parish, 699 houses, and 2726 inhabitants; and in 1792 there were found 825 houses and 3601 inhabitants; which is a great increase for so short a space as nineteen years. (fn. 2) A fair is held here yearly, on August 10, for toys, pedlary, &c.

 

In this parish lived one Joy, who in king William's reign had such a reputation for very extraordinary strength of body, that he was called the English Sampson, and the strong man of Kent, and was taken notice of by the king, royal family, and the nobility, before whom he performed his feats. In 1699 his picture was engraved, and round it several representations of his performances, as pulling against an extraordinary strong horse, breaking a rope, which would bear thirty-five hundred weight, and lifting a weight of 2240lb. He was drowned in 1734.

 

In the month of March, 1764, between Ramsgate and Pegwell in this parish, a part of the cliff, seventy feet high, on the surface of which was a corn field, gave way for about twenty yards in length, and five yards in breadth, and fell into the sea.

 

The VILLE AND TOWN OF RAMSGATE, so called from the way here which leads to the sea, through the chalk cliff; the inhabitants, of which like those of other places, are fond of having it famous for its antiquity, and have fancied the name of it to have been derived from Romans gate, that is, from its being used as a port, or landing place, by the Romans; but besides, that its name was never so written in antient writings, it may well be doubted, whether during the time of the Romans frequenting this island, there was here any way or gate at all to the sea; and it seems plain, that it was dug first through the cliff, as the rest of the sea gates were in this little island, for the conveniency of the fishery, no Roman coins, &c. have been known ever to have been found here, as they have at Bradstow, where the Romans, if they had any at all, might have a station in this island.

 

The PARISH OF ST. LAURENCE is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Westbere.

 

The church, which is dedicated to St. Laurence, consists of three isles and three chancels, having a tower steeple in the middle of it, standing on four pillars, the capitals of which display the rude conceits of the artist. This tower, on the outside, is encircled with a string of very plain octagonal small pillars and semicircular arches, in the true Saxon taste. There are five bells in it. The church itself is a handsome building, of field stones, rough casted over, as the rest of the churches in this island are, and seems to have been built at several times; of the two side chancels the north one is said to have been built by the Manstons, of Manston-court, many of whom lie buried in it, though most of their monumental inscriptions are perished through length of time. Weever has however preserved two of them, being those of Roger Manston, and Julian his wife, and of Thomas St. Nicholas, who married Joane Manston, and had by her Thomas, entombed here likewise. There was likewise here a brass plate, having the effigies of a man, and these arms, quarterly, first and fourth, A fess, ermine, between three mullets; second and third, On a cross, engrailed, a cinquefoil, and underneath an inscription for Nicholas Manston, esq. obt. 1444. A brass plate, now torn off, for. . . Sayen Nicholas, esq. and Johane his wife; she died 1499; and just by, on a flat stone a brass with the effigies of a woman, and these arms, Ermine, a chief, quarterly; the inscription gone. A monument fixed against the north wall, for Frances, wife of Thomas Coppin, of Westminster, and daughter of Robert Brooke, esq. of Nacton, in Suffolk, who died during her stay here at Manston, in 1677; arms, Parted per pale, azure and gules, three boars heads, couped, or, a chief of the last. On a stone near this monument, and adjoining to that of Nicholas Sprackling, are four shields of arms, first, A cross engrailed, a rose in the centre; second, A cross engrailed; third, A fess, between three mullets, impaling the first coat; fourth, As the third, quartering the first. Part of this chancel is now made into a very handsome vestry. In the high chancel are several memorials in brass, with figures and inscriptions, for the family of Sprakeling. Below these is one having the figure scratched in the marble, of a man lying, with a pen in his hand, writing, Garde promesse fidelement; arms, Sable, a saltier, between four leopards faces, or, impaling or, a chevron, gules, between three bulls passant, sable. In this church is an antient grave-stone of one Umfry, but the arms are gone as well as the inscription, if it ever had any. In the body of the church there have been built several galleries, (which make a most unsightly appearance) to make as much room as possible for the numerous inhabitants of this parish, who had increased to four times the number that they were sixty or seventy years ago; but the inhabitants of Ramsgate are now accommodated with a chapel of of ease, lately built in that ville, as has been already noticed. Besides the above there are numerous monuments and memorials, of a more modern date, and among them, in the south chancel, a mural monument for Sarah, wife of Mr. Adam Spencer, obt. 1745, who with her three children were deposited in a vault near it; she had nine children, of whom four only survived; also for the aforesaid Mr. Adam Spencer, merchant, obt. 1757, who lies in the same vault with Sarah his wife, on it are these arms, Quarterly, first and fourth, Argent; second and third, Gules, a fret, or, over all, on a bend, sable, three escallops of the first, impaling barry of six, azure and gules, a chief, ermine. A mural monument for Capt. Martin Read, obt. 1792, and for Margaret his wife; arms, Gules, a saltier, or, between four leopards faces, proper. A mural monument for Capt. Martin Long, obt. 1751; for Elizabeth his sister, and for his sister Catharine, widow of Mr. William Abbott, arms, Sable, a lion rampant, argent.

 

In the south isle, among many others, a white tablet for Martha, widow of Darell Shorte, jun. esq. of Wadhurst, in Suffex, and daughter of Sir Robert Kemp, bart. late of Appeston, in Suffolk, obt. 1789; another for Dorothy, wife of Mr. William Abbott; she died 1728, and two of their daughters both named Dorothy, and their son Adam, obt. 1735, also the above mentioned Mr. William Abbott, obt. 1755, and for Dorothy his wife, and their children; and for the Holman's. In the great chancel, a memorial for Ann, relict of Capt. William Bookey, of the East-India Company's service, obt. 1770. In the vestry a black tablet for the Rev. Robert Tyler, A. M. twenty-six years vicar, obt. June 10, 1766.—In the north isle a white tablet to the memory of several of the Tomsons. A mural monument for the Tickners. A memorial for Peter Johnson, A. M. son of Henry Johnson, gent. and fellow of Corpus Christi college, Oxford, vicar of this church, obt. April 18, 1704; arms, Parted per fess, dancette, a vulture. On a plain stone, Capt. John Pettit, died; the rest is covered by the pews; arms, On a chevron, gules, three bezants, between three griffins heads, sable, crowned, or. A tablet in the south cross for Anna-Eliza, eldest daughter of the Rev. William-Worcester Wilson, D. D. obt. 1792. A memorial for the Rev. Peter James, M. A. late of Greenwich, and rector of Ight ham, obt. 1791. The following are plain slabs, mostly at the east end of the church; for Mrs. Elizabeth Kelly, daughter of Dr. Kelly, of Winchester, and sister of Dr. Kelly, regius professor, of Oxford; also Martha Kelly, sister to Elizabeth, wife of Lieutenant Charles Kelly, of the royal navy, obt. 1788; arms, A castle, between two lions rampant; for Matthew Brooke, A. M. fellow of king's college, and rector of Walton, in Hertfordshire, and vicar of this parish, obt. 1739; arms, On a fess, three martlets, a bordure engrailed, impaling a chevron, between three covered cups; for Matthew Bookey, son of M. and A. Bookey, obt. 1747. Memorials for several of the Gillows, Tomsons, Abbotts, Pamfleets, Harnets, Law, Joad, Moses, Parkers, Quince, Carraways, Redwood, Evers, Curling, Whites, Napletons, and Hoopers; for George Garrett, esq. obt. 1775. A mural monument, with inscription, that in a vault hereto adjoining, lie several of the family of Abbott, and their relatives; arms, A chevron, between three pears, impaling, on a pile, three griffins heads, erased.

 

In the church-yard are several monuments for the Stocks, Austens and Coxens; for Brotherly and Quince; for the Maxteds and Holmans; for Lithered and Joad. Two mural monuments, one for the Garretts, Casbys, and Browns, and their relatives; arms, Garrett, on a fess, a lion passant; the other for Mark Seller Garrett, obt. 1779. There are principal monuments and gravestones in this church and church-yard, the whole of which are by far too numerous to insert here.

 

Besides the high altar in this church, there were formerly others dedicated to St. James, St. Catherine, St. Thomas, and the Holy Trinity; besides which there were kept wax-lights, the expence of which was maintained by voluntary gifts and legacies. In the west window of the church were formerly painted the arms of Criol, who owned Upper-court, being Or, two chevrons, and a canton, gules. Septvans, Azure, three wheat skreens, or, an annulet for difference; the latter dwelt in this parish, and lies buried under a monument in Ash church. Of St. Nicholas, who married Jane Manstone, Ermine, a chief quarterly, or, and gules; in the first quarter, an annulet for difference Of Chiche, Azure, three lions rampant, argent, a bordure of the second; and of Manston, Gules, a fess, ermine, between three mullets.

 

At a small distance from the church to the eastward, are the remains of a small chapel, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, now converted into a cottage.—There was a chantry founded in it, for the support of which several lands hereabouts were given, which at the suppression of these chapels in king Edward VI.'s reign, came into the hands of the crown, and became a lay fee.

 

This church was one of the three chapels belonging to the church of Minster, and was very probably made parochial sometime after the year 1200, after that church, with its appendages, had been appropriated in 1128, to the monastery of St. Augustine; it was at the same time assigned with the three chapels, and all rents, tithes, and other things belonging to them, to the sacristy of the monastery; and it was further granted, that the abbot and convent should present to the archbishop, in the above-mentioned chapels, fit perpetual chaplains to the altarages of them; but that the vicar of the mother church should take and receive in right of his vicarage, the tenths of small tithes, of lambs and pigs, and all obventions arising from marriages and churchings which were forbid at the chapels, and were solemnized, &c. at the mother church only. (fn. 12)

 

In the year 1275, archbishop Robert consecrated the cemetery of this church, and granted it the right of sepulture, with the restrictions, that the tenants or occupiers of land, who were parishioners of this chapel, should be buried at their mother church of Minster, as the parishioners of this chapel had heretofore been; and that none of them should be buried here, without the express leave of the vicar of Minster, notwithstanding they, by their wills, or by any other means, ordered their burial to be in the burying-place of the chapel; but that children and poor people, who were parishioners of it, and not tenants or occupiers of land, might be buried here, with this proviso, that all obventions, oblations, or legacies arising, on account of such sepulture, in the yard of this chapel, should wholly be divided between the vicars of Minster and this chapel of St. Laurence; that no prejudice might be done to the mother church of Minster, as to marriages and churchings, which should be done for the future at the mother church, as they had been before.

 

These obventions, oblations and legacies, arising from funerals, were to be faithfully laid up and kept by the vicar of this chapel and his chaplains, till they should be equally divided between him and the vicar of Minster, which was to be done every month, unless they should be required of the vicar of Minster, or his chaplain or proctor, oftener. But a composition, we are told, was made between the patrons and several incumbents, which was confirmed by the archbishop, which was, that the incumbents of these chapels or dependant churches should pay only the tenth part of all their real profits to the incumbent of the mother church; which composition was, it is said, duly observed about the year 1370. (fn. 13)

 

Although the chaplains of these chapels were to receive no more than ten marcs of these altarages, yet they were not excluded the enjoyment of the manses and glebes given to these chapels when they were first consecrated, which made some addition to their income, and enabled them to keep a deacon to assist them. On the great and principal festivals, the inhabitants of the three chapelries, preceded by their priests, were accustomed to go in procession to Minster, in token of their subjection to their parochial or mother church.

 

In 1301, the abbot of St. Augustine ordained several new deanries, one of which, named the deanry of Minster, in which this church of St. Laurence was included; but this raising great contests between the abbot and the archbishop, and the pope deciding in favour of the latter, these new deanries were entirely dissolved. (fn. 14)

 

After this, the appropriation of the church of Minster, with its appendant chapels and the advowsons of the vicarages of them, continued with the abbot and convent till the dissolution of the monastery in the 30th year of king Henry VIII. when they were surrendered, together with the rest of the possessions of the monastery, into the king's hands.

 

¶After the dissolution of the monastery, and the change in the service of churches wrought by the reformation, this parochial chapel of St. Laurence became entirely separated from the mother church of Minster, the vicar of this parish having no further subjection to it in any shape whatever; but by the same change he was likewise deprived of several of those emoluments he had before enjoyed in the right of his vicarage; and all the tithes of corn and grain within this parish, being appropriated to the two granges, or parsonages of Newland and Ozingell, and the small tithes of it to that of Salmestone, as has been already mentioned before. The endowment of this vicarage consisted only of the yearly stipends of six pounds paid out of Newland grange, and of ten pounds paid out of Ozingell grange, a vicaragehouse, barn, and two acres of glebe. But this income, by reason of the increase of every necessary article of life, falling far short of a reasonable maintenance, archbishop Juxon, in conformity to the king's letters mandatory, in 1660, augmented this vicarage with the addition of 40l. to be paid yearly out of Newland grange. (fn. 15)

 

This vicarage is valued in the king's books at seven pounds, and the yearly tenths at fourteen shillings. In 1588 here were communicants six hundred and fifty-six, and it was valued at only twenty pounds. In 1640 here were six hundred and fifty communicants.

 

The advowson of this vicarage coming into the hands of the crown, on the dissolution of the abbey of St. Augustine, continued there till Edward VI. in the first year of his reign, granted the advowson of the vicarage of Minster, with the three chapels appendant to it, one of which was this church of St. Laurence, among other premises, to the archbishop, since which this advowson has continued parcel of the possessious of that see, the archbishop being the present patron of it.

 

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol10/pp377-406

V/line N467 unusually working 8245 Down Melton service utilising a 5 car N set approaches Caroline Springs. 19/12/23

Under-utilised bench alongside a busy road in a residential part of Tunbridge Wells, Kent. I like the way this is slowly being reclaimed by the surrounding vegetation.

L'unité de l'Etat:

François Ier en empereur romain

Fontainebleau, 1540-1547

Francesco Primatice (1504-1570), dessin

Claude Baudouin

(prouvé 1535-1550), entre autres, carton

Jean et Pierre Le Bries (établie 1540-1559), tisserands

Laine, soie, fils d'or et d'argent (Gold- und Silberlahn)

 

La Galerie du palais de Fontainebleau, près de Paris, 1528-1530 fut équipée par des artistes italiens. Architecture, peinture et sculpture fusionnèrent en une scène pour les spectacles du roi français, qui est aussi thématiquement dans le centre de la décoration. Peu de temps après, l'équipement a été utilisé comme matrice pour une série de tapisseries, un procédé unique dans ce domaine.

 

Die Einheit des Staates:

König Franz I. als römischer Imperator

Fontainebleau, zwischen 1540 und 1547

Francesco Primaticcio (1504-1570);

Entwurf Claude Badouin

(nachgewiesen 1535-1550) u.a., Karton

Jean und Pierre Le Bries (nachgewiesen 1540-1559), Wirker

Wolle, Seide, Gold- und Silberlahn

 

Die Galerie des Schlosses Fontainebleau in der Nähe von Paris wurde zwischen 1528 und 1530 von italienischen Künstlern ausgestattet. Architektur, Malerei und Plastik verschmolzen dabei zu einer Bühne für die Auftritte des französischen Königs, der auch thematisch im Zentrum der Dekoration steht. Kurz darauf diente die Ausstattung als Vorlage für eine Serie von Wandbehängen, ein auf diesem Gebiet einzigartiger Vorgang.

 

Chamber of Art Vienna

The Chamber of Art of Vienna is a collection of the Kunsthistorisches Museum (Museum of Art History) in Vienna. It is the portrayal of the art and curiosities chambers of the late Middle Ages, the Renaissance and the Baroque period and it mainly goes back to the earlier collections of the Habsburgs.

Look into the Vienna Chamber of Art

Marble sculpture of the Giulia Albani degli Abati Olivieri by Camillo Rusconi (Rome, 1719 ) in the Chamber of Art of Vienna

Equipment for perspective drawing of Jost Bürgi (Kassel, 1604) in the Chamber of Art of Vienna

Ivory statuette "Apollo and Daphne" by Jakob Auer (Vienna, 1688/90) in the Chamber of Art of Vienna

Collection History

The Chamber of Art of Vienna grew out of several individual collections, which have been collected by various clients. The following collections are the foundation for today's Chamber of Art:

The Chamber of Art and Curiosities of Ferdinand II of Tyrol (1529-1595). It was originally housed at Schloss Ambras near Innsbruck. From this stems the larger part of the surviving pieces from older collections of Emperors Frederick III, Maximilian I and Ferdinand I.

The Kunstkammer of Rudolf II (1552-1612), which was compiled in Prague. Many of the treasures of Rudolph went lost in the Thirty Years War in the sack of the Prague Castle, but this were enriched from the previously to Vienna transported collections with works of the goldsmithing and gem carving art of the time around 1600 as well as to bronzes.

In the 17th century the collections from the Kunstkammer of Archduke Leopold Wilhelm (1614-1662) have been added. He is considered as one of the fathers of today in the Cultural History Museum housed paintings gallery, but also acquired Renaissance bronzes mostly of Italian origin and small sculptures made ​​of stone and wood.

Into the Treasury Chamber in the Swiss Wing of the Vienna Hofburg in the 17th century also came at that time popular works of semi-precious stones, fine works of ivory, rhinoceros horn carvings and miniature-like wax models.

The collection at Ambras Castle in 1806 in front of Napoleon's troops was brought to Vienna in safety, where it initially in the Lower Belvedere Palace kept its independence. Only the under the reign of Emperor Franz Joseph I from 1875 tackled major reform of the imperial collections finally united all the Treasure Chamber collections in the 1891 opened Kunsthistorisches Museum and left only the objects with insignia character and those that are reminiscent of members of the imperial family in the Treasury Chamber.

The newly formed collection found its place on the mezzanine floor of the building and was initially referred to as "collection of art industrial objects". In 1919, it was named "collection for sculpture and arts and crafts". Since this collection but only to a small extent contains large sculptures and objects for a specific purpose of arts and crafts, this name was considered to be inappropriate and in 1990 it was decided to return to the naming of "Kunstkammer".

After the collapse of the monarchy in 1918 the collections of the sideline Austria-Este was affiliated to the Viennese Kunstkammer, in 1921 the Tapisseriensammlung (collection of tapestries) consisting of 800 tapestries was added, which originally had served the design of the imperial palaces. This collection is in addition to the one in possession of the Spanish crown one of the most important of its kind. In 1938 Gustav von Benda with a bequest the collection donated more important works of the Florentine Early Renaissance. The Second World War the art collection survived with very low losses. Only parts of the Tapisseriensammlung, which had to be given as a loan to Berlin and to the the facilities of Goering's hunting lodge Carin Hall, since the end of war are considered to be lost.

Since 1963, all stores of the collection are reunited in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. 2002 the structural and technical conditions required the temporary closure of the Kunstkammer. This was followed by a major renovation and expansion of the premises as well as the restructuring and up-to-date presentation of the objects. To the artistically significant exhibits belong gold works like the famous Saliera by Benvenuto Cellini, sculptures such as the Madonna of Krumlov, bronze figures, ivory objects and stone vessels, but also watches, mechanical machines, scientific instruments, gadgets and much more.

After in December 2012 in a public premiere presentation the first room of the museum could be visited, the as one of the most important art collections of the world considered Vienna Chamber of Art on 1 March 2013 was reopened. In the future, on an area of ​​around 2,700 m² more than 2,200 objects can be seen, which are presented in 20 theme rooms.

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstkammer_Wien

 

Austria Kunsthistorisches Museum

Federal Museum

Logo KHM

Regulatory authority (ies)/organs to the Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture

Founded 17 October 1891

Headquartered Castle Ring (Burgring), Vienna 1, Austria

Management Sabine Haag

www.khm.at website

Main building of the Kunsthistorisches Museum at Maria-Theresa-Square

The Kunsthistorisches Museum (KHM abbreviated) is an art museum in Vienna. It is one of the largest and most important museums in the world. It was opened in 1891 and 2012 visited of 1.351.940 million people.

The museum

The Kunsthistorisches Museum is with its opposite sister building, the Natural History Museum (Naturhistorisches Museum), the most important historicist large buildings of the Ringstrasse time. Together they stand around the Maria Theresa square, on which also the Maria Theresa monument stands. This course spans the former glacis between today's ring road and 2-line, and is forming a historical landmark that also belongs to World Heritage Site Historic Centre of Vienna.

History

Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in his Gallery

The Museum came from the collections of the Habsburgs, especially from the portrait and armor collections of Ferdinand of Tyrol, the collection of Emperor Rudolf II (most of which, however scattered) and the art collection of Archduke Leopold Wilhelm into existence. Already In 1833 asked Joseph Arneth, curator (and later director) of the Imperial Coins and Antiquities Cabinet, bringing together all the imperial collections in a single building .

Architectural History

The contract to build the museum in the city had been given in 1858 by Emperor Franz Joseph. Subsequently, many designs were submitted for the ring road zone. Plans by August Sicard von Sicardsburg and Eduard van der Null planned to build two museum buildings in the immediate aftermath of the Imperial Palace on the left and right of the Heroes' Square (Heldenplatz). The architect Ludwig Förster planned museum buildings between the Schwarzenberg Square and the City Park, Martin Ritter von Kink favored buildings at the corner Währingerstraße/ Scots ring (Schottenring), Peter Joseph, the area Bellariastraße, Moritz von Loehr the south side of the opera ring, and Ludwig Zettl the southeast side of the grain market (Getreidemarkt).

From 1867, a competition was announced for the museums, and thereby set their current position - at the request of the Emperor, the museum should not be too close to the Imperial Palace, but arise beyond the ring road. The architect Carl von Hasenauer participated in this competition and was able the at that time in Zürich operating Gottfried Semper to encourage to work together. The two museum buildings should be built here in the sense of the style of the Italian Renaissance. The plans got the benevolence of the imperial family. In April 1869, there was an audience with of Joseph Semper at the Emperor Franz Joseph and an oral contract was concluded, in July 1870 was issued the written order to Semper and Hasenauer.

Crucial for the success of Semper and Hasenauer against the projects of other architects were among others Semper's vision of a large building complex called "Imperial Forum", in which the museums would have been a part of. Not least by the death of Semper in 1879 came the Imperial Forum not as planned for execution, the two museums were built, however.

Construction of the two museums began without ceremony on 27 November 1871 instead. Semper moved to Vienna in the sequence. From the beginning, there were considerable personal differences between him and Hasenauer, who finally in 1877 took over sole construction management. 1874, the scaffolds were placed up to the attic and the first floor completed, built in 1878, the first windows installed in 1879, the Attica and the balustrade from 1880 to 1881 and built the dome and the Tabernacle. The dome is topped with a bronze statue of Pallas Athena by Johannes Benk.

The lighting and air conditioning concept with double glazing of the ceilings made ​​the renunciation of artificial light (especially at that time, as gas light) possible, but this resulted due to seasonal variations depending on daylight to different opening times .

Kuppelhalle

Entrance (by clicking the link at the end of the side you can see all the pictures here indicated!)

Grand staircase

Hall

Empire

The Kunsthistorisches Museum was on 17 October 1891 officially opened by Emperor Franz Joseph I. Since 22 October 1891 , the museum is accessible to the public. Two years earlier, on 3 November 1889, the collection of arms, Arms and Armour today, had their doors open. On 1 January 1890 the library service resumed its operations. The merger and listing of other collections of the Highest Imperial Family from the Upper and Lower Belvedere, the Hofburg Palace and Ambras in Tyrol will need another two years.

189, the farm museum was organized in seven collections with three directorates:

Directorate of coins, medals and antiquities collection

The Egyptian Collection

The Antique Collection

The coins and medals collection

Management of the collection of weapons, art and industrial objects

Weapons collection

Collection of industrial art objects

Directorate of Art Gallery and Restaurieranstalt (Restoration Office)

Collection of watercolors, drawings, sketches, etc.

Restoration Office

Library

Very soon the room the Court Museum (Hofmuseum) for the imperial collections was offering became too narrow. To provide temporary help, an exhibition of ancient artifacts from Ephesus in the Theseus Temple was designed. However, additional space had to be rented in the Lower Belvedere.

1914, after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne, his " Estonian Forensic Collection " passed to the administration of the Court Museum. This collection, which emerged from the art collection of the house of d' Este and world travel collection of Franz Ferdinand, was placed in the New Imperial Palace since 1908. For these stocks, the present collection of old musical instruments and the Museum of Ethnology emerged.

The First World War went by, apart from the oppressive economic situation without loss. The farm museum remained during the five years of war regularly open to the public.

Until 1919 the K.K. Art Historical Court Museum was under the authority of the Oberstkämmereramt (head chamberlain office) and belonged to the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. The officials and employees were part of the royal household.

First Republic

The transition from monarchy to republic, in the museum took place in complete tranquility. On 19 November 1918 the two imperial museums on Maria Theresa Square were placed under the state protection of the young Republic of German Austria. Threatening to the stocks of the museum were the claims raised in the following weeks and months of the "successor states" of the monarchy as well as Italy and Belgium on Austrian art collection. In fact, it came on 12th February 1919 to the violent removal of 62 paintings by armed Italian units. This "art theft" left a long time trauma among curators and art historians.

It was not until the Treaty of Saint-Germain of 10 September 1919, providing in Article 195 and 196 the settlement of rights in the cultural field by negotiations. The claims of Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and Italy again could mostly being averted in this way. Only Hungary, which presented the greatest demands by far, was met by more than ten years of negotiation in 147 cases.

On 3 April 1919 was the expropriation of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine by law and the acquisition of its property, including the "Collections of the Imperial House" , by the Republic. Of 18 June 1920 the then provisional administration of the former imperial museums and collections of Este and the secular and clergy treasury passed to the State Office of Internal Affairs and Education, since 10 November 1920, the Federal Ministry of the Interior and Education. A few days later it was renamed the Art History Court Museum in the "Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna State", 1921 "Kunsthistorisches Museum" . Of 1st January 1921 the employees of the museum staff passed to the state of the Republic.

Through the acquisition of the former imperial collections owned by the state, the museum found itself in a complete new situation. In order to meet the changed circumstances in the museum area, designed Hans Tietze in 1919 the "Vienna Museum program". It provided a close cooperation between the individual museums to focus at different houses on main collections. So dominated exchange, sales and equalizing the acquisition policy in the interwar period. Thus resulting until today still valid collection trends. Also pointing the way was the relocation of the weapons collection from 1934 in its present premises in the New Castle, where since 1916 the collection of ancient musical instruments was placed.

With the change of the imperial collections in the ownership of the Republic the reorganization of the internal organization went hand in hand, too. Thus the museum was divided in 1919 into the

Egyptian and Near Eastern Collection (with the Oriental coins)

Collection of Classical Antiquities

Collection of ancient coins

Collection of modern coins and medals

Weapons collection

Collection of sculptures and crafts with the Collection of Ancient Musical Instruments

Picture Gallery

The Museum 1938-1945

Count Philipp Ludwig Wenzel Sinzendorf according to Rigaud. Clarisse 1948 by Baroness de Rothschildt "dedicated" to the memory of Baron Alphonse de Rothschildt; restituted to the Rothschilds in 1999, and in 1999 donated by Bettina Looram Rothschild, the last Austrian heiress.

With the "Anschluss" of Austria to the German Reich all Jewish art collections such as the Rothschilds were forcibly "Aryanised". Collections were either "paid" or simply distributed by the Gestapo at the museums. This resulted in a significant increase in stocks. But the KHM was not the only museum that benefited from the linearization. Systematically looted Jewish property was sold to museums, collections or in pawnshops throughout the empire.

After the war, the museum struggled to reimburse the "Aryanised" art to the owners or their heirs. They forced the Rothschild family to leave the most important part of their own collection to the museum and called this "dedications", or "donations". As a reason, was the export law stated, which does not allow owners to perform certain works of art out of the country. Similar methods were used with other former owners. Only on the basis of international diplomatic and media pressure, to a large extent from the United States, the Austrian government decided to make a change in the law (Art Restitution Act of 1998, the so-called Lex Rothschild). The art objects were the Rothschild family refunded only in the 1990s.

The Kunsthistorisches Museum operates on the basis of the federal law on the restitution of art objects from the 4th December 1998 (Federal Law Gazette I, 181 /1998) extensive provenance research. Even before this decree was carried out in-house provenance research at the initiative of the then archive director Herbert Haupt. This was submitted in 1998 by him in collaboration with Lydia Grobl a comprehensive presentation of the facts about the changes in the inventory levels of the Kunsthistorisches Museum during the Nazi era and in the years leading up to the State Treaty of 1955, an important basis for further research provenance.

The two historians Susanne Hehenberger and Monika Löscher are since 1st April 2009 as provenance researchers at the Kunsthistorisches Museum on behalf of the Commission for Provenance Research operating and they deal with the investigation period from 1933 to the recent past.

The museum today

Today the museum is as a federal museum, with 1st January 1999 released to the full legal capacity - it was thus the first of the state museums of Austria, implementing the far-reaching self-financing. It is by far the most visited museum in Austria with 1.3 million visitors (2007).

The Kunsthistorisches Museum is under the name Kunsthistorisches Museum and Museum of Ethnology and the Austrian Theatre Museum with company number 182081t since 11 June 1999 as a research institution under public law of the Federal virtue of the Federal Museums Act, Federal Law Gazette I/115/1998 and the Museum of Procedure of the Kunsthistorisches Museum and Museum of Ethnology and the Austrian Theatre Museum, 3 January 2001, BGBl II 2/ 2001, in force since 1 January 2001, registered.

In fiscal 2008, the turnover was 37.185 million EUR and total assets amounted to EUR 22.204 million. In 2008 an average of 410 workers were employed.

Management

1919-1923: Gustav Glück as the first chairman of the College of science officials

1924-1933: Hermann Julius Hermann 1924-1925 as the first chairman of the College of the scientific officers in 1925 as first director

1933: Arpad Weixlgärtner first director

1934-1938: Alfred Stix first director

1938-1945: Fritz Dworschak 1938 as acting head, from 1938 as a chief in 1941 as first director

1945-1949: August von Loehr 1945-1948 as executive director of the State Art Collections in 1949 as general director of the historical collections of the Federation

1945-1949: Alfred Stix 1945-1948 as executive director of the State Art Collections in 1949 as general director of art historical collections of the Federation

1949-1950: Hans Demel as administrative director

1950: Karl Wisoko-Meytsky as general director of art and historical collections of the Federation

1951-1952: Fritz Eichler as administrative director

1953-1954: Ernst H. Buschbeck as administrative director

1955-1966: Vincent Oberhammer 1955-1959 as administrative director, from 1959 as first director

1967: Edward Holzmair as managing director

1968-1972: Erwin Auer first director

1973-1981: Friderike Klauner first director

1982-1990: Hermann Fillitz first director

1990: George Kugler as interim first director

1990-2008: Wilfried Seipel as general director

Since 2009: Sabine Haag as general director

Collections

To the Kunsthistorisches Museum are also belonging the collections of the New Castle, the Austrian Theatre Museum in Palais Lobkowitz, the Museum of Ethnology and the Wagenburg (wagon fortress) in an outbuilding of Schönbrunn Palace. A branch office is also Ambras in Innsbruck.

Kunsthistorisches Museum (main building)

Picture Gallery

Egyptian and Near Eastern Collection

Collection of Classical Antiquities

Vienna Chamber of Art

Numismatic Collection

Library

New Castle

Ephesus Museum

Collection of Ancient Musical Instruments

Arms and Armour

Archive

Hofburg

The imperial crown in the Treasury

Imperial Treasury of Vienna

Insignia of the Austrian Hereditary Homage

Insignia of imperial Austria

Insignia of the Holy Roman Empire

Burgundian Inheritance and the Order of the Golden Fleece

Habsburg-Lorraine Household Treasure

Ecclesiastical Treasury

Schönbrunn Palace

Imperial Carriage Museum Vienna

Armory in Ambras Castle

Ambras Castle

Collections of Ambras Castle

Major exhibits

Among the most important exhibits of the Art Gallery rank inter alia:

Jan van Eyck: Cardinal Niccolò Albergati, 1438

Martin Schongauer: Holy Family, 1475-80

Albrecht Dürer : Trinity Altar, 1509-16

Portrait Johann Kleeberger, 1526

Parmigianino: Self Portrait in Convex Mirror, 1523/24

Giuseppe Arcimboldo: Summer 1563

Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio: Madonna of the Rosary 1606/ 07

Caravaggio: Madonna of the Rosary (1606-1607)

Titian: Nymph and Shepherd to 1570-75

Portrait of Jacopo de Strada, 1567/68

Raffaello Santi: Madonna of the Meadow, 1505 /06

Lorenzo Lotto: Portrait of a young man against white curtain, 1508

Peter Paul Rubens: The altar of St. Ildefonso, 1630-32

The Little Fur, about 1638

Jan Vermeer: The Art of Painting, 1665/66

Pieter Bruegel the Elder: Fight between Carnival and Lent, 1559

Kids, 1560

Tower of Babel, 1563

Christ Carrying the Cross, 1564

Gloomy Day (Early Spring), 1565

Return of the Herd (Autumn), 1565

Hunters in the Snow (Winter) 1565

Bauer and bird thief, 1568

Peasant Wedding, 1568/69

Peasant Dance, 1568/69

Paul's conversion (Conversion of St Paul), 1567

Cabinet of Curiosities:

Saliera from Benvenuto Cellini 1539-1543

Egyptian-Oriental Collection:

Mastaba of Ka Ni Nisut

Collection of Classical Antiquities:

Gemma Augustea

Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós

Gallery: Major exhibits

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum

 

Wikipédia

 

Omaha Beach est l'appellation utilisée par les Alliés pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale pour désigner l'une des cinq plages du débarquement de Normandie. Affectée aux troupes américaines, elle est celle où les Alliés perdirent le plus de troupes, ce qui lui a valu le surnom de « bloody Omaha » (Omaha la sanglante) et de « the Beach of blood ( la Plage du sang)».

 

Longue de huit kilomètres, la zone de débarquement s'étendait sur la côte occidentale du Calvados, depuis Sainte-Honorine-des-Pertes à l'est jusqu'à Vierville-sur-Mer à l'ouest, sur la rive droite de l'estuaire de la Douve. L'objectif à Omaha était de s'emparer et, ensuite, de tenir une tête de pont de huit kilomètres de profondeur entre Port-en-Bessin et la Vire et, dès que possible, de faire la jonction à l'est avec les Britanniques et à l'ouest avec le VIIe Corps américain débarqué à Utah Beach afin d'établir une tête de pont continue sur la côte normande1,2.

 

La prise d'Omaha était de la responsabilité du commandement américain, placé sous les ordres du général Omar Bradley, et du major général Huebner pour la partie opérationnelle ; [Lequel ?] avec des troupes de l'US Army et des transports maritimes fournis par l'US Navy et des éléments de la Royal Navy.

 

La section du mur de l’Atlantique face aux assaillants était défendue par environ 2 000 hommes provenant de deux divisions d'infanterie allemande : la 716e et la 352e. De multiples obstacles avaient été installés sur la plage pour interdire tout débarquement. Ces obstacles étaient sous le feu de positions fortifiées construites sur le talus et la crête et équipées de mitrailleuses ainsi que de canons. On y trouvait aussi des observateurs d’artillerie chargés d’ajuster les tirs de batteries déployées plus dans la profondeur.

 

Le 6 juin à l’aube, après un bombardement aérien et naval des Alliés sur les positions allemandes, la 1re division américaine (« la Big Red One », une unité expérimentée1) renforcée par un régiment de la 29e division (qui lui n'avait encore jamais combattu) débarqua sur cette plage. Le débarquement de la première vague eut lieu trois heures avant la marée haute. Ceci était indispensable pour ne pas jeter les barges de débarquement sur les obstacles situés en haut de l’estran et donner le temps aux équipes combinées du génie, de la marine et de l'infanterie spécialement constituées1 et arrivées avec les premières troupes débarqués, de les détruire et de dégager des chenaux pour permettre l’approche des forces suivantes et de barges plus grandes.

 

Les deux régiments renforcés qui débarquèrent en tête étaient :

à l’ouest, le 116 RCT (Regimental Combat Team), détaché temporairement de la 29e à la 1re division ;

à l’est, le 16 RCT, organique à la 1re division.

 

Chaque régiment était renforcé d’un bataillon de chars. Des chars, dont certains amphibies, devaient arriver avec l’infanterie et le génie lors de la première vague d'assaut.

 

Conjointement à ce débarquement, un assaut fut mené, quelques kilomètres plus à l'ouest, par des rangers américains pour s’emparer de la pointe du Hoc, une petite avancée de la côte normande dans la Manche avec une falaise de vingt-cinq à trente mètres de haut pour neutraliser de puissants canons allemands supposés y être installés dans des blockhaus et menaçant les plages d’Utah et d’Omaha. Si l’escalade réussissait, un signal devait être transmis et des renforts envoyés. Sinon ces renforts (huit compagnies de rangers) seraient détournés sur les plages d'Omaha.

 

Le plan de débarquement ne se déroula pas comme prévu et dès le début, la situation prit une tournure catastrophique pour les Alliés. Le bombardement aérien et naval avait manqué ses cibles et n’avait pas neutralisé les défenses ennemies. Les troupes américaines allaient se heurter à des positions allemandes quasi-intactes1. La mer était agitée et le vent fort. La quasi-totalité des chars amphibies coula et seuls quelques-uns atteignirent la plage1. Des difficultés de navigation entraînèrent la plupart des barges, déportées par le courant, à débarquer hors des endroits prévus1. Les Allemands ne dévoilèrent pas leurs positions et ils attendirent que les premiers soldats américains sortissent des barges pour ouvrir le feu. Le vent fort fit monter la marée plus rapidement que prévu, poussant de nombreuses barges sur les obstacles allemands. La première vague américaine fut clouée sur place, ne progressant pas et subissant de très lourdes pertes. Les troupes suivantes ne progressèrent pas non plus. Les équipes du génie, du fait de la désorganisation de l'ordre du débarquement, arrivèrent avant l'infanterie1. Sous le feu ennemi et avec peu de matériel, elles ne dégageaient, avec grande difficulté, que quelques chenaux pour les barges suivantes, subissant elles aussi de lourdes pertes1. Dans l'incapacité de dégager suffisamment les obstacles, les Alliés ne pouvaient débarquer correctement troupes et matériels1 et ils n'arrivaient pas à dégager les sorties de plage, fortement défendues. Cela provoqua rapidement encombrement et désordre sur la plage et des retards pour les débarquements suivants. Les communications radio avec le commandement étaient difficiles, 80 % du matériel radio de la première vague furent perdus1. La panique participa un peu plus à la désorganisation générale1.

 

Le commandement allié envisagea un temps l'abandon d'Omaha1. Mais outre la perte des 15 000 hommes déjà débarqués, cela présentait le grand risque d'affaiblir la position alliée avec une tête de pont américaine d'Utah à l'ouest qui aurait été séparée de 60 km de la tête de pont anglo-canadienne à l'est1. Le général Bradley, qui supervisait l'opération au large à bord depuis l'USS Augusta, malgré le manque d'informations, décida de poursuivre le débarquement et continua d'envoyer des troupes sur Omaha. Finalement quelques pénétrations de la ligne de défense réussirent. Le bataillon de rangers qui devait être envoyé en renfort à la pointe du Hoc n'ayant pas reçu le signal, il fut détourné sur Omaha Beach. Il parvint à réaliser la première percée valable. De petits groupes réalisaient des assauts improvisés sur le talus escarpé de la côte. Ils étaient aidés par l'appui feu de quelques navires de guerre qui, au risque d'être touchés par les batteries terrestres allemandes, avaient fini par se rapprocher des plages. Certaines barges parvinrent à franchir les chenaux ouverts. Des troupes américaines prirent le plateau côtier qui domine la plage entre Saint-Laurent et Colleville et commencèrent à prendre les défenses allemandes, mal défendues sur leurs arrières, à revers. D'autres unités suivirent et d’autres percées furent réalisées depuis la plage. Les Américains durent faire face à quelques contre-attaques allemandes, mais en milieu d'après-midi, le dernier bunker allemand fut pris.

 

Omaha Beach est la plage du débarquement de Normandie qui a provoqué le plus lourd bilan des pertes du Jour J (30 % du total des pertes du 6 juin) et elle partage avec Juno Beach, le taux de perte le plus fort avec près de 8 % des effectifs débarqués dont beaucoup par noyade. Plus de 3 000 Américains sont tués ou disparus et 2 000 sont blessés sur Omaha (le bilan précis reste inconnu), 90 % des hommes de la première vague étant tués ou blessés. L’histoire a retenu le surnom de « Bloody Omaha » (Omaha, la sanglante) que des films comme Le jour le plus long ou Il faut sauver le soldat Ryan ont mis en scène.

 

Milieu du IVe siècle av. J.-C.,

Céramique à figures rouges,

Provenance : Herakleia (Policoro), Tombe 100

Musée Archéologique National de Siritide, Policoro

________________________________________________ __ _

Matériels utilisés :

Boitier: Nikon D7000

Objectif: Sigma 135-400mm f4-5-5-6 APO DG

Accessoires: Grip Phottix BG-D7000,

Logiciel: Lightroom 3.0

________________________________________________ __ _

Other page:

Facebook | Twitter

________________________________________________ __ _

© Josselin Dutheil - Merci de me contacter pour toute utilisation de la photographie.

 

-- - All rights reserved / Tous droits réservés - --

A beautiful historic Scottish Fishing bay dating back to the 1700's, under duress due to problems between the "Owner" and local fishermen who have utilised this historic harbour as they and their fore fathers have done for hundreds of years .

 

I revisited today Tuesday 27th August 2019 , I was disappointed to see concrete barriers blocking access to cars and fishing boats , sad circumstances indeed , though I still managed to capture as much of the bays charm a I could , its ongoing battle and new concrete blocks preventing access made me feel unhappy and sad, any ways I have pasted some of my previous comments and news items reference this pathetic situation below for your perusal, I am on the side of the fishermen , its a sad tale indeed.

 

Check my previous posts in my Cove Bay folder for photos of the harbour in its glory days that I have taken over the years before this nonsense raised its ugly head.

 

Previous Posts

 

I love this bay, its a beautiful tranquil place, however after reading news reports on a court judgement 13/7/2018 forcing the fisher men to remove their boats within 28 days it saddened me, hence I made a trip today Friday 13th July 2018 to capture the views and scenery before this unpopular ruling is implemented, what a sad situation indeed, I have included the news report on the legal wrangle at the end of this description.

 

Cove is a 20 minute drive from my home in Aberdeen Scotland, it was a pleasure to visit today and capture the tranquility that it presented.

 

Scattered across the harbour are stones with various sealife characters carved into them.

 

Cove Bay is a suburb on the south-east edge of Aberdeen, Scotland.

 

Today Cove is home to over 7000 people. It is a popular residential location owing to its extremely village-like status.

 

It is a quiet suburb just at the edge of the City and in 2015 won the Silver award for Scotland in bloom. Nearby Altens and Tullos Industrial Estates, affording ample employment opportunities.

 

History

 

Cove Bay is situated to the east of the ancient Causey Mounth, which road was built on high ground to make passable this only available medieval route from coastal points south from Stonehaven to Aberdeen.

 

This ancient trackway specifically connected the River Dee crossing (where the Bridge of Dee is located) via Portlethen Moss, Muchalls Castle and Stonehaven to the south.

 

The route was that taken by William Keith, 7th Earl Marischal and the Marquess of Montrose, who led a Covenanter army of 9000 men in the battle of the Civil War in 1639.

 

Cove Bay was a village in the extreme north-east corner of Kincardine, governed from Stonehaven, until 1975, when it was added to the City of Aberdeen. Though simply referred to as Cove, in the 19th and early 20th centuries it was known as The Cove, becoming Cove Bay around 1912.

 

Industry

 

Cove has been noted for industries such as granite, which was quarried in several locations to the south of the village. Owing to its close-grained texture, Cove granite was one of the hardest in north-east Scotland and proved highly resistant to frost, making it ideal for causeway stones used in the construction of roads. It was widely exported to cities in England, including Billingsgate Market in London.

 

Fishing

The village itself sprung up around the fishing industry, with the boats berthed on a shingle beach, a gap in the rocks that afforded a natural harbour. During this time, it is estimated that approximately 300 people lived in the area. In the mid 19th century the fishing was at its height, which, over years, has included cod, haddock, salmon, herring and shellfish. The piers and breakwater were constructed in 1878. At the end of World War I the fishing began to decline. At present only a couple of boats pursue shellfish on a part-time basis.

 

Between 1894 and 1937, Cove also housed a fishmeal factory, the Aberdeen Fish Meal Factory, which was located at the edge of the cliffs. It produced quality manure which was exported to both Europe and America. It became locally known as "the stinker" because of the processing odour, which was highlighted by the Aberdeen entertainer Harry Gordon in a parody entitled A Song of Cove.

 

Amenities

Retail

 

Cove has just had a brand new Co-operative built just off of Earnshugh Circle.

To the west of Loirston Road is the Cove Shopping Centre, which overlooks Loirston Primary School. This houses a pharmacist, the Wee China Chinese takeaway/Chip shop, Ruby Tuesdays beauty salon and the Harr Rock cafe (Cove's second).

 

Within the new development of cove a local Sainsbury's has opened. There is also the Harr Rock Cafe (the first one), a hairdressers and a gift shop within the new development.

 

There are also 2 RS McColl newsagents. One located at Bervie Brow in Altens, and a second located on the corner of Loirston Road and Cove Road which also houses a Post Office.

 

Hospitality

 

The Cove Bay hotel is located on Colsea Road. There is also The Aberdeen Altens Hotel in Altens, which has 216 bedrooms, making it the largest of the three Thistle Hotels in Aberdeen.

 

There is also a pub, the Langdykes which now has an Indian restaurant situated inside called The Curry lounge which you can sit in or take away.

 

Transport

 

Bus services to and from Cove and the wider area of Aberdeen are available. These are run by First Aberdeen with the numbers 3 (to Mastrick) and the 18 to Dyce, via Kincorth. Stagecoach also cover cove partially, with numbers 7A & 8 (Both to the City Centre).

 

Healthcare

Cove Bay has its own medical centre, the Cove Bay Medical Centre. It was originally located on Catto Walk, but moved to a new facility off Earns Hugh Road. Cove Dental Care has since moved into the old surgery building.

 

Sport

Cove is currently home to two football teams: Cove Rangers, who currently play in the Highland Football League, they temporarily play in Harlow Park, Inverurie, as their old home Allan park was demolished to make way for housing. Cove Thistle, who hold amateur status. Sunday amateur team Cove Revolution folded in 2010.

 

There are also many youth teams in the area that are run by Cove Youth FC. The Cove Youth FC area SFA credited community club, organizing players from 6 years old up to 19 years old. They also have a girls section. The Cove Community Football Trust is run by Cove Rangers FC, Cove Thistle FC and Cove Youth FC.

 

Other Amenities

A state-of-the-art library was recently built between Loirston Primary School and the Cove Shopping Centre. There are blueprints for a local sports centre to also be built in the near future.

 

Education

Cove has two primary schools, Charleston Primary School and Loirston Primary School. Most secondary pupils attend the nearby Kincorth Academy, but some choose to go to Portlethen Academy.

 

Future Developments

Aberdeen Gateway[edit]

Construction on a new Aberdeen Gateway industrial development began in 2008. It will see new offices and industrial units built to the south of the village. Current tenants at the site include National Oilwell Varco (NOV), Driving Standards Agency and Hydrasun. A Community football pitch is also inlcluded within the development.

 

Cove Academy

Plans for a secondary school in Cove have now been approved and will be situated alongside Wellington Road. It is thought that once this is built pupils from Cove, Torry as well as Kincorth will attend this school.

 

The Legal Wrangle - Landowner V Fishermen - Judgement 13/7/18

  

Fishermen told to move boats from Cove Bay after legal dispute

 

Fishermen have been told to move their boats from an Aberdeen bay after a long-running dispute.

Several fishermen were fighting an eviction order on behalf of landowner Pralhad Kolhe at Cove Bay, where they had been fishing for many years.

In a written judgement, a sheriff has given them 28 days to move their boats and equipment from Mr Kolhe's land.

However, Sheriff Andrew Miller also ordered the removal of obstructions to vehicular access onto the pier.

 

The case was heard at Aberdeen Sheriff Court earlier this year.

 

One of the fisherman, Jim Adam, told a court he was "stunned" to receive a legal letter telling him to remove his boat.

 

He had been fishing from Cove Bay since 1966.

'We were hopeful'

 

The first day of the hearing heard the letter said the landowner, who lives in a house overlooking the harbour, was unable to make use of his land for amenity purposes and that he did not wish Mr Adam's vessel, or any other vessel, on his land.

 

In the ruling, Sheriff Miller also gave Mr Kolhe 28 days to remove the obstructions to vehicle access to the pier.

Mr Adam told BBC Scotland: "We are disappointed, we were hopeful.

 

"The good news is at least for the recreational folks they have got vehicle access."

 

News Report From P&J Aberdeen

 

A campaign group could use new powers to try to buy the land at the centre of a long-running dispute over access to Cove Harbour.

 

Councillors in Aberdeen agreed yesterday to investigate using the purchase powers contained in the Community Empowerment Scotland Act 2015 to finally resolve the stand-off.

 

The proposal was backed after Jim Adam, chairman of the Cove Fishermen Association, delivered an emotional plea to Aberdeen City Council’s petitions committee yesterday.

 

He outlined the group’s ongoing disagreement with the landowner, Pralhad Kohle, over vehicle access to the harbour-side.

 

Mr Adam highlighted the historical use of the harbour since the 1700s for fishing boats and recreational users, showing members photographs as evidence.

 

He also said the denial of emergency access to the harbour would create safety issues, and spoke of a strong community spirit in the village.

 

Cove Councillor Neil Cooney stated: “Boats have been fishing out of Cove since mediaeval times; we need to retain that heritage.”

 

Committee convener Alan Donnelly said: “You would think, with 11,000 signatures, that the owner would take it seriously and come along.”

 

He added: “We are moving today that the council refers the petition to the landowner, with the hope that they can come to an amicable solution.

 

“And request a report to the communities, housing and infrastructure committee to investigate the viability of the community to use the new Community Empowerment Scotland Act 2015 to purchase the land.”

 

Speaking afterwards Mr Adam said: “We are very encouraged by the support from the council. It’s very positive and has opened up a number of avenues, but we would like there to be an amicable solution.

 

“The Community Empowerment Act is a very useful tool, but it would be a last resort.”

 

Mr Kohle, who was not in attendance, owns a house overlooking the bay and some of the land at the harbour below.

 

Scotland’s First Minister has pledged to investigate the “suffering” faced by the Cove Harbour fishing community as a result of a devastating fire and a dispute with the landlord.

 

The first minister promised action after being warned the Scottish Government risked ignoring a group whose livelihoods had been threatened by recent events.

 

Ms Sturgeon said the government wanted “to do everything we possibly can” to help communities faced with difficulties after the Cove Harbour situation was raised with her.

 

In January, thousands of pounds worth of damage was caused when a fire, thought to be deliberate, destroyed five vessels, boating equipment, a shed and fishing gear.

 

The community has also been involved in a long-running battle with landowner Pralhad Kolhe, a plastic surgeon who had sought to evict the fishermen’s fleet of traditional vessels from the part of the harbour he owns.

 

The Cove Fisherman’s Association had a four-year legal battle with Mr Kolhe, and lost their fight to dock their small fleet of traditional vessels at a particular part of Cove Harbour last year.

 

Last August the remaining vessels at the site were finally moved from Mr Kolhe’s land to a small corner of the harbour. The judgement said access to the pier for walkers and vehicles should be maintained.

 

After January’s fire, North East MSP Liam Kerr wrote to Rural Economy Secretary Fergus Ewing asking for support for the fishermen.

 

Mr Ewing replied say he was “very saddened” by the disaster but financial support would be “limited”.

 

Yesterday Mr Kerr raised Cove Harbour with Ms Sturgeon in the Scottish Parliament.

 

Mr Kerr told the first minister the Cove Harbour fishing community was “suffering” and faced “significant” legal costs.

