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Officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands (the western portion of the island is a part of the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua). It is located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in a region defined since the early 19th century as Melanesia. The capital is Port Moresby.

Papua New Guinea is one of the most diverse countries on Earