Women's Health Awareness
View allAll Photos Tagged uterine
Today again I give thanks for the gift of life. I have lived hard times and I'm still in treatment but I know that the best is yet to come. Thanks to all friends for their prayers, support and good wishes. Hugs Ƹ̵̡Ӝ̵̨̄Ʒ
Hoy de nuevo doy gracias por el regalo de la vida. He vivido tiempos difíciles y todavía sigo en tratamiento pero sé que lo mejor esta por venir. Gracias a todos los amigos por sus oraciones, apoyo y buenos deseos. Abrazos Ƹ̵̡Ӝ̵̨̄Ʒ
The tag above is showing the uterine septum that eventually led to the demise of the pregnancy. When the u/s was performed, of course we saw it, but everyone believed that I had weathered the worst of the damage it would cause (getting through the first trimester was key) and I adjusted my expectations to include a potentially complicated delivery.
This image just seems so ominous now. It is plain as day, and I wouldn't understand for another 4 weeks.
Deutsches Filmmuseum Frankfurt (Germany)
March 21 - September 23, 2018
deutsches-filminstitut.de/filmmuseum/
Nikon D3S+Nikkor 50mm ƒ/1.8 AIs
© Ivan Herrador
Original "Starchild" prop by Liz Moore "2001: A Space Odyssey" (1968)
"(...) The original prop, which was thought lost, has resurfaced after Kubrick's death in the production materials that the director kept in his humongous archives, and is now part of the traveling exhibition of Stanley Kubrick Archives. (...) a first test version of the scene was carried out with a real baby shot against a black velvet background. Inspired by the pioneering intra-uterine photographs by Lennart Nilsson, that for the first time showed the development of a uterus in the womb in a landmark series of articles that appeared in LIFE magazine in 1965, Kubrick decided to make a sculpture resembling a fetus.
In September 1967 it was up to Liz Moore to create a clay sculpture, about 2,5 feet tall, with facial features intentionally similar to Keir Dullea (the actor who played Dave Bowman). From this mould the final fiberglass model was built. (...) The ten seconds of the shot were actually made with eight hours of exposure: to achieve the effect of large depth of field and sharpness of the image the scene was filmed in stop-motion, three frames per second. The glowing effect was therefore obtained because of the long exposure time of each frame, so that the backlight seemed to penetrate into the sculpture."
Sources:
www.2001italia.it/2013/05/making-starchild-in-2001-tribut...
Uterine cervix Pap smear. Picture captured at 100X with a Nikon Eclipse 50i photomicroscope equipped with a Nikon DS-Fi1-L2 camera . Frotis citológico de cervix uterino teñido con Papanicolaou. Imagen obtenida a 100X con un fotomicroscopio Nikon Eclipse 50i equipado con una cámara Nikon DS-Fi1-L2.
Growing: is found at the edges of forests and roads on slopes and in wet plains and mountainous areas higher.
Body plant used: leaves.
Harvesting period: spring from April to June.
Lady's Mantle-Natural Treatments
Lady's mantle, is called women plant or help women; help with menstrual disorders, vaginal discharge (white lap), diseases of the pelvic organs and ailments at the age of menopause.
Has an astringent and heals very quickly, is used as a diuretic and carodiotonic means, in fevers caused by injuries, festering sores and abscesses neglected.
After a tooth extraction is very advisable to consume tea lady's mantle.
Remove tea weakness in muscles and joints and helps in anemia.
Is very helpful and postnatal lesions, relax the pelvic organs in women who had births heavy or have predispositions to abortion (for determining pregnancy).
Women who have problems with pregnancy and are abortion suspect, you should consumed starting with the third month of pregnancy, Lady's Mantle tea.
Herb helps in treating osteoporosis and inguinal hernia.
In this case we consume during the day, slowly 4 cups of tea prepared from freshly harvested plants.
In addition massage the affected area with tincture of shepherd's purse.
In cases of osteoporosis (uterine prolapse) begins rubbing external vaginal area up.
Here are used additionally sitz baths with yarrow (100 grams herbal bath) are on week three sitz baths.
For obese people, it is recommended to drink 2-3 cups a day of tea from this herb, which grows to heights of over 1,000 m (with the underside of leaves silver).
Herb, helps in insomnia, epilepsy, diabetes, muscle atrophy, diseases of the heart muscle. …read more…
Defcom 5
Pues dije que la anterior seria la ultima, pero vi en una revista de bebes (lectura de cabecera) un montaje parecido a este y me encanto la idea. Después de probar y probar, cambio y mas cambios, fotos y mas fotos y casi 15 minutos, este es el resultado y esta vez si que puedo prometer que es la ultima….. creo.
NUEVE MES
El feto recibe anticuerpos de la madre y sus pulmones ya están preparados para funcionar en el exterior. La piel deja de estar arrugada y el lanugo se cae casi por completo. Pesa cerca de 3 kilos y mide unos 50 centímetros.
El feto es capaz de distinguir a través de sombras los reflejos de luz que provienen del exterior y nota un resplandor cuando la luz del sol da en el vientre de su madre. Sus nalgas presionan contra el diafragma de la madre. Son más frecuentes los movimientos respiratorios , aunque todavía no hay aire en sus pulmones. Los huesos de la cabeza tienen una gran plasticidad para facilitar el nacimiento del bebé. Al final de este periodo, el feto engorda unos 28 gramos diarios. Las uñas han crecido bastante y en ocasiones algunos recién nacidos tienen algún arañazo en la cara.
En la última semana el feto mide entre 45 y 50 centímetros y la falta de espacio le obliga a flexionarse mucho. El lanugo ha desaparecido casi por completo y su cuerpo es suave . Cuando el parto está próximo, la parte encajada del feto presiona el cérvix uterino . El parto suele producirse entre las semanas 38 y 42 cuando todos los órganos del bebé funcionan correctamente.
Defcom 5
As I said earlier that would be the last, but I saw in a magazine for babies (bedside reading) a mount like this and I loved the idea. After trying and testing, change and more changes, pictures and more pictures and almost 15 minutes, this is the result and this time if I can promise that is the last ... .. I think.
NINTH MONTH
The fetus receives antibodies from the mother and her lungs are ready to work abroad. The skin no longer wrinkled and the lanugo falls out almost completely. It weighs about 3 kilos and measured 50 centimeters.
The fetus is able to distinguish shadows through the reflections of light from outside and notice a glare when sunlight hits the womb. Her buttocks pressed against the diaphragm of the mother. Are more frequent respiratory movements, although there is no air in his lungs. The bones of the head have a great plasticity to facilitate birth. At the end of this period, the fetus about 28 fat grams per day. The nails have grown a lot and sometimes some infants have a scratch on his face.
In the last week the fetus is between 45 and 50 centimeters and the lack of space forced him to bend a lot. The lanugo has disappeared almost completely and his body is soft. When the birth is near the fetus Embedded press the uterine cervix. Childbirth usually occurs between weeks 38 and 42 when all the baby's organs are working properly.
The pig (Sus domesticus), often called swine (pl.: swine), hog, or domestic pig when distinguishing from other members of the genus Sus, is an omnivorous, domesticated, even-toed, hoofed mammal. It is variously considered a subspecies of Sus scrofa (the wild boar or Eurasian boar) or a distinct species. Pigs were domesticated in the Neolithic, both in East Asia and in the Near East. When these arrived in Europe, they extensively interbred with wild boar but retained their domesticated features.
Pigs are farmed primarily for meat, called pork. The animal's skin or hide is used for leather. China is the world's largest pig producer, followed by the European Union and then the United States. Around 1.5 billion pigs are raised each year, producing some 120 million tonnes of meat.
Pigs have featured in human culture since Neolithic times, appearing in art and literature for children and adults.
Description
The pig has a large head, with a long snout strengthened by a special prenasal bone and a disk of cartilage at the tip. The snout is used to dig into the soil to find food and is an acute sense organ. The dental formula of adult pigs is
3.1.4.3
3.1.4.3
, giving a total of 44 teeth. The rear teeth are adapted for crushing. In the male, the canine teeth can form tusks, which grow continuously and are sharpened by constantly being ground against each other. There are four hoofed toes on each foot; the two larger central toes bear most of the weight, while the outer two are also used in soft ground. Most pigs have rather sparsely bristled hair on their skin, though there are some woolly-coated breeds such as the Mangalitsa.
Pigs possess both apocrine and eccrine sweat glands, although the latter are limited to the snout. Pigs, like other "hairless" mammals such as elephants, do not use thermal sweat glands in cooling. Pigs are less able than many other mammals to dissipate heat from wet mucous membranes in the mouth by panting. Their thermoneutral zone is 16–22 °C (61–72 °F). At higher temperatures, pigs lose heat by wallowing in mud or water via evaporative cooling, although it has been suggested that wallowing may serve other functions, such as protection from sunburn, ecto-parasite control, and scent-marking. Pigs are among four mammalian species with mutations in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor that protect against snake venom. Mongooses, honey badgers, hedgehogs, and pigs all have different modifications to the receptor pocket which prevents α-neurotoxin from binding. Pigs have small lungs for their body size, and are thus more susceptible than other domesticated animals to fatal bronchitis and pneumonia. Pigs have a maximum life span of about 27 years. The genome of the pig has been sequenced; it contains about 22,342 protein-coding genes.
Taxonomy
The pig is most often considered to be a subspecies of the wild boar, which was given the name Sus scrofa by Carl Linnaeus in 1758; following from this, the formal name of the pig is Sus scrofa domesticus. However, in 1777, Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben classified the pig as a separate species from the wild boar. He gave it the name Sus domesticus, still used by some taxonomists. The American Society of Mammalogists considers it a separate species.
Domestication in the Neolithic
Archaeological evidence shows that pigs were domesticated from wild boar in the Near East in or around the Tigris Basin, being managed in the wild in a way similar to the way they are managed by some modern New Guineans. There were pigs in Cyprus more than 11,400 years ago, introduced from the mainland, implying domestication in the adjacent mainland by then. Pigs were separately domesticated in China, starting some 8,000 years ago. In the Near East, pig husbandry spread for the next few millennia. It reduced gradually during the Bronze Age, as rural populations focused instead on commodity-producing livestock, but it was sustained in cities.
Domestication did not involve reproductive isolation with population bottlenecks. Western Asian pigs were introduced into Europe, where they crossed with wild boar. There appears to have been interbreeding with a now extinct ghost population of wild pigs during the Pleistocene. The genomes of domestic pigs show strong selection for genes affecting behavior and morphology. Human selection for domestic traits likely counteracted the homogenizing effect of gene flow from wild boars and created domestication islands in the genome. Pigs arrived in Europe from the Near East at least 8,500 years ago. Over the next 3,000 years they interbred with European wild boar until their genome showed less than 5% Near Eastern ancestry, yet retained their domesticated features.
DNA evidence from subfossil remains of teeth and jawbones of Neolithic pigs shows that the first domestic pigs in Europe were brought from the Near East. This stimulated the domestication of local European wild boar, resulting in a third domestication event with the Near Eastern genes dying out in European pig stock. More recently there have been complex exchanges, with European domesticated lines being exported, in turn, to the ancient Near East. Historical records indicate that Asian pigs were again introduced into Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries.
History
Columbian Exchange
Among the animals that the Spanish introduced to the Chiloé Archipelago in the 16th century Columbian Exchange, pigs were the most successful in adapting to local conditions. The pigs benefited from abundant shellfish and algae exposed by the large tides of the archipelago. Pigs were brought to southeastern North America from Europe by de Soto and other early Spanish explorers. Escaped pigs became feral, disrupting the lives of Native Americans.
With a population of around 1 billion individuals, the domesticated pig is one of the most numerous large mammals on the planet.
Feral pigs
Pigs have escaped from farms and gone feral in many parts of the world. Feral pigs in the southeastern United States have migrated north to the Midwest, where many state agencies have programs to remove them. Feral pigs in New Zealand and northern Queensland have caused substantial environmental damage. Feral hybrids of the European wild boar with the domestic pig are disruptive to both environment and agriculture, especially in southeastern South America.
Reproduction
Female pigs reach sexual maturity at 3–12 months of age and come into estrus every 18–24 days if they are not successfully bred. The variation in ovulation rate can be attributed to intrinsic factors such as age and genotype, as well as extrinsic factors like nutrition, environment, and the supplementation of exogenous hormones. The gestation period averages 112–120 days.
Estrus lasts two to three days, and the female's displayed receptiveness to mate is known as standing heat. Standing heat is a reflexive response that is stimulated when the female is in contact with the saliva of a sexually mature boar. Androstenol is one of the pheromones produced in the submaxillary salivary glands of boars that trigger the female's response. The female cervix contains a series of five interdigitating pads, or folds, that hold the boar's corkscrew-shaped penis during copulation. Females have bicornuate uteruses and two conceptuses must be present in both uterine horns for pregnancy to be established. Maternal recognition of pregnancy in pigs occurs on days 11 to 12 of pregnancy and is marked by progesterone production from a functioning corpus luteum. To avoid luteolysis by PGF2α, rescuing of the corpus luteum must occur via embryonic signaling of estradiol 17β and PGE2. This signaling acts on both the endometrium and luteal tissue to prevent the regression of the corpus luteum by activation of genes that are responsible for corpus luteum maintenance. During mid to late pregnancy, the corpus luteum relies primarily on Luteinizing hormone for maintenance until birth.
Archeological evidence indicates that medieval European pigs farrowed, or bore a litter of piglets, once per year. By the nineteenth century, European piglets routinely double-farrowed, or bore two litters of piglets per year. It is unclear when this shift occurred.
Behaviour
Pig behaviour is intermediate between that of other artiodactyls and of carnivores. Pigs seek out the company of other pigs, and often huddle to maintain physical contact, but do not naturally form large herds. They live in groups of about 8–10 adult sows, some young individuals, and some single males.
Because of their relative lack of sweat glands, pigs often control their body temperature using behavioural thermoregulation. Wallowing, coating the body with mud, is a common behaviour. They do not submerge completely under the mud, but vary the depth and duration of wallowing depending on environmental conditions. Adult pigs start wallowing once the ambient temperature is around 17–21 °C (63–70 °F). They cover themselves in mud from head to tail. They may use mud as a sunscreen, or to keep parasites away. Most bristled pigs "blow their coat", meaning that they shed most of the longer, coarser stiff hair once a year, usually in spring or early summer, to prepare for the warmer months ahead.
If conditions permit, pigs feed continuously for many hours and then sleep for many hours, in contrast to ruminants, which tend to feed for a short time and then sleep for a short time. Pigs are omnivorous and versatile in their feeding behaviour. They primarily eat leaves, stems, roots, fruits, and flowers. They are noticeably intelligent, on a par with dogs.
Rooting
Rooting is an instinctual comforting behaviour in pigs characterized by nudging the snout into something. It first happens when piglets are born to obtain their mother's milk, and can become a habitual, obsessive behaviour, most prominent in animals weaned too early. Pigs root and dig into the ground to forage for food. Rooting is also a means of communication.
Nest-building
A characteristic of pigs which they share with carnivores is nest-building. Sows root in the ground to create depressions the size of their body, and then build nest mounds, using twigs and leaves, softer in the middle, in which to give birth. When the mound reaches the desired height, she places large branches, up to 2 metres in length, on the surface. She enters the mound and roots around to create a depression within the gathered material. She then gives birth in a lying position, unlike other artiodactyls which usually stand while birthing.
Nest-building occurs during the last 24 hours before the onset of farrowing, and becomes most intense 12 to 6 hours before farrowing. The sow separates from the group and seeks a suitable nest site with well-drained soil and shelter from rain and wind. This provides the offspring with shelter, comfort, and thermoregulation. The nest provides protection against weather and predators, while keeping the piglets close to the sow and away from the rest of the herd. This ensures they do not get trampled on, and prevents other piglets from stealing milk from the sow. The onset of nest-building is triggered by a rise in prolactin level, caused by a decrease in progesterone and an increase in prostaglandin; the gathering of nest material seems to be regulated more by external stimuli such as temperature.
Nursing and suckling
Pigs have complex nursing and suckling behaviour. Nursing occurs every 50–60 minutes, and the sow requires stimulation from piglets before milk let-down. Sensory inputs (vocalisation, odours from mammary and birth fluids, and hair patterns of the sow) are particularly important immediately post-birth to facilitate teat location by the piglets. Initially, the piglets compete for position at the udder; then the piglets massage around their respective teats with their snouts, during which time the sow grunts at slow, regular intervals. Each series of grunts varies in frequency, tone and magnitude, indicating the stages of nursing to the piglets.
The phase of competition for teats and of nosing the udder lasts for about a minute, ending when milk begins to flow. The piglets then hold the teats in their mouths and suck with slow mouth movements (one per second), and the rate of the sow's grunting increases for approximately 20 seconds. The grunt peak in the third phase of suckling does not coincide with milk ejection, but rather the release of oxytocin from the pituitary into the bloodstream. Phase four coincides with the period of main milk flow (10–20 seconds) when the piglets suddenly withdraw slightly from the udder and start sucking with rapid mouth movements of about three per second. The sow grunts rapidly, lower in tone and often in quick runs of three or four, during this phase. Finally, the flow stops and so does the grunting of the sow. The piglets may dart from teat to teat and recommence suckling with slow movements, or nosing the udder. Piglets massage and suckle the sow's teats after milk flow ceases as a way of letting the sow know their nutritional status. This helps her to regulate the amount of milk released from that teat in future sucklings. The more intense the post-feed massaging of a teat, the more milk that teat later releases.
Teat order
In pigs, dominance hierarchies are formed at an early age. Piglets are precocious, and attempt to suckle soon after being born. The piglets are born with sharp teeth and fight for the anterior teats, as these produce more milk. Once established, this teat order remains stable; each piglet tends to feed on a particular teat or group of teats. Stimulation of the anterior teats appears to be important in causing milk letdown, so it might be advantageous to the entire litter to have these teats occupied by healthy piglets. Piglets locate teats by sight and then by olfaction.
Senses
Pigs have panoramic vision of approximately 310° and binocular vision of 35° to 50°. It is thought they have no eye accommodation. Other animals that have no accommodation, e.g. sheep, lift their heads to see distant objects. The extent to which pigs have colour vision is still a source of some debate; however, the presence of cone cells in the retina with two distinct wavelength sensitivities (blue and green) suggests that at least some colour vision is present.
Pigs have a well-developed sense of smell; use is made of this in Europe where trained pigs find underground truffles. Olfactory rather than visual stimuli are used in the identification of other pigs. Hearing is well developed; sounds are localised by moving the head. Pigs use auditory stimuli extensively for communication in all social activities. Alarm or aversive stimuli are transmitted to other pigs not only by auditory cues but also by pheromones. Similarly, recognition between the sow and her piglets is by olfactory and vocal cues.
Pests and diseases
Pigs are subject to many pests and diseases which can seriously affect productivity and cause death. These include parasites such as Ascaris roundworms, virus diseases such as the tick-borne African Swine Fever, bacterial infections such as Clostridium, arthritis caused by Mycoplasma, and stillbirths caused by Parvovirus.
Some parasites of pigs are a public health risk as they can be transmitted to humans in undercooked pork. These are the pork tapeworm Taenia solium; a protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii; and a nematode, Trichinella spiralis. Transmission can be prevented by thorough sanitation on the farm; by meat inspection and careful commercial processing; and by thorough cooking, or alternatively by sufficient freezing and curing.
In agriculture
Pigs have been raised outdoors, and sometimes allowed to forage in woods or pastures. In industrialized nations, pig production has largely switched to large-scale intensive pig farming. This has lowered production costs but has caused concern about possible cruelty. As consumers have become concerned with the humane treatment of livestock, demand for pasture-raised pork in these nations has increased. Most pigs in the US receive ractopamine, a beta-agonist drug, which promotes muscle instead of fat and quicker weight gain, requiring less feed to reach finishing weight, and producing less manure. China has requested that pork exports be ractopamine-free.
Like all animals, pigs are susceptible to adverse impacts from climate change, such as heat stress from increased annual temperatures and more intense heatwaves. Heat stress has increased rapidly between 1981 and 2017 on pig farms in Europe. Installing a ground-coupled heat exchanger is an effective intervention.
Breeds
Many breeds of pig have been created by farmers around the world, differing in coloration, shape, and size. According to The Livestock Conservancy, as of 2016, three breeds of pig are critically rare (having a global population of fewer than 2000). They are the Choctaw hog, the Mulefoot, and the Ossabaw Island hog. The smallest known pig breed in the world is the Göttingen minipig, typically weighing about 26 kilograms (57 lb) as a healthy, full-grown adult.
Economy
Global pig stock
in 2019
Number in millions
1. China (Mainland)310.4 (36.5%)
2. European Union143.1 (16.83%)
3. United States78.7 (9.26%)
4. Brazil40.6 (4.77%)
5. Russia23.7 (2.79%)
6. Myanmar21.6 (2.54%)
7. Vietnam19.6 (2.31%)
8. Mexico18.4 (2.16%)
9. Canada14.1 (1.66%)
10. Philippines12.7 (1.49%)
World total850.3
Source: UN Food and Agriculture Organization
Approximately 1.5 billion pigs are slaughtered each year for meat.
The pork belly futures contract became an icon of commodities trading. It appears in depictions of the arena in popular entertainment, such as the 1983 film Trading Places. Trade in pork bellies declined, and they were delisted from the Chicago Mercantile Exchange in 2011.
In 2023, China produced more pork than any other country, 55 million tonnes, followed by the European Union with 22.8 million tonnes and the United States with 12.5 million tonnes. Global production in 2023 was 120 million tonnes. India, despite its large population, consumed under 0.3 million tonnes of pork in 2023. International trade in pork (meat not consumed in the producing country) reached 13 million tonnes in 2020.
Uses
Pigs are farmed primarily for meat, called pork. Pork is eaten in the form of pork chops, loin or rib roasts, shoulder joints, steaks, and loin (also called fillet). The many meat products made from pork include ham, bacon, and sausages. Pork is further made into charcuterie products such as terrines, galantines, pâtés and confits. Some sausages such as salami are fermented and air-dried, to be eaten raw. There are many types, the original Italian varieties including Genovese, Milanese, and Cacciatorino, with spicier kinds from the South of Italy including Calabrese, Napoletano, and Peperone.
The hide is made into pigskin leather, which is soft and durable; it can be brushed to form suede leather. These are used for products such as gloves, wallets, suede shoes, and leather jackets.
In medicine
Pigs, both as live animals and as a source of post-mortem tissues, are valuable animal models because of their biological, physiological, and anatomical similarities to human beings. For instance, human skin is very similar to the pigskin, therefore pigskin has been used in many preclinical studies.
Pigs are good non-human candidates for organ donation to humans, and in 2021 became the first animal to successfully donate an organ to a human body. The procedure used a donor pig genetically engineered not to have a specific carbohydrate that the human body considers a threat–Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose. Pigs are good for human donation as the risk of cross-species disease transmission is reduced by the considerable phylogenetic distance from humans. They are readily available, and the danger of creating new human diseases is low as domesticated pigs have been in close contact with humans for thousands of years.
In culture
Pigs, widespread in societies around the world since Neolithic times, have been used for many purposes in art, literature, and other expressions of human culture. In classical times, the Romans considered pork the finest of meats, enjoying sausages, and depicting them in their art. Across Europe, pigs have been celebrated in carnivals since the Middle Ages, becoming specially important in Medieval Germany in cities such as Nuremberg, and in Early Modern Italy in cities such as Bologna. Pigs, especially miniature breeds, are occasionally kept as pets.
In literature, both for children and adults, pig characters appear in allegories, comic stories, and serious novels. In art, pigs have been represented in a wide range of media and styles from the earliest times in many cultures. Pig names are used in idioms and animal epithets, often derogatory, since pigs have long been linked with dirtiness and greed, while places such as Swindon are named for their association with swine. The eating of pork is forbidden in Islam and Judaism, but pigs are sacred in some other religions.
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About DES Lawsuits
Law Papers and Theories (in Reference to DES Cases)
. 2013 Synthetic Hormone Use in Beef and The Us Regulatory Dilemma.
. 2012 Market Share Liability – Did New York Go Too Far?
. 2011 Distilbène®: 20 Years of Legal Battle – DES French lawsuits 1991-2011, DES French court cases history.
. 2011 Pharmaceutical Product Liability.
. 2011 Transgenerational Tort Liability for Epigenetic Disease.
. 2008 Alternative Liability and Deprivation of Remedy: Teaching Old Tort Law New Tricks.
. 2008 The Bitterest Pill.
. 2008 The Dutch Class Action (Financial Settlement) Act (WCAM).
. 2007 Against Genetic Exceptionalism: An Argument in Favor of the Viability ofPreconception Genetic Torts.
. 2007 Compensation for Diethylstilbestrol Injury, an opinion.
. 2007 Defendant Indeterminacy: New Wine into Old Skins.
. 2007 (Collective) Settlement effected for damages for victims of diethylstilbestrol (DES).
. 2005 The Challenge to the Individual Causation Requirement in Mass Products Torts.
. 2002 Hormones as growth promoters: the precautionary principle or a political risk assessment?
. 2002 The DES story: long-term consequences of prenatal exposure – Late lessons from early warnings: the precautionary principle 1896–2000.
. 2001 Consequences of diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy; 50 years later still a significant problem – How long should medical records be kept for the DES-exposed?
. 2001 Preconception Tort Law in an Era of Assisted Reproduction: Applying a Nexus Test for Duty.
. 1999 Book: Causation and Risk in the Law of Torts – Scientific Evidence and Medicinal Product Liability.
. 1999 Concert of action by substantial assistance : what ever happened tounconscious aiding and abetting?
. 1999 Expert witness testimony: a trial judge’s perspective.
. 1998 HIV, Women and Access to Clinical Trials: Tort Liability and Lessons from DES.
. 1996 Judicially Compelled Disclosure of Researcher’s Data: A Judge’s View.
. 1996 Researchers’ Reactions to Compelled Disclosure of Scientific Information.
. 1994 Book: Women and Health Research: Ethical and Legal Issues of Including Women in Clinical Studies (with DES Case Study – DES administration without consent).
. 1994 The Birth of Preconception Torts in Missouri.
. 1993 Adapting Due Process to Match Your Tort: In re DES: A Novel Approach to Jurisdiction.
. 1991 Market Share Liability in DES Cases: The Unwarranted Erosion of Causation in Fact.
. 1991 Medicine and the Law; Diethylstilboestrol third-generation injury claims.
. 1991 Preconception tort liability: recognizing a strict liability cause of action for DES grandchildren.
. 1991 Preconception Tort Liability – The Duty to Third Generations – Enright v. Eli Lilly & Co.
. 1991 The Indeterminate Defendant in Products Liability Litigation and a Suggested Approach for Ohio.
. 1990 Appellate Division Recognizes Preconception Tort Liability in Favor of DES Granddaughter.
. 1990 From Res Ipsa Loquitur to Diethylstilbestrol: The Unidentifiable Tortfeasor in California.
. 1990 Market Share Liability New York Style: Negligence in the Air.
. 1990 Risk Exposure as Injury: Alleviating the Injustice of Tort Causation Rules.
. 1988 The Paradox of Statutes of Limitations in Toxic Substances Litigation.
. 1986 Intra-Industry Joint Liability: Implications for Marketing.
. 1986 The DES Manufacturer Identification Problem: A Florida Public Policy Approach.
. 1985 Clinical findings and legal resolution in sexual assault.
. 1985 Failure to Identify the Defendant in Tort Law: Towards a Legislative Solution.
. 1984 Fear of Disease and Delayed Manifestation of Injuries: A Solution or a Pandora’s Box?
. 1984 The diethylstilbestrol dilemma. Who should pay?
. 1983 DES and the Identification Problem.
. 1983 Book: DES: The Bitter Pill.
. 1983 Generic Product Risks: The Case Against Comment k and for Strict Tort Liability.
. 1983 Identifying and Tracing a Population at Risk : The DESAD ProjectExperience
. 1983 Proving Causation in Toxic Torts Litigation.
. 1983 Theories of recovery for DES damage: is tort liability the answer?
. 1982 Bichler v. Lilly: Applying Concerted Action to the DES Cases.
. 1982 DES and Emotional Distress: Payton v. Abbott Labs.
. 1982 Book: Multiple Causation in Tort Law: Reflections on the DES Cases.
. 1982 Overcoming the indentification burden in DES litigation: the Market Share Liability theory.
. 1982 Product Liability of the 1980s: Repose Is Not the Destiny of Manufacturers.
. 1982 Toxic Substances Litigation: DES Cases and Identification of Parties.
. 1981 California Expands Tort Liability under the Novel Market Share Theory: Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories.
. 1981 Compensation for Drug Injury, Product liability all dressed up American style.
. 1981 Book: Daughters at risk: A personal DES history.
. 1981 Book: DES Daughter: The Joyce Bichler story.
. 1981 Book: DES: The Complete Story.
. 1981 Lilly, DES and the law.
. 1981 Market Share Liability: A New Method of Recovery for D.E.S. Litigants.
. 1981 Book: Market Share Liability: an Answer to the DES Causation Problem.
. 1981 Sindell v. Abbott Labs: a Market Share Approach to DES Causation.
. 1981 Statutes of limitations: the special problem of DES suits.
. 1981 The Relevancy of Drug Efficacy Evidence in Strict Liability Actions: Needham v. White Laboratories, Inc.
. 1980 Liability in Mass Immunization Programs.
. 1980 Limitation of Collateral Estoppel in Products Liability Litigation, Katz v. Eli Lilly & Co.
. 1980 Manufacturers’ Liability Based on a Market Share Theory: Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories.
. 1980 Payton v. Abbott Laboratories: an analysis of the Massachusetts DES class action suit.
. 1980 The Liability of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers for Unforeseen Adverse Drug Reactions.
. 1978 DES and a Proposed Theory of Enterprise Liability.
. 1978 Products-Liability Class Suits for Injunctive Relief Under Federal Rule 23.
Famous DES Cases
2013 DES Breast Cancer Trial – Settlement reached for the Melnick sisters.
2013 DES Breast Cancer Trial – Jury Selected.
2013 DES Breast Cancer Trial – Jackie White Interview.
2013 DES Breast Cancer Trial – MacCormack Interview.
2013 DES Breast Cancer Trial – McCarthy Interviews.
2012 Mazzei v. Abbott Laboratories & Co.
2007 Galvin v. Eli Lilly & Co.
2007 Kelley v. Eli Lilly & Co.
2006 Clayton v. Eli Lilly & Co.
2005 Baughn v. Eli Lilly & Co.
2005 Bortell v. Eli Lilly & Co.
2005 Dunseth v. Eli Lilly & Co.
2005 Gassmann v. Eli Lilly & Co.
2005 Reeves v. Eli Lilly & Co.
2004 Albers v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
2003 Albers v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
2002 Armata v. Abbott Labs. (2).
2001 Armata v. Abbott Laboratories. (1).
1998 Sutowski v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1997 Kurczi v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1997 Matter of New York County DES Actions.
1997 Wetherill v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
1997 Wood v. Eli Lilly & Co. (3).
1997 Wood v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
1997 Wood v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
1996 Mevis v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1996 Wetherill v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
1995 Braune v. Abbott Laboratories.
1995 Fraser v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1995 Jellow v. Abbott Laboratories.
1994 Matter of New York County DES Litigation.
1994 Millar-Mintz v. Abbott Laboratories.
1994 Wind v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
1994 Wood v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1993 Ashley v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals.
1993 Bilello v. Abbott Laboratories.
1993 Burgess v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
1993 Burgess v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
1993 Moll v. Abbott Laboratories. (2).
1993 Hartnett v. Schering Corp.
1993 Wind v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
1992 Bowe v. Abbott Laboratories, Inc.
1992 Grover v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1992 Hibbs v. Abbott Laboratories.
1992 In Re DES Cases (1971 to 1991).
1992 Matter of DES Market Share Litigation, State of New York.
1992 Moll v. Abbott Lab. (1).
1992 Silveri v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1991 Anderson v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
1991 Conley v. Boyle Drug Co. (2).
1991 Enright v. Eli Lilly & Co. (3).
1991 Matter of New York County DES Litigation.
1990 Allen v. Abbott Labs.
1990 Anderson v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
1990 Bowen v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1990 Castrignano v. E.R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. (2).
1990 Clark v. Abbott Labs. (2).
1990 Enright v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
1990 Korren v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1990 Krist v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1990 Metauro v. Abbott Labs.
1990 Shields v. Eli Lilly & Co. (3).
1990 Smith v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
1990 Singer v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1990 Sorrells v. Eli Lilly & Company.
1989 Besser v. Squibb & Sons.
1989 Clark v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1989 Hymowitz v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1989 Murphy v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1989 Phillips v. Cooper Laboratories.
1989 Wood v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1988 Brown v. Eli Lilly & Co. memorendum.
1988 Brown v. Superior Court.
1988 Castrignano v. E.R. Squibb & Sons. (1).
1988 Enright v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
1988 Johnson v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1988 Jolly v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1988 Kortenhaus v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1988 Maloney v. American Pharmaceutical Co.
1988 Needham v. White Laboratories, Inc. (2).
1988 Shields v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
1988 Shields v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
1988 Shirkey v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1988 Smith v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
1988 Tidler v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1988 Tigue v. E.R. Squibb & Sons, Inc.
1987 George v. Parke-Davis.
1987 Greene v. Abbott Labs.
1987 Rubel v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1987 Tigue v. Squibb & Sons.
1986 Burnside v. Abbott Laboratories.
1986 Hadden v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1986 Mulcahy v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1985 Anthony v. Abbott Laboratories.
1985 Bogorad v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1985 Cavanaugh v. Abbott Laboratories.
1985 Conley v. Boyle Drug Co. (1).
1985 Eli Lilly & Co. v. Home Ins Co. (2).
1985 Errichiello v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1985 Kaufman v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
1985 Kensinger v. Abbott Laboratories.
1985 Magallanes v. Superior Court.
1985 McCormack v. Abbott Laboratories.
1985 McMahon v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1985 Murphy v. E.R. Squibb & Sons, Inc.
1985 Pine v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1985 Schaeffer v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1984 Abel v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
1984 Collins v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1984 Eli Lilly & Co. v. Home Ins. Co. (1).
1984 Fleishman v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
1984 Glater v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
1984 Kaufman v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
1984 Lord v. Parke, Davis & Company.
1984 Martin v. Abbott Laboratories.
1984 Zafft v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1983 Fleishman v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
1983 Glater v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
1983 Mathis v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1983 McElhaney v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2) memorendum.
1983 McElhaney v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
1983 Plummer v. Abbott Laboratories.
1983 Trahan v. E.R. Squibb & Sons, Inc.
1983 Wetherill v. University of Chicago : DES administration without consent.
1983 Yustick v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1982 Bichler v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
1982 Dawson v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1982 Helmrich v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1982 Miles Laboratories, Inc. v. Superior Court.
1982 Morton v. Abbott Laboratories.
1982 O’Brien v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1982 Payton v. Abbott Labs. (2) memorendum.
1982 Pipon v. Burroughs-Wellcome Co.
1982 Renfroe v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1981 Bichler v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
1981 Diamond v. E.R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. (2).
1981 Mizell v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1981 Namm v. Charles E. Frosst & Co.
1981 Needham v. White Laboratories, Inc. (1).
1981 Payton v. Abbott Labs. (1).
1981 Ryan v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1981 Tate v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1980 Ferrigno v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1980 Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories.
1979 Abel v. Eli Lilly & Company. (1).
1979 Diamond v. E.R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. (1).
1979 Lyons v. Premo Pharmaceutical Labs, Inc.
1979 Morrissy v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1978 Gray v. United States.
1978 McCreery v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1978 Mink v. University of Chicago : DES administration without consent.
1977 Bichler v. Willing : first DES case.
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French postcard by Editions P.I., offered by Les Carbones Korès 'Carboplane', no. 18. Photo: AFEX, Wien (Vienna). Photo: publicity still for East of Eden (Elia Kazan, 1955).
American actor James Dean (1931-1955) was the quintessential 1950s teenager, brooding and romantic. An air of androgyny attributed to his iconic appeal to both men and women. The three roles that defined his stardom are as troubled teenager Jim Stark in Rebel Without a Cause (1955), loner Cal Trask in East of Eden (1955) and surly ranch hand Jett Rink in Giant (1956). After his death in a car crash, the only 24-yers-old Dean became the first actor to receive a posthumous Academy Award nomination for Best Actor.
James Byron Dean was born in 1931, in Marion, Indiana, the only child of Winton Dean and Mildred Marie Wilson. Six years after his father had left farming to become a dental technician, Dean and his family moved to Santa Monica, California. In 1938, his mother was suddenly struck with acute stomach pain and quickly began to lose weight. She died of uterine cancer when Dean was nine years old. Unable to care for his son, Dean's father sent him to live with his aunt and uncle, Ortense and Marcus Winslow, on their farm in Fairmount, Indiana, where he was raised in their Quaker household. Dean's overall performance in school was exceptional and he was a popular student. He played on the baseball and varsity basketball teams, studied drama, and competed in public speaking through the Indiana High School Forensic Association. After graduating from Fairmount High School in May 1949, he moved back to California with his dog, Max, to live with his father and stepmother. He enrolled in Santa Monica College (SMC) and majored in pre-law. He transferred to UCLA for one semester and changed his major to drama, which resulted in estrangement from his father. While at UCLA, Dean was picked from a group of 350 actors to portray Malcolm in Macbeth. At that time, he also began acting in James Whitmore's workshop. In January 1951, he dropped out of UCLA to pursue a full-time career as an actor. Dean's first television appearance was in a Pepsi Cola commercial His first speaking part was as John the Beloved Disciple, in Hill Number One (1951), an Easter television special dramatizing the Resurrection of Jesus. Dean subsequently obtained three walk-on roles in films: as a soldier in Samuel Fuller’s moody study of a platoon in the Korean War, Fixed Bayonets! (Samuel Fuller, 1951), a boxing cornerman in the Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis comedy Sailor Beware (Hal Walker, 1952), and a youth in the comedy Has Anybody Seen My Gal? (Douglas Sirk, 1952) with Rock Hudson. While struggling to get jobs in Hollywood, Dean also worked as a parking lot attendant at CBS Studios, during which time he met Rogers Brackett, a radio director for an advertising agency, who offered him professional help and guidance in his chosen career, as well as a place to stay. In July 1951, Dean appeared on Alias Jane Doe, which was produced by Brackett. In October 1951, Dean moved to New York City. There, he worked as a stunt tester for the game show Beat the Clock, but was subsequently fired for allegedly performing the tasks too quickly. He also appeared in episodes of several CBS television series The Web, Studio One, and Lux Video Theatre, before gaining admission to the Actors Studio to study method acting under Lee Strasberg. There, he was classmates and close friends with Carroll Baker, alongside whom he would eventually star in Giant (George Stevens, 1956). Dean's career picked up and he performed in further episodes of several early 1950s television. One early role, for the CBS series Omnibus in the episode Glory in the Flower (1953), saw Dean portraying the type of disaffected youth he would later portray in Rebel Without a Cause. Positive reviews for Dean's 1954 theatrical role as Bachir, the blackmailing Arab house boy, in an adaptation of André Gide's book The Immoralist, led to calls from Hollywood.
In 1954, James Dean was cast in the emotionally complex role of 'Cal Trask' in East of Eden (Elia Kazan, 1955), an adaptation of John Steinbeck's 1952 novel East of Eden. The lengthy novel deals with the story of the Trask and Hamilton families over the course of three generations, focusing especially on the lives of the latter two generations in Salinas Valley, California, from the mid-19th century through the 1910s. In contrast to the book, the film script focused on the last portion of the story, predominantly with the character of Cal. Though he initially seems more aloof and emotionally troubled than his twin brother Aron (Richard Davalos), Cal is soon seen to be more worldly, business savvy, and even sagacious than their pious and constantly disapproving father (Raymond Massey) who seeks to invent a vegetable refrigeration process. Cal is bothered by the mystery of their supposedly dead mother, and discovers she is still alive and a brothel-keeping 'madam'; the part was played by actress Jo Van Fleet. Much of Dean's performance in the film was unscripted, including his dance in the bean field and his fetal-like posturing while riding on top of a train boxcar (after searching out his mother in nearby Monterey). The most famous improvisation of the film occurs when Cal's father rejects his gift of $5,000, money Cal earned by speculating in beans before the US became involved in World War I. Instead of running away from his father as the script called for, Dean instinctively turned to Massey and in a gesture of extreme emotion, lunged forward and grabbed him in a full embrace, crying. Kazan kept this and Massey's shocked reaction in the film. Wikipedia: “Dean's performance in the film foreshadowed his role as Jim Stark in Rebel Without A Cause. Both characters are angst-ridden protagonists and misunderstood outcasts, desperately craving approval from their fathers.” In recognition of his performance in East of Eden, Dean was nominated posthumously for the 1956 Academy Awards as Best Actor in a Leading Role of 1955, the first official posthumous acting nomination in Academy Awards history. East of Eden was the only film starring Dean that he would see released in his lifetime.
James Dean quickly followed up his role in Eden with a starring role as the brooding red-jacketed teenager Jim Stark in Rebel Without a Cause (Nicholas Ray, 1955) with Sal Mineo and Natalie Wood. The film depicts the dilemma of a typical teenager of the time, who feels that no one, not even his peers, can understand him. The film scrupulously follows the classic theatrical disciplines, telling all within a 24-hour period. Jim Stark was Dean’s true starring role, and Rebel Without a Cause proved to be hugely popular among teenagers. The landmark juvenile-delinquent drama fixed James Dean’s image forever in American culture. In his next film, Giant (George Stevens, 1956), Dean played a supporting role to Elizabeth Taylor and Rock Hudson. This was due to his desire to avoid being typecast as a rebellious teenager like Cal Trask or Jim Stark. In the film, he plays Jett Rink, a Texan ranch hand who strikes oil and becomes wealthy. His role was notable in that, in order to portray an older version of his character in the film's later scenes, Dean dyed his hair gray and shaved some of it off to give himself a receding hairline. Giant would prove to be Dean's last film. At the end of the film, Dean was supposed to make a drunken speech at a banquet; this is nicknamed the 'Last Supper' because it was the last scene before his sudden death. Due to his desire to make the scene more realistic by actually being inebriated for the take, Dean mumbled so much that director George Stevens decided the scene had to be overdubbed by Nick Adams, who had a small role in the film, because Dean had died before the film was edited. Dean received his second posthumous Best Actor Academy Award nomination for his role in Giant at the 29th Academy Awards in 1957 for films released in 1956.
Today, James Dean is often considered an icon because of his perceived experimental take on life, which included his ambivalent sexuality. Most of his so-called affairs with various starlets were made up by the Warner Brothers public relations. Dean's best-remembered relationship was with young Italian actress Pier Angeli, whom he met while Angeli was shooting The Silver Chalice (1955) on an adjoining Warner lot, and with whom he exchanged items of jewelry as love tokens. Angeli's mother disapproved of Dean. After finishing his role for East of Eden, he took a brief trip to New York in October 1954. While he was away, Angeli unexpectedly announced her engagement to Italian-American singer Vic Damone. The press was shocked and Dean expressed his irritation. Angeli married Damone the following month. Dean also dated Swiss actress Ursula Andress. She was seen with Dean in his sports cars, and was with him on the day he bought the car that he died in. The Gay Times Readers' Awards cited him as the greatest male gay icon of all time. Dean’s ambiguous relationship with Sal Mineo in the angst-ridden Rebel Without A Cause has led many to speculate and view this golden age film as years ahead of its time. When questioned about his sexual orientation, Dean is reported to have said, "No, I am not a homosexual. But I'm also not going to go through life with one hand tied behind my back." Dean, with time on his side during down times of filming, often frequented gay bars in mornings, afternoons and evenings in both Hollywood, Studio City and North Hollywood. He and screenwriter and theatre student from UCLA, William Bast lived together as roommates for a number of years. Bast later became Dean's first biographer and told he and Dean ‘experimented’ sexually. Journalist Joe Hyams suggests that any gay activity Dean might have been involved in appears to have been strictly "for trade", as a means of advancing his career. However, the ‘trade only’ notion is contradicted by Bast and other Dean biographers. Biographer Val Holley: “There's been quite an evolution in the thinking since Dean's death in 1955, moving from ‘James Dean was straight’ to ‘Dean had sex with men but only to advance his career’ to ‘Dean had sex with women but only to advance his career.’ In 2016, a new gossipy biography was published, James Dean: Tomorrow Never Comes, by Darwin Porter and Danforth Prince. The authors claim Dean was in love with Marlon Brando and the two would had a long affair with S&M overtones. We may never know for certain if Dean identified as gay, straight, bisexual, but, regardless, what he’s come to represent still resonates with many LGBT audiences.
In 1954, James Dean had become interested in developing an auto racing career. He purchased various vehicles after filming for East of Eden had concluded, including a Triumph Tiger T110 and a Porsche 356. Just before filming began on Rebel Without a Cause, he competed in his first professional event at the Palm Springs Road Races, which was held in Palm Springs, California on March 26–27, 1955. Dean achieved first place in the novice class, and second place at the main event. His racing continued in Bakersfield a month later, where he finished first in his class and third overall. Dean hoped to compete in the Indianapolis 500, but his busy schedule made it impossible. Dean's final race occurred in Santa Barbara on Memorial Day, 30 May 1955. He was unable to finish the competition due to a blown piston. His brief career was put on hold when Warner Brothers barred him from all racing during the production of Giant. Dean had finished shooting his scenes and the movie was in post-production when he decided to race again. Dean was scheduled to compete at a racing event in Salinas, California on 30 September 1955. Accompanying the actor to the occasion was stunt coordinator Bill Hickman, Collier's photographer Sanford Roth, and Rolf Wütherich, the German mechanic from the Porsche factory who maintained Dean's Porsche 550 Spyder "Little Bastard" car. Wütherich, who had encouraged Dean to drive the car from Los Angeles to Salinas to break it in, accompanied Dean in the Porsche. At 3:30 p.m. Dean was ticketed for speeding, as was Hickman who was following behind in another car. As the group traveled to the event via U.S. Route 466, (currently SR 46) at approximately 5:15 p.m. a 1950 Ford Tudor was passing through an intersection while turning, ahead of the Porsche. Dean, unable to stop in time, slammed into the driver's side of the Ford resulting in Dean's car bouncing across the pavement onto the side of the highway. Dean's passenger, Wütherich, was thrown from the Porsche, while Dean was trapped in the car and sustained numerous fatal injuries, including a broken neck. The driver of the Ford, Donald Turnupseed, exited his damaged vehicle with minor injuries. Dean was pronounced dead on arrival shortly after he arrived by ambulance at the Paso Robles War Memorial Hospital at 6:20 p.m. The Failure Analysis Associates later reconstructed and recreated all details of the accident and have concluded that James Dean was travelling 55 to 56 mph when the fateful accident occurred, thereby proving he had not been speeding, as rumor had it. Ed Stephan at IMDb: “At age 24, James Dean was killed almost immediately from the impact from a broken neck. His very brief career, violent death and highly publicized funeral transformed him into a cult object of apparently timeless fascination.”
Sources: Hal Erickson (AllMovie), Ed Stephan (IMDb), Daniel Bates (Daily Mail), Towleroad, Wikipedia, and IMDb.
via Rottenstein Law Group LLP
. DES Breast Cancer Injury Lawsuit.
. Free DES Lawsuits Informational Brochure.
. Rottenstein Contact - Twitter.
About DES Lawsuits
Law Papers and Theories (in Reference to DES Cases)
. 2013 Synthetic Hormone Use in Beef and The Us Regulatory Dilemma.
. 2012 Market Share Liability – Did New York Go Too Far?
. 2011 Distilbène®: 20 Years of Legal Battle – DES French lawsuits 1991-2011, DES French court cases history.
. 2011 Pharmaceutical Product Liability.
. 2011 Transgenerational Tort Liability for Epigenetic Disease.
. 2008 Alternative Liability and Deprivation of Remedy: Teaching Old Tort Law New Tricks.
. 2008 The Bitterest Pill.
. 2008 The Dutch Class Action (Financial Settlement) Act (WCAM).
. 2007 Against Genetic Exceptionalism: An Argument in Favor of the Viability ofPreconception Genetic Torts.
. 2007 Compensation for Diethylstilbestrol Injury, an opinion.
. 2007 Defendant Indeterminacy: New Wine into Old Skins.
. 2007 (Collective) Settlement effected for damages for victims of diethylstilbestrol (DES).
. 2005 The Challenge to the Individual Causation Requirement in Mass Products Torts.
. 2002 Hormones as growth promoters: the precautionary principle or a political risk assessment?
. 2002 The DES story: long-term consequences of prenatal exposure – Late lessons from early warnings: the precautionary principle 1896–2000.
. 2001 Consequences of diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy; 50 years later still a significant problem – How long should medical records be kept for the DES-exposed?
. 2001 Preconception Tort Law in an Era of Assisted Reproduction: Applying a Nexus Test for Duty.
. 1999 Book: Causation and Risk in the Law of Torts – Scientific Evidence and Medicinal Product Liability.
. 1999 Concert of action by substantial assistance : what ever happened tounconscious aiding and abetting?
. 1999 Expert witness testimony: a trial judge’s perspective.
. 1998 HIV, Women and Access to Clinical Trials: Tort Liability and Lessons from DES.
. 1996 Judicially Compelled Disclosure of Researcher’s Data: A Judge’s View.
. 1996 Researchers’ Reactions to Compelled Disclosure of Scientific Information.
. 1994 Book: Women and Health Research: Ethical and Legal Issues of Including Women in Clinical Studies (with DES Case Study – DES administration without consent).
. 1994 The Birth of Preconception Torts in Missouri.
. 1993 Adapting Due Process to Match Your Tort: In re DES: A Novel Approach to Jurisdiction.
. 1991 Market Share Liability in DES Cases: The Unwarranted Erosion of Causation in Fact.
. 1991 Medicine and the Law; Diethylstilboestrol third-generation injury claims.
. 1991 Preconception tort liability: recognizing a strict liability cause of action for DES grandchildren.
. 1991 Preconception Tort Liability – The Duty to Third Generations – Enright v. Eli Lilly & Co.
. 1991 The Indeterminate Defendant in Products Liability Litigation and a Suggested Approach for Ohio.
. 1990 Appellate Division Recognizes Preconception Tort Liability in Favor of DES Granddaughter.
. 1990 From Res Ipsa Loquitur to Diethylstilbestrol: The Unidentifiable Tortfeasor in California.
. 1990 Market Share Liability New York Style: Negligence in the Air.
. 1990 Risk Exposure as Injury: Alleviating the Injustice of Tort Causation Rules.
. 1988 The Paradox of Statutes of Limitations in Toxic Substances Litigation.
. 1986 Intra-Industry Joint Liability: Implications for Marketing.
. 1986 The DES Manufacturer Identification Problem: A Florida Public Policy Approach.
. 1985 Clinical findings and legal resolution in sexual assault.
. 1985 Failure to Identify the Defendant in Tort Law: Towards a Legislative Solution.
. 1984 Fear of Disease and Delayed Manifestation of Injuries: A Solution or a Pandora’s Box?
. 1984 The diethylstilbestrol dilemma. Who should pay?
. 1983 DES and the Identification Problem.
. 1983 Book: DES: The Bitter Pill.
. 1983 Generic Product Risks: The Case Against Comment k and for Strict Tort Liability.
. 1983 Identifying and Tracing a Population at Risk : The DESAD ProjectExperience
. 1983 Proving Causation in Toxic Torts Litigation.
. 1983 Theories of recovery for DES damage: is tort liability the answer?
. 1982 Bichler v. Lilly: Applying Concerted Action to the DES Cases.
. 1982 DES and Emotional Distress: Payton v. Abbott Labs.
. 1982 Book: Multiple Causation in Tort Law: Reflections on the DES Cases.
. 1982 Overcoming the indentification burden in DES litigation: the Market Share Liability theory.
. 1982 Product Liability of the 1980s: Repose Is Not the Destiny of Manufacturers.
. 1982 Toxic Substances Litigation: DES Cases and Identification of Parties.
. 1981 California Expands Tort Liability under the Novel Market Share Theory: Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories.
. 1981 Compensation for Drug Injury, Product liability all dressed up American style.
. 1981 Book: Daughters at risk: A personal DES history.
. 1981 Book: DES Daughter: The Joyce Bichler story.
. 1981 Book: DES: The Complete Story.
. 1981 Lilly, DES and the law.
. 1981 Market Share Liability: A New Method of Recovery for D.E.S. Litigants.
. 1981 Book: Market Share Liability: an Answer to the DES Causation Problem.
. 1981 Sindell v. Abbott Labs: a Market Share Approach to DES Causation.
. 1981 Statutes of limitations: the special problem of DES suits.
. 1981 The Relevancy of Drug Efficacy Evidence in Strict Liability Actions: Needham v. White Laboratories, Inc.
. 1980 Liability in Mass Immunization Programs.
. 1980 Limitation of Collateral Estoppel in Products Liability Litigation, Katz v. Eli Lilly & Co.
. 1980 Manufacturers’ Liability Based on a Market Share Theory: Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories.
. 1980 Payton v. Abbott Laboratories: an analysis of the Massachusetts DES class action suit.
. 1980 The Liability of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers for Unforeseen Adverse Drug Reactions.
. 1978 DES and a Proposed Theory of Enterprise Liability.
. 1978 Products-Liability Class Suits for Injunctive Relief Under Federal Rule 23.
Famous DES Cases
2013 DES Breast Cancer Trial – Settlement reached for the Melnick sisters.
2013 DES Breast Cancer Trial – Jury Selected.
2013 DES Breast Cancer Trial – Jackie White Interview.
2013 DES Breast Cancer Trial – MacCormack Interview.
2013 DES Breast Cancer Trial – McCarthy Interviews.
2012 Mazzei v. Abbott Laboratories & Co.
2007 Galvin v. Eli Lilly & Co.
2007 Kelley v. Eli Lilly & Co.
2006 Clayton v. Eli Lilly & Co.
2005 Baughn v. Eli Lilly & Co.
2005 Bortell v. Eli Lilly & Co.
2005 Dunseth v. Eli Lilly & Co.
2005 Gassmann v. Eli Lilly & Co.
2005 Reeves v. Eli Lilly & Co.
2004 Albers v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
2003 Albers v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
2002 Armata v. Abbott Labs. (2).
2001 Armata v. Abbott Laboratories. (1).
1998 Sutowski v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1997 Kurczi v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1997 Matter of New York County DES Actions.