 

The Tory MSP said the fishermen had requested a meeting with Mr Ewing “but to no avail”.

 

And he asked Ms Sturgeon to persuade Mr Ewing to meet the community and “not risk ignoring a community facing the loss of their livelihoods”.

 

The First Minister said: “Of course we want to do everything we possibly can to help any community experiencing difficulties.

 

“I am not aware beyond what the member has just said of the content of the correspondence to Fergus Ewing.

 

“But I am happy to give an undertaking to look into that and if Fergus Ewing thinks there is help the Scottish Government can offer – certainly to meet with those affected.”

 

A group of Aberdeen fishermen who lost a court case last year have been hit with a legal fee bill of around £45,000 – just days after their cherished vessels were destroyed in a malicious fire.

 

The Cove Fishermen’s Association was forced to move its boats at Cove Harbour last year after a court ruled in favour of landowner Pralhad Kolhe – who owns sections of the historic bay.

 

Mr Kolhe has been seeking to remove the small fleet of boats from his land, but in the months since the court’s decision, the fishermen have continued their activities by keeping their remaining vessels in a much smaller pocket of the harbour not under the landowner’s control, further away from the shoreline

A beautiful historic Scottish Fishing bay dating back to the 1700's, under duress due to problems between the "Owner" and local fishermen who have utilised this historic harbour as they and their fore fathers have done for hundreds of years .

 

I revisited today Tuesday 27th August 2019 , I was disappointed to see concrete barriers blocking access to cars and fishing boats , sad circumstances indeed , though I still managed to capture as much of the bays charm a I could , its ongoing battle and new concrete blocks preventing access made me feel unhappy and sad, any ways I have pasted some of my previous comments and news items reference this pathetic situation below for your perusal, I am on the side of the fishermen , its a sad tale indeed.

 

Check my previous posts in my Cove Bay folder for photos of the harbour in its glory days that I have taken over the years before this nonsense raised its ugly head.

 

Previous Posts

 

I love this bay, its a beautiful tranquil place, however after reading news reports on a court judgement 13/7/2018 forcing the fisher men to remove their boats within 28 days it saddened me, hence I made a trip today Friday 13th July 2018 to capture the views and scenery before this unpopular ruling is implemented, what a sad situation indeed, I have included the news report on the legal wrangle at the end of this description.

 

Cove is a 20 minute drive from my home in Aberdeen Scotland, it was a pleasure to visit today and capture the tranquility that it presented.

 

Scattered across the harbour are stones with various sealife characters carved into them.

 

Cove Bay is a suburb on the south-east edge of Aberdeen, Scotland.

 

Today Cove is home to over 7000 people. It is a popular residential location owing to its extremely village-like status.

 

It is a quiet suburb just at the edge of the City and in 2015 won the Silver award for Scotland in bloom. Nearby Altens and Tullos Industrial Estates, affording ample employment opportunities.

 

History

 

Cove Bay is situated to the east of the ancient Causey Mounth, which road was built on high ground to make passable this only available medieval route from coastal points south from Stonehaven to Aberdeen.

 

This ancient trackway specifically connected the River Dee crossing (where the Bridge of Dee is located) via Portlethen Moss, Muchalls Castle and Stonehaven to the south.

 

The route was that taken by William Keith, 7th Earl Marischal and the Marquess of Montrose, who led a Covenanter army of 9000 men in the battle of the Civil War in 1639.

 

Cove Bay was a village in the extreme north-east corner of Kincardine, governed from Stonehaven, until 1975, when it was added to the City of Aberdeen. Though simply referred to as Cove, in the 19th and early 20th centuries it was known as The Cove, becoming Cove Bay around 1912.

 

Industry

 

Cove has been noted for industries such as granite, which was quarried in several locations to the south of the village. Owing to its close-grained texture, Cove granite was one of the hardest in north-east Scotland and proved highly resistant to frost, making it ideal for causeway stones used in the construction of roads. It was widely exported to cities in England, including Billingsgate Market in London.

 

Fishing

The village itself sprung up around the fishing industry, with the boats berthed on a shingle beach, a gap in the rocks that afforded a natural harbour. During this time, it is estimated that approximately 300 people lived in the area. In the mid 19th century the fishing was at its height, which, over years, has included cod, haddock, salmon, herring and shellfish. The piers and breakwater were constructed in 1878. At the end of World War I the fishing began to decline. At present only a couple of boats pursue shellfish on a part-time basis.

 

Between 1894 and 1937, Cove also housed a fishmeal factory, the Aberdeen Fish Meal Factory, which was located at the edge of the cliffs. It produced quality manure which was exported to both Europe and America. It became locally known as "the stinker" because of the processing odour, which was highlighted by the Aberdeen entertainer Harry Gordon in a parody entitled A Song of Cove.

 

Amenities

Retail

 

Cove has just had a brand new Co-operative built just off of Earnshugh Circle.

To the west of Loirston Road is the Cove Shopping Centre, which overlooks Loirston Primary School. This houses a pharmacist, the Wee China Chinese takeaway/Chip shop, Ruby Tuesdays beauty salon and the Harr Rock cafe (Cove's second).

 

Within the new development of cove a local Sainsbury's has opened. There is also the Harr Rock Cafe (the first one), a hairdressers and a gift shop within the new development.

 

There are also 2 RS McColl newsagents. One located at Bervie Brow in Altens, and a second located on the corner of Loirston Road and Cove Road which also houses a Post Office.

 

Hospitality

 

The Cove Bay hotel is located on Colsea Road. There is also The Aberdeen Altens Hotel in Altens, which has 216 bedrooms, making it the largest of the three Thistle Hotels in Aberdeen.

 

There is also a pub, the Langdykes which now has an Indian restaurant situated inside called The Curry lounge which you can sit in or take away.

 

Transport

 

Bus services to and from Cove and the wider area of Aberdeen are available. These are run by First Aberdeen with the numbers 3 (to Mastrick) and the 18 to Dyce, via Kincorth. Stagecoach also cover cove partially, with numbers 7A & 8 (Both to the City Centre).

 

Healthcare

Cove Bay has its own medical centre, the Cove Bay Medical Centre. It was originally located on Catto Walk, but moved to a new facility off Earns Hugh Road. Cove Dental Care has since moved into the old surgery building.

 

Sport

Cove is currently home to two football teams: Cove Rangers, who currently play in the Highland Football League, they temporarily play in Harlow Park, Inverurie, as their old home Allan park was demolished to make way for housing. Cove Thistle, who hold amateur status. Sunday amateur team Cove Revolution folded in 2010.

 

There are also many youth teams in the area that are run by Cove Youth FC. The Cove Youth FC area SFA credited community club, organizing players from 6 years old up to 19 years old. They also have a girls section. The Cove Community Football Trust is run by Cove Rangers FC, Cove Thistle FC and Cove Youth FC.

 

Other Amenities

A state-of-the-art library was recently built between Loirston Primary School and the Cove Shopping Centre. There are blueprints for a local sports centre to also be built in the near future.

 

Education

Cove has two primary schools, Charleston Primary School and Loirston Primary School. Most secondary pupils attend the nearby Kincorth Academy, but some choose to go to Portlethen Academy.

 

Future Developments

Aberdeen Gateway[edit]

Construction on a new Aberdeen Gateway industrial development began in 2008. It will see new offices and industrial units built to the south of the village. Current tenants at the site include National Oilwell Varco (NOV), Driving Standards Agency and Hydrasun. A Community football pitch is also inlcluded within the development.

 

Cove Academy

Plans for a secondary school in Cove have now been approved and will be situated alongside Wellington Road. It is thought that once this is built pupils from Cove, Torry as well as Kincorth will attend this school.

 

The Legal Wrangle - Landowner V Fishermen - Judgement 13/7/18

  

Fishermen told to move boats from Cove Bay after legal dispute

 

Fishermen have been told to move their boats from an Aberdeen bay after a long-running dispute.

Several fishermen were fighting an eviction order on behalf of landowner Pralhad Kolhe at Cove Bay, where they had been fishing for many years.

In a written judgement, a sheriff has given them 28 days to move their boats and equipment from Mr Kolhe's land.

However, Sheriff Andrew Miller also ordered the removal of obstructions to vehicular access onto the pier.

 

The case was heard at Aberdeen Sheriff Court earlier this year.

 

One of the fisherman, Jim Adam, told a court he was "stunned" to receive a legal letter telling him to remove his boat.

 

He had been fishing from Cove Bay since 1966.

'We were hopeful'

 

The first day of the hearing heard the letter said the landowner, who lives in a house overlooking the harbour, was unable to make use of his land for amenity purposes and that he did not wish Mr Adam's vessel, or any other vessel, on his land.

 

In the ruling, Sheriff Miller also gave Mr Kolhe 28 days to remove the obstructions to vehicle access to the pier.

Mr Adam told BBC Scotland: "We are disappointed, we were hopeful.

 

"The good news is at least for the recreational folks they have got vehicle access."

 

News Report From P&J Aberdeen

 

A campaign group could use new powers to try to buy the land at the centre of a long-running dispute over access to Cove Harbour.

 

Councillors in Aberdeen agreed yesterday to investigate using the purchase powers contained in the Community Empowerment Scotland Act 2015 to finally resolve the stand-off.

 

The proposal was backed after Jim Adam, chairman of the Cove Fishermen Association, delivered an emotional plea to Aberdeen City Council’s petitions committee yesterday.

 

He outlined the group’s ongoing disagreement with the landowner, Pralhad Kohle, over vehicle access to the harbour-side.

 

Mr Adam highlighted the historical use of the harbour since the 1700s for fishing boats and recreational users, showing members photographs as evidence.

 

He also said the denial of emergency access to the harbour would create safety issues, and spoke of a strong community spirit in the village.

 

Cove Councillor Neil Cooney stated: “Boats have been fishing out of Cove since mediaeval times; we need to retain that heritage.”

 

Committee convener Alan Donnelly said: “You would think, with 11,000 signatures, that the owner would take it seriously and come along.”

 

He added: “We are moving today that the council refers the petition to the landowner, with the hope that they can come to an amicable solution.

 

“And request a report to the communities, housing and infrastructure committee to investigate the viability of the community to use the new Community Empowerment Scotland Act 2015 to purchase the land.”

 

Speaking afterwards Mr Adam said: “We are very encouraged by the support from the council. It’s very positive and has opened up a number of avenues, but we would like there to be an amicable solution.

 

“The Community Empowerment Act is a very useful tool, but it would be a last resort.”

 

Mr Kohle, who was not in attendance, owns a house overlooking the bay and some of the land at the harbour below.

 

Scotland’s First Minister has pledged to investigate the “suffering” faced by the Cove Harbour fishing community as a result of a devastating fire and a dispute with the landlord.

 

The first minister promised action after being warned the Scottish Government risked ignoring a group whose livelihoods had been threatened by recent events.

 

Ms Sturgeon said the government wanted “to do everything we possibly can” to help communities faced with difficulties after the Cove Harbour situation was raised with her.

 

In January, thousands of pounds worth of damage was caused when a fire, thought to be deliberate, destroyed five vessels, boating equipment, a shed and fishing gear.

 

The community has also been involved in a long-running battle with landowner Pralhad Kolhe, a plastic surgeon who had sought to evict the fishermen’s fleet of traditional vessels from the part of the harbour he owns.

 

The Cove Fisherman’s Association had a four-year legal battle with Mr Kolhe, and lost their fight to dock their small fleet of traditional vessels at a particular part of Cove Harbour last year.

 

Last August the remaining vessels at the site were finally moved from Mr Kolhe’s land to a small corner of the harbour. The judgement said access to the pier for walkers and vehicles should be maintained.

 

After January’s fire, North East MSP Liam Kerr wrote to Rural Economy Secretary Fergus Ewing asking for support for the fishermen.

 

Mr Ewing replied say he was “very saddened” by the disaster but financial support would be “limited”.

 

Yesterday Mr Kerr raised Cove Harbour with Ms Sturgeon in the Scottish Parliament.

 

Mr Kerr told the first minister the Cove Harbour fishing community was “suffering” and faced “significant” legal costs.

 

The Tory MSP said the fishermen had requested a meeting with Mr Ewing “but to no avail”.

 

And he asked Ms Sturgeon to persuade Mr Ewing to meet the community and “not risk ignoring a community facing the loss of their livelihoods”.

 

The First Minister said: “Of course we want to do everything we possibly can to help any community experiencing difficulties.

 

“I am not aware beyond what the member has just said of the content of the correspondence to Fergus Ewing.

 

“But I am happy to give an undertaking to look into that and if Fergus Ewing thinks there is help the Scottish Government can offer – certainly to meet with those affected.”

 

A group of Aberdeen fishermen who lost a court case last year have been hit with a legal fee bill of around £45,000 – just days after their cherished vessels were destroyed in a malicious fire.

 

The Cove Fishermen’s Association was forced to move its boats at Cove Harbour last year after a court ruled in favour of landowner Pralhad Kolhe – who owns sections of the historic bay.

 

Mr Kolhe has been seeking to remove the small fleet of boats from his land, but in the months since the court’s decision, the fishermen have continued their activities by keeping their remaining vessels in a much smaller pocket of the harbour not under the landowner’s control, further away from the shoreline

At 12 miles, the 60 is one of the longest routes in South London heading through country lanes and a golf course to get there. It still utilises old but refurbished DB300 diesels which will likely stay there for its contract duration. Can’t imagine the seats being particularly comfortable though (mind you, anything is more comfortable than a Gemini frog or an early Evoseti seat).

 

LJ59GTF (DW259) is picking up passengers at Streatham Station before departing to Old Coulsdon via Croydon and Purley. Based at Croydon (TC) Garage.

These days, St Laurence sits beside a busy double mini roundabout, surrounded by shots and take aways, it is a place you could easily miss.

 

I have had my eye on htis for some time, but there is always elsewhere to go to on Heritage weekend, so a second weekend of that this year meant that on the second Saturday we were parking the car outside.

 

The church is pretty enough from the outside, but the windows have wire mesh to protect them, but we received a warm welcome as we entered the porch.

 

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Very much a village church, set back from the road in the heart of this former agricultural settlement. Now a suburb of Ramsgate it is the original parish church for the later resort. Norman in date, with a fine crossing tower, it is well worth a visit if only for its monuments which record many military men (who passed through the parish during the Napoleonic Wars) and the wealthy eighteenth century visitors who came to Ramsgate for their health and died there. There is a fine Royal Arms of George II over the south door, whilst a twentieth century rood beam emphasises the height of the Norman crossing arch. The chancel is pleasantly empty, with a noble nineteenth century reredos of blank arcading. The south chapel contains an unusual memorial to Sarah Spencer who died in 1745. This poor lady has had so many later members of her family commemorated on her tablet, that there is no room left. Every flat surface has been utilised! Opposite is a little-known but eminently beautiful relief of Henrietta Ashley who died in 1874 carved by the Royal Academician Thomas Woolner. The collection of stained glass has recently been enriched by a window in the north aisle by the Cathedral Studios (1998) which depicts the nearby St Augustine's Cross. It is a simple, dignified and moving attempt to record the 1400th anniversary of the landing of St Augustine which occurred just a couple of miles away. Other stained glass can best be described as curious. The east window was erected as a memorial to Queen Victoria who, we are told, `worshipped in this church` when staying in the area. At the base is a series of panels recording the arrival of St Augustine. One shows the baptism of King Ethelbert in the font of St Martin's Church, Canterbury - a font which wasn't carved until 400 years later! The artist, Alfred Hemming, obviously felt that a font of authentic design would not have been worthy of the subject! The bizarre east window in the south chapel (1902) shows some very sleepy dead being woken at the Last Trump whilst St Peter swings his key impatiently at the gates of Heaven! Not to be missed!

 

www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=St+Lawrence

 

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ST. LAURENCE.

THE PARISH OF ST. LAURENCE lies the next southward from that of St. Peter last described, taking its name from the saint to which the church is dedicated. The ville Ramsgate, within this parish, is within the liberty of the cinque ports; but the rest of the parish is within the hundred of Ringslow and jurisdiction of the justices of the county.

 

The VILLAGE OF ST. LAURENCE, having the church on an hill on the west side of it, is neat and small, being pleasantly situated in the south-east part of this parish, and commands one of the most extensive prospects in this island, as well towards the sea as the neighbouring parts of the county. This parish is about three miles from east to west, and two miles from north to south. The lands in it are more enclosed than the more northern parishes before-described. It is very populous, and has in it several small hamlets, or knots of houses, besides those particularly mentioned before; among which, in the western part of it, are Manston-green, and Spratingstreet; (fn. 1) on the northern, Hains, and Lymington; on the eastern, Hallicandane, and Herson; and towards the south, Great and Little Cliffsend, Chilson, Courtstairs; and adjoining to the sea, Pegwell, alias Courtis a small manor, usually stiled Pegwell, alias Courtstairs, and is an appendage to that of Sheriffs court, in Minster, as has been taken notice of before, in the description of that estate.

 

Adjoining is Courtstairs, alias Pegwell bay, where the inhabitants catch shrimps, lobsters, soles, mullets, &c. and a delicious flat-fish, called a prill, much sought after. At Pegwell there is a neat villa, lately erected by William Garrow, esq. for his occasional residence, and between this place and Ramsgate is another, called Belmont, an elegant building in the gothic taste, late the residence of Joseph Ruse, esq.

 

¶From this bay to a place called Cliffs-end, instead of chalk, the ground next the sea is a sort of blueish earth, somewhat like Fuller's earth; it is about sixteen feet above the sand, and in it are seen strata of culver and other fish shells, lying in a confused manner, one on the top of the other. This earth has been carried away frequently by people, as Fuller's earth, in great quantities, to dispose of as such; but on a trial it was found very deficient, and not partaking of any quality belonging to it.

 

By the return made by archbishop Parker, in 1563, to the privy council, it appears that there were then here ninety-eight housholds; but this place, owing to the prosperity of Ramsgate, has greatly increased for many years past, insomuch that in 1773, here were in this parish, including Ramsgate, which contains more than two thirds of the houses and inhabitants of the whole parish, 699 houses, and 2726 inhabitants; and in 1792 there were found 825 houses and 3601 inhabitants; which is a great increase for so short a space as nineteen years. (fn. 2) A fair is held here yearly, on August 10, for toys, pedlary, &c.

 

In this parish lived one Joy, who in king William's reign had such a reputation for very extraordinary strength of body, that he was called the English Sampson, and the strong man of Kent, and was taken notice of by the king, royal family, and the nobility, before whom he performed his feats. In 1699 his picture was engraved, and round it several representations of his performances, as pulling against an extraordinary strong horse, breaking a rope, which would bear thirty-five hundred weight, and lifting a weight of 2240lb. He was drowned in 1734.

 

In the month of March, 1764, between Ramsgate and Pegwell in this parish, a part of the cliff, seventy feet high, on the surface of which was a corn field, gave way for about twenty yards in length, and five yards in breadth, and fell into the sea.

 

The VILLE AND TOWN OF RAMSGATE, so called from the way here which leads to the sea, through the chalk cliff; the inhabitants, of which like those of other places, are fond of having it famous for its antiquity, and have fancied the name of it to have been derived from Romans gate, that is, from its being used as a port, or landing place, by the Romans; but besides, that its name was never so written in antient writings, it may well be doubted, whether during the time of the Romans frequenting this island, there was here any way or gate at all to the sea; and it seems plain, that it was dug first through the cliff, as the rest of the sea gates were in this little island, for the conveniency of the fishery, no Roman coins, &c. have been known ever to have been found here, as they have at Bradstow, where the Romans, if they had any at all, might have a station in this island.

 

The PARISH OF ST. LAURENCE is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Westbere.

 

The church, which is dedicated to St. Laurence, consists of three isles and three chancels, having a tower steeple in the middle of it, standing on four pillars, the capitals of which display the rude conceits of the artist. This tower, on the outside, is encircled with a string of very plain octagonal small pillars and semicircular arches, in the true Saxon taste. There are five bells in it. The church itself is a handsome building, of field stones, rough casted over, as the rest of the churches in this island are, and seems to have been built at several times; of the two side chancels the north one is said to have been built by the Manstons, of Manston-court, many of whom lie buried in it, though most of their monumental inscriptions are perished through length of time. Weever has however preserved two of them, being those of Roger Manston, and Julian his wife, and of Thomas St. Nicholas, who married Joane Manston, and had by her Thomas, entombed here likewise. There was likewise here a brass plate, having the effigies of a man, and these arms, quarterly, first and fourth, A fess, ermine, between three mullets; second and third, On a cross, engrailed, a cinquefoil, and underneath an inscription for Nicholas Manston, esq. obt. 1444. A brass plate, now torn off, for. . . Sayen Nicholas, esq. and Johane his wife; she died 1499; and just by, on a flat stone a brass with the effigies of a woman, and these arms, Ermine, a chief, quarterly; the inscription gone. A monument fixed against the north wall, for Frances, wife of Thomas Coppin, of Westminster, and daughter of Robert Brooke, esq. of Nacton, in Suffolk, who died during her stay here at Manston, in 1677; arms, Parted per pale, azure and gules, three boars heads, couped, or, a chief of the last. On a stone near this monument, and adjoining to that of Nicholas Sprackling, are four shields of arms, first, A cross engrailed, a rose in the centre; second, A cross engrailed; third, A fess, between three mullets, impaling the first coat; fourth, As the third, quartering the first. Part of this chancel is now made into a very handsome vestry. In the high chancel are several memorials in brass, with figures and inscriptions, for the family of Sprakeling. Below these is one having the figure scratched in the marble, of a man lying, with a pen in his hand, writing, Garde promesse fidelement; arms, Sable, a saltier, between four leopards faces, or, impaling or, a chevron, gules, between three bulls passant, sable. In this church is an antient grave-stone of one Umfry, but the arms are gone as well as the inscription, if it ever had any. In the body of the church there have been built several galleries, (which make a most unsightly appearance) to make as much room as possible for the numerous inhabitants of this parish, who had increased to four times the number that they were sixty or seventy years ago; but the inhabitants of Ramsgate are now accommodated with a chapel of of ease, lately built in that ville, as has been already noticed. Besides the above there are numerous monuments and memorials, of a more modern date, and among them, in the south chancel, a mural monument for Sarah, wife of Mr. Adam Spencer, obt. 1745, who with her three children were deposited in a vault near it; she had nine children, of whom four only survived; also for the aforesaid Mr. Adam Spencer, merchant, obt. 1757, who lies in the same vault with Sarah his wife, on it are these arms, Quarterly, first and fourth, Argent; second and third, Gules, a fret, or, over all, on a bend, sable, three escallops of the first, impaling barry of six, azure and gules, a chief, ermine. A mural monument for Capt. Martin Read, obt. 1792, and for Margaret his wife; arms, Gules, a saltier, or, between four leopards faces, proper. A mural monument for Capt. Martin Long, obt. 1751; for Elizabeth his sister, and for his sister Catharine, widow of Mr. William Abbott, arms, Sable, a lion rampant, argent.

 

In the south isle, among many others, a white tablet for Martha, widow of Darell Shorte, jun. esq. of Wadhurst, in Suffex, and daughter of Sir Robert Kemp, bart. late of Appeston, in Suffolk, obt. 1789; another for Dorothy, wife of Mr. William Abbott; she died 1728, and two of their daughters both named Dorothy, and their son Adam, obt. 1735, also the above mentioned Mr. William Abbott, obt. 1755, and for Dorothy his wife, and their children; and for the Holman's. In the great chancel, a memorial for Ann, relict of Capt. William Bookey, of the East-India Company's service, obt. 1770. In the vestry a black tablet for the Rev. Robert Tyler, A. M. twenty-six years vicar, obt. June 10, 1766.—In the north isle a white tablet to the memory of several of the Tomsons. A mural monument for the Tickners. A memorial for Peter Johnson, A. M. son of Henry Johnson, gent. and fellow of Corpus Christi college, Oxford, vicar of this church, obt. April 18, 1704; arms, Parted per fess, dancette, a vulture. On a plain stone, Capt. John Pettit, died; the rest is covered by the pews; arms, On a chevron, gules, three bezants, between three griffins heads, sable, crowned, or. A tablet in the south cross for Anna-Eliza, eldest daughter of the Rev. William-Worcester Wilson, D. D. obt. 1792. A memorial for the Rev. Peter James, M. A. late of Greenwich, and rector of Ight ham, obt. 1791. The following are plain slabs, mostly at the east end of the church; for Mrs. Elizabeth Kelly, daughter of Dr. Kelly, of Winchester, and sister of Dr. Kelly, regius professor, of Oxford; also Martha Kelly, sister to Elizabeth, wife of Lieutenant Charles Kelly, of the royal navy, obt. 1788; arms, A castle, between two lions rampant; for Matthew Brooke, A. M. fellow of king's college, and rector of Walton, in Hertfordshire, and vicar of this parish, obt. 1739; arms, On a fess, three martlets, a bordure engrailed, impaling a chevron, between three covered cups; for Matthew Bookey, son of M. and A. Bookey, obt. 1747. Memorials for several of the Gillows, Tomsons, Abbotts, Pamfleets, Harnets, Law, Joad, Moses, Parkers, Quince, Carraways, Redwood, Evers, Curling, Whites, Napletons, and Hoopers; for George Garrett, esq. obt. 1775. A mural monument, with inscription, that in a vault hereto adjoining, lie several of the family of Abbott, and their relatives; arms, A chevron, between three pears, impaling, on a pile, three griffins heads, erased.

 

In the church-yard are several monuments for the Stocks, Austens and Coxens; for Brotherly and Quince; for the Maxteds and Holmans; for Lithered and Joad. Two mural monuments, one for the Garretts, Casbys, and Browns, and their relatives; arms, Garrett, on a fess, a lion passant; the other for Mark Seller Garrett, obt. 1779. There are principal monuments and gravestones in this church and church-yard, the whole of which are by far too numerous to insert here.

 

Besides the high altar in this church, there were formerly others dedicated to St. James, St. Catherine, St. Thomas, and the Holy Trinity; besides which there were kept wax-lights, the expence of which was maintained by voluntary gifts and legacies. In the west window of the church were formerly painted the arms of Criol, who owned Upper-court, being Or, two chevrons, and a canton, gules. Septvans, Azure, three wheat skreens, or, an annulet for difference; the latter dwelt in this parish, and lies buried under a monument in Ash church. Of St. Nicholas, who married Jane Manstone, Ermine, a chief quarterly, or, and gules; in the first quarter, an annulet for difference Of Chiche, Azure, three lions rampant, argent, a bordure of the second; and of Manston, Gules, a fess, ermine, between three mullets.

 

At a small distance from the church to the eastward, are the remains of a small chapel, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, now converted into a cottage.—There was a chantry founded in it, for the support of which several lands hereabouts were given, which at the suppression of these chapels in king Edward VI.'s reign, came into the hands of the crown, and became a lay fee.

 

This church was one of the three chapels belonging to the church of Minster, and was very probably made parochial sometime after the year 1200, after that church, with its appendages, had been appropriated in 1128, to the monastery of St. Augustine; it was at the same time assigned with the three chapels, and all rents, tithes, and other things belonging to them, to the sacristy of the monastery; and it was further granted, that the abbot and convent should present to the archbishop, in the above-mentioned chapels, fit perpetual chaplains to the altarages of them; but that the vicar of the mother church should take and receive in right of his vicarage, the tenths of small tithes, of lambs and pigs, and all obventions arising from marriages and churchings which were forbid at the chapels, and were solemnized, &c. at the mother church only. (fn. 12)

 

In the year 1275, archbishop Robert consecrated the cemetery of this church, and granted it the right of sepulture, with the restrictions, that the tenants or occupiers of land, who were parishioners of this chapel, should be buried at their mother church of Minster, as the parishioners of this chapel had heretofore been; and that none of them should be buried here, without the express leave of the vicar of Minster, notwithstanding they, by their wills, or by any other means, ordered their burial to be in the burying-place of the chapel; but that children and poor people, who were parishioners of it, and not tenants or occupiers of land, might be buried here, with this proviso, that all obventions, oblations, or legacies arising, on account of such sepulture, in the yard of this chapel, should wholly be divided between the vicars of Minster and this chapel of St. Laurence; that no prejudice might be done to the mother church of Minster, as to marriages and churchings, which should be done for the future at the mother church, as they had been before.

 

These obventions, oblations and legacies, arising from funerals, were to be faithfully laid up and kept by the vicar of this chapel and his chaplains, till they should be equally divided between him and the vicar of Minster, which was to be done every month, unless they should be required of the vicar of Minster, or his chaplain or proctor, oftener. But a composition, we are told, was made between the patrons and several incumbents, which was confirmed by the archbishop, which was, that the incumbents of these chapels or dependant churches should pay only the tenth part of all their real profits to the incumbent of the mother church; which composition was, it is said, duly observed about the year 1370. (fn. 13)

 

Although the chaplains of these chapels were to receive no more than ten marcs of these altarages, yet they were not excluded the enjoyment of the manses and glebes given to these chapels when they were first consecrated, which made some addition to their income, and enabled them to keep a deacon to assist them. On the great and principal festivals, the inhabitants of the three chapelries, preceded by their priests, were accustomed to go in procession to Minster, in token of their subjection to their parochial or mother church.

 

In 1301, the abbot of St. Augustine ordained several new deanries, one of which, named the deanry of Minster, in which this church of St. Laurence was included; but this raising great contests between the abbot and the archbishop, and the pope deciding in favour of the latter, these new deanries were entirely dissolved. (fn. 14)

 

After this, the appropriation of the church of Minster, with its appendant chapels and the advowsons of the vicarages of them, continued with the abbot and convent till the dissolution of the monastery in the 30th year of king Henry VIII. when they were surrendered, together with the rest of the possessions of the monastery, into the king's hands.

 

¶After the dissolution of the monastery, and the change in the service of churches wrought by the reformation, this parochial chapel of St. Laurence became entirely separated from the mother church of Minster, the vicar of this parish having no further subjection to it in any shape whatever; but by the same change he was likewise deprived of several of those emoluments he had before enjoyed in the right of his vicarage; and all the tithes of corn and grain within this parish, being appropriated to the two granges, or parsonages of Newland and Ozingell, and the small tithes of it to that of Salmestone, as has been already mentioned before. The endowment of this vicarage consisted only of the yearly stipends of six pounds paid out of Newland grange, and of ten pounds paid out of Ozingell grange, a vicaragehouse, barn, and two acres of glebe. But this income, by reason of the increase of every necessary article of life, falling far short of a reasonable maintenance, archbishop Juxon, in conformity to the king's letters mandatory, in 1660, augmented this vicarage with the addition of 40l. to be paid yearly out of Newland grange. (fn. 15)

 

This vicarage is valued in the king's books at seven pounds, and the yearly tenths at fourteen shillings. In 1588 here were communicants six hundred and fifty-six, and it was valued at only twenty pounds. In 1640 here were six hundred and fifty communicants.

 

The advowson of this vicarage coming into the hands of the crown, on the dissolution of the abbey of St. Augustine, continued there till Edward VI. in the first year of his reign, granted the advowson of the vicarage of Minster, with the three chapels appendant to it, one of which was this church of St. Laurence, among other premises, to the archbishop, since which this advowson has continued parcel of the possessious of that see, the archbishop being the present patron of it.

 

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol10/pp377-406

Guindeau d’amarrage qui était utilisé au moment de l'événement sur le pont gaillard du Nord Quebec - Forecastle deck of Nord Quebec, showing mooring windlass that was being used at time of occurrence.

 

Pour en savoir plus : www.tsb.gc.ca/fra/enquetes-investigations/marine/2017/m17...

 

Learn more: www.tsb.gc.ca/eng/enquetes-investigations/marine/2017/m17...

 

Utilising a vast array of spectacular special effects, including fountains, fireworks, HD pixel-mapping projections, fire, water screens, multi-coloured lasers and a bright "Second Star to the Right" atop Sleeping Beauty Castle itself, this new signature show for Disneyland Paris will be presented every single night.

 

As the Second Star to the Right shines brightly in the skies above, Peter Pan flies onto the scene with Wendy following close behind. "What a perfect night for dreaming!" he proclaims, calling out for Tinker Bell to help them fly off to the star with her special pixie dust. Suddenly, Peter Pan's shadow jumps free and runs across the façade of the castle, Pan chasing behind. He grabs a hold of his feet, but the shadow pulls away only to smash right into the star, knocking its light -- and its dreams -- out!

 

They pour out across the castle, engulfing Peter's shadow and leading him on an epic journey through the greatest Disney Dreams ever wished upon a star. He dances with Lumière to "Be Our Guest" from Beauty and the Beast, flies on a magic carpet with Genie from Aladdin for the spectacular "Friend Like Me", meets Remy from Ratatouille in Paris and dances across the chimney tops with Bert from Mary Poppins to "Step in Time". Quasimodo, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, dreams of going "Out There" while Rapunzel dreams of seeing the mystical lights in "I See the Light" from Tangled.

 

Things turn sour as Dr Facilier from The Princess and Frog teaches Shadow a thing or two about be careful what you wish for. The tentacles of Ursula from The Little Mermaid twist and pull Peter's Shadow, before a fiery blast from the dragon of Maleficent from Sleeping Beauty erupts.

 

Finally, Captain Hook arrives on the scene, grabbing Shadow by his hook and turfing him into the waters where his ticking crocodile lies. Will Peter Pan be able to find Tinkerbell, save his Shadow and restore the magic to the Second Star to the Right, making it shine brightly in the night sky again, for dreamers around the world to wish upon?

 

Disney Dreams! at Disneyland Paris is an epic tale that teaches you: always believe in your dreams. Anyone can fly, and everyone can soar beyond the stars. If only you dream your dream.

 

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The 'Dream Tour' utilising Boeings new 787 'Dreamliner' has reached Manchester where the aircraft has just spent two days. It is pictured here doing a flypast on its first approach where the aircraft 'dipped its wings' for the crowds. After climing and going around again the aircraft landed, which had representatives from the Airport, Boeing and Thomson on board, Thomson being the UK launch customer for the aircraft.

 

Boeing 787 - MSN 40692 - N787BX

Airline Boeing

Status : Active

Registration : N787BX

Country : USA

Codes BOE

Callsign : Boeing

Web site : www.boeing.com

 

Serial number 40692 LN:3

Type 787-881

First flight date 14/03/2010

Plane age 2.1 years

Engines 2 x RR Trent 1000

 

14/03/2010 Boeing N787BX

   

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Aaaaaaaaaand yet another German promotional diecast truck which utilises yet another different Mercedes-Benz Actros casting. There is definitely a theme going on here, the Hermey brand is a promotional company rather than a toy maker, the cab is fully licensed to Mercedes yet no sign of an actual manufacturer yet the overall product is definitely of decent quality. Perhaps not as well detailed or cast as other similar Actros models, nonetheless its crisply and well sculptured with realistic looking wheels and a fully articulated trailer with Persil washing powder livery and artwork. To try and be a completist with all these German promotional models would surely end in bankruptcy and a mental breakdown such is the vast availability and choice.

Mint and boxed.

These days, St Laurence sits beside a busy double mini roundabout, surrounded by shots and take aways, it is a place you could easily miss.

 

I have had my eye on htis for some time, but there is always elsewhere to go to on Heritage weekend, so a second weekend of that this year meant that on the second Saturday we were parking the car outside.

 

The church is pretty enough from the outside, but the windows have wire mesh to protect them, but we received a warm welcome as we entered the porch.

 

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Very much a village church, set back from the road in the heart of this former agricultural settlement. Now a suburb of Ramsgate it is the original parish church for the later resort. Norman in date, with a fine crossing tower, it is well worth a visit if only for its monuments which record many military men (who passed through the parish during the Napoleonic Wars) and the wealthy eighteenth century visitors who came to Ramsgate for their health and died there. There is a fine Royal Arms of George II over the south door, whilst a twentieth century rood beam emphasises the height of the Norman crossing arch. The chancel is pleasantly empty, with a noble nineteenth century reredos of blank arcading. The south chapel contains an unusual memorial to Sarah Spencer who died in 1745. This poor lady has had so many later members of her family commemorated on her tablet, that there is no room left. Every flat surface has been utilised! Opposite is a little-known but eminently beautiful relief of Henrietta Ashley who died in 1874 carved by the Royal Academician Thomas Woolner. The collection of stained glass has recently been enriched by a window in the north aisle by the Cathedral Studios (1998) which depicts the nearby St Augustine's Cross. It is a simple, dignified and moving attempt to record the 1400th anniversary of the landing of St Augustine which occurred just a couple of miles away. Other stained glass can best be described as curious. The east window was erected as a memorial to Queen Victoria who, we are told, `worshipped in this church` when staying in the area. At the base is a series of panels recording the arrival of St Augustine. One shows the baptism of King Ethelbert in the font of St Martin's Church, Canterbury - a font which wasn't carved until 400 years later! The artist, Alfred Hemming, obviously felt that a font of authentic design would not have been worthy of the subject! The bizarre east window in the south chapel (1902) shows some very sleepy dead being woken at the Last Trump whilst St Peter swings his key impatiently at the gates of Heaven! Not to be missed!

 

www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=St+Lawrence

 

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ST. LAURENCE.

THE PARISH OF ST. LAURENCE lies the next southward from that of St. Peter last described, taking its name from the saint to which the church is dedicated. The ville Ramsgate, within this parish, is within the liberty of the cinque ports; but the rest of the parish is within the hundred of Ringslow and jurisdiction of the justices of the county.

 

The VILLAGE OF ST. LAURENCE, having the church on an hill on the west side of it, is neat and small, being pleasantly situated in the south-east part of this parish, and commands one of the most extensive prospects in this island, as well towards the sea as the neighbouring parts of the county. This parish is about three miles from east to west, and two miles from north to south. The lands in it are more enclosed than the more northern parishes before-described. It is very populous, and has in it several small hamlets, or knots of houses, besides those particularly mentioned before; among which, in the western part of it, are Manston-green, and Spratingstreet; (fn. 1) on the northern, Hains, and Lymington; on the eastern, Hallicandane, and Herson; and towards the south, Great and Little Cliffsend, Chilson, Courtstairs; and adjoining to the sea, Pegwell, alias Courtis a small manor, usually stiled Pegwell, alias Courtstairs, and is an appendage to that of Sheriffs court, in Minster, as has been taken notice of before, in the description of that estate.

 

Adjoining is Courtstairs, alias Pegwell bay, where the inhabitants catch shrimps, lobsters, soles, mullets, &c. and a delicious flat-fish, called a prill, much sought after. At Pegwell there is a neat villa, lately erected by William Garrow, esq. for his occasional residence, and between this place and Ramsgate is another, called Belmont, an elegant building in the gothic taste, late the residence of Joseph Ruse, esq.

 

¶From this bay to a place called Cliffs-end, instead of chalk, the ground next the sea is a sort of blueish earth, somewhat like Fuller's earth; it is about sixteen feet above the sand, and in it are seen strata of culver and other fish shells, lying in a confused manner, one on the top of the other. This earth has been carried away frequently by people, as Fuller's earth, in great quantities, to dispose of as such; but on a trial it was found very deficient, and not partaking of any quality belonging to it.

 

By the return made by archbishop Parker, in 1563, to the privy council, it appears that there were then here ninety-eight housholds; but this place, owing to the prosperity of Ramsgate, has greatly increased for many years past, insomuch that in 1773, here were in this parish, including Ramsgate, which contains more than two thirds of the houses and inhabitants of the whole parish, 699 houses, and 2726 inhabitants; and in 1792 there were found 825 houses and 3601 inhabitants; which is a great increase for so short a space as nineteen years. (fn. 2) A fair is held here yearly, on August 10, for toys, pedlary, &c.

 

In this parish lived one Joy, who in king William's reign had such a reputation for very extraordinary strength of body, that he was called the English Sampson, and the strong man of Kent, and was taken notice of by the king, royal family, and the nobility, before whom he performed his feats. In 1699 his picture was engraved, and round it several representations of his performances, as pulling against an extraordinary strong horse, breaking a rope, which would bear thirty-five hundred weight, and lifting a weight of 2240lb. He was drowned in 1734.

 

In the month of March, 1764, between Ramsgate and Pegwell in this parish, a part of the cliff, seventy feet high, on the surface of which was a corn field, gave way for about twenty yards in length, and five yards in breadth, and fell into the sea.

 

The VILLE AND TOWN OF RAMSGATE, so called from the way here which leads to the sea, through the chalk cliff; the inhabitants, of which like those of other places, are fond of having it famous for its antiquity, and have fancied the name of it to have been derived from Romans gate, that is, from its being used as a port, or landing place, by the Romans; but besides, that its name was never so written in antient writings, it may well be doubted, whether during the time of the Romans frequenting this island, there was here any way or gate at all to the sea; and it seems plain, that it was dug first through the cliff, as the rest of the sea gates were in this little island, for the conveniency of the fishery, no Roman coins, &c. have been known ever to have been found here, as they have at Bradstow, where the Romans, if they had any at all, might have a station in this island.

 

The PARISH OF ST. LAURENCE is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Westbere.

 

The church, which is dedicated to St. Laurence, consists of three isles and three chancels, having a tower steeple in the middle of it, standing on four pillars, the capitals of which display the rude conceits of the artist. This tower, on the outside, is encircled with a string of very plain octagonal small pillars and semicircular arches, in the true Saxon taste. There are five bells in it. The church itself is a handsome building, of field stones, rough casted over, as the rest of the churches in this island are, and seems to have been built at several times; of the two side chancels the north one is said to have been built by the Manstons, of Manston-court, many of whom lie buried in it, though most of their monumental inscriptions are perished through length of time. Weever has however preserved two of them, being those of Roger Manston, and Julian his wife, and of Thomas St. Nicholas, who married Joane Manston, and had by her Thomas, entombed here likewise. There was likewise here a brass plate, having the effigies of a man, and these arms, quarterly, first and fourth, A fess, ermine, between three mullets; second and third, On a cross, engrailed, a cinquefoil, and underneath an inscription for Nicholas Manston, esq. obt. 1444. A brass plate, now torn off, for. . . Sayen Nicholas, esq. and Johane his wife; she died 1499; and just by, on a flat stone a brass with the effigies of a woman, and these arms, Ermine, a chief, quarterly; the inscription gone. A monument fixed against the north wall, for Frances, wife of Thomas Coppin, of Westminster, and daughter of Robert Brooke, esq. of Nacton, in Suffolk, who died during her stay here at Manston, in 1677; arms, Parted per pale, azure and gules, three boars heads, couped, or, a chief of the last. On a stone near this monument, and adjoining to that of Nicholas Sprackling, are four shields of arms, first, A cross engrailed, a rose in the centre; second, A cross engrailed; third, A fess, between three mullets, impaling the first coat; fourth, As the third, quartering the first. Part of this chancel is now made into a very handsome vestry. In the high chancel are several memorials in brass, with figures and inscriptions, for the family of Sprakeling. Below these is one having the figure scratched in the marble, of a man lying, with a pen in his hand, writing, Garde promesse fidelement; arms, Sable, a saltier, between four leopards faces, or, impaling or, a chevron, gules, between three bulls passant, sable. In this church is an antient grave-stone of one Umfry, but the arms are gone as well as the inscription, if it ever had any. In the body of the church there have been built several galleries, (which make a most unsightly appearance) to make as much room as possible for the numerous inhabitants of this parish, who had increased to four times the number that they were sixty or seventy years ago; but the inhabitants of Ramsgate are now accommodated with a chapel of of ease, lately built in that ville, as has been already noticed. Besides the above there are numerous monuments and memorials, of a more modern date, and among them, in the south chancel, a mural monument for Sarah, wife of Mr. Adam Spencer, obt. 1745, who with her three children were deposited in a vault near it; she had nine children, of whom four only survived; also for the aforesaid Mr. Adam Spencer, merchant, obt. 1757, who lies in the same vault with Sarah his wife, on it are these arms, Quarterly, first and fourth, Argent; second and third, Gules, a fret, or, over all, on a bend, sable, three escallops of the first, impaling barry of six, azure and gules, a chief, ermine. A mural monument for Capt. Martin Read, obt. 1792, and for Margaret his wife; arms, Gules, a saltier, or, between four leopards faces, proper. A mural monument for Capt. Martin Long, obt. 1751; for Elizabeth his sister, and for his sister Catharine, widow of Mr. William Abbott, arms, Sable, a lion rampant, argent.

 

In the south isle, among many others, a white tablet for Martha, widow of Darell Shorte, jun. esq. of Wadhurst, in Suffex, and daughter of Sir Robert Kemp, bart. late of Appeston, in Suffolk, obt. 1789; another for Dorothy, wife of Mr. William Abbott; she died 1728, and two of their daughters both named Dorothy, and their son Adam, obt. 1735, also the above mentioned Mr. William Abbott, obt. 1755, and for Dorothy his wife, and their children; and for the Holman's. In the great chancel, a memorial for Ann, relict of Capt. William Bookey, of the East-India Company's service, obt. 1770. In the vestry a black tablet for the Rev. Robert Tyler, A. M. twenty-six years vicar, obt. June 10, 1766.—In the north isle a white tablet to the memory of several of the Tomsons. A mural monument for the Tickners. A memorial for Peter Johnson, A. M. son of Henry Johnson, gent. and fellow of Corpus Christi college, Oxford, vicar of this church, obt. April 18, 1704; arms, Parted per fess, dancette, a vulture. On a plain stone, Capt. John Pettit, died; the rest is covered by the pews; arms, On a chevron, gules, three bezants, between three griffins heads, sable, crowned, or. A tablet in the south cross for Anna-Eliza, eldest daughter of the Rev. William-Worcester Wilson, D. D. obt. 1792. A memorial for the Rev. Peter James, M. A. late of Greenwich, and rector of Ight ham, obt. 1791. The following are plain slabs, mostly at the east end of the church; for Mrs. Elizabeth Kelly, daughter of Dr. Kelly, of Winchester, and sister of Dr. Kelly, regius professor, of Oxford; also Martha Kelly, sister to Elizabeth, wife of Lieutenant Charles Kelly, of the royal navy, obt. 1788; arms, A castle, between two lions rampant; for Matthew Brooke, A. M. fellow of king's college, and rector of Walton, in Hertfordshire, and vicar of this parish, obt. 1739; arms, On a fess, three martlets, a bordure engrailed, impaling a chevron, between three covered cups; for Matthew Bookey, son of M. and A. Bookey, obt. 1747. Memorials for several of the Gillows, Tomsons, Abbotts, Pamfleets, Harnets, Law, Joad, Moses, Parkers, Quince, Carraways, Redwood, Evers, Curling, Whites, Napletons, and Hoopers; for George Garrett, esq. obt. 1775. A mural monument, with inscription, that in a vault hereto adjoining, lie several of the family of Abbott, and their relatives; arms, A chevron, between three pears, impaling, on a pile, three griffins heads, erased.

 

In the church-yard are several monuments for the Stocks, Austens and Coxens; for Brotherly and Quince; for the Maxteds and Holmans; for Lithered and Joad. Two mural monuments, one for the Garretts, Casbys, and Browns, and their relatives; arms, Garrett, on a fess, a lion passant; the other for Mark Seller Garrett, obt. 1779. There are principal monuments and gravestones in this church and church-yard, the whole of which are by far too numerous to insert here.

 

Besides the high altar in this church, there were formerly others dedicated to St. James, St. Catherine, St. Thomas, and the Holy Trinity; besides which there were kept wax-lights, the expence of which was maintained by voluntary gifts and legacies. In the west window of the church were formerly painted the arms of Criol, who owned Upper-court, being Or, two chevrons, and a canton, gules. Septvans, Azure, three wheat skreens, or, an annulet for difference; the latter dwelt in this parish, and lies buried under a monument in Ash church. Of St. Nicholas, who married Jane Manstone, Ermine, a chief quarterly, or, and gules; in the first quarter, an annulet for difference Of Chiche, Azure, three lions rampant, argent, a bordure of the second; and of Manston, Gules, a fess, ermine, between three mullets.

 

At a small distance from the church to the eastward, are the remains of a small chapel, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, now converted into a cottage.—There was a chantry founded in it, for the support of which several lands hereabouts were given, which at the suppression of these chapels in king Edward VI.'s reign, came into the hands of the crown, and became a lay fee.

 

This church was one of the three chapels belonging to the church of Minster, and was very probably made parochial sometime after the year 1200, after that church, with its appendages, had been appropriated in 1128, to the monastery of St. Augustine; it was at the same time assigned with the three chapels, and all rents, tithes, and other things belonging to them, to the sacristy of the monastery; and it was further granted, that the abbot and convent should present to the archbishop, in the above-mentioned chapels, fit perpetual chaplains to the altarages of them; but that the vicar of the mother church should take and receive in right of his vicarage, the tenths of small tithes, of lambs and pigs, and all obventions arising from marriages and churchings which were forbid at the chapels, and were solemnized, &c. at the mother church only. (fn. 12)

 

In the year 1275, archbishop Robert consecrated the cemetery of this church, and granted it the right of sepulture, with the restrictions, that the tenants or occupiers of land, who were parishioners of this chapel, should be buried at their mother church of Minster, as the parishioners of this chapel had heretofore been; and that none of them should be buried here, without the express leave of the vicar of Minster, notwithstanding they, by their wills, or by any other means, ordered their burial to be in the burying-place of the chapel; but that children and poor people, who were parishioners of it, and not tenants or occupiers of land, might be buried here, with this proviso, that all obventions, oblations, or legacies arising, on account of such sepulture, in the yard of this chapel, should wholly be divided between the vicars of Minster and this chapel of St. Laurence; that no prejudice might be done to the mother church of Minster, as to marriages and churchings, which should be done for the future at the mother church, as they had been before.

 

These obventions, oblations and legacies, arising from funerals, were to be faithfully laid up and kept by the vicar of this chapel and his chaplains, till they should be equally divided between him and the vicar of Minster, which was to be done every month, unless they should be required of the vicar of Minster, or his chaplain or proctor, oftener. But a composition, we are told, was made between the patrons and several incumbents, which was confirmed by the archbishop, which was, that the incumbents of these chapels or dependant churches should pay only the tenth part of all their real profits to the incumbent of the mother church; which composition was, it is said, duly observed about the year 1370. (fn. 13)

 

Although the chaplains of these chapels were to receive no more than ten marcs of these altarages, yet they were not excluded the enjoyment of the manses and glebes given to these chapels when they were first consecrated, which made some addition to their income, and enabled them to keep a deacon to assist them. On the great and principal festivals, the inhabitants of the three chapelries, preceded by their priests, were accustomed to go in procession to Minster, in token of their subjection to their parochial or mother church.

 

In 1301, the abbot of St. Augustine ordained several new deanries, one of which, named the deanry of Minster, in which this church of St. Laurence was included; but this raising great contests between the abbot and the archbishop, and the pope deciding in favour of the latter, these new deanries were entirely dissolved. (fn. 14)

 

After this, the appropriation of the church of Minster, with its appendant chapels and the advowsons of the vicarages of them, continued with the abbot and convent till the dissolution of the monastery in the 30th year of king Henry VIII. when they were surrendered, together with the rest of the possessions of the monastery, into the king's hands.

 

¶After the dissolution of the monastery, and the change in the service of churches wrought by the reformation, this parochial chapel of St. Laurence became entirely separated from the mother church of Minster, the vicar of this parish having no further subjection to it in any shape whatever; but by the same change he was likewise deprived of several of those emoluments he had before enjoyed in the right of his vicarage; and all the tithes of corn and grain within this parish, being appropriated to the two granges, or parsonages of Newland and Ozingell, and the small tithes of it to that of Salmestone, as has been already mentioned before. The endowment of this vicarage consisted only of the yearly stipends of six pounds paid out of Newland grange, and of ten pounds paid out of Ozingell grange, a vicaragehouse, barn, and two acres of glebe. But this income, by reason of the increase of every necessary article of life, falling far short of a reasonable maintenance, archbishop Juxon, in conformity to the king's letters mandatory, in 1660, augmented this vicarage with the addition of 40l. to be paid yearly out of Newland grange. (fn. 15)

 

This vicarage is valued in the king's books at seven pounds, and the yearly tenths at fourteen shillings. In 1588 here were communicants six hundred and fifty-six, and it was valued at only twenty pounds. In 1640 here were six hundred and fifty communicants.