1997 Wetherill v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
1997 Wood v. Eli Lilly & Co. (3).
1997 Wood v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
1997 Wood v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
1996 Mevis v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1996 Wetherill v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
1995 Braune v. Abbott Laboratories.
1995 Fraser v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1995 Jellow v. Abbott Laboratories.
1994 Matter of New York County DES Litigation.
1994 Millar-Mintz v. Abbott Laboratories.
1994 Wind v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
1994 Wood v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1993 Ashley v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals.
1993 Bilello v. Abbott Laboratories.
1993 Burgess v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
1993 Burgess v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
1993 Moll v. Abbott Laboratories. (2).
1993 Hartnett v. Schering Corp.
1993 Wind v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
1992 Bowe v. Abbott Laboratories, Inc.
1992 Grover v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1992 Hibbs v. Abbott Laboratories.
1992 In Re DES Cases (1971 to 1991).
1992 Matter of DES Market Share Litigation, State of New York.
1992 Moll v. Abbott Lab. (1).
1992 Silveri v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1991 Anderson v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
1991 Conley v. Boyle Drug Co. (2).
1991 Enright v. Eli Lilly & Co. (3).
1991 Matter of New York County DES Litigation.
1990 Allen v. Abbott Labs.
1990 Anderson v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
1990 Bowen v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1990 Castrignano v. E.R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. (2).
1990 Clark v. Abbott Labs. (2).
1990 Enright v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
1990 Korren v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1990 Krist v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1990 Metauro v. Abbott Labs.
1990 Shields v. Eli Lilly & Co. (3).
1990 Smith v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
1990 Singer v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1990 Sorrells v. Eli Lilly & Company.
1989 Besser v. Squibb & Sons.
1989 Clark v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1989 Hymowitz v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1989 Murphy v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1989 Phillips v. Cooper Laboratories.
1989 Wood v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1988 Brown v. Eli Lilly & Co. memorendum.
1988 Brown v. Superior Court.
1988 Castrignano v. E.R. Squibb & Sons. (1).
1988 Enright v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
1988 Johnson v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1988 Jolly v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1988 Kortenhaus v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1988 Maloney v. American Pharmaceutical Co.
1988 Needham v. White Laboratories, Inc. (2).
1988 Shields v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
1988 Shields v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
1988 Shirkey v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1988 Smith v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
1988 Tidler v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1988 Tigue v. E.R. Squibb & Sons, Inc.
1987 George v. Parke-Davis.
1987 Greene v. Abbott Labs.
1987 Rubel v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1987 Tigue v. Squibb & Sons.
1986 Burnside v. Abbott Laboratories.
1986 Hadden v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1986 Mulcahy v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1985 Anthony v. Abbott Laboratories.
1985 Bogorad v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1985 Cavanaugh v. Abbott Laboratories.
1985 Conley v. Boyle Drug Co. (1).
1985 Eli Lilly & Co. v. Home Ins Co. (2).
1985 Errichiello v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1985 Kaufman v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
1985 Kensinger v. Abbott Laboratories.
1985 Magallanes v. Superior Court.
1985 McCormack v. Abbott Laboratories.
1985 McMahon v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1985 Murphy v. E.R. Squibb & Sons, Inc.
1985 Pine v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1985 Schaeffer v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1984 Abel v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
1984 Collins v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1984 Eli Lilly & Co. v. Home Ins. Co. (1).
1984 Fleishman v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
1984 Glater v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
1984 Kaufman v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
1984 Lord v. Parke, Davis & Company.
1984 Martin v. Abbott Laboratories.
1984 Zafft v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1983 Fleishman v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
1983 Glater v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
1983 Mathis v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1983 McElhaney v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2) memorendum.
1983 McElhaney v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
1983 Plummer v. Abbott Laboratories.
1983 Trahan v. E.R. Squibb & Sons, Inc.
1983 Wetherill v. University of Chicago : DES administration without consent.
1983 Yustick v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1982 Bichler v. Eli Lilly & Co. (2).
1982 Dawson v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1982 Helmrich v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1982 Miles Laboratories, Inc. v. Superior Court.
1982 Morton v. Abbott Laboratories.
1982 O’Brien v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1982 Payton v. Abbott Labs. (2) memorendum.
1982 Pipon v. Burroughs-Wellcome Co.
1982 Renfroe v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1981 Bichler v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1).
1981 Diamond v. E.R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. (2).
1981 Mizell v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1981 Namm v. Charles E. Frosst & Co.
1981 Needham v. White Laboratories, Inc. (1).
1981 Payton v. Abbott Labs. (1).
1981 Ryan v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1981 Tate v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1980 Ferrigno v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1980 Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories.
1979 Abel v. Eli Lilly & Company. (1).
1979 Diamond v. E.R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. (1).
1979 Lyons v. Premo Pharmaceutical Labs, Inc.
1979 Morrissy v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1978 Gray v. United States.
1978 McCreery v. Eli Lilly & Co.
1978 Mink v. University of Chicago : DES administration without consent.
1977 Bichler v. Willing : first DES case.
I took this photo in case it could be helpful to someone else with sick rats, I couldn't find much when I was frantically searching the net at 2am. It's not always very pronounced. The protrusion was slight but as you can see her entire vaginal area was very open, which is abnormal. There was also discharge, but no blood.
The vet and our rescue coordinator made the tough decision to put her down. At her age the exploratory surgery to diagnose the source of her prolapse would have been an extreme risk. RIP Susu.
I am damn sure after you see this post, you complete RELAX yourself and get a GOOD WAY OUT for your Fibroids.
Yes! You get GOOD RELIEF.
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Purple - Pancreatic cancer** _ Lime Green - Lymphoma _ Orange - Leukemia
Emerald Green - Liver Cancer _ Yellow - Bladder / Bone Cancer
Light Blue - Prostate Cancer* _ Burgundy - Multiple Myloma Head & Neck Cancer*
Clear - Lung Cancer*** _ Peach - Uterine Cancer _ Gray - Brain Cancer
Pink - Breast Cancer* _ Kelly Green - Testicular Cancer**
Lavender - Kidney Cancer _ Periwinkle Blue - Esophageal Cancer
Dark Blue - Colon Cancer _ Black - Melanoma
Pearl White - Cervical Cancer _ Teal - Ovarian Cancer
What are the colors of your life?
Growing cancer cells (in purple) are surrounded by healthy cells (in pink), illustrating a primary tumor spreading to other parts of the body through the circulatory system.
Credit: Darryl Leja, NHGRI
Published in the Baltimore Sun, July 2017
The Catholic Church has Canon Law, Muslims have Sharia Law, some Jewish communities have “Hasidic Law”, and even the Prison System has a “Penal Code”. But Republicans have now established “Uterine Law”: that’s the legislative right to determine what decisions women can make about their own reproductive systems. Actually, we are re-entering the age of Uterine Law: it’s only in the past 50 years that women have (legally) had the choice to use birth control, terminate pregnancies, or charge their own spouses with rape.
Since I’m 65 now, I no longer need to be concerned with reproducing, but I still find it infuriatingly humiliating and degrading that my uterus, ovaries and vagina (all perfectly normal body parts that can be printed in this family newspaper) are NOT the private parts I thought they were. Instead, they continue to be the primary focus of discussion in Congress, State Capitals, and the Ovarian (oops) Oval Office.
When I watch TV, I am forced to mute commercials encouraging men to buy medications that will prolong their ability to use an organ that (when used according to the manual) can create the need for women to want reproductive choices in the first place. But I never hear insinuations that men should entertain ANY legal limits in the use of their reproductive organs. Somehow, only women need to have their gonads directed by fiat.
What I’d prefer would be to strengthen laws that govern the proper and lawful use of the testes, particularly when it is in the sperm-delivery mode (I’m not being obscene: this is just basic biology). I’d love to see rigid enforcement of paternity laws and child support payments by fathers who sire children and leave them unsupported (that’s the male equivalent of abortion: spawn them but terminate responsibility at birth). If that requires state-sponsored DNA tests to track down the father, bring it on! I’d like to see wages garnished if child-care responsibilities and visitations are missed. I’d love to see the reaction to outlawing male masturbation (again), since it is specifically mentioned in the Bible as a sin. And if you are citing your Christian objection to abortion, I hope you also abolish porn, infidelity (again), war, and the Death Penalty (again).
I’d really appreciate it if legislating the uterus wasn’t signed by a man who has bragged, in public, that his own penis has had free will to roam for the past 50 years, regardless of the state of matrimony he lived in at the time. If we must return to Uterine Law, please don’t enact it by a man whose actions and words have been disrespectful to me personally, as a veteran who has experienced military sexual assault. If we must have restrictions on reproductive rights, please accompany it with a corresponding “Penile Code” that is equally restrictive for men.
And lastly, please stop calling it a “Party”. It’s not a “party” when you first get rid of health insurance for millions of women, then de-fund one of the only sources of free prenatal care an uninsured pregnant woman has access to (Planned Parenthood), and then make the option to abort expensive, hard to get, or illegal. I’ll admit, there is one aspect of your “Party” that makes it look like you’re having fun, and that is the joy on your faces when you introduce bills to restrict our choices: it illustrates your lust to control women, not just in the home, at the workplace, or in bed, but also inside our own bodies.
Incidental finding of a blue nevus of the uterine endocervix in an otherwise unremarkable cervical tissue.
Posterior view of uterus, sliced in half coronally. The tumor extends from just beneath the endometrial surface completely through the myometrium, to involve the right broad ligament and fallopian tube, includng the right broad ligament margin of resection. The characteristic intravascular extension is best seen in the lower right of the image.
The gynecologist remarked that he could palpate the cord-like intravascular extensions of the tumor in the pelvic blood vessels.
New findings from a study by researchers at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), part of the National Institutes of Health, show that U.S. incidence rates for aggressive subtypes of uterine cancer rose rapidly among women ages 30 to 79 from 2000 to 2015. The findings also reveal racial disparities, including higher incidence of these aggressive subtypes and poorer survival—irrespective of subtype and cancer stage—among non-Hispanic black women than among women in other racial/ethnic groups.
Read more: www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/study-shows-inciden...
РАВЕННА
Всё, что минутно, всё, что бренно,
Похоронила ты в веках.
Ты, как младенец, спишь, Равенна,
У сонной вечности в руках.
Рабы сквозь римские ворота
Уже не ввозят мозаик.
И догорает позолота
В стенах прохладных базилик.
От медленных лобзаний влаги
Нежнее грубый свод гробниц,
Где зеленеют саркофаги
Святых монахов и цариц.
Безмолвны гробовые залы,
Тенист и хладен их порог,
Чтоб черный взор блаженной Галлы,
Проснувшись, камня не прожег.
Военной брани и обиды
Забыт и стерт кровавый след,
Чтобы воскресший глас Плакиды
Не пел страстей протекших лет.
Далёко отступило море,
И розы оцепили вал,
Чтоб спящий в гробе Теодорих
О буре жизни не мечтал.
А виноградные пустыни,
Дома и люди - всё гроба.
Лишь медь торжественной латыни
Поет на плитах, как труба.
Лишь в пристальном и тихом взоре
Равеннских девушек, порой,
Печаль о невозвратном море
Проходит робкой чередой.
Лишь по ночам, склонясь к долинам,
Ведя векам грядущим счет,
Тень Данта с профилем орлиным
О Новой Жизни мне поет.
Галла Плацидия
лат. Galla Placidia
Портрет Галлы Плацидии на золотом медальоне
регент
425 — ок. 437
Предшественник: Иоанн
Преемник: Валентиниан III
Рождение: ок. 388 года
Константинополь
Смерть: 27 ноября 450
Рим
Похоронена: в Равенне
Династия: Феодосия Великого
Отец: Феодосий Великий
Мать: Галла
Супруг: 1) Атаульф
2) Констанций III
Дети: Феодосий и Валентиниан,
дочь Гонория
Галла Плацидия на
Галла Плацидия (лат. Galla Placidia; ок. 388—27 ноября 450 гг.) — дочь римского императора Феодосия Великого. В течение двух лет — королева вестготов, впоследствии управляла Западной Римской империей в малолетство своего сына, императора Валентиниана III.
Личная история Галлы Плацидии наложилась на историю гибели Римской империи, её необыкновенная судьба тесно связана с важными событиями 1-й половины V века. Рождённая в последние годы существования единой империи, после её окончательного распада в 395 году Галла осталась в Италии под опекой старшего брата, императора Гонория, и его полководца Стилихона. С 409 года она находится в знатных заложниках у короля вестготов Алариха, а после его смерти Галла в 414 году стала женой нового вестготского короля Атаульфа и даже родила ему сына. Овдовев через год, Галла Плацидия стала предметом торга за хлеб между вестготами и Гонорием.
Она смогла вернуться в Рим в 416 году и скоро против воли была выдана братом замуж за его успешного полководца Констанция, которому родила дочь и сына Валентиниана. Валентиниан в 425 году унаследовал трон Западной Римской империи, но по крайней мере первые 12 лет за него правила его мать, Галла Плацидия. Галла скончалась в 450 году, в канун нашествия на Западную Европу гуннов Аттилы.
Содержание
[убрать]
1 Детство и юность. 388—408 гг.
2 Королева варваров. 409—416 гг.
3 Жена императора Констанция. 417—423 гг.
4 Августа. 424—450 гг.
5 Дети
6 Примечания
7 Ссылки
[править] Детство и юность. 388—408 гг.
Галла Плацидия была дочерью римского императора Феодосия Великого от его второй жены Галлы. Год её рождения точно не известен и определяется около 388[1]. В 395 году последний император единой Римской империи Феодосий Великий скончался, разделив империю между сыновьями (родными братьями Галлы по отцу). Аркадию досталась восточная часть империи, получившая у современных историков название Византийской. Западная часть отошла Гонорию.
Фактическая власть в Западной Римской империи находилась в руках главнокомандующего всеми войсками империи Стилихона. Полуварвар по происхождению[2], он осознавал непрочность своего положения и старался упрочить его родственными браками с императорской семьей. Сам он был женат на племяннице Феодосия Великого Серене, две его дочери (Мария и Ферманция) последовательно выдавались замуж за императора Гонория. Единственный сын Евхерий был помолвлен на Nobilissima Puella (благороднейшей девушке) Галле, и, по словам поэта Клавдиана, ожидался очередной брачный союз с императорской семьей.[3]
Однако планам Стилихона не суждено было сбыться. В августе 408 года, когда Галла Плацидия уже достигла совершеннолетия, всемогущий полководец был казнён Гонорием по подозрению в планах захвата императорского трона в Константинополе[4]. Вскоре был убит и его сын Евхерий.
[править] Королева варваров. 409—416 гг.
После казни Стилихона в Италию немедленно вторглись вестготские племена во главе с Аларихом, к ним присоединились другие варвары и рабы империи. Последовательность событий изложена в статье Захват Рима готами (410 год).
В 1-ю осаду Рима Аларихом осенью 408 года сенат с одобрения Плацидии принял решение казнить жену Стилихона Серену (двоюродную сестру Плацидии), считая её виновной в нашествии вестготов[5]. При 2-й осаде Рима в конце 409 года сенат вступил в вынужденный союз с Аларихом, в то время как император Гонорий, осаждённый в Равенне, отказывался удовлетворить требования вестготов. Согласно Зосиме, в числе знатных заложников у Алариха оказалась Галла Плацидия[6]. По словам Олимпиодора в изложении Фотия, Плацидия попала в плен после захвата Рима готами в следующем году[7]. Такой версии развития событий придерживаются и остальные историки V века.
В августе 410 года Аларих захватил и разграбил Рим; в конце того же года он умер на юге Италии. Его преемник, брат его жены Атаульф, вывел вестготов в Галлию в 412 году. Готский историк Иордан (VI век) заметил, что Атаульф женился на своей пленнице Галле Плацидии ещё в Италии, то есть примерно в 411 году, однако его сообщение довольно путанно[8].
Гонорий с помощью переговоров пытается вызволить свою сестру из варварского плена. Современник и очевидец событий Олимпиодор, основной источник сведений об этом этапе биографии Плацидии, так сообщает о ходе переговоров (в изложении Фотия):
«Атаульф, у которого требовали Плацидию, ответил требованием хлеба, ему назначенного. У обещавших не было возможности его дать, но они тем не менее соглашались предоставить его, если получат Плацидию. Варвар ответил им примерно так же [...] Атаульф задумал жениться на Плацидии, а так как Констанций требовал её, то он предъявил еще более тяжёлые притязания, рассчитывая при невыполнении этих требований на благовидный предлог для её удержания.»[9]
В 413 году Атаульф сражается в Галлии против врагов Гонория. Как заявлял сам Атаульф, он желал создать государство готов и, более того, восстановить величие Римской империи силами готов[10]. Улучшение отношений между вестготами и империей завершилось беспрецедентным браком германского вождя-варвара и благородной римской принцессы.
В январе 414 года в Нарбонне (Галлия) состоялась свадьба Атаульфа, уже имевшего 6 детей от прежней жены, и 26-летней Галлы Плацидии. Церемония прошла в римских традициях: «Плацидия сидела в украшенном по-римски атрии, в царском уборе; рядом с ней сидел Атаульф, облаченный в хланиду и другие римские одеяния.»[11]. Вскоре Галла родила сына, названного Феодосием. Само его имя свидетельствовало в пользу планов Атаульфа соединить вестготов с Римской империей, однако ребёнок умер в младенчестве, и был похоронен в испанской Барселоне, ставшей столицей вестготов.[12]
В августе 415 года король вестготов Атаульф был убит своим дружинником. Власть на 7 дней захватил Сигерих, который истребил детей Атаульфа от первой жены. Галлу Плацидию он заставил «идти перед [своей] лошадью вместе с прочими пленницами, а расстояние, на которое они должны были его провожать, тянулось до двенадцатой мили от города»[13]. После скорого убийства Сигериха новый король вестготов Валия вступил в переговоры с представителем Гонория неким Евплутием. В 416 году за 600 тысяч мер[14] хлеба Валия освободил Галлу Плацидию[15]. Кроме того, вестготы стали федератами империи, обязавшись сражаться с её врагами.
[править] Жена императора Констанция. 417—423 гг.
Галла Плацидия на монете, отчеканенной ее сыном Валентинианом III. На реверсе крест, типичный для всех монет с Галлой Плацидией, которая была глубоко верующей христианкой.
Сразу после освобождения Плацидии император Гонорий выдал сестру замуж за своего успешного полководца Флавия Констанция. По описанию Олимпиодора, Констанций «имел вид угрюмый и мрачный; пучеглазый, с толстым затылком и плоской головой». Плацидия упорно не соглашалась на брак[16], но не смогла противиться воле брата-императора.
1 января 417 года состоялась пышная свадьба. В том же или следующем году Плацидия родила дочь Гонорию, а 2 июля 419 года у неё появился сын — Плацид Валентиниан (Placidus Valentinianus), будущий император.
8 февраля 421 года Гонорий сделал Констанция своим соправителем. Как жена императора Плацидия удостоилась титула августы («императрицы»). Её сын Валентиниан получил титул нобилиссима, что означало признание его наследником императорского трона (сам Гонорий не имел сыновей). 2 сентября 421 года Констанций умер.
Несмотря на вдовство, влияние Плацидии на императора даже усилилось:
«Расположение Гонория к собственной сестре после смерти ее мужа Констанция стало таково, что их безмерная любовь и частые поцелуи в уста внушили многим постыдные подозрения.»[17]
Однако борьба за власть дворцовых партий, сложившихся вокруг Гонория и его сестры, привела к разрыву. За Плацидию стояли варвары из её окружения (наследие брака с Атаульфом) и варварский элемент в имперской армии. Хронист Кассиодор сообщил о слухах, что Плацидия обратилась за помощью к неназванным врагам империи, в которых можно увидеть вестготов в Галлии. На улицах столицы Равенны случились «побоища», после чего Гонорий, лишив Плацидию титула августы, выслал её в 423 году[18] вместе с детьми в Константинополь, где правил его племянник, император Феодосий Младший.
В августе 423 года император Гонорий скончался, освободив трон для сына Галлы Плацидии Валентиниана.
[править] Августа. 424—450 гг.
Пока известия о смерти Гонория шли в Константинополь, пока там принимали решение о преемнике, трон Западной Римской империи захватил начальник имперской канцелярии в Равенне Иоанн. Император Феодосий послал в 424 году войска, высвободившиеся после войны с персами, на запад для свержения Иоанна и передачи трона своему двоюродному брату Валентиниану.
В том же году Плацидия была восстановлена Феодосием в статусе августы, а её сын провозглашён цезарем[19]. 23 октября 425 года 7-летний сын Плацидии цезарь Валентиниан был провозглашён в Риме императором.
С этого года Галла Плацидия единолично правила Западной Римской империей в качестве регента над сыном до достижения им в 437 году совершеннолетия. Да и после совершеннолетия Валентиниан не проявлял особого интереса к государственным делам. Прокопий так отозвался об императоре:
«Его мать Плацидия вырастила и воспитала этого василевса в распущенной неге и роскоши, и поэтому он с детства предавался всяким порокам. Он по большей части общался со знахарями и с теми, кто гадает по звёздам; он безумно предавался любовным связям с чужими жёнами, ведя беззаконный образ жизни.»[20]
Интерьер мавзолея Галлы Плацидии в Равенне.
Плацидия с самого начала была вынуждена делиться властью с полководцем Аэцием (прославившимся позднее, в 451 году, разгромом гуннов Аттилы). Аэций поднялся при узурпаторе Иоанне. Когда византийское войско с Плацидией двинулось на запад, Аэций был послан Иоанном в Паннонию за помощью к гуннам. Он вернулся с 60 тысячами гуннов уже после низвержения Иоанна и, признав Плацидию, сумел добиться от неё поста командующего войсками в Галлии. Главнокомандующим (magister militum) при Плацидии в 425—429 гг. стал некий Феликс, который ничем себя не проявил.
В 429 году Аэций заменил Феликса на посту главнокомандующего[21]. Опасаясь чрезмерного усиления Аэция, Галла Плацидия пыталась противопоставить ему Бонифация, наместника в Северной Африке. О борьбе между двумя военачальниками за влияние на Плацидию подробно рассказал Прокопий[22]. В 432 году, потерпев поражение от вандалов, Бонифаций появляется в Италии, где между ним и Аэцием разгорелась настоящая война («ingens bellum»). Видимо, в одном из сражений Бонифаций был смертельно ранен и скончался через 3 месяца[23].
В 437 году Валентиниан, достигнув совершеннолетия, женился на дочери императора Феодосия Младшего Лицинии Евдоксии. У них родились дочери Евдокия и Плацидия (сына в браке не было). Влияние Галлы Плацидии на государственные дела неизбежно должно было ослабнуть, по крайней мере её имя в хрониках исчезает.
В течение жизни Галла Плацидия покровительствовала церкви, принимала активное участие в утверждении христианской веры в империи, в последние годы пожертвовала большие средства церквям в Равенне. В Равенне ею была построена церковь Сан Джованни Эванджелиста в ознаменование чудесного спасения на море[24].
27 ноября 450 года Галла Плацидия скончалась в Риме и, более чем вероятно, была погребена в родовой усыпальнице императора Феодосия Сан-Петронила недалеко от собора святого Петра[25]. В Равенне находится гробница, называемая мавзолей Галлы Плацидии, но ни один античный историк не упоминал о погребении августы в Равенне, молчит об этом и Андрео Агнелло в своей хронике «Liber Pontificalis Ecclesiae Ravennatis». Имеющиеся в мавзолее саркофаги, приписываемые самой Галле и её ближайшим родственникам, по мнению ряда исследователей, изначально не находились в нём[26], первый раз о них упоминает в XIV веке епископ Ринальдо да Конкореджио[27]. После XIV века многочисленные источники уже уверенно называют здание мавзолеем Галлы Плацидии. Среди возможных причин этого можно назвать как определённое внешнее сходство мозаик мавзолея с мозаиками римской церкви Санта-Констанца (местом погребения одной из дочерей Константина Великого), так и необычная форма погребения тела в одном из саркофагов (тело было усажено на кипарисовый трон)[27].
[править] Дети
Феодосий (414—415 гг.) — сын от короля вестготов Атаульфа, умер младенцем.
Юста Грата Гонория (417—после 452 года) — дочь от полководца Констанция. В 449 году забеременела от приближённого чиновника, после чего её насильственно выдали замуж за престарелого сенатора. Чтобы избежать замужества, она призвала на помощь вождя гуннов Аттилу, который воспользовался этим предлогом для разорения Галлии, а затем вторжения в Италию[28]. После 452 года известия о судьбе Гонории отсутствуют, предположительно она могла быть казнена.
Флавий Плацид Валентиниан (419—455 гг.) — сын от полководца Констанция. Стал императором в 425 году. Сначала за него правила его мать Галла Плацидия, затем фактическую власть осуществлял полководец Аэций. Убит телохранителем-готом в 455 году.
Galla Placidia
Empress-Mother of the Western Roman Empire
Galla Placidia on a coin ca. 430
Reign Regent for Emperor Valentinian III: 423 – July 2, 437 (14 years)
Full name Aelia Galla Placidia
Born 392
Birthplace Ravenna
Died November 27, 450
Place of death Rome
Buried [Unknown. She died in Rome and IS NOT buried in "" in Ravenna]
Consort to Ataulf
Consort to Constantius III
Offspring Flavius Placidius Valentinianus, Justa Grata Honoria
Dynasty Theodosian
Father Theodosius I
Mother Galla
Aelia Galla Placidia (392 – November 27, 450), daughter of the Roman Emperor Theodosius I, was the Regent for Emperor Valentinian III from 423 until his majority in 437, and a major force in Roman politics for most of her life. She was consort to Ataulf king of the Goths from 414-415 until his death, and Empress consort to Constantius III from 417-422 until his death.
Contents
[hide]
1 Family
2 Early life
3 First marriage
4 Second marriage
5 Widow
6 Regent
6.1 Conflict between Bonifacius and Aetius
6.2 Rise of Aetius
7 Depictions in popular culture
8 Public works
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
[edit] Family
Placidia was the daughter of Roman Emperor Theodosius I and his second wife Galla,[1], who was herself daughter of Emperor Valentinian I and his second wife Justina.[2] Her older brother Gratian died young. Her mother died in childbirth in 394, giving birth to John, who died with their mother.[3] Placidia was a younger, paternal half-sister of Emperors Arcadius and Honorius. Her older half-sister Pulcheria predeceased her parents as mentioned in the writings of Gregory of Nyssa, placing the death of Pulcheria prior to the death of Aelia Flaccilla, first wife of Theodosius I, in 385.[4]
[edit] Early life
Placidia was granted her own household by her father in the early 390s and was thus financially independent while underage. She was summoned to the court of her father in Mediolanum during 394. She was present at Theodosius' death on January 17, 395. She was granted the title of "Nobilissima Puella" ("Most Noble Girl") during her childhood.[5]
Placidia spent most of her early years in the household of Stilicho the Vandal and his wife Serena. She is presumed to have learned weaving and embroidery. She might have also been given a classical education though no details are known.[5] Serena was a first cousin of Arcadius, Honorius and Placidia. The poem "In Praise of Serena" by Claudian and the "Historia Nova" by Zosimus clarify that Serena's father was an elder Honorius, a brother to Theodosius I.[6][7] According to "De Consulatu Stilichonis" by Claudian, Placidia was betrothed to Eucherius, only known son of Stilicho and Serena. Her scheduled marriage is mentioned in the text as the third union between Stilicho's family and the Theodosian dynasty, following those of Stilicho to Serena and Maria, their daughter, to Honorius.[8]
Stilicho was the magister militum of the Western Roman Empire. He was the only known person to hold the rank of "magister militum in praesenti" from 394 to 408 in both the Western and the Eastern Roman Empire. He was also titled "magister equitum et peditum" ("Master of the Horse and of Foot"), placing him in charge of both the cavalry and infantry forces of the Western Roman Empire.[9] In 408, Arcadius died and was succeeded by his son Theodosius II, only seven years old. Stilicho planned to proceed to Constantinople and "undertake the management of the affairs of Theodosius", convincing Honorius not to travel to the East himself. Shortly after, Olympius, "an officer of rank in the court-guards" attempted to convince Honorius that Stilicho was in fact conspiring to depose Theodosius II, to replace him with Eucherius. Olympius proceeded to lead a military coup d'état which left him in control of Honorius and his court. Stilicho was arrested and executed on August 22, 408. Eucherius sought refuge in Rome but was arrested there by Arsacius and Tarentius, two eunuchs following imperial command. They executed him not long after. Honorius appointed Tarentius imperial chamberlain, and gave the next post under him to Arsacius.[7] Their deaths left Placidia effectively unattached.