 

The advowson of this vicarage coming into the hands of the crown, on the dissolution of the abbey of St. Augustine, continued there till Edward VI. in the first year of his reign, granted the advowson of the vicarage of Minster, with the three chapels appendant to it, one of which was this church of St. Laurence, among other premises, to the archbishop, since which this advowson has continued parcel of the possessious of that see, the archbishop being the present patron of it.

 

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol10/pp377-406

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Thésée-la-Romaine (Loir-et-Cher)

 

Chélidoine (toxique)

Chelidonium majus (papavéracée)

 

Herbe aux verrues, grande éclaire.

 

La chélidoine a été utilisée dans le traitement de la jaunisse.

 

Remède N°188 : Vin pour la jaunisse.

Recette : De la Chélidoine, et la faire bouillir dans du vin blanc, et de cette infusion en boire un verre le matin à jeun. La petite Chelidoine a le même effet.

(Le Manuel ou formules de différentes espèces de médicaments faciles à préparer, utiles à toutes sortes de personnes, avec dix remarques pour faciliter la juste application des remèdes qui sont contenus dans ce traité, ensemble leurs vertus et les doses de chaque remède.Leçons tirées de la pratique et de l'expérience. A Gisors, 1753. M. Fournier, maître en chirurgie au bailliage de Gisors)

 

La chélidoine est toxique, n'utiliser pour son usage interne que des remèdes certifiés par les autorités sanitaires. L'absorption de la plante fraîche de chélidoine, provoque des effets secondaires de type dépression du système nerveux puis narcotique. L'ingestion du suc non dilué ou de toute préparation médicinale de plante fraîche à dose excessive entraîne des accidents nerveux et de graves irritations viscérales.

 

Sainte Hildegarde de Bingen (1098-1179) disait:

"La Chélidoine est très chaude et vénéneuse car elle contient un suc qui est un poison noir et âcre et ne peut faire aucun bien à l'homme, car, si sur un point elle pouvait faire du bien à l'homme, elle apporterait ailleurs un plus grand mal. Si on en mange ou si on en boit, elle brûle et blesse à l'intérieur, et il arrive qu'elle provoque chez l'homme une digestion douloureuse et mauvaise pour la santé".

 

En Bavière, on utilisait la racine de chélidoine comme amulette, pour expulser le mal de dents. Dans les campagnes on donne encore le nom d'herbe dentaire à la grande chélidoine. "Pour rompre les dents gâtées", Matthiole (1572) conseillait de mettre sur celles-ci du jus d'éclaire (chélidoine). De même, Ettmuller (1691) indiquait : "le suc de grande chélidoine mis dans le creux de la dent la brise & la fait sauter". Un remède populaire lorrain pour faire tomber les dents, était le suivant : "prenez racine de chélidoine, en frottez la dent et subitement elle tombera". En Bretagne, la chélidoine était employée, en masticatoire, comme bon calmant des douleurs. (Musée Flaubert et d’Histoire de la Médecine de Rouen - Expo art dentaire de 2006)

 

La plante doit son nom populaire de « grande éclaire » à son pouvoir légendaire de rendre la vue.

 

D'après Léonard de Vinci: l'Hirondelle. — Avec la Chélidoine elle rend la lumière à ses petits aveugles.(Léonard de Vinci : les 14 manuscrits de l'Institut de France)

 

Le Vieux Saint- Maur. No 53, 1973.

Cr. Polet : Requiem pour deux belles, p. 197-203.

A Saint-Maur, il y a 25 ans, la chélidoine et l'ancolie poussaient encore à l'état sauvage. Les deux fleurs ont inspiré les sculpteurs des églises environnantes, qui les ont représentées sur les chapiteaux des églises Saint-Saturnin de Nogent et Saint-Christophe de Créteil. Le choix de ces plantes avait valeur de symbole : la chélidoine passait pour rendre la vue aux aveugles ; quant à l'ancolie, elle symbolisait l'union de la nature divine et de la nature humaine. ,

(cité par Geneviève Cot. Bulletin de la Société historique et archéologique de Nogent-sur- Marne et du canton de Nogent. n° 12, 2e série, 1971-1972.)

 

La chélidoine est appelée dans les campagnes l'herbe aux verrues.

 

Pour soigner les verrues, on pose une goutte de latex orange corrosif sur celle-ci, en évitant la peau environnante. Le traitement est à renouveler. Les dermatologues sont sceptiques sur ce traitement, car cela ne marche pas à tous les coups.

 

Certains médicaments provenant de la chélidoine ont été expérimentés dans un but antitumoral. En effet, cette plante agit sur la division des cellules.

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Il bacino di Arcachon è un bacino di acqua salata, comunicante con l'Oceano Atlantico, situato in Francia nel dipartimento della Gironda, tra le città di Arcachon e Lège-Cap-Ferret. Fa parte delle Landes della Guascogna. A differenza degli stagni delle Landes, il bacino comunica con l'Oceano Atlantico tramite un passaggio, attraverso il quale la marea oceanica sposta quotidianamente una quantità considerevole d'acqua. L'alta marea si produce regolarmente ogni 12 ore circa. Durante la bassa marea, il bacino si riduce ad un'unione di canali navigabili. I canali ed i banchi di sabbia evolvono nel tempo sotto l'influenza della marea: circa 370 milioni di metri cubi d'acqua sono scambiati quotidianamente tra bacino e oceano, con una velocità media di circa 2 m/s, portando con sé molta sabbia. I sedimenti sabbiosi mobili che caratterizzano questo bacino sono distribuiti principalmente delle correnti di marea, che formano canali e barre secondo una tipica configurazione di piana di marea. Il passaggio con l'Oceano, la cui navigazione è resa problematica dalle numerose correnti, è dominato a sud dalla duna del Pyla e a nord dal Cap Ferret. La duna è imponente e ben visibile da gran parte dei comuni che si affacciano sul bacino: Arcachon, Lège-Cap-Ferret, Arès, Andernos-les-Bains, La Teste-de-Buch, Gujan-Mestras. Al centro del bacino si trova l'île aux oiseaux (isola degli uccelli): l'isola, che non ha corrente elettrica, ospita soltanto alcune palafitte e case in legno usate dagli ostricoltori. L'estensione dell'isola aumenta considerevolmente con la bassa marea.

Il bacino è inoltre alimentato di acqua dolce dal fiume Leyre, che è all'origine della sua formazione. Il bacino attira ogni estate un numero considerevole di turisti, che vi praticano la pesca e numerosi sport nautici. La principale attività del bacino (ed anche risorsa economica, assieme al turismo) è però l'ostricoltura: la presenza regolare della marea infatti permette di costruire delle strutture in cui coltivare le ostriche che, nel corso della giornata, vengono periodicamente sommerse dall'acqua. A sud-est del bacino vi è inoltre la riserva ornitologica del Teich, parco visitabile, che offre la possibilità di osservare da vicino, nel loro habitat naturale, una gran quantità di uccelli marini e non, stanziali e migratori.

 

Le bassin d’Arcachon (Laca d'Arcaishon en gascon) est une lagune mésotidale située dans les Landes de Gascogne, en Gironde, entre les villes de La Teste-de-Buch au sud, Lège-Cap-Ferret à l’ouest et le delta de la Leyre à l’est. Lui seul interrompt le cordon dunaire de 250 km de la Côte d’Argent, qui s'étend de l’estuaire de la Gironde au fleuve Adour. À la différence des grands lacs landais, il est largement ouvert sur l’océan Atlantique par l’intermédiaire des passes du bassin d’Arcachon et constitue une petite mer intérieure de 155 km² à marée haute et de 40 km² à marée basse. On y pratique l’ostréiculture, la pêche et la navigation de plaisance. Depuis le 8 juin 2014, il abrite le parc naturel marin du bassin d'Arcachon. Le bassin d'Arcachon fait partie du Pays de Buch, il est situé au cœur des Landes de Gascogne, à mi-chemin entre la pointe de Grave et Capbreton, au sud-ouest du département de la Gironde à une cinquantaine de kilomètres de Bordeaux. Le bassin est de forme triangulaire, délimité par plus de 80 km de côtes plates ou dunaires boisées. Le pourtour du bassin commence, dans le sens trigonométrique (antihoraire) au Pyla-sur-Mer puis remonte au nord vers Arcachon oblique à l'est puis au sud et à nouveau à l'est au niveau de La Teste-de-Buch. Il remonte au nord-ouest au niveau du delta de la Leyre puis à partir de Lège descend au sud-ouest jusqu'au Cap-Ferret, en face du Pyla-sur-Mer. Au centre du bassin se trouve « l'île aux oiseaux » et ses cabanes tchanquées. En plus de recevoir à La Hume de l'eau en provenance du lac de Cazaux (via le canal de Cazaux), à Lège celle venant du lac de Lacanau (via le canal des Étangs) et sur tout son pourtour des eaux de ruissellement via plusieurs ruisseaux ou quelques crastes, le Bassin est aussi alimenté en eau douce par l'Eyre. Ce petit fleuve côtier de 80 km de long, issu de la forêt des landes, est à l'origine de la formation du bassin d'Arcachon. En apportant un flux continu d'eau, il contribue à empêcher l'obstruction des passes par les sables venus de l'océan. L'ouverture sur l'océan Atlantique se fait par un accès unique, les « passes », un ensemble de chenaux d'environ trois kilomètres de large permettant la circulation de l'eau entre le bassin et l'océan. La force des courants de flux et de reflux rendent délicats les franchissements de ces passes, surtout aux marées de grands coefficients pour la navigation ; des accidents mortels de marins expérimentés sont régulièrement constatés. La localisation et la structure des passes suivent une évolution cyclique dont la période est d'environ 80 ans: les passes sont en fait deux chenaux grosso modo parallèles (la Passe sud et la Passe nord) dont le tracé se déplace en direction du sud-est (du Cap-Ferret vers la dune du Pilat). Quand la passe la plus au sud atteint la plage au pied de la dune, elle se rétrécit puis « disparait » alors qu'une nouvelle passe se forme vers le nord, du côté du Cap, transformant ainsi l'ancienne « Passe nord » en une nouvelle « Passe sud ». Le balisage (bouées de navigation) est sans cesse corrigé et les cartes marines nécessitent une mise à jour permanente. À la différence des grands lacs landais (Hourtin et Carcans, Lacanau, Cazaux et Sanguinet, Biscarosse et Parentis) cet écosystème original est largement ouvert sur le golfe de Gascogne et la marée fait pénétrer et sortir deux fois par jour des masses d'eau considérables. Le bassin est partiellement isolé de l'océan par un cordon dunaire comprenant notamment le Cap Ferret, la dune du Pilat et le banc d'Arguin (classé réserve naturelle). Des bancs de sable mobiles charriés par les courants marins en modifient sans cesse le tracé et favorisent les organismes aquatiques non fixés dans les passes et sur les bancs de sable qui évoluent au cours du temps particulièrement lors de fortes tempêtes mais aussi plus simplement et inexorablement sous l'effet des marées (environ 370 millions de mètres cubes d'eau sont échangés entre le bassin et l'océan chaque jour, à une vitesse moyenne d'environ 2 m/s, emportant le sable se trouvant sur les bords des passes) et du courant marin (longeant le littoral du nord vers le sud, il charrie environ 600 000 mètres cubes de sable par an). Localement les herbiers de zostères (Zostera noltii) accueillent, accueillaient ou pourraient accueillir une riche faune ou microflore épiphyte. Le en tant que vaste zone humide et pour son caractère original, ce bassin occupe une place importante dans la Trame verte et bleue nationale, mais le bon état écologique n'y est pas atteint. En particulier des algues vertes prolifèrent anormalement et les zostères, pour des raisons mal comprises et probablement multifactorielles y sont en forte régression ce qui est préoccupant car en tant qu'herbier aquatique elles fixent le fond et sont un abri et une source de nourriture pour un grand nombre d'autres espèces. L'azote et les pesticides agricoles et urbains apportés par les pluies et eaux de ruissellement10, ainsi que les biocides des antifoolings sont suspectés. Le bassin d'Arcachon jouit d'un climat doux avec un ensoleillement important tout au long de l'année (2100 heures en moyenne sur le bassin). Les hivers y sont pluvieux mais rarement rigoureux. Il neige toutefois une ou deux fois par an en général. En revanche, les tempêtes d'automne et d'hiver soufflent souvent avec force sur le bassin, rendant les passes impraticables. On a relevé plus de 170 km/h lors du passage des tempêtes Klaus en 2009 et Martin en 1999. Les étés y sont secs et chauds, et rarement caniculaires. La brise thermique se lève en effet souvent l'après-midi, les épisodes de fortes chaleurs ayant du mal à persister dans la durée. De violents orages venus du golfe de Gascogne touchent épisodiquement le bassin (juin 1987, juillet 2003, septembre 2004), occasionnant parfois d'importants dégâts. Les températures maximales moyennes varient de 11 ou 12 °C en hiver à 25 ou 26 °C l'été. La température de la mer dans le bassin est de 13 ou 14 °C alors qu'elle est en moyenne de 10 ou 11 °C dans l'océan en hiver. En été, le bassin se réchauffe pour atteindre jusqu'à 22 ou 23 °C alors qu'elle atteint 19 à 21 °C sur l'Atlantique.

 

Arcachon Bay (in French, the Bassin d'Arcachon, and known locally simply as "le Bassin") is a bay of the Atlantic Ocean on the southwest coast of France, situated between the Côte d'Argent and the Côte des Landes, in the region of Aquitaine. The bay covers an area of 150 km² at high tide and 40 km² at low tide. Some of its geological features are natural preservation areas. The general shape of the Bassin d'Arcachon is that of an equilateral triangle pointing north, the southwest corner of which is open to the sea, between Cap Ferret and the town of Arcachon (more specifically, its suburb Pyla-sur-Mer), through a 3 km narrow channel (Les Passes). On the north shore is the town of Arès, then Andernos-les-Bains on the northeast. Just south of the entrance is The Great Dune of Pyla. Nearly in the middle of the bay is a very particular island: L'île aux Oiseaux (Isle of the Birds). The Bassin still has a link to the sea perhaps because of the Eyre river that runs from the Landes forest and has its mouth (Delta de l'Eyre) in its southeast corner. Otherwise the Bassin would have become blocked by the sandbanks built up by the tides. In the past, similar areas became lakes (called in French lacs or étangs) and are nowadays filled with fresh water. On the French Atlantic coast, running north-south between the Gironde estuary to the Adour river mouth, are the Lac d'Hourtin-Carcans, the Lac de Lacanau, the Étang de Cazaux et de Sanguinet, the Étang de Biscarrosse et de Parentis, the Étang d'Aureilhan, the Étang de Léon, the Étang de Soustons, the Étang Hardy, the Étang Blanc and the Étang de Garros. Arcachon Bay is the last water area that remains open to the ocean.

These days, St Laurence sits beside a busy double mini roundabout, surrounded by shots and take aways, it is a place you could easily miss.

 

I have had my eye on htis for some time, but there is always elsewhere to go to on Heritage weekend, so a second weekend of that this year meant that on the second Saturday we were parking the car outside.

 

The church is pretty enough from the outside, but the windows have wire mesh to protect them, but we received a warm welcome as we entered the porch.

 

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Very much a village church, set back from the road in the heart of this former agricultural settlement. Now a suburb of Ramsgate it is the original parish church for the later resort. Norman in date, with a fine crossing tower, it is well worth a visit if only for its monuments which record many military men (who passed through the parish during the Napoleonic Wars) and the wealthy eighteenth century visitors who came to Ramsgate for their health and died there. There is a fine Royal Arms of George II over the south door, whilst a twentieth century rood beam emphasises the height of the Norman crossing arch. The chancel is pleasantly empty, with a noble nineteenth century reredos of blank arcading. The south chapel contains an unusual memorial to Sarah Spencer who died in 1745. This poor lady has had so many later members of her family commemorated on her tablet, that there is no room left. Every flat surface has been utilised! Opposite is a little-known but eminently beautiful relief of Henrietta Ashley who died in 1874 carved by the Royal Academician Thomas Woolner. The collection of stained glass has recently been enriched by a window in the north aisle by the Cathedral Studios (1998) which depicts the nearby St Augustine's Cross. It is a simple, dignified and moving attempt to record the 1400th anniversary of the landing of St Augustine which occurred just a couple of miles away. Other stained glass can best be described as curious. The east window was erected as a memorial to Queen Victoria who, we are told, `worshipped in this church` when staying in the area. At the base is a series of panels recording the arrival of St Augustine. One shows the baptism of King Ethelbert in the font of St Martin's Church, Canterbury - a font which wasn't carved until 400 years later! The artist, Alfred Hemming, obviously felt that a font of authentic design would not have been worthy of the subject! The bizarre east window in the south chapel (1902) shows some very sleepy dead being woken at the Last Trump whilst St Peter swings his key impatiently at the gates of Heaven! Not to be missed!

 

www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=St+Lawrence

 

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ST. LAURENCE.

THE PARISH OF ST. LAURENCE lies the next southward from that of St. Peter last described, taking its name from the saint to which the church is dedicated. The ville Ramsgate, within this parish, is within the liberty of the cinque ports; but the rest of the parish is within the hundred of Ringslow and jurisdiction of the justices of the county.

 

The VILLAGE OF ST. LAURENCE, having the church on an hill on the west side of it, is neat and small, being pleasantly situated in the south-east part of this parish, and commands one of the most extensive prospects in this island, as well towards the sea as the neighbouring parts of the county. This parish is about three miles from east to west, and two miles from north to south. The lands in it are more enclosed than the more northern parishes before-described. It is very populous, and has in it several small hamlets, or knots of houses, besides those particularly mentioned before; among which, in the western part of it, are Manston-green, and Spratingstreet; (fn. 1) on the northern, Hains, and Lymington; on the eastern, Hallicandane, and Herson; and towards the south, Great and Little Cliffsend, Chilson, Courtstairs; and adjoining to the sea, Pegwell, alias Courtis a small manor, usually stiled Pegwell, alias Courtstairs, and is an appendage to that of Sheriffs court, in Minster, as has been taken notice of before, in the description of that estate.

 

Adjoining is Courtstairs, alias Pegwell bay, where the inhabitants catch shrimps, lobsters, soles, mullets, &c. and a delicious flat-fish, called a prill, much sought after. At Pegwell there is a neat villa, lately erected by William Garrow, esq. for his occasional residence, and between this place and Ramsgate is another, called Belmont, an elegant building in the gothic taste, late the residence of Joseph Ruse, esq.

 

¶From this bay to a place called Cliffs-end, instead of chalk, the ground next the sea is a sort of blueish earth, somewhat like Fuller's earth; it is about sixteen feet above the sand, and in it are seen strata of culver and other fish shells, lying in a confused manner, one on the top of the other. This earth has been carried away frequently by people, as Fuller's earth, in great quantities, to dispose of as such; but on a trial it was found very deficient, and not partaking of any quality belonging to it.

 

By the return made by archbishop Parker, in 1563, to the privy council, it appears that there were then here ninety-eight housholds; but this place, owing to the prosperity of Ramsgate, has greatly increased for many years past, insomuch that in 1773, here were in this parish, including Ramsgate, which contains more than two thirds of the houses and inhabitants of the whole parish, 699 houses, and 2726 inhabitants; and in 1792 there were found 825 houses and 3601 inhabitants; which is a great increase for so short a space as nineteen years. (fn. 2) A fair is held here yearly, on August 10, for toys, pedlary, &c.

 

In this parish lived one Joy, who in king William's reign had such a reputation for very extraordinary strength of body, that he was called the English Sampson, and the strong man of Kent, and was taken notice of by the king, royal family, and the nobility, before whom he performed his feats. In 1699 his picture was engraved, and round it several representations of his performances, as pulling against an extraordinary strong horse, breaking a rope, which would bear thirty-five hundred weight, and lifting a weight of 2240lb. He was drowned in 1734.

 

In the month of March, 1764, between Ramsgate and Pegwell in this parish, a part of the cliff, seventy feet high, on the surface of which was a corn field, gave way for about twenty yards in length, and five yards in breadth, and fell into the sea.

 

The VILLE AND TOWN OF RAMSGATE, so called from the way here which leads to the sea, through the chalk cliff; the inhabitants, of which like those of other places, are fond of having it famous for its antiquity, and have fancied the name of it to have been derived from Romans gate, that is, from its being used as a port, or landing place, by the Romans; but besides, that its name was never so written in antient writings, it may well be doubted, whether during the time of the Romans frequenting this island, there was here any way or gate at all to the sea; and it seems plain, that it was dug first through the cliff, as the rest of the sea gates were in this little island, for the conveniency of the fishery, no Roman coins, &c. have been known ever to have been found here, as they have at Bradstow, where the Romans, if they had any at all, might have a station in this island.

 

The PARISH OF ST. LAURENCE is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Westbere.

 

The church, which is dedicated to St. Laurence, consists of three isles and three chancels, having a tower steeple in the middle of it, standing on four pillars, the capitals of which display the rude conceits of the artist. This tower, on the outside, is encircled with a string of very plain octagonal small pillars and semicircular arches, in the true Saxon taste. There are five bells in it. The church itself is a handsome building, of field stones, rough casted over, as the rest of the churches in this island are, and seems to have been built at several times; of the two side chancels the north one is said to have been built by the Manstons, of Manston-court, many of whom lie buried in it, though most of their monumental inscriptions are perished through length of time. Weever has however preserved two of them, being those of Roger Manston, and Julian his wife, and of Thomas St. Nicholas, who married Joane Manston, and had by her Thomas, entombed here likewise. There was likewise here a brass plate, having the effigies of a man, and these arms, quarterly, first and fourth, A fess, ermine, between three mullets; second and third, On a cross, engrailed, a cinquefoil, and underneath an inscription for Nicholas Manston, esq. obt. 1444. A brass plate, now torn off, for. . . Sayen Nicholas, esq. and Johane his wife; she died 1499; and just by, on a flat stone a brass with the effigies of a woman, and these arms, Ermine, a chief, quarterly; the inscription gone. A monument fixed against the north wall, for Frances, wife of Thomas Coppin, of Westminster, and daughter of Robert Brooke, esq. of Nacton, in Suffolk, who died during her stay here at Manston, in 1677; arms, Parted per pale, azure and gules, three boars heads, couped, or, a chief of the last. On a stone near this monument, and adjoining to that of Nicholas Sprackling, are four shields of arms, first, A cross engrailed, a rose in the centre; second, A cross engrailed; third, A fess, between three mullets, impaling the first coat; fourth, As the third, quartering the first. Part of this chancel is now made into a very handsome vestry. In the high chancel are several memorials in brass, with figures and inscriptions, for the family of Sprakeling. Below these is one having the figure scratched in the marble, of a man lying, with a pen in his hand, writing, Garde promesse fidelement; arms, Sable, a saltier, between four leopards faces, or, impaling or, a chevron, gules, between three bulls passant, sable. In this church is an antient grave-stone of one Umfry, but the arms are gone as well as the inscription, if it ever had any. In the body of the church there have been built several galleries, (which make a most unsightly appearance) to make as much room as possible for the numerous inhabitants of this parish, who had increased to four times the number that they were sixty or seventy years ago; but the inhabitants of Ramsgate are now accommodated with a chapel of of ease, lately built in that ville, as has been already noticed. Besides the above there are numerous monuments and memorials, of a more modern date, and among them, in the south chancel, a mural monument for Sarah, wife of Mr. Adam Spencer, obt. 1745, who with her three children were deposited in a vault near it; she had nine children, of whom four only survived; also for the aforesaid Mr. Adam Spencer, merchant, obt. 1757, who lies in the same vault with Sarah his wife, on it are these arms, Quarterly, first and fourth, Argent; second and third, Gules, a fret, or, over all, on a bend, sable, three escallops of the first, impaling barry of six, azure and gules, a chief, ermine. A mural monument for Capt. Martin Read, obt. 1792, and for Margaret his wife; arms, Gules, a saltier, or, between four leopards faces, proper. A mural monument for Capt. Martin Long, obt. 1751; for Elizabeth his sister, and for his sister Catharine, widow of Mr. William Abbott, arms, Sable, a lion rampant, argent.

 

In the south isle, among many others, a white tablet for Martha, widow of Darell Shorte, jun. esq. of Wadhurst, in Suffex, and daughter of Sir Robert Kemp, bart. late of Appeston, in Suffolk, obt. 1789; another for Dorothy, wife of Mr. William Abbott; she died 1728, and two of their daughters both named Dorothy, and their son Adam, obt. 1735, also the above mentioned Mr. William Abbott, obt. 1755, and for Dorothy his wife, and their children; and for the Holman's. In the great chancel, a memorial for Ann, relict of Capt. William Bookey, of the East-India Company's service, obt. 1770. In the vestry a black tablet for the Rev. Robert Tyler, A. M. twenty-six years vicar, obt. June 10, 1766.—In the north isle a white tablet to the memory of several of the Tomsons. A mural monument for the Tickners. A memorial for Peter Johnson, A. M. son of Henry Johnson, gent. and fellow of Corpus Christi college, Oxford, vicar of this church, obt. April 18, 1704; arms, Parted per fess, dancette, a vulture. On a plain stone, Capt. John Pettit, died; the rest is covered by the pews; arms, On a chevron, gules, three bezants, between three griffins heads, sable, crowned, or. A tablet in the south cross for Anna-Eliza, eldest daughter of the Rev. William-Worcester Wilson, D. D. obt. 1792. A memorial for the Rev. Peter James, M. A. late of Greenwich, and rector of Ight ham, obt. 1791. The following are plain slabs, mostly at the east end of the church; for Mrs. Elizabeth Kelly, daughter of Dr. Kelly, of Winchester, and sister of Dr. Kelly, regius professor, of Oxford; also Martha Kelly, sister to Elizabeth, wife of Lieutenant Charles Kelly, of the royal navy, obt. 1788; arms, A castle, between two lions rampant; for Matthew Brooke, A. M. fellow of king's college, and rector of Walton, in Hertfordshire, and vicar of this parish, obt. 1739; arms, On a fess, three martlets, a bordure engrailed, impaling a chevron, between three covered cups; for Matthew Bookey, son of M. and A. Bookey, obt. 1747. Memorials for several of the Gillows, Tomsons, Abbotts, Pamfleets, Harnets, Law, Joad, Moses, Parkers, Quince, Carraways, Redwood, Evers, Curling, Whites, Napletons, and Hoopers; for George Garrett, esq. obt. 1775. A mural monument, with inscription, that in a vault hereto adjoining, lie several of the family of Abbott, and their relatives; arms, A chevron, between three pears, impaling, on a pile, three griffins heads, erased.

 

In the church-yard are several monuments for the Stocks, Austens and Coxens; for Brotherly and Quince; for the Maxteds and Holmans; for Lithered and Joad. Two mural monuments, one for the Garretts, Casbys, and Browns, and their relatives; arms, Garrett, on a fess, a lion passant; the other for Mark Seller Garrett, obt. 1779. There are principal monuments and gravestones in this church and church-yard, the whole of which are by far too numerous to insert here.

 

Besides the high altar in this church, there were formerly others dedicated to St. James, St. Catherine, St. Thomas, and the Holy Trinity; besides which there were kept wax-lights, the expence of which was maintained by voluntary gifts and legacies. In the west window of the church were formerly painted the arms of Criol, who owned Upper-court, being Or, two chevrons, and a canton, gules. Septvans, Azure, three wheat skreens, or, an annulet for difference; the latter dwelt in this parish, and lies buried under a monument in Ash church. Of St. Nicholas, who married Jane Manstone, Ermine, a chief quarterly, or, and gules; in the first quarter, an annulet for difference Of Chiche, Azure, three lions rampant, argent, a bordure of the second; and of Manston, Gules, a fess, ermine, between three mullets.

 

At a small distance from the church to the eastward, are the remains of a small chapel, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, now converted into a cottage.—There was a chantry founded in it, for the support of which several lands hereabouts were given, which at the suppression of these chapels in king Edward VI.'s reign, came into the hands of the crown, and became a lay fee.

 

This church was one of the three chapels belonging to the church of Minster, and was very probably made parochial sometime after the year 1200, after that church, with its appendages, had been appropriated in 1128, to the monastery of St. Augustine; it was at the same time assigned with the three chapels, and all rents, tithes, and other things belonging to them, to the sacristy of the monastery; and it was further granted, that the abbot and convent should present to the archbishop, in the above-mentioned chapels, fit perpetual chaplains to the altarages of them; but that the vicar of the mother church should take and receive in right of his vicarage, the tenths of small tithes, of lambs and pigs, and all obventions arising from marriages and churchings which were forbid at the chapels, and were solemnized, &c. at the mother church only. (fn. 12)

 

In the year 1275, archbishop Robert consecrated the cemetery of this church, and granted it the right of sepulture, with the restrictions, that the tenants or occupiers of land, who were parishioners of this chapel, should be buried at their mother church of Minster, as the parishioners of this chapel had heretofore been; and that none of them should be buried here, without the express leave of the vicar of Minster, notwithstanding they, by their wills, or by any other means, ordered their burial to be in the burying-place of the chapel; but that children and poor people, who were parishioners of it, and not tenants or occupiers of land, might be buried here, with this proviso, that all obventions, oblations, or legacies arising, on account of such sepulture, in the yard of this chapel, should wholly be divided between the vicars of Minster and this chapel of St. Laurence; that no prejudice might be done to the mother church of Minster, as to marriages and churchings, which should be done for the future at the mother church, as they had been before.

 

These obventions, oblations and legacies, arising from funerals, were to be faithfully laid up and kept by the vicar of this chapel and his chaplains, till they should be equally divided between him and the vicar of Minster, which was to be done every month, unless they should be required of the vicar of Minster, or his chaplain or proctor, oftener. But a composition, we are told, was made between the patrons and several incumbents, which was confirmed by the archbishop, which was, that the incumbents of these chapels or dependant churches should pay only the tenth part of all their real profits to the incumbent of the mother church; which composition was, it is said, duly observed about the year 1370. (fn. 13)

 

Although the chaplains of these chapels were to receive no more than ten marcs of these altarages, yet they were not excluded the enjoyment of the manses and glebes given to these chapels when they were first consecrated, which made some addition to their income, and enabled them to keep a deacon to assist them. On the great and principal festivals, the inhabitants of the three chapelries, preceded by their priests, were accustomed to go in procession to Minster, in token of their subjection to their parochial or mother church.

 

In 1301, the abbot of St. Augustine ordained several new deanries, one of which, named the deanry of Minster, in which this church of St. Laurence was included; but this raising great contests between the abbot and the archbishop, and the pope deciding in favour of the latter, these new deanries were entirely dissolved. (fn. 14)

 

After this, the appropriation of the church of Minster, with its appendant chapels and the advowsons of the vicarages of them, continued with the abbot and convent till the dissolution of the monastery in the 30th year of king Henry VIII. when they were surrendered, together with the rest of the possessions of the monastery, into the king's hands.

 

¶After the dissolution of the monastery, and the change in the service of churches wrought by the reformation, this parochial chapel of St. Laurence became entirely separated from the mother church of Minster, the vicar of this parish having no further subjection to it in any shape whatever; but by the same change he was likewise deprived of several of those emoluments he had before enjoyed in the right of his vicarage; and all the tithes of corn and grain within this parish, being appropriated to the two granges, or parsonages of Newland and Ozingell, and the small tithes of it to that of Salmestone, as has been already mentioned before. The endowment of this vicarage consisted only of the yearly stipends of six pounds paid out of Newland grange, and of ten pounds paid out of Ozingell grange, a vicaragehouse, barn, and two acres of glebe. But this income, by reason of the increase of every necessary article of life, falling far short of a reasonable maintenance, archbishop Juxon, in conformity to the king's letters mandatory, in 1660, augmented this vicarage with the addition of 40l. to be paid yearly out of Newland grange. (fn. 15)

 

This vicarage is valued in the king's books at seven pounds, and the yearly tenths at fourteen shillings. In 1588 here were communicants six hundred and fifty-six, and it was valued at only twenty pounds. In 1640 here were six hundred and fifty communicants.

 

The advowson of this vicarage coming into the hands of the crown, on the dissolution of the abbey of St. Augustine, continued there till Edward VI. in the first year of his reign, granted the advowson of the vicarage of Minster, with the three chapels appendant to it, one of which was this church of St. Laurence, among other premises, to the archbishop, since which this advowson has continued parcel of the possessious of that see, the archbishop being the present patron of it.

 

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol10/pp377-406

Detail of a south aisle window by Morris & Co from c1910-20 utilising an earlier design by Edward Burne Jones.

 

Rugby School Chapel is one of my favourite buildings, a gloriously eccentric piece of Victorian architecture that dominates the centre of my hometown of Rugby, so it has been a familiar landmark throughout my life (my secondary school used the chapel towards Christmas when I got to sing from the choir stalls). It is one of the most ambitious buildings of William Butterfield, an architect renowned for his love of polychrome brickwork whose work is a defining feature of the town, mostly in various parts of the School complex.

 

The previous chapel was by Henry Hakewill (who designed the older parts of the present school) and finished in 1821 and was a much more modest affair. It was rebuilt by Butterfield in 1872 on a far grander scale and with the distinctive octagonal tower over the chancel that has become such a symbol of the school since. Initially the nave of the old chapel was retained when the new transepts, tower and apse were built, but this was later rebuilt in a style more in keeping with the rest of the building by Thomas Jackson in 1897-8 (with the elderly Butterfield's assistance). The chapel has thus retained a more unified appearance inside and out ever since.

 

The distinctive forms of the octagonal steeple abruptly perched over the apse followed by double transepts and all executed in Butterfield's hallmark stripes of brick of contrasting colours make this chapel a memorable sight, Victorian architectural confectionery at its best. The interior is equally impressive, the bands of colour from stone and brick added to by the striking black and white of the ceiling. The space is formed of three distinct units, firstly Jackson's nave with its low side aisles, followed by the vast open space of the transepts contrasting sharply with the narrow chancel and apse beyond.

 

The chapel is an architectural delight, however what makes a visit to it all the more rewarding is the superb collection of stained glass, a surprising mixture encompassing Northern Renaissance to the late Pre-Raphaelite. Four windows contain early 16th century continental glass imported in the early 19th century (and originally installed in the old chapel). The finest is the Flemish glass in the east window, showing the Adoration of the Magi. There is much Victorian glass by several makers, mainly Alexander Gibbs who regularly worked with Butterfield and whose huge windows dominate the transepts. The nave contains more compelling work, predominately late pieces by Morris & Co including the stunning west window by J.H.Dearle.

 

Frustratingly the chapel is rather difficult to visit, it is a working school and thus camera-wielding visitors aren't generally welcome unless they join one of the tours of the school (usually Saturdays around 2pm) which includes the chapel but gives rather limited time.

 

I am therefore hugely indebted to Peter (Jacquemart on Flickr) and staff member Anne Haughton for kindly arranging this visit, the first time I've been able to fully enjoy this space for several decades.

I find out about the Kentish churches I visit from various places, one is Google maps, as I scroll in all directions from my target church to see if there were any nearby.

 

Norton was one such church.

 

I had not heard of it, but I clicked on the icon on Google Kaps and an image of the church came up.

 

Anyway, onto postcodes: in urban areas a postcide and refer to as few as eight houses. In the country, anything goes.

 

So, I drive from Graveney to Norton, passing through the traffic jam that is Faversham, arriving in the village of Norton and finding no churches in the few houses.

 

As there were only three rads into Norton, and I had been down two, that narrowed my choices, and indeed, I saw the tower of St Mary from over the fields.

 

Mist un-Kentlike.

 

But to find it.

 

The road wound through farmyards and fields, until I came to a wide entrance, and through an orchard, was the church.

 

I drove in, past row and row of apple trees, the air heavy with the scent of rotting apples, as windfalls turned brown on the ground.

 

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The nave and chancel of this isolated church are of equal length, providing a most unusual aspect when viewed from the east end, with their lovely roof timbers exposed. The church is rather dark, partly due to the close proximity of the surrounding trees and partly due to the poor quality stained glass. However, it is the monuments which are so appealing, nearly all of them to families who lived at Norton Court. The most eye-catching is to Benjamin Godfrey (d. 1704). The top of his monument was later utilised as a memorial to the Revd W. Lushington (d. 1842). This was not the first re-use of a Godfrey tomb, for in 1730 the name of Mrs Mary Godi was inscribed on an existing memorial nearby!

 

www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Norton

 

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NORTON.

SOUTHWARD from Buckland, but on the opposite side of the high London road, lies Norton, written in antient records Northtune, that is the north town, a name it took seemingly from its situation northward of Newnham, both places belonging to the bishop of Baieux, and held of him by the same tenant.

 

IT LIES close to the south side of the high London road, a little beyond the 44th mile-stone, whence the land rises southward to the hilly country, for about two miles and an half, to Stuppington, a little beyond which it joins to Newnham; its width is about a mile and a half, it joins to Ospringe eastwards at Syndal bottom, near which it is mostly woodland. The land in the lower, or northern part of the parish, is very good, but as it extends to the high ground it becomes gradually less so, being both chalky and much covered with flints. The church, with the seat of Norton-court near it, stands at the western edge of the parish, close to Lewson-street in Tenham, a little more than a quarter of a mile from the London road; at the same distance from which, eastward of the church, is Provenders, a low indifferent house, situated close to the woods, though it is open in front, having a good prospect north-westward; at no great distance above it is Rushitt, once part of the demesnes of Norton manor, as such it now pays part of the rent of castle-guard to Rochester castle, it is now the property of Mr. Richard Mount, who resides in it; and still further on the hills are the estates of Loiterton and Stuppington, where the country, as it becomes poor, becomes, by degrees, tolerably healthy. A small part of the parish extends to the opposite side of the London road, where it adjoins to Stone and Buckland.

 

MR. JACOB observed the Hypericum and rosæmum, tutsan, or park leaves, in a hedge near Provenders wood, in this parish.

 

THE MANOR of Norton, in the reign of the Conqueror, was part of the possessions of Odo, bishop of Baieux, the king's half-brother, accordingly it is thus entered in the survey of Domesday, under the general title of that prelate's lands:

 

Hugo de Porth holds of the bishop (of Baieux) Nortone. It was taxed at four sulings.The arable land is four carucates. In demesne there are three carucates, and eighteen villeins, with six borderers, having five carucates. There are three churches, and three mills without tallage, and two fisheries of twelve pence. Wood for the pannage of forty hogs. In the time of king Edward the Confessor, it was worth eight pounds, and afterwards six pounds, now twelve pounds. Osuuard held it of king Edward.

 

Four years after the taking of this survey, the bishop of Baieux was disgraced, and all his possessions became confiscated to the crown.

 

Upon which Hugo de Port, who before held this estate of the bishop, became immediate tenant to the king for it, as his supreme lord. His descendant William, son of Adam de Port, assumed the name of St. John, of which family, as lords paramount, it was held by Hugh de Newenham, and afterwards by his son Fulk de Newenham, whose daughter Juliana, in the reign of Henry II. carried this manor of Norton in marriage to Sir Robert de Campania, or Champion, who resided at Champions court, in Newenham, as part of her inheritance. His descendant John de Campania held it at the latter end of king Edward the 1st.'s reign, and in the 31st year of it had a charter of freewarren granted to him for this manor, as did the lady Champion, or de Campania, in the 20th year of king Edward III. at which time there was a rent of thirty shillings paid from it, for ward to Rochester castle. After this family was become extinct here, which was soon afterwards, the Frogenhalls were become possessed of it, one of whom, John de Frogenhall, died possessed of it, as appears by the escheat-rolls in the reign of king Henry IV. from which name it passed by marriage into that of Boteler, whence it was again carried in marriage by Anne, daughter and sole heir of John Boteler, of Graveney, to John Martin, one of the judges of the common pleas, who died possessed of it in 1436, and was buried in that church. One of his descendants sold this manor, in the reign of Henry VII. to Fynche, descended from those of Sewards, in Linsted, whose descendant Nicholas Fynche left a son and heir George Fynche, esq. who resided at Norton-court, and died in 1584, leaving one daughter and heir Mary, who carried this manor in marriage to Sir Michael Sonds, of Throwley, who in the latter end of queen Elizabeth's reign, sold it to Mr. Thomas Milles, who afterwards resided here for some time, till he removed to Davington-hall, but dying without male issue, his only daughter and heir Anne carried it in marriage to John Milles, esq. of Hampshire, who afterwards conveyed it to his brother Dr. Milles, who in the reign of king Charles I. alienated it to his relation Mr. Thomas Milles, of Sussex, and he afterwards, in the next reign of Charles II. sold it to Mr. Baptist Piggott, gent. afterwards of Norton-court, who died in 1677, and was buried in this church. He left Mary, his sole surviving heir, married to Benjamin Godfrey, merchant, of London, who was the twelfth and last surviving son of Thomas Godfrey, esq. of Hodiford, in Sellinge, descended from the Godfreys, of Lyd, whose arms he bore, Sable, a chevron between three pelicans heads, erased, or. He became, in right of his wife, entitled to this manor, and resided at Norton court, and dying in 1704, was buried in this church; he left two sons, John and Baptist surviving, and a daughter Catherine, who married Stephen Lushington, esq. of Sittingborne, who died in 1700, leaving only one son Thomas Godfrey Lushington. Upon the death of Benjamin Godfrey, the fee of it became vested in John Godfrey, esq. the eldest surviving son, who resided here, and was a gentleman of literature, and well versed in antiquities, especially such as related to this county. He died in 1737, s. p. having by his will devised this manor to his nephew Thomas Godfrey Lushington, esq. above-mentioned, who afterwards resided at Canterbury, where he died in 1757, leaving by Dorothy his first wife, daughter of John Gisburne, esq. of Derbyshire, three sons, and one daughter Catherine, then the wife of John Cockin Sole, esq. of Bobbing, on whom he had settled this manor in 1754, on her marriage in his life-time. (fn. 1)

 

John Cockin Sole, esq. becoming thus possessed of Norton-court, removed hither about the year 1765. He died in 1790, leaving an only surviving daughter by his first wife. Soon after his death this manor and seat were sold under the directions of his will to John Bennett, esq. of Faversham, who now owns it.

 

Norton-court is charged with a rent of castle-guard to Rochester-castle.

 

PROVENDERS is an antient seat in this parish, situated about half a mile eastward of the church, which was once the residence of a family of that name, one of whom, John de Provender, was possessed of it in the reign of Henry III. as appeared by an old dateless deed of about that time; but they were extinct here before the reign of Edward III. when Lucas de Vienna, or Vienne, was in the possession of it. His descendant Edward de Vienna paid aid for it, together with lands in this parish, called Viend-garden. From this name this seat passed into that of Quadring, who was possessed of it in the beginning of the reign of king Richard II. and thence again about the latter end of that of Henry IV. to the antient family of Goldwell, of Great Chart, and from them to the Drylands, of Cooksditch, one of which name alienated it, in the reign of Henry VIII. to Robert Atwater, esq. a justice of the peace of this county, and he sold it to Sir James Hales, one of the justices of the common pleas, and son of John Hales, of the Dungeon, one of the barons of the exchequer. He died anno 1555, 2 and 3 of Philip and Mary, whose descendant, in the next reign of queen Elizabeth, passed it away by sale to Thomas Sare, who afterwards resided here.

 

He was the eldest son of Laurence Sare, gent. of Lenham, and married Joane, daughter of John Adye, of Greet, in Doddington, by whom he had one son Adye, and three daughters. Adye Sare, esq the son, likewise resided here, to whom William Camden, clarencieux, in the 10th of James I. confirmed the arms of his ancestors, being Gules, two bars ermine, in chief three martlets or. He had two sons, Thomas and Archdale, and three daughters, Susan, Sarah and Jane, who afterwards became his heirs. (fn. 2)

 

His heirs seem to have sold this seat to Mr. James Hugessen, merchant adventurer, of Dover, who died possessed of it in 1637, and was buried in Linsted church, in which parish his son Mr. James Hugessen resided, at Sewards, where he kept his shrievalty for this county anno 17 Charles I. He died possessed of Provenders in 1646, and was buried in the chapel on the north side of Linsted church, which has continued the burial place of his descendants ever since. (fn. 3)

 

In them this seat continued down to William Hugessen, esq. who likewise resided at Provenders, where he died in 1719, having had three sons and three daughters; of the former, William became his heir, and John was of Stodmarsh, and ancestor of William Hugessen, esq. now of Stodmarsh Court.

 

William Hugessen, esq. the eldest son, resided at Provenders, and died there in 1753. He was twice married, first to Martha, daughter of Peter Gott, esq. who died s. p. and secondly to Dorothy, daughter of Francis Tyssen, esq. of Hackney, by whom he left an only son and heir William Western Hugessen, esq who resided at Provenders, where he died in 1764, leaving by Thomasine his wife, second daughter of Sir John Honywood, bart. three daughters his coheirs, Dorothy, Mary, and Sarah. His widow survived him, and possessed this seat till her death, in 1774, on which their three daughters became entitled to the property of it; of whom Sarah, the youngest daughter, died in 1777, æt. 14, unmarried; upon which her two sisters, Dorothy and Mary, became jointly entitled to this seat, among the rest of their inheritance. Dorothy married in 1779, Joseph Banks, esq. of Reavesby-abbey, in Lincolnshire, since elected president of the royal society, and created a baronet, and Mary, married Edward Knatchbull, esq. now Sir Edward Knatchbull, bart. of Mersham, who in right of their wives became jointly entitled to this seat, among the rest of their inheritance, and continue so at this time. Sir Joseph Banks is descended from ancestors who have resided for several generations at Reavesby-abbey, one of them Robert Banks, esq. was a younger son of the Banks's, of Banke Newton, in Yorkshire, who had been seated there ever since the beginning of Edward the IIId.'s reign, when Sir Simon de Banke acquired that estate by marriage with the daughter and heir of Robert de Catherton, the arms of Banks being Sable, a cross between four fleurs de lis, argent, with which the family have since usually quartered the coat of Catherton, A chevron, between three annulets. Sir Joseph Banks was the first man of scientific education who undertook a voyage of discovery, and that the first, which turned out satisfactory to this enlightened age. He was in some measure the first who gave a turn to such voyages, or rather to their commander Capt. Cooke, as guided and directed, as well those which came after, as those in which he was personally concerned, and botany being his favorite science, he has since his last voyage been preparing for the public, with infinite pains and expence, and account of all the new plants discovered in his voyage round the world. In 1779 he was elected, president of the royal society, and on March 24, 1781, created a baronet; since which, in 1797, he has been made a knight of the bath, and a privy consellor.

 

A further account of Sir Edward Knatchbull, bart. who is M. P. for this county, and at times resides at Provenders, and of his ancestors, may be seen under the description of their family seat at Mersham.

 

STUPPINGTON, antiently written Stependone, is an estate in this parish on the southern extremity of it, and about half a mile eastward of Lodge-house, which was formerly esteemed a manor, and of such account as to be recorded in the general survey of Domesday, at which time it was part of the possessions of Odo, bishop of Baieux, under the general title of whose estates it is thus entered in it:

 

Hugo de Porth holds of the bishop of Baieux Stependone. Osuuard held it in the time of Edward the Confessor, and then it was taxed at one suling all but one yoke. The arable land is two carucates. In demesne there is. . . . with one servant and five borderers. It is worth thirty shillings.

 

Four years after which, the bishop was disgraced, and all his possessions were confiscated to the crown.

 

Upon which, Hugo, who had before been the bishop's tenant, came to hold it immediately, or in capite, of the king; of his descendants, who had assumed the name of St. John, it was held successively by the Cheneys (fn. 4) and Apulderfields, in which latter it continued, till at length about the end of king Edward the IVth.'s reign, Elizabeth, only daughter of Sir William de Apulderfield, of Badmangore, in Linsted, carried this estate in marriage to Sir John Fineux, chief justice of the king's bench, who died possessed of it in 1525, leaving two daughters his coheirs, of whom Jane, the eldest, carried it in marriage to John Roper, esq. of Eltham, who gave it to his second son Christopher Roper, esq. of Badmangore, whose son Sir John Roper, removed his residence to his new-built seat of Lodge, and was created Lord Teynham, in whose descendants lords Teynham, this estate of Stuppington has continued down to the present right hon. Henry, lord Teynham, the present owner of it.

 

There are no parochial charities. The poor constantly relieved are about twenty, casually thirty.

 

NORTON is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Ospringe.

 

The church, which is dedicated to St. Mary, consists of one isle and a chancel, having a square tower at the west end, in which there is one bell. In it, in the chancel, there is a monument for Benjamin Godfrey, esq. of Norton-court; and among others, memorials for the Piggots, of the same place, and of the Sares, of Provenders.

 

The church of Norton was antiently an appendage to the manor, and as such was the property of the family of Newenham. Hugh de Newenham, lord of the manor of Norton, about the latter end of the reign of Henry I. gave, with the consent of his son, to the monks of St. Andrew, in Rochester, this church, with all the land belonging to it, and the half of the tithe of the demesne of the manor, and all other its appurtenances, in perpetual alms; (fn. 5) which gift was made in the presence of archbishop Ralph, who confirmed it to them.

 

Fulk de Newenham confirmed this church, with its appurtenances, in perpetual alms, and the archbishop granted, that Nicholas his chaplain should pay them yearly, in the name of this church, ten shillings annual pension, and that after his secession the whole church of Norton should pass to the perpetual uses of the monks, which was confirmed by archbishops Theobald and Richard, among the rest of the possessions of that monastery. And there was a final concord made in the king's court of exchequer at Westminster, in the 29th year of Henry II. by which the gift made of the appropriation of this church by him and his heirs afterwards, was acknowledged. After which this church was again confirmed to the church and monks of St. Andrew, by the archbishops Richard and Baldwin.

 

Archbishop Hubert, in the 1st year of king John, admitted and instituted Gilbert, bishop of Rochester, and the prior and convent of St. Andrew there, canonically into the parsonage of this church, so that they should always have a perpetual vicar in it, who should possess it with its appurtenances, and should pay to them yearly twenty shillings only, in the name of an annual pension; and every vicar, in order to his being instituted to it, should be elected and presented by the bishop and monks, and so to be instituted perpetual vicar in it by him and his successors, saving always to the church of Rochester the annual pension above-mentioned.

 

On bishop Gilbert de Glanville's coming to the see of Rochester anno 31 Henry II. he decreed, that in all such churches as belonged to the church of Rochester, situated out of the bishopric, the bishop should have the election of the person to be instituted, and after that the bishop and monks together should present him to the bishop of the respective diocese, saving the pensions in those churches to be paid to the monks, to the performance of which, the person instituted should take an oath in the chapter-house of Rochester; which pensions, and that of twenty shillings in particular from this church, he afterwards, by a separate instrument, confirmed to them.

 

It appears by several records, that from the time of the above-mentioned decree, the bishops of Rochester enjoyed the sole right of presentation to this church, exclusive of the prior and convent; and this appears further, among the rights and privileges of the bishopric of Rochester, taken in the year 1360, in which there is an account of those churches which belonged to the joint presentation of the bishop and the chapter, wherein it is said that the chapter had no other right, but only to affix their seal, the bishop nominating and presenting, and the chapter putting their seal; these churches were those of Rotherfield, in the diocese of Chichester, Mixbury and Henle, in the diocese of Lincoln, and Stourmouth and Norton, in the diocese of Canterbury. (fn. 6)

 

The church of Norton remained, after this, a rectory, of the patronage of the bishops of Rochester, uninterrupted by any claims from the monks of St. Andrew's, and continues so at this time, the right Rev. the bishop of Rochester being the present patron of it.

 

The annual pension of twenty shillings before-mentioned, decreed to be paid from this church to the monks of St. Andrew's, seems, sometime before the dissolution of their monastery, to have been lessened to ten shillings, the original sum, as may be seen before. After that event, this pension came into the king's hands, among the rest of the revenues of it, and was, next year, settled by his dotation-charter, on his newfounded dean and chapter of Rochester, who are now entitled to it.