[edit] First marriage
In the disturbances that followed the fall of Stilicho, throughout the Italian Peninsula the wives and children of the foederati were slain. The foederati were considered loyalists of Stilicho and treated accordingly. The natural consequence of all this was that these men, to the number of 30,000, flocked to the camp of Alaric I, King of the Visigoths, clamouring to be led against their cowardly enemies. Alaric accordingly led them across the Julian Alps and, in September 408, stood before the Aurelian Walls and began a strict blockade.[10] Rome was under siege, with minor interruptions, from 408 to August 24, 410. Zosimus records that Placidia was within the city during the siege. When Serena was accused of conspiring with Alaric, "the whole senate therefore, with Placidia, uterine sister to the emperor, thought it proper that she should suffer death".[7] Her reasons for concurring to the execution of her cousin are not stated in the account.[5]
Prior to the fall of Rome, Placidia was captured by Alaric. Her captivity was recorded by both Jordanes and Marcellinus Comes, though the exact circumstances are not mentioned.[1] She followed the Visigoths in their move from the Italian Peninsula to Gaul in 412. Their ruler Ataulf, having succeeded Alaric, entered an alliance with Honorius against Jovinus and Sebastianus, rival Western Roman emperors located in Gaul. He managed to defeat and execute both Gallo-Roman emperors in 413.[11]
After the heads of Sebastianus and Jovinus arrived at Honorius' court in Ravenna in late August, to be forwarded for display among other usurpers on the walls of Carthage, relations between Ataulf and Honorius improved sufficiently for Ataulf to cement them by marrying Galla Placidia at Narbonne on January 1, 414. The nuptials were celebrated with high Roman festivities and magnificent gifts from the Gothic booty. Priscus Attalus gave the wedding speech, a classical epithalamium. The marriage was recorded by Hydatius.[1] The historian Jordanes states that they married earlier, in 411 at Forum Livii (Forlì). Jordanes's date may actually be when she and the Gothic king first became more than captor and captive.
Placidia and Ataulf had a single known son, Theodosius. He was born in Barcelona by the end of 414. Theodosius died early in the following year, thus eliminating an opportunity for a Romano-Visigothic line.[5][12] Years later the corpse was exhumed and reburied in the imperial mausoleum in St. Peter's Basilica, Rome. In Hispania, Ataulf imprudently accepted into his service a man identified as "Dubius" or "Eberwolf", a former follower of Sarus. Sarus was a Germanic chieftain who was killed while fighting under Jovinus and Sebastianus. His follower harbored a secret desire to avenge the death of his beloved patron. And so, in the palace at Barcelona, the man brought Ataulf's reign to a sudden end by killing him while he bathed in August/September, 415.[12]
The Amali faction proceeded to proclaim Sigeric, a brother of Sarus, as the next king of the Visigoths. According to The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon, the first act of Sigeric's reign "was the inhuman murder" of Ataulf's six children from a former marriage "whom he tore, without pity, from the feeble arms of a venerable bishop." (the latter being Sigesar, Bishop of the Goths[12]). As for Galla Placidia, as Ataulf's widow, she was "treated with cruel and wanton insult" by being forced to walk more than twelve miles on foot among the crowd of captives driven ahead of the mounted Sigeric. Seeing the noble widow's sufferings, however, became one of the factors that roused indignant opponents of the usurper, who quickly assassinated Sigeric and replaced him with Wallia, Ataulf's relative.[13]
[edit] Second marriage
Interior of the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna
According to the Chronicon Albeldense, included in the Roda Codex, Wallia was desperate for food supplies. He surrendered to Constantius III, at the time magister militum of Honorius, negotiating terms giving foederati status for the Visigoths. Placidia was returned to Honorius as part of the peace treaty.[14] Her brother Honorius forced her into marriage to Constantius III on January 1, 417.[5] Their daughter Justa Grata Honoria was probably born in 417 or 418. The history of Paul the Deacon mentions her first among the children of the marriage, suggesting that she was the eldest. Their son Valentinian III was born July 2, 419.[15]
Placidia intervened in the succession crisis following the death of Pope Zosimus on December 26, 418. Two factions of the Roman clergy had proceeded to elect their own popes, the first electing Eulalius (27 December) and the other electing Boniface I (28 December). They acted as rival popes, both in Rome, and their factions plunged the city into tumult. Symmachus, Prefect of Rome, sent his report to the imperial court at Ravenna, requesting an imperial decision on the matter.[16] Placidia and, presumably, Constantius petitioned the emperor in favor of Eulalius.[5] This was arguably the first intervention by an Emperor in the Papal election.
Honorius initially confirmed Eulalius as the legitimate pope. As this failed to put an end to the controversy, Honorius called a synod of Italian bishops at Ravenna to decide the matter. The synod met from February to March 419 but failed to reach a conclusion. Honorius called a second synod in May, this time including Gaulish and African bishops. In the meantime, the two rival popes were ordered to leave Rome. As Easter approached, however, Eulalius returned to the city and attempted to seize the Basilica of St. John Lateran in order to "preside at the paschal ceremonies". Imperial troops managed to repel him, and on Easter (March 30, 419) the ceremonies were led by Achilleus, Bishop of Spoleto. The conflict cost Eulalius the imperial favor, and Boniface was proclaimed the legitimate pope as of April 3, 419, returning to Rome a week later.[16] Placidia had personally written to the African bishops, summoning them to the second synod. Three of her letters are known to have survived.[5]
On February 8, 421, Constantius was proclaimed an Augustus, becoming co-ruler with the childless Honorius. Placidia was proclaimed an Augusta. She was the only Empress in the West, since Honorius had divorced his second wife Thermantia in 408 and had never remarried. Neither title was recognised by Theodosius II, the Eastern Roman Emperor. Constantius reportedly complained about the loss of personal freedom and privacy that came with the imperial office. He died of an illness on September 2, 421.[17]
[edit] Widow
Medallions of Honorius and Galla Placidia, Ravenna, 425
Galla Placidia herself was now forced from the Western Empire. Though the motivation for this remains unclear, the public issue was the increasingly scandalous public caresses she received from her own brother Honorius—this at least was the interpretation of Olympiodorus of Thebes, a historian used as a source by Zosimus, Sozomen and probably Philostorgius, as J.F. Matthews has demonstrated.[18] Gibbon had a different opinion: "The power of Placidia; and the indecent familiarity of her brother, which might be no more than the symptoms of a childish affection, were universally attributed to incestuous love."[19]
According to Gibbon, "On a sudden, by some base intrigues of a steward and a nurse, this excessive fondness was converted into an irreconcilable quarrel: the debates of the emperor and his sister were not long confined within the walls of the palace; and as the Gothic soldiers adhered to their queen, the city of Ravenna was agitated with bloody and dangerous tumults, which could only be appeased by the forced or voluntary retreat of Placidia and her children. The royal exiles landed at Constantinople, soon after the marriage of Theodosius, during the festival of the Persian victories. They were treated with kindness and magnificence; but as the statues of the emperor Constantius had been rejected by the Eastern court, the title of Augusta could not decently be allowed to his widow".[20] The passage places the arrival of Placidia and her children after the marriage of Theodosius II to Aelia Eudocia, known to have occurred on June 7, 421.[21] The "Persian victories" mentioned were probably victory celebrations over a brief Roman-Persian War, under the respective leadership of Theodosius II and Bahram V of the Sassanid Empire. This conflict took place from c. 420 to 422. "The general Ardaburius operated in Arzanene and gained a victory, autumn 421, which forced the Persians to retreat to Nisibis, which Ardaburius then besieged. He raised the siege on the arrival of an army under Varahran, who proceeded to attack Resaina. Meanwhile the Saracens of Hira, under Al‑Mundhir, were sent to invade Syria, and were defeated by Vitianus. During the peace negotiations the Persians attacked the Romans and were defeated by Procopius, son-in‑law of Anthemius (Socrates, VII.18, 20). The Empress Eudocia celebrated the war in a poem in heroic metre (ib. 21)."[22] The "Saracens of Hira" were the Lakhmids of Al-Hirah.
On August 15, 423, Honorius died of dropsy, perhaps pulmonary edema.[23] With no member of the Theodosian dynasty present at Ravenna to claim the throne, Theodosius II was expected to nominate a Western co-emperor. However, Theodosius hesitated and the decision was delayed. Taking advantage of the power vacuum, Castinus the Patrician proceeded to become a kingmaker. He declared Joannes, the primicerius notariorum ("chief notary", head of the civil service), to be the new Western Roman Emperor. Among their supporters was Flavius Aetius. Aetius was a son of Flavius Gaudentius, magister militum, and Aurelia. Joannes' rule was accepted in the provinces of Italia, Gaul, Hispania, but not in Africa Province.[11]
Theodosius II reacted by preparing Valentinian III for eventual promotion to the imperial office. In 423/424, Valentinian was named nobilissimus. In 424, Valentinian was betrothed to Licinia Eudoxia, his first cousin once removed. She was a daughter of Theodosius II and Aelia Eudocia. The year of their betrothal was recorded by Marcellinus Comes. At the time of their betrothal, Valentinian was approximately four years old, Licinia only two.[24][25] Gibbon attributes the betrothal to "the agreement of the three females who governed the Roman world", meaning Placidia and her nieces Eudocia and Pulcheria.[20] In the same year, Valentinian was proclaimed a Caesar in the Eastern court.[24]
The campaign against Joannes also started in the same year. Forces of the Eastern Roman army gathered at Thessaloniki, and were placed under the general command of Ardaburus, the victorious general of the Roman-Persian War. The invasion force was to cross the Adriatic Sea by two routes. Aspar, son of Ardaburius, led the cavalry by land, following the coast of the Adriatic from the Western Balkans to Northern Italy. Placidia and Valentinian joined this force. Ardaburius and the infantry boarded ships of the Eastern Roman navy in an attempt to reach Ravenna by sea. Aspar marched his forces to Aquileia, taking the city by surprise and with virtually no resistance. The fleet, on the other hand, was dispersed by a storm. Ardaburius and two of his galleys were captured by forces loyal to Joannes and were held prisoners in Ravenna.[11][20]
Ardaburius was treated well by Joannes, who probably intended to negotiate with Theodosius for an end to the hostilities. The prisoner was allowed the "courteous freedom" of walking the court and streets of Ravenna during his captivity. He took advantage of this privilege to come into contact with the forces of Joannes and convinced some of them to defect to Theodosius' side. The conspirators contacted Aspar and beckoned him to Ravenna. A shepherd led Aspar's cavalry force through the marshes of the Po River to the gates of Ravenna; with the besiegers outside the walls and the defectors within, the city was quickly captured. Joannes was taken and his right hand cut off; he was then mounted on a donkey and paraded through the streets, and finally beheaded in the Hippodrome of Aquileia.[11][20]
With Joannes dead, Valentinian was officially proclaimed the new Augustus of the Western Roman Empire on October 23, 425, in the presence of the Roman Senate. Three days following Joannes' death, Aetius brought reinforcements for his army, a reported number of sixty thousand Huns from across the Danube. After some skirmishing, Placidia and Aetius came to an agreement that established the political landscape of the Western Roman Empire for the next thirty years. The Huns were paid off and sent home, while Aetius received the position of magister militum per Gallias (commander-in-chief of the Roman army in Gaul).[11][20]
[edit] Regent
Galla Placidia was regent of the Western Roman Empire from 425 to 437, her regency ending when Valentinian reached his eighteenth birthday on July 2, 437. Among her early supporters was Bonifacius, governor of the Diocese of Africa.[5][24] Aetius, his rival for influence, managed to secure Arles against Theodoric I of the Visigoths.[26] The Visigoths concluded a treaty and were given Gallic noblemen as hostages. The later Emperor Avitus visited Theodoric, lived at his court and taught his sons.[27]
[edit] Conflict between Bonifacius and Aetius
Conflict between Placidia and Bonifacius started in 429. Placidia appointed Bonifacius general of Libya. Procopius records that Aetius played the two against each other, warning Placidia against Bonifacius and advising her to recall him to Rome; simultaneously writing to Bonifacius, warning him that Placidia was about to summon him for no good reason in order to put him away.[28]
Bonifacius, trusting the warning from Aetius, refused the summons; and, thinking his position untenable, sought an alliance with the Vandals in Spain. The Vandals subsequently crossed from Spain into Libya to join him. To friends of Bonifacius in Rome, this apparent act of hostility toward the Empire seemed entirely out of character for Bonifacius. They traveled to Carthage at Placidia's behest to intercede with him, and he showed them the letter from Aetius. The plot now revealed, his friends returned to Rome to apprise Placidia of the true situation. She did not move against Aetius, as he wielded great influence, and as the Empire was already in danger; but she urged Bonifacius to return to Rome "and not to permit the empire of the Romans to lie under the hand of barbarians."[28]
Bonifacius now regretted his alliance with the Vandals and tried to persuade them to return to Spain. Gaiseric offered battle instead, and Bonifacius was besieged at Hippo Regius in Numidia by the sea. (St. Augustine was Bishop of Hippo and died in this siege.) Unable to take the city, the Vandals eventually raised the siege. The Romans, with reinforcements under Aspar, renewed the struggle but were routed and lost Africa to the Vandals.[28]
Bonifacius had meanwhile returned to Rome, where Placidia raised him to the rank of patrician and made him "master-general of the Roman armie". Aetius returned from Gaul with an army of "barbarians", and was met by Bonifacius in the bloody Battle of Ravenna (432). Bonifacius won the battle, but was mortally wounded and died a few days later. Aetius was compelled to retire to Pannonia.[28]
[edit] Rise of Aetius
With the generals loyal to her having either died or defected to Aetius, Placidia acknowledged the inevitable: Aetius was recalled from exile in 433 and given the titles "magister militum" and "Patrician". The appointments effectively left Aetius in control of the entire Western Roman Army and gave him considerable influence over imperial policy. Placidia continued to act as regent until 437, though her direct influence over decisions was diminished. She would continue to exercise political influence until her death in 450—no longer, however, the only power at court.[5]
Aetius later played a pivotal role in the defense of the Western Empire against Attila the Hun. Attila was diverted from Constantinople towards Italy by a letter from Placidia's own daughter Justa Grata Honoria in the spring of 450, asking him to rescue her from an unwanted marriage to a Roman senator that the Imperial family, including Placidia, was trying to force upon her. Honoria included her engagement ring with the letter. Though Honoria may not have intended a proposal of marriage, Attila chose to interpret her message as such. He accepted, asking for half of the western Empire as dowry. When Valentinian discovered the plan, only the influence of Placidia persuaded him not to kill Honoria. Valentinian wrote to Attila denying the legitimacy of the supposed marriage proposal. Attila, unconvinced, sent an emissary to Ravenna to proclaim that Honoria was innocent, that the proposal had been legitimate, and that he would come to claim what was rightfully his. Honoria was quickly married to Flavius Bassus Herculanus, though this did not prevent Attila from pressing his claim.[29]
Placidia died shortly afterwards at Rome in November 450, and did not live to see Attila ravage Italy in 451–453, in a much more brutal campaign than the Goths had waged, using Justa's letter as his sole "legitimate" excuse.