 

This rectory is valued in the king's books at 10l. 18s. 4d. and the yearly tenths at 1l. 1s. 10d. In 1640 it was valued at one hundred pounds. Communicants thirty.

 

One moiety of the tithes of the manor of Norton has been mentioned as having been given, with the church, to the monks of St. Andrew, by the family of Newenham. The other moiety of them seems to have been given by Juliana de Newenham, about the reign of Henry II. to the Benedictine priory of Davington, and were valued anno 17 king Edward III. at sixty shillings.

 

These tithes remained with the priory at the time of its escheating to the crown, anno 27 Henry VIII. and were afterwards, in the 35th year of that reign, granted to Sir Thomas Cheney, whose son Henry afterwards became possessed of them, among the rest of his inheritance, in the 3d year of queen Elizabeth.

 

¶These tithes at that time were compounded for at the yearly sum of 26s. 8d. which was paid to the possessor of Davington priory by the rector of this parish, as appears by a rental of the late revenues of the priory made for that year. How the property of these tithes came to be vested in the rector, or the composition for them annihilated, I cannot find; but the rector of Norton now enjoys the tithes of this whole parish, both great and small, without any exemption, and without any compensation or payment, made to or by him in lieu of any tithes whatsoever, the above pension of ten shillings only excepted.

 

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol6/pp401-413

Houblon sauvage.

 

C'est une liane vivace qui s'enroule autour d'un support.

 

Les cônes (inflorescences femelles), sont utilisés pour aromatiser la bière depuis le XIIe siècle.

 

L'abbesse Hildegarde von Bingen (1099-1179) découvrit les vertus aseptisantes et conservatrices du houblon permettant à la bière de mieux se conserver. «L'amertume du houblon combat certaines fermentations nuisibles dans les boissons et permet de les conserver plus longtemps», écrit-elle.

 

Le houblon a des propriétés sédatives et hypnotiques.

On a observé que les récolteurs de houblon avaient tendance à s'endormir au travail.

 

Le houblon renferme aussi des substances proches des oestrogènes.

Il paraît que les femmes qui participent à sa cueillette sont réglées deux jours après, quelle que soit la période de leur cycle.

 

Au Moyen Âge les moines vont mener à bien de multiples expérimentations sur la fabrication et l'aromatisation de la bière. On avait toutes sortes de bières: bière à l'écorce de chêne, gentiane, coriandre, sauge. Le houblon va finir par s'imposer.

 

Jean Sans Peur, duc de Bourgogne, imposa le houblon comme arôme principal de la bière. Jean Sans Peur meurt en 1419 après avoir créé l'ordre du Houblon.

 

Hildegarde de Bingen, religieuse, compositrice et femme de lettres, sera faite "docteur de l'Eglise" par Benoît XVI le 7 octobre 2012. Sa fête est le 17 septembre.

 

landderhildegard.de/download/1_antiphon.mp3

  

Hops.

 

It is a perennial liana wraps around a support.

 

Cones (female inflorescences), are used to flavor beer since the twelfth century.

 

The abbess Hildegard von Bingen (1099-1179) discovered the aseptisantes and conservative virtues of hops to the beer better preserved. "The bitterness of hops fight certain harmful fermentation in drinks and can keep longer," she wrote.

 

Hops has sedative and hypnotic properties.

It was observed that the hop pickers tended to fall asleep at work.

 

Hops also contain substances similar to estrogen.

It seems that women who participate in its picking are menstruating two days later, regardless of the period of their cycle.

 

In the Middle Ages the monks will carry out multiple experiments on the manufacture and flavoring beer. We had all different beers: beer with oak bark, gentian, coriander, sage. Hops will eventually prevail.

 

Jean sans Peur, Duke of Burgundy, imposed hops as the main flavor of the beer. John the Fearless died in 1419 after creating the order of Hops.

 

Hildegard of Bingen, religious, composer and woman of letters, will be made "Doctor of the Church" by Pope Benedict XVI Oct. 7, 2012. His feast day is September 17.

I find out about the Kentish churches I visit from various places, one is Google maps, as I scroll in all directions from my target church to see if there were any nearby.

 

Norton was one such church.

 

I had not heard of it, but I clicked on the icon on Google Kaps and an image of the church came up.

 

Anyway, onto postcodes: in urban areas a postcide and refer to as few as eight houses. In the country, anything goes.

 

So, I drive from Graveney to Norton, passing through the traffic jam that is Faversham, arriving in the village of Norton and finding no churches in the few houses.

 

As there were only three rads into Norton, and I had been down two, that narrowed my choices, and indeed, I saw the tower of St Mary from over the fields.

 

Mist un-Kentlike.

 

But to find it.

 

The road wound through farmyards and fields, until I came to a wide entrance, and through an orchard, was the church.

 

I drove in, past row and row of apple trees, the air heavy with the scent of rotting apples, as windfalls turned brown on the ground.

 

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The nave and chancel of this isolated church are of equal length, providing a most unusual aspect when viewed from the east end, with their lovely roof timbers exposed. The church is rather dark, partly due to the close proximity of the surrounding trees and partly due to the poor quality stained glass. However, it is the monuments which are so appealing, nearly all of them to families who lived at Norton Court. The most eye-catching is to Benjamin Godfrey (d. 1704). The top of his monument was later utilised as a memorial to the Revd W. Lushington (d. 1842). This was not the first re-use of a Godfrey tomb, for in 1730 the name of Mrs Mary Godi was inscribed on an existing memorial nearby!

 

www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Norton

 

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NORTON.

SOUTHWARD from Buckland, but on the opposite side of the high London road, lies Norton, written in antient records Northtune, that is the north town, a name it took seemingly from its situation northward of Newnham, both places belonging to the bishop of Baieux, and held of him by the same tenant.

 

IT LIES close to the south side of the high London road, a little beyond the 44th mile-stone, whence the land rises southward to the hilly country, for about two miles and an half, to Stuppington, a little beyond which it joins to Newnham; its width is about a mile and a half, it joins to Ospringe eastwards at Syndal bottom, near which it is mostly woodland. The land in the lower, or northern part of the parish, is very good, but as it extends to the high ground it becomes gradually less so, being both chalky and much covered with flints. The church, with the seat of Norton-court near it, stands at the western edge of the parish, close to Lewson-street in Tenham, a little more than a quarter of a mile from the London road; at the same distance from which, eastward of the church, is Provenders, a low indifferent house, situated close to the woods, though it is open in front, having a good prospect north-westward; at no great distance above it is Rushitt, once part of the demesnes of Norton manor, as such it now pays part of the rent of castle-guard to Rochester castle, it is now the property of Mr. Richard Mount, who resides in it; and still further on the hills are the estates of Loiterton and Stuppington, where the country, as it becomes poor, becomes, by degrees, tolerably healthy. A small part of the parish extends to the opposite side of the London road, where it adjoins to Stone and Buckland.

 

MR. JACOB observed the Hypericum and rosæmum, tutsan, or park leaves, in a hedge near Provenders wood, in this parish.

 

THE MANOR of Norton, in the reign of the Conqueror, was part of the possessions of Odo, bishop of Baieux, the king's half-brother, accordingly it is thus entered in the survey of Domesday, under the general title of that prelate's lands:

 

Hugo de Porth holds of the bishop (of Baieux) Nortone. It was taxed at four sulings.The arable land is four carucates. In demesne there are three carucates, and eighteen villeins, with six borderers, having five carucates. There are three churches, and three mills without tallage, and two fisheries of twelve pence. Wood for the pannage of forty hogs. In the time of king Edward the Confessor, it was worth eight pounds, and afterwards six pounds, now twelve pounds. Osuuard held it of king Edward.

 

Four years after the taking of this survey, the bishop of Baieux was disgraced, and all his possessions became confiscated to the crown.

 

Upon which Hugo de Port, who before held this estate of the bishop, became immediate tenant to the king for it, as his supreme lord. His descendant William, son of Adam de Port, assumed the name of St. John, of which family, as lords paramount, it was held by Hugh de Newenham, and afterwards by his son Fulk de Newenham, whose daughter Juliana, in the reign of Henry II. carried this manor of Norton in marriage to Sir Robert de Campania, or Champion, who resided at Champions court, in Newenham, as part of her inheritance. His descendant John de Campania held it at the latter end of king Edward the 1st.'s reign, and in the 31st year of it had a charter of freewarren granted to him for this manor, as did the lady Champion, or de Campania, in the 20th year of king Edward III. at which time there was a rent of thirty shillings paid from it, for ward to Rochester castle. After this family was become extinct here, which was soon afterwards, the Frogenhalls were become possessed of it, one of whom, John de Frogenhall, died possessed of it, as appears by the escheat-rolls in the reign of king Henry IV. from which name it passed by marriage into that of Boteler, whence it was again carried in marriage by Anne, daughter and sole heir of John Boteler, of Graveney, to John Martin, one of the judges of the common pleas, who died possessed of it in 1436, and was buried in that church. One of his descendants sold this manor, in the reign of Henry VII. to Fynche, descended from those of Sewards, in Linsted, whose descendant Nicholas Fynche left a son and heir George Fynche, esq. who resided at Norton-court, and died in 1584, leaving one daughter and heir Mary, who carried this manor in marriage to Sir Michael Sonds, of Throwley, who in the latter end of queen Elizabeth's reign, sold it to Mr. Thomas Milles, who afterwards resided here for some time, till he removed to Davington-hall, but dying without male issue, his only daughter and heir Anne carried it in marriage to John Milles, esq. of Hampshire, who afterwards conveyed it to his brother Dr. Milles, who in the reign of king Charles I. alienated it to his relation Mr. Thomas Milles, of Sussex, and he afterwards, in the next reign of Charles II. sold it to Mr. Baptist Piggott, gent. afterwards of Norton-court, who died in 1677, and was buried in this church. He left Mary, his sole surviving heir, married to Benjamin Godfrey, merchant, of London, who was the twelfth and last surviving son of Thomas Godfrey, esq. of Hodiford, in Sellinge, descended from the Godfreys, of Lyd, whose arms he bore, Sable, a chevron between three pelicans heads, erased, or. He became, in right of his wife, entitled to this manor, and resided at Norton court, and dying in 1704, was buried in this church; he left two sons, John and Baptist surviving, and a daughter Catherine, who married Stephen Lushington, esq. of Sittingborne, who died in 1700, leaving only one son Thomas Godfrey Lushington. Upon the death of Benjamin Godfrey, the fee of it became vested in John Godfrey, esq. the eldest surviving son, who resided here, and was a gentleman of literature, and well versed in antiquities, especially such as related to this county. He died in 1737, s. p. having by his will devised this manor to his nephew Thomas Godfrey Lushington, esq. above-mentioned, who afterwards resided at Canterbury, where he died in 1757, leaving by Dorothy his first wife, daughter of John Gisburne, esq. of Derbyshire, three sons, and one daughter Catherine, then the wife of John Cockin Sole, esq. of Bobbing, on whom he had settled this manor in 1754, on her marriage in his life-time. (fn. 1)

 

John Cockin Sole, esq. becoming thus possessed of Norton-court, removed hither about the year 1765. He died in 1790, leaving an only surviving daughter by his first wife. Soon after his death this manor and seat were sold under the directions of his will to John Bennett, esq. of Faversham, who now owns it.

 

Norton-court is charged with a rent of castle-guard to Rochester-castle.

 

PROVENDERS is an antient seat in this parish, situated about half a mile eastward of the church, which was once the residence of a family of that name, one of whom, John de Provender, was possessed of it in the reign of Henry III. as appeared by an old dateless deed of about that time; but they were extinct here before the reign of Edward III. when Lucas de Vienna, or Vienne, was in the possession of it. His descendant Edward de Vienna paid aid for it, together with lands in this parish, called Viend-garden. From this name this seat passed into that of Quadring, who was possessed of it in the beginning of the reign of king Richard II. and thence again about the latter end of that of Henry IV. to the antient family of Goldwell, of Great Chart, and from them to the Drylands, of Cooksditch, one of which name alienated it, in the reign of Henry VIII. to Robert Atwater, esq. a justice of the peace of this county, and he sold it to Sir James Hales, one of the justices of the common pleas, and son of John Hales, of the Dungeon, one of the barons of the exchequer. He died anno 1555, 2 and 3 of Philip and Mary, whose descendant, in the next reign of queen Elizabeth, passed it away by sale to Thomas Sare, who afterwards resided here.

 

He was the eldest son of Laurence Sare, gent. of Lenham, and married Joane, daughter of John Adye, of Greet, in Doddington, by whom he had one son Adye, and three daughters. Adye Sare, esq the son, likewise resided here, to whom William Camden, clarencieux, in the 10th of James I. confirmed the arms of his ancestors, being Gules, two bars ermine, in chief three martlets or. He had two sons, Thomas and Archdale, and three daughters, Susan, Sarah and Jane, who afterwards became his heirs. (fn. 2)

 

His heirs seem to have sold this seat to Mr. James Hugessen, merchant adventurer, of Dover, who died possessed of it in 1637, and was buried in Linsted church, in which parish his son Mr. James Hugessen resided, at Sewards, where he kept his shrievalty for this county anno 17 Charles I. He died possessed of Provenders in 1646, and was buried in the chapel on the north side of Linsted church, which has continued the burial place of his descendants ever since. (fn. 3)

 

In them this seat continued down to William Hugessen, esq. who likewise resided at Provenders, where he died in 1719, having had three sons and three daughters; of the former, William became his heir, and John was of Stodmarsh, and ancestor of William Hugessen, esq. now of Stodmarsh Court.

 

William Hugessen, esq. the eldest son, resided at Provenders, and died there in 1753. He was twice married, first to Martha, daughter of Peter Gott, esq. who died s. p. and secondly to Dorothy, daughter of Francis Tyssen, esq. of Hackney, by whom he left an only son and heir William Western Hugessen, esq who resided at Provenders, where he died in 1764, leaving by Thomasine his wife, second daughter of Sir John Honywood, bart. three daughters his coheirs, Dorothy, Mary, and Sarah. His widow survived him, and possessed this seat till her death, in 1774, on which their three daughters became entitled to the property of it; of whom Sarah, the youngest daughter, died in 1777, æt. 14, unmarried; upon which her two sisters, Dorothy and Mary, became jointly entitled to this seat, among the rest of their inheritance. Dorothy married in 1779, Joseph Banks, esq. of Reavesby-abbey, in Lincolnshire, since elected president of the royal society, and created a baronet, and Mary, married Edward Knatchbull, esq. now Sir Edward Knatchbull, bart. of Mersham, who in right of their wives became jointly entitled to this seat, among the rest of their inheritance, and continue so at this time. Sir Joseph Banks is descended from ancestors who have resided for several generations at Reavesby-abbey, one of them Robert Banks, esq. was a younger son of the Banks's, of Banke Newton, in Yorkshire, who had been seated there ever since the beginning of Edward the IIId.'s reign, when Sir Simon de Banke acquired that estate by marriage with the daughter and heir of Robert de Catherton, the arms of Banks being Sable, a cross between four fleurs de lis, argent, with which the family have since usually quartered the coat of Catherton, A chevron, between three annulets. Sir Joseph Banks was the first man of scientific education who undertook a voyage of discovery, and that the first, which turned out satisfactory to this enlightened age. He was in some measure the first who gave a turn to such voyages, or rather to their commander Capt. Cooke, as guided and directed, as well those which came after, as those in which he was personally concerned, and botany being his favorite science, he has since his last voyage been preparing for the public, with infinite pains and expence, and account of all the new plants discovered in his voyage round the world. In 1779 he was elected, president of the royal society, and on March 24, 1781, created a baronet; since which, in 1797, he has been made a knight of the bath, and a privy consellor.

 

A further account of Sir Edward Knatchbull, bart. who is M. P. for this county, and at times resides at Provenders, and of his ancestors, may be seen under the description of their family seat at Mersham.

 

STUPPINGTON, antiently written Stependone, is an estate in this parish on the southern extremity of it, and about half a mile eastward of Lodge-house, which was formerly esteemed a manor, and of such account as to be recorded in the general survey of Domesday, at which time it was part of the possessions of Odo, bishop of Baieux, under the general title of whose estates it is thus entered in it:

 

Hugo de Porth holds of the bishop of Baieux Stependone. Osuuard held it in the time of Edward the Confessor, and then it was taxed at one suling all but one yoke. The arable land is two carucates. In demesne there is. . . . with one servant and five borderers. It is worth thirty shillings.

 

Four years after which, the bishop was disgraced, and all his possessions were confiscated to the crown.

 

Upon which, Hugo, who had before been the bishop's tenant, came to hold it immediately, or in capite, of the king; of his descendants, who had assumed the name of St. John, it was held successively by the Cheneys (fn. 4) and Apulderfields, in which latter it continued, till at length about the end of king Edward the IVth.'s reign, Elizabeth, only daughter of Sir William de Apulderfield, of Badmangore, in Linsted, carried this estate in marriage to Sir John Fineux, chief justice of the king's bench, who died possessed of it in 1525, leaving two daughters his coheirs, of whom Jane, the eldest, carried it in marriage to John Roper, esq. of Eltham, who gave it to his second son Christopher Roper, esq. of Badmangore, whose son Sir John Roper, removed his residence to his new-built seat of Lodge, and was created Lord Teynham, in whose descendants lords Teynham, this estate of Stuppington has continued down to the present right hon. Henry, lord Teynham, the present owner of it.

 

There are no parochial charities. The poor constantly relieved are about twenty, casually thirty.

 

NORTON is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Ospringe.

 

The church, which is dedicated to St. Mary, consists of one isle and a chancel, having a square tower at the west end, in which there is one bell. In it, in the chancel, there is a monument for Benjamin Godfrey, esq. of Norton-court; and among others, memorials for the Piggots, of the same place, and of the Sares, of Provenders.

 

The church of Norton was antiently an appendage to the manor, and as such was the property of the family of Newenham. Hugh de Newenham, lord of the manor of Norton, about the latter end of the reign of Henry I. gave, with the consent of his son, to the monks of St. Andrew, in Rochester, this church, with all the land belonging to it, and the half of the tithe of the demesne of the manor, and all other its appurtenances, in perpetual alms; (fn. 5) which gift was made in the presence of archbishop Ralph, who confirmed it to them.

 

Fulk de Newenham confirmed this church, with its appurtenances, in perpetual alms, and the archbishop granted, that Nicholas his chaplain should pay them yearly, in the name of this church, ten shillings annual pension, and that after his secession the whole church of Norton should pass to the perpetual uses of the monks, which was confirmed by archbishops Theobald and Richard, among the rest of the possessions of that monastery. And there was a final concord made in the king's court of exchequer at Westminster, in the 29th year of Henry II. by which the gift made of the appropriation of this church by him and his heirs afterwards, was acknowledged. After which this church was again confirmed to the church and monks of St. Andrew, by the archbishops Richard and Baldwin.

 

Archbishop Hubert, in the 1st year of king John, admitted and instituted Gilbert, bishop of Rochester, and the prior and convent of St. Andrew there, canonically into the parsonage of this church, so that they should always have a perpetual vicar in it, who should possess it with its appurtenances, and should pay to them yearly twenty shillings only, in the name of an annual pension; and every vicar, in order to his being instituted to it, should be elected and presented by the bishop and monks, and so to be instituted perpetual vicar in it by him and his successors, saving always to the church of Rochester the annual pension above-mentioned.

 

On bishop Gilbert de Glanville's coming to the see of Rochester anno 31 Henry II. he decreed, that in all such churches as belonged to the church of Rochester, situated out of the bishopric, the bishop should have the election of the person to be instituted, and after that the bishop and monks together should present him to the bishop of the respective diocese, saving the pensions in those churches to be paid to the monks, to the performance of which, the person instituted should take an oath in the chapter-house of Rochester; which pensions, and that of twenty shillings in particular from this church, he afterwards, by a separate instrument, confirmed to them.

 

It appears by several records, that from the time of the above-mentioned decree, the bishops of Rochester enjoyed the sole right of presentation to this church, exclusive of the prior and convent; and this appears further, among the rights and privileges of the bishopric of Rochester, taken in the year 1360, in which there is an account of those churches which belonged to the joint presentation of the bishop and the chapter, wherein it is said that the chapter had no other right, but only to affix their seal, the bishop nominating and presenting, and the chapter putting their seal; these churches were those of Rotherfield, in the diocese of Chichester, Mixbury and Henle, in the diocese of Lincoln, and Stourmouth and Norton, in the diocese of Canterbury. (fn. 6)

 

The church of Norton remained, after this, a rectory, of the patronage of the bishops of Rochester, uninterrupted by any claims from the monks of St. Andrew's, and continues so at this time, the right Rev. the bishop of Rochester being the present patron of it.

 

The annual pension of twenty shillings before-mentioned, decreed to be paid from this church to the monks of St. Andrew's, seems, sometime before the dissolution of their monastery, to have been lessened to ten shillings, the original sum, as may be seen before. After that event, this pension came into the king's hands, among the rest of the revenues of it, and was, next year, settled by his dotation-charter, on his newfounded dean and chapter of Rochester, who are now entitled to it.

 

This rectory is valued in the king's books at 10l. 18s. 4d. and the yearly tenths at 1l. 1s. 10d. In 1640 it was valued at one hundred pounds. Communicants thirty.

 

One moiety of the tithes of the manor of Norton has been mentioned as having been given, with the church, to the monks of St. Andrew, by the family of Newenham. The other moiety of them seems to have been given by Juliana de Newenham, about the reign of Henry II. to the Benedictine priory of Davington, and were valued anno 17 king Edward III. at sixty shillings.

 

These tithes remained with the priory at the time of its escheating to the crown, anno 27 Henry VIII. and were afterwards, in the 35th year of that reign, granted to Sir Thomas Cheney, whose son Henry afterwards became possessed of them, among the rest of his inheritance, in the 3d year of queen Elizabeth.

 

¶These tithes at that time were compounded for at the yearly sum of 26s. 8d. which was paid to the possessor of Davington priory by the rector of this parish, as appears by a rental of the late revenues of the priory made for that year. How the property of these tithes came to be vested in the rector, or the composition for them annihilated, I cannot find; but the rector of Norton now enjoys the tithes of this whole parish, both great and small, without any exemption, and without any compensation or payment, made to or by him in lieu of any tithes whatsoever, the above pension of ten shillings only excepted.

 

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol6/pp401-413

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A beautiful historic Scottish Fishing bay dating back to the 1700's, under duress due to problems between the "Owner" and local fishermen who have utilised this historic harbour as they and their fore fathers have done for hundreds of years .

 

I revisited today Tuesday 27th August 2019 , I was disappointed to see concrete barriers blocking access to cars and fishing boats , sad circumstances indeed , though I still managed to capture as much of the bays charm a I could , its ongoing battle and new concrete blocks preventing access made me feel unhappy and sad, any ways I have pasted some of my previous comments and news items reference this pathetic situation below for your perusal, I am on the side of the fishermen , its a sad tale indeed.

 

Check my previous posts in my Cove Bay folder for photos of the harbour in its glory days that I have taken over the years before this nonsense raised its ugly head.

 

Previous Posts

 

I love this bay, its a beautiful tranquil place, however after reading news reports on a court judgement 13/7/2018 forcing the fisher men to remove their boats within 28 days it saddened me, hence I made a trip today Friday 13th July 2018 to capture the views and scenery before this unpopular ruling is implemented, what a sad situation indeed, I have included the news report on the legal wrangle at the end of this description.

 

Cove is a 20 minute drive from my home in Aberdeen Scotland, it was a pleasure to visit today and capture the tranquility that it presented.

 

Scattered across the harbour are stones with various sealife characters carved into them.

 

Cove Bay is a suburb on the south-east edge of Aberdeen, Scotland.

 

Today Cove is home to over 7000 people. It is a popular residential location owing to its extremely village-like status.

 

It is a quiet suburb just at the edge of the City and in 2015 won the Silver award for Scotland in bloom. Nearby Altens and Tullos Industrial Estates, affording ample employment opportunities.

 

History

 

Cove Bay is situated to the east of the ancient Causey Mounth, which road was built on high ground to make passable this only available medieval route from coastal points south from Stonehaven to Aberdeen.

 

This ancient trackway specifically connected the River Dee crossing (where the Bridge of Dee is located) via Portlethen Moss, Muchalls Castle and Stonehaven to the south.

 

The route was that taken by William Keith, 7th Earl Marischal and the Marquess of Montrose, who led a Covenanter army of 9000 men in the battle of the Civil War in 1639.

 

Cove Bay was a village in the extreme north-east corner of Kincardine, governed from Stonehaven, until 1975, when it was added to the City of Aberdeen. Though simply referred to as Cove, in the 19th and early 20th centuries it was known as The Cove, becoming Cove Bay around 1912.

 

Industry

 

Cove has been noted for industries such as granite, which was quarried in several locations to the south of the village. Owing to its close-grained texture, Cove granite was one of the hardest in north-east Scotland and proved highly resistant to frost, making it ideal for causeway stones used in the construction of roads. It was widely exported to cities in England, including Billingsgate Market in London.

 

Fishing

The village itself sprung up around the fishing industry, with the boats berthed on a shingle beach, a gap in the rocks that afforded a natural harbour. During this time, it is estimated that approximately 300 people lived in the area. In the mid 19th century the fishing was at its height, which, over years, has included cod, haddock, salmon, herring and shellfish. The piers and breakwater were constructed in 1878. At the end of World War I the fishing began to decline. At present only a couple of boats pursue shellfish on a part-time basis.

 

Between 1894 and 1937, Cove also housed a fishmeal factory, the Aberdeen Fish Meal Factory, which was located at the edge of the cliffs. It produced quality manure which was exported to both Europe and America. It became locally known as "the stinker" because of the processing odour, which was highlighted by the Aberdeen entertainer Harry Gordon in a parody entitled A Song of Cove.

 

Amenities

Retail

 

Cove has just had a brand new Co-operative built just off of Earnshugh Circle.

To the west of Loirston Road is the Cove Shopping Centre, which overlooks Loirston Primary School. This houses a pharmacist, the Wee China Chinese takeaway/Chip shop, Ruby Tuesdays beauty salon and the Harr Rock cafe (Cove's second).

 

Within the new development of cove a local Sainsbury's has opened. There is also the Harr Rock Cafe (the first one), a hairdressers and a gift shop within the new development.

 

There are also 2 RS McColl newsagents. One located at Bervie Brow in Altens, and a second located on the corner of Loirston Road and Cove Road which also houses a Post Office.

 

Hospitality

 

The Cove Bay hotel is located on Colsea Road. There is also The Aberdeen Altens Hotel in Altens, which has 216 bedrooms, making it the largest of the three Thistle Hotels in Aberdeen.

 

There is also a pub, the Langdykes which now has an Indian restaurant situated inside called The Curry lounge which you can sit in or take away.

 

Transport

 

Bus services to and from Cove and the wider area of Aberdeen are available. These are run by First Aberdeen with the numbers 3 (to Mastrick) and the 18 to Dyce, via Kincorth. Stagecoach also cover cove partially, with numbers 7A & 8 (Both to the City Centre).

 

Healthcare

Cove Bay has its own medical centre, the Cove Bay Medical Centre. It was originally located on Catto Walk, but moved to a new facility off Earns Hugh Road. Cove Dental Care has since moved into the old surgery building.

 

Sport

Cove is currently home to two football teams: Cove Rangers, who currently play in the Highland Football League, they temporarily play in Harlow Park, Inverurie, as their old home Allan park was demolished to make way for housing. Cove Thistle, who hold amateur status. Sunday amateur team Cove Revolution folded in 2010.

 

There are also many youth teams in the area that are run by Cove Youth FC. The Cove Youth FC area SFA credited community club, organizing players from 6 years old up to 19 years old. They also have a girls section. The Cove Community Football Trust is run by Cove Rangers FC, Cove Thistle FC and Cove Youth FC.

 

Other Amenities

A state-of-the-art library was recently built between Loirston Primary School and the Cove Shopping Centre. There are blueprints for a local sports centre to also be built in the near future.

 

Education

Cove has two primary schools, Charleston Primary School and Loirston Primary School. Most secondary pupils attend the nearby Kincorth Academy, but some choose to go to Portlethen Academy.

 

Future Developments

Aberdeen Gateway[edit]

Construction on a new Aberdeen Gateway industrial development began in 2008. It will see new offices and industrial units built to the south of the village. Current tenants at the site include National Oilwell Varco (NOV), Driving Standards Agency and Hydrasun. A Community football pitch is also inlcluded within the development.

 

Cove Academy

Plans for a secondary school in Cove have now been approved and will be situated alongside Wellington Road. It is thought that once this is built pupils from Cove, Torry as well as Kincorth will attend this school.

 

The Legal Wrangle - Landowner V Fishermen - Judgement 13/7/18

  

Fishermen told to move boats from Cove Bay after legal dispute

 

Fishermen have been told to move their boats from an Aberdeen bay after a long-running dispute.

Several fishermen were fighting an eviction order on behalf of landowner Pralhad Kolhe at Cove Bay, where they had been fishing for many years.

In a written judgement, a sheriff has given them 28 days to move their boats and equipment from Mr Kolhe's land.

However, Sheriff Andrew Miller also ordered the removal of obstructions to vehicular access onto the pier.

 

The case was heard at Aberdeen Sheriff Court earlier this year.

 

One of the fisherman, Jim Adam, told a court he was "stunned" to receive a legal letter telling him to remove his boat.

 

He had been fishing from Cove Bay since 1966.

'We were hopeful'

 

The first day of the hearing heard the letter said the landowner, who lives in a house overlooking the harbour, was unable to make use of his land for amenity purposes and that he did not wish Mr Adam's vessel, or any other vessel, on his land.

 

In the ruling, Sheriff Miller also gave Mr Kolhe 28 days to remove the obstructions to vehicle access to the pier.

Mr Adam told BBC Scotland: "We are disappointed, we were hopeful.

 

"The good news is at least for the recreational folks they have got vehicle access."

 

News Report From P&J Aberdeen

 

A campaign group could use new powers to try to buy the land at the centre of a long-running dispute over access to Cove Harbour.

 

Councillors in Aberdeen agreed yesterday to investigate using the purchase powers contained in the Community Empowerment Scotland Act 2015 to finally resolve the stand-off.

 

The proposal was backed after Jim Adam, chairman of the Cove Fishermen Association, delivered an emotional plea to Aberdeen City Council’s petitions committee yesterday.

 

He outlined the group’s ongoing disagreement with the landowner, Pralhad Kohle, over vehicle access to the harbour-side.

 

Mr Adam highlighted the historical use of the harbour since the 1700s for fishing boats and recreational users, showing members photographs as evidence.

 

He also said the denial of emergency access to the harbour would create safety issues, and spoke of a strong community spirit in the village.

 

Cove Councillor Neil Cooney stated: “Boats have been fishing out of Cove since mediaeval times; we need to retain that heritage.”

 

Committee convener Alan Donnelly said: “You would think, with 11,000 signatures, that the owner would take it seriously and come along.”

 

He added: “We are moving today that the council refers the petition to the landowner, with the hope that they can come to an amicable solution.

 

“And request a report to the communities, housing and infrastructure committee to investigate the viability of the community to use the new Community Empowerment Scotland Act 2015 to purchase the land.”

 

Speaking afterwards Mr Adam said: “We are very encouraged by the support from the council. It’s very positive and has opened up a number of avenues, but we would like there to be an amicable solution.

 

“The Community Empowerment Act is a very useful tool, but it would be a last resort.”

 

Mr Kohle, who was not in attendance, owns a house overlooking the bay and some of the land at the harbour below.

 

Scotland’s First Minister has pledged to investigate the “suffering” faced by the Cove Harbour fishing community as a result of a devastating fire and a dispute with the landlord.

 

The first minister promised action after being warned the Scottish Government risked ignoring a group whose livelihoods had been threatened by recent events.

 

Ms Sturgeon said the government wanted “to do everything we possibly can” to help communities faced with difficulties after the Cove Harbour situation was raised with her.

 

In January, thousands of pounds worth of damage was caused when a fire, thought to be deliberate, destroyed five vessels, boating equipment, a shed and fishing gear.

 

The community has also been involved in a long-running battle with landowner Pralhad Kolhe, a plastic surgeon who had sought to evict the fishermen’s fleet of traditional vessels from the part of the harbour he owns.

 

The Cove Fisherman’s Association had a four-year legal battle with Mr Kolhe, and lost their fight to dock their small fleet of traditional vessels at a particular part of Cove Harbour last year.

 

Last August the remaining vessels at the site were finally moved from Mr Kolhe’s land to a small corner of the harbour. The judgement said access to the pier for walkers and vehicles should be maintained.

 

After January’s fire, North East MSP Liam Kerr wrote to Rural Economy Secretary Fergus Ewing asking for support for the fishermen.

 

Mr Ewing replied say he was “very saddened” by the disaster but financial support would be “limited”.

 

Yesterday Mr Kerr raised Cove Harbour with Ms Sturgeon in the Scottish Parliament.

 

Mr Kerr told the first minister the Cove Harbour fishing community was “suffering” and faced “significant” legal costs.

 

The Tory MSP said the fishermen had requested a meeting with Mr Ewing “but to no avail”.

 

And he asked Ms Sturgeon to persuade Mr Ewing to meet the community and “not risk ignoring a community facing the loss of their livelihoods”.

 

The First Minister said: “Of course we want to do everything we possibly can to help any community experiencing difficulties.

 

“I am not aware beyond what the member has just said of the content of the correspondence to Fergus Ewing.

 

“But I am happy to give an undertaking to look into that and if Fergus Ewing thinks there is help the Scottish Government can offer – certainly to meet with those affected.”

 

A group of Aberdeen fishermen who lost a court case last year have been hit with a legal fee bill of around £45,000 – just days after their cherished vessels were destroyed in a malicious fire.

 

The Cove Fishermen’s Association was forced to move its boats at Cove Harbour last year after a court ruled in favour of landowner Pralhad Kolhe – who owns sections of the historic bay.

 

Mr Kolhe has been seeking to remove the small fleet of boats from his land, but in the months since the court’s decision, the fishermen have continued their activities by keeping their remaining vessels in a much smaller pocket of the harbour not under the landowner’s control, further away from the shoreline

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Il bacino di Arcachon è un bacino di acqua salata, comunicante con l'Oceano Atlantico, situato in Francia nel dipartimento della Gironda, tra le città di Arcachon e Lège-Cap-Ferret. Fa parte delle Landes della Guascogna. A differenza degli stagni delle Landes, il bacino comunica con l'Oceano Atlantico tramite un passaggio, attraverso il quale la marea oceanica sposta quotidianamente una quantità considerevole d'acqua. L'alta marea si produce regolarmente ogni 12 ore circa. Durante la bassa marea, il bacino si riduce ad un'unione di canali navigabili. I canali ed i banchi di sabbia evolvono nel tempo sotto l'influenza della marea: circa 370 milioni di metri cubi d'acqua sono scambiati quotidianamente tra bacino e oceano, con una velocità media di circa 2 m/s, portando con sé molta sabbia. I sedimenti sabbiosi mobili che caratterizzano questo bacino sono distribuiti principalmente delle correnti di marea, che formano canali e barre secondo una tipica configurazione di piana di marea. Il passaggio con l'Oceano, la cui navigazione è resa problematica dalle numerose correnti, è dominato a sud dalla duna del Pyla e a nord dal Cap Ferret. La duna è imponente e ben visibile da gran parte dei comuni che si affacciano sul bacino: Arcachon, Lège-Cap-Ferret, Arès, Andernos-les-Bains, La Teste-de-Buch, Gujan-Mestras. Al centro del bacino si trova l'île aux oiseaux (isola degli uccelli): l'isola, che non ha corrente elettrica, ospita soltanto alcune palafitte e case in legno usate dagli ostricoltori. L'estensione dell'isola aumenta considerevolmente con la bassa marea.

Il bacino è inoltre alimentato di acqua dolce dal fiume Leyre, che è all'origine della sua formazione. Il bacino attira ogni estate un numero considerevole di turisti, che vi praticano la pesca e numerosi sport nautici. La principale attività del bacino (ed anche risorsa economica, assieme al turismo) è però l'ostricoltura: la presenza regolare della marea infatti permette di costruire delle strutture in cui coltivare le ostriche che, nel corso della giornata, vengono periodicamente sommerse dall'acqua. A sud-est del bacino vi è inoltre la riserva ornitologica del Teich, parco visitabile, che offre la possibilità di osservare da vicino, nel loro habitat naturale, una gran quantità di uccelli marini e non, stanziali e migratori.

 

Le bassin d’Arcachon (Laca d'Arcaishon en gascon) est une lagune mésotidale située dans les Landes de Gascogne, en Gironde, entre les villes de La Teste-de-Buch au sud, Lège-Cap-Ferret à l’ouest et le delta de la Leyre à l’est. Lui seul interrompt le cordon dunaire de 250 km de la Côte d’Argent, qui s'étend de l’estuaire de la Gironde au fleuve Adour. À la différence des grands lacs landais, il est largement ouvert sur l’océan Atlantique par l’intermédiaire des passes du bassin d’Arcachon et constitue une petite mer intérieure de 155 km² à marée haute et de 40 km² à marée basse. On y pratique l’ostréiculture, la pêche et la navigation de plaisance. Depuis le 8 juin 2014, il abrite le parc naturel marin du bassin d'Arcachon. Le bassin d'Arcachon fait partie du Pays de Buch, il est situé au cœur des Landes de Gascogne, à mi-chemin entre la pointe de Grave et Capbreton, au sud-ouest du département de la Gironde à une cinquantaine de kilomètres de Bordeaux. Le bassin est de forme triangulaire, délimité par plus de 80 km de côtes plates ou dunaires boisées. Le pourtour du bassin commence, dans le sens trigonométrique (antihoraire) au Pyla-sur-Mer puis remonte au nord vers Arcachon oblique à l'est puis au sud et à nouveau à l'est au niveau de La Teste-de-Buch. Il remonte au nord-ouest au niveau du delta de la Leyre puis à partir de Lège descend au sud-ouest jusqu'au Cap-Ferret, en face du Pyla-sur-Mer. Au centre du bassin se trouve « l'île aux oiseaux » et ses cabanes tchanquées. En plus de recevoir à La Hume de l'eau en provenance du lac de Cazaux (via le canal de Cazaux), à Lège celle venant du lac de Lacanau (via le canal des Étangs) et sur tout son pourtour des eaux de ruissellement via plusieurs ruisseaux ou quelques crastes, le Bassin est aussi alimenté en eau douce par l'Eyre. Ce petit fleuve côtier de 80 km de long, issu de la forêt des landes, est à l'origine de la formation du bassin d'Arcachon. En apportant un flux continu d'eau, il contribue à empêcher l'obstruction des passes par les sables venus de l'océan. L'ouverture sur l'océan Atlantique se fait par un accès unique, les « passes », un ensemble de chenaux d'environ trois kilomètres de large permettant la circulation de l'eau entre le bassin et l'océan. La force des courants de flux et de reflux rendent délicats les franchissements de ces passes, surtout aux marées de grands coefficients pour la navigation ; des accidents mortels de marins expérimentés sont régulièrement constatés. La localisation et la structure des passes suivent une évolution cyclique dont la période est d'environ 80 ans: les passes sont en fait deux chenaux grosso modo parallèles (la Passe sud et la Passe nord) dont le tracé se déplace en direction du sud-est (du Cap-Ferret vers la dune du Pilat). Quand la passe la plus au sud atteint la plage au pied de la dune, elle se rétrécit puis « disparait » alors qu'une nouvelle passe se forme vers le nord, du côté du Cap, transformant ainsi l'ancienne « Passe nord » en une nouvelle « Passe sud ». Le balisage (bouées de navigation) est sans cesse corrigé et les cartes marines nécessitent une mise à jour permanente. À la différence des grands lacs landais (Hourtin et Carcans, Lacanau, Cazaux et Sanguinet, Biscarosse et Parentis) cet écosystème original est largement ouvert sur le golfe de Gascogne et la marée fait pénétrer et sortir deux fois par jour des masses d'eau considérables. Le bassin est partiellement isolé de l'océan par un cordon dunaire comprenant notamment le Cap Ferret, la dune du Pilat et le banc d'Arguin (classé réserve naturelle). Des bancs de sable mobiles charriés par les courants marins en modifient sans cesse le tracé et favorisent les organismes aquatiques non fixés dans les passes et sur les bancs de sable qui évoluent au cours du temps particulièrement lors de fortes tempêtes mais aussi plus simplement et inexorablement sous l'effet des marées (environ 370 millions de mètres cubes d'eau sont échangés entre le bassin et l'océan chaque jour, à une vitesse moyenne d'environ 2 m/s, emportant le sable se trouvant sur les bords des passes) et du courant marin (longeant le littoral du nord vers le sud, il charrie environ 600 000 mètres cubes de sable par an). Localement les herbiers de zostères (Zostera noltii) accueillent, accueillaient ou pourraient accueillir une riche faune ou microflore épiphyte. Le en tant que vaste zone humide et pour son caractère original, ce bassin occupe une place importante dans la Trame verte et bleue nationale, mais le bon état écologique n'y est pas atteint. En particulier des algues vertes prolifèrent anormalement et les zostères, pour des raisons mal comprises et probablement multifactorielles y sont en forte régression ce qui est préoccupant car en tant qu'herbier aquatique elles fixent le fond et sont un abri et une source de nourriture pour un grand nombre d'autres espèces. L'azote et les pesticides agricoles et urbains apportés par les pluies et eaux de ruissellement10, ainsi que les biocides des antifoolings sont suspectés. Le bassin d'Arcachon jouit d'un climat doux avec un ensoleillement important tout au long de l'année (2100 heures en moyenne sur le bassin). Les hivers y sont pluvieux mais rarement rigoureux. Il neige toutefois une ou deux fois par an en général. En revanche, les tempêtes d'automne et d'hiver soufflent souvent avec force sur le bassin, rendant les passes impraticables. On a relevé plus de 170 km/h lors du passage des tempêtes Klaus en 2009 et Martin en 1999. Les étés y sont secs et chauds, et rarement caniculaires. La brise thermique se lève en effet souvent l'après-midi, les épisodes de fortes chaleurs ayant du mal à persister dans la durée. De violents orages venus du golfe de Gascogne touchent épisodiquement le bassin (juin 1987, juillet 2003, septembre 2004), occasionnant parfois d'importants dégâts. Les températures maximales moyennes varient de 11 ou 12 °C en hiver à 25 ou 26 °C l'été. La température de la mer dans le bassin est de 13 ou 14 °C alors qu'elle est en moyenne de 10 ou 11 °C dans l'océan en hiver. En été, le bassin se réchauffe pour atteindre jusqu'à 22 ou 23 °C alors qu'elle atteint 19 à 21 °C sur l'Atlantique.

 

Arcachon Bay (in French, the Bassin d'Arcachon, and known locally simply as "le Bassin") is a bay of the Atlantic Ocean on the southwest coast of France, situated between the Côte d'Argent and the Côte des Landes, in the region of Aquitaine. The bay covers an area of 150 km² at high tide and 40 km² at low tide. Some of its geological features are natural preservation areas. The general shape of the Bassin d'Arcachon is that of an equilateral triangle pointing north, the southwest corner of which is open to the sea, between Cap Ferret and the town of Arcachon (more specifically, its suburb Pyla-sur-Mer), through a 3 km narrow channel (Les Passes). On the north shore is the town of Arès, then Andernos-les-Bains on the northeast. Just south of the entrance is The Great Dune of Pyla. Nearly in the middle of the bay is a very particular island: L'île aux Oiseaux (Isle of the Birds). The Bassin still has a link to the sea perhaps because of the Eyre river that runs from the Landes forest and has its mouth (Delta de l'Eyre) in its southeast corner. Otherwise the Bassin would have become blocked by the sandbanks built up by the tides. In the past, similar areas became lakes (called in French lacs or étangs) and are nowadays filled with fresh water. On the French Atlantic coast, running north-south between the Gironde estuary to the Adour river mouth, are the Lac d'Hourtin-Carcans, the Lac de Lacanau, the Étang de Cazaux et de Sanguinet, the Étang de Biscarrosse et de Parentis, the Étang d'Aureilhan, the Étang de Léon, the Étang de Soustons, the Étang Hardy, the Étang Blanc and the Étang de Garros. Arcachon Bay is the last water area that remains open to the ocean.

Copyright © 2012 Ruggero Poggianella Photostream.

All rights reserved. Please, do not use my photos without my written permission.

Please note that the fact that "This photo is public" doesn't mean it's public domain or a free stock image. Unauthorized use is strictly prohibited. If you wish to use any of my images for any reason/purpose please contact me for written permission. Tous droits reservés. Défense d'utilisation de cette image sans ma permission. Todos derechos reservados. No usar sin mi consentimiento.

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Senza ombra di dubbio è un posto da visitare e che non dimenticherete. Il buio e il suono dei tamburi nella notte, i fumi delle bancarelle che vendono cibo, i fuochi, la varietà di persone che lo popola sono un ricordo vivido nella mia mente. Jemaa el Fna è la piazza al centro della quale si sviluppa la città vecchia di Marrakech. È circondata a nord dal souk, a est dalla Kasbah. Patrimonio orale dell'umanità Unesco è trafficatissima giorno e notte: tanti i turisti, ma la massima parte delle persone che la popolano sono marocchini. È sede di bancarelle che vendono diversi genere di merci (dalla frutta, alle spremute, alle stoffe, a oggetti usati contro le malattie). La mattina è dominata da incantatori di serpenti, acquaioli, decoratrici con l'hennè. Ma fate attenzione perché tutto ha un prezzo. La foto scattata con la scimmia o con il cobra che vi saranno messi in testa o il ritratto dell'acquaiolo (non bevete l'acqua se ci tenete allo stomaco, però) andranno remunerati e vi conviene contrattare il prezzo prima per evitare sgraditissime sorprese. La sera a dominare la piazza buia sono invece concerti, cantastorie e le decine di affollatissime bancarelle dedicate al cibo e che offrono in particolare economici brochettes (spiedini di carne o pesce), con i fumi delle grigliate che si elevano sopra la piazza illuminati dalle luci. Uno stand vale l'altro e mangiarci è un'esperienza da fare.

La Piazza Jema El-Fna è uno dei punti di ritrovo principali di Marrakech. Nel 2001 l'Unesco l'ha denominata Patrimonio Orale e Immateriale dell'Umanità. È situata a lato dei vari suk e a partire dalle ore 17.00 si riempie di venditori di succhi di frutta naturali, frutta secca, donne che dipingono il corpo con l'hennè, incantatori di serpenti, musici, venditori ambulanti, tassisti, veggenti, turisti e addirittura dentisti! Inoltre è circondata da piccole moschee e la chiamata alla preghiera diventa un vero spettacolo. I caffè più famosi della città si trovano proprio qui: Il Café De France, l'Argana... Tutti hanno terrazze in cui sedersi per sorseggiare tè alla menta o cenare con vista sulla piazza. A ora di cena,in particolare durante il tramonto, vengono improvvisati punti di ristoro che propongono pietanze di carne, pesce o cuscus.

La Piazza Jemaa el Fna è la piazza centrale di Marrakech, luogo dichiarato dall'UNESCO "di tradizione orale". Qui si recano gli "Gnaouas", un gruppo di musicisti locali, a suonare musica e percussioni, accompagnati da incantatori di serpenti o di scimmie. Si raccontano storie, si balla, si mangia fino a tarda ora. Durante il giorno la piazza, che si trova accanto alla Kutubia, è quasi vuota a causa del gran caldo. Nel pomeriggio iniziano ad apparire i primi tavoli e le prime sedie, assieme ai venditori di cibo e a coloro che preparano carne alla griglia e cous-cous. Durante il giorno si può prendere un succo d'arancia, spremuto all'istante, accompagnato da datteri e dolci tipici. Il momento migliore rimane il tardo pomeriggio, quando la piazza si riempie di gente del posto, persone arrivate dal deserto per vendere tessuti o animali magici in grado di curare qualsiasi malanno, famiglie che vengono a mangiare.

 

Jamaa el Fna (Arabic: ساحة جامع الفناء jâmiʻ al-fanâʼ) is a square and market place in Marrakesh's medina quarter (old city). The origin of its name is unclear: Jemaa means "congregational mosque" in Arabic, probably referring to a destroyed Almoravid mosque. "Fanâʼ" or "finâ'" can mean "death" or "a courtyard, space in front of a building." Thus, one meaning could be "The mosque or assembly of death," or "The Mosque at the End of the World". A more likely explanation is that it refers to a mosque with a distinctive courtyard or square in front of it. Marrakesh was founded by the Almoravids 1070-1072. After a destructive struggle, it was falling to the Almohads in 1147. Following this, Jamaa el Fna was renovated along with much of the city. The city walls were also extended by Abou Yacoub Youssef and particularly by Yacoub el Mansour 1147-1158. The surrounding mosque, palace, hospital, parade ground and gardens around the edges of the marketplace were also overhauled, and the Kasbah was fortified. Subsequently, with the fortunes of the city, Jamaa el Fna saw periods of decline and also renewal. The place remains the main square of Marrakesh, used by locals and tourists. During the day it is predominantly occupied by orange juice stalls, youths with chained Barbary apes, water sellers in colourful costumes with traditional leather water-bags and brass cups, and snake charmers who will pose for photographs for tourists. As the day progresses, the entertainment on offer changes: the snake charmers depart, and late in the day the square becomes more crowded, with Chleuh dancing-boys (it would be against custom for girls to provide such entertainment), story-tellers (telling their tales in Berber or Arabic, to an audience of appreciative locals), magicians, and peddlers of traditional medicines. As darkness falls, the square fills with dozens of food-stalls as the number of people on the square peaks. The square is edged along one side by the Marrakesh souk, a traditional North African market catering both for the common daily needs of the locals, and for the tourist trade. On other sides are hotels and gardens and cafe terraces offering an escape from the noise and confusion of the square. Once a bus station, the place was closed to vehicle traffic in the early 2000s. The authorities are well aware of its importance to the tourist trade, and a strong but discreet police presence ensures the safety of visitors. The idea of the UNESCO project Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity came from people concerned about the Jamaa el Fna. The place is known for its active concentration of traditional activities by storytellers, musicians and performers, but it was threatened by economic development pressures. In fighting for the protection of traditions, the residents called for action on an international level, to recognize the need for the protection of such places - termed "cultural spaces" - and other popular and traditional forms of cultural expression. UNESCO encourages communities to identify, document, protect, promote and revitalize such heritage. The UNESCO label aims to raise awareness about the importance of oral and intangible heritage as an essential component of cultural diversity. The spectacle of Jamaa el Fna is repeated daily and each day it is different. Everything changes - voices, sounds, gestures, the public which sees, listens, smells, tastes, touches. The oral tradition is framed by one much vaster - that we can call intangible. The Square, as a physical space, shelters a rich oral and intangible tradition.

 

Jamaâ El Fna (en arabe : جامع الفناء, littéralement en français: "assemblée des trépassés" est une place située à Marrakech à côté de la mosquée Koutoubia. Ce haut-lieu touristique attire sans cesse plus d'un million de visiteurs venus pour assister aux spectacles animés par les charmeurs de serpents, les dresseurs de singes, les conteurs, les musiciens et d’autres artistes populaires, jeux, dessin au henné, etc... du début de soirée jusqu'à l'appel de la prière de l'aube. L'espace culturel de la place Jemaa el-Fna a été inscrit par l’UNESCO en 2001 en tant que patrimoine culturel immatériel de l'humanité. Elle se distingue aussi par des orateurs qui racontent des histoires ou vantent les mérites de produits magiques. Son nom de "assemblée des trépassés" vient du fait qu'elle servait autrefois à l'exposition, sur ordre du Sultan, des têtes des condamnés à mort qui venaient d'être exécutés. Certains jours, on pouvait ainsi compter jusqu'à quarante-cinq têtes. Elle est le théâtre d'une explosion meurtrière le 28 avril 20113. L’attentat, provoqué par une bombe actionnée à distance dont l'auteur présumé a été arrêté le 5 mai 2011, a fait 17 morts dont 8 français.