[edit] Depictions in popular culture
Galla Placidia is represented in the BBC's Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire by Natasha Berrero
Spanish musician Jaume Pahissa wrote the opera Gal·la Placídia in 1913.
[edit] Public works
Placidia was a fervent Chalcedonian Christian. She was involved in the building and restoration of various churches throughout her period of influence. She restored and expanded the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. She built San Giovanni Evangelista, Ravenna in thanks for the sparing of her life and those of her children in a storm while crossing the Adriatic Sea. The dedicatory inscription reads "Galla Placidia, along with her son Placidus Valentinian Augustus and her daughter Justa Grata Honoria Augusta, paid off their vow for their liberation from the danger of the sea."[5]
Her Mausoleum in Ravenna was one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites inscribed in 1996. However there is some doubt whether the building served as her tomb. The building was initially erected as a chapel dedicated to Lawrence of Rome. It is unknown whether the sarcophagi therein contained the bodies of the members of the Theodosian dynasty, or when they were placed in the building.
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An incomplete uterine prolapse is defined by a partial displacement of the uterus into the vagina, without protrusion.
A complete uterine prolapse is defined by a partial or full protrusion of the uterus out of the vaginal opening. A complete prolapse is then graded in severity, depending on how far the uterus has descended.
1st grade: when the cervix has descended into the upper vagina
2nd grade: the cervix has descended to the vaginal opening
3rd grade: the cervix has protruded outside of the introitus
4th grade: the uterus and cervix have both descended out of the vaginal opening
In many cases, exercise may be able to help. In severe cases there may be a need for medical treatment. If you have concerns, it is always best to consult a health professional for a diagnosis.
Symptoms of a Uterine Prolapse
There are many different symptoms that may arise depending on the severity. The most common symptoms of uterine prolapse include:
a feeling of heaviness or pulling in the pelvic floor muscles
increased vaginal discharge or bleeding
painful or difficulty having sex
urinary incontinence or urinary retention
chronic constipation, bowel movement difficulty
lumbar spine pain
bulge or protrusion from the vaginal opening
feeling or sensation of something falling from the vagina or like sitting on a ball
weak vaginal tissue
In many cases, prolapse may be asymptomatic. However, in the presence of symptoms, they often become worse or more noticeable at the end of the day.
What Causes Uterine Prolapse?
Although the cause of many forms of prolapse is not entirely known, there are some common factors that may put you at risk of developing a prolapse.
pregnancy
delivery complications
postmenopause, in conjunction with drastic hormonal changes
heavy lifting, emproper muscle engagement
straining during bowel movements
chronic coughing
past pelvic surgeries or operations
Prolapsed Uterus Treatment
If you search online, you will find a host of different sites telling you you need to do kegels or have surgery in order to properly treat a uterine prolapse. Although that may be an answer for some, it is not always the case. Kegels may encourage improper engagement of the pelvic muscles, especially if they are already hyper toned.
A minor / moderate prolapse may be resolved with:
treating and preventing chronic constipation (high fiber diet)
avoiding heavy lifting for a time
properly engaging different muscle groups when lifting is necessary
treating a chronic cough
exercise and diet changes
during menopause, considering hormonal therapy
If you have attempted to prevent your prolapse from getting worse through exercise and treating symptoms like a cough or constipation, medical treatment may be necessary.
Uterine Prolapse Surgery
In the case of a severe prolapse that does not resolve through exercise or physical therapy, your doctor may recommend prolapse repair surgery. A minimally invasive procedure (laparoscopic surgery) or a more invasive vaginal surgery might be an option.
These surgeries often involve:
Repair of weakened pelvic floor muscles and tissues: This procedure is intravaginal or intra-abdominal. The surgeon may repair the tissues via graft, donor tissue, or with synthetic material to help support your pelvic organs.
Removal of your uterus (hysterectomy). In very severe cases, a hysterectomy may be advised. Although generally considered safe, any surgical procedure holds a risk of complications.
Before considering surgery as an option, it is best to consult with your doctor and surgeon to ensure you are aware of any risks and benefits prior to your operation.
How to Heal Prolapse Without Surgery
Posture: Pelvic Alignment and Reducing Abdominal Pressure:
Our posture and how we use our bodies in our daily activities significantly impacts our overall core and pelvic floor health. Our posture can greatly affect our joints, muscles, and bone health. When it comes to working with my clients on their rectocele, I always ensure part of their treatment involves restoring and healing their pelvic floor function. An unintentional mistake many women make when standing upright is shifting their weight forward in their hips. Think of the hips leaning forward. This shift can actually increase tension in the muscles of the pelvic floor leading to varying types of POP. In the process of resolving pelvic alignment, I might work on hamstrings, upper back mobility, glute function, pelvic mobility and more. Resolving pelvic floor issues requires us to view the pelvic floor as a part of an entire system and therefore requires a whole-body approach. The process of learning how to align your body to better support you while you stand takes time, but is well worth the process. And your pelvic floor will thank you for it! Better alignment = less pelvic floor tension and pressure.
Now that you know that rectocele can be treated without the need of surgery, it may be time to learn more about how to use exercise to heal your pelvic floor. My 13 Week Program: Restore Your Core offers a step by step approach to developing a strong, healthy, responsive core & pelvic floor system, for the health of your whole body.
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You don’t have to live in
fear, pain or discomfort
Get back the confidence + lifestyle you love
Start your healing journey today
Pelvic Floor Exercises
Tadasana – Mountain pose
A mountain pose is a standing pose which engages your abdomen, pelvic floor, and back.
Stand with your big toes together and your heels slightly apart. Ensure that your weight is distributed evenly between your feet. Relax your arms at your side with palms and biceps facing forward. Inhale, and gently lift your ribcage to be evenly distanced from your pelvis. Place your palms gently on your sides for lower back stability, and exhale slowly. Repeat 5 – 10 times as you are able.
Pelvic bridges
A pelvic tilt is beneficial in strengthening your lower and upper back as well as your hips and legs.
To begin, lie on your back with your feet aligned with your hips and your arms resting at your sides, palms face down. Gently curl your tailbone so that your spine is settled on the floor. This will relieve any pressure you may feel in your lower back. Inhale and begin slowly exhaling as you gently lift your hips upward, tilting your pelvis as you continue tucking in your tailbone. Hold for 2 – 3 breaths and slowly lower yourself back to your starting position. Repeat 5 to 10 times as you are able.
It is important that if you feel any pain or discomfort during these exercises, that you pause and wait until you are able.
Morules are reported in pulmonary blastomas, well-differentiated fetal lung adenocarcinoma, uterine endometrioid carcinoma, endometrial hyperplasia and uncommonly in other neoplasms. β-catenin gene mutation has been associated with morule formation. These round to oval structures are found in the lumens of malignant glands and in airspaces of the lungs. They appear as nodules of tightly adherent spindle and/or epithelioid cells which, in the lung, are adherent to alveolar walls.
Morule-like structures have been reported in 0.5%-4% of pulmonary adenocarcinomas (1). Their presence has been reported in lepidic-predominant, micropapillary, cribriform, acinar, and minimally invasive subtypes and variants. Association with micropapillary and cribriform adenocarcinoma appears to have an adverse effect on prognosis. The prognosis of morule-containing lung adenocarcinomas does not appear to be affected the presence of morules, but is rather related to the histologic subtype or variant of the morula-containing adenocarcinoma/
The morules in lung adenocarcinomas are reported to be positive for E-cadherin, CK7, TTF-1, napsin-A, vimentin, and β-catenin (membrane), and negative for CK5/6, p40, p63, synaptophysin, chromogranin A, and CDX-2. EGFR mutation is present in a high percentage of cases. β-catenin gene mutations have not been reported. The morules likely originate from type 2 alveolar epithelial cells.
It is interesting that the term “morule” is not found in any dictionary. The correct term is “morula”, a diminutive of the Latin term “morum” meaning mulberry and having a resemblance to the morular stage of human embryonic development that is characterized by a mulberry-like mass of blastomeres formed by cleavage of a fertilized egg. A Pub Med search using the search term “morule” disclosed that the earliest use of this term was in a 1959 publication by Dr. Frank R. Dutra entitled “Intraglandular Morules of the Endometrium”(2). In discussing cases of endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma “with groups of cells resembling squamous elements among the glands and frequently projecting into the lumens of the glands” he stated that “The latter appearance has led us to refer to these as intraglandular morules, from their 3 dimensional resemblance to the shape of mulberries.”
These images are from a completely resected lung adenocarcinoma. Microscopic examination shows lepidic adenocarcinoma, absence of invasion, and a large component of atypical alveolar lining epithelium that closely resembles the epithelial changes seen in atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH). Most of the lung parenchyma to the left of center exhibits AAH-like alveolar epithelial changes and numerous morulae (Insets A&B). Most of the lung parenchyma to the right of center exhibits lepidic adenocarcinoma and very few morulae (Insets C&D).
According to current WHO standards (WHO 2021) this tumor should be classified as a lepidic predominant adenocarcinoma because it is larger that 3 cm. (3.75 cm.) Thoroughly sampled lung adenocarcinomas that exhibit lepidic growth exclusively and measure 3 cm. or less are diagnosed as adenocarcinoma in situ.
References:
1-doi:10.1155/2021/9186056
2-doi: 10.1093/ajcp/31.1.60.
Images contributed by Dr. Angel Panizo - @angelpanizo1
A woman who has been suffering from uterine prolapse for 15 years. She has not yet been able to get surgery due to high blood pressure.
Katie Baczewski
Peace Fellow 2014
Dhankuta, Nepal
Microscopic photo showing a submucosal leiomyoma with patchy infiltration of mature adipose tissue. H&E-stained. Original objective magnification 2X. Jian-Hua Qiao, MD, FCAP, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
A woman who received surgery from one of Care Women Nepal's past camps. She said she is very happy, because now she can work easily.
Katie Baczewski
Peace Fellow 2014
Dhankuta, Nepal
Gross photo showing a longitudinally bivalved uterus with a giant leiomyoma in the uterine fundus. The cut surface of the leiomyoma is gray-white with whorled appearance and the mass is sharply circumscribed. Jian-Hua Qiao, MD, FCAP, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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This is the right half of the bisected uterus from a 42-year-old patient. No clinical history is available. Central pink part is due to a lack of fixation by formalin.
Photo: Libby Abbott
Sabitri represents a case of poor maternal health and obstetric care in Nepal. During the births of all four of her children Sabitri was attended by an untrained midwife, who pressed on her stomach to release her placenta after labor. This pressure, combined with the fact that Sabitri did not eat for eight days prior to her second delivery, is likely what caused her muscles to weaken and her uterus to prolapse.
Photo: Libby Abbott
Chandmati felt her uterus prolapse when she slipped and fell on a slick muddy road while collecting wood. Eighteen years later Chandmati still suffers from the condition and expects to continue living in suffering for the rest of her life, as she cannot afford the cost of corrective surgery.
Photo: Libby Abbott
For eighteen years Barabati told no one, not even her husband, about her symptoms of third degree prolapse. After being approached by a health worker Barabati has finally worked up the courage to discuss her condition with others. Her hope, however, is limited, as she knows she will not be able to afford hysterectomy.
Sign marking the room where gynecological screenings took place over the course of the two day long health camp. Uterine prolapse is an epidemic in developing countries, with rates much higher than reported.
Microscopic photo showing tubules of cuboidal cells with atypical hyperplastic changes (green arrows). H & E stain. 40X objective magnification. Jian-Hua Qiao, MD, FCAP, Los Angeles, CA, USA. (乔建华医学博士，美国病理学家学院专家会员。美国加州洛杉矶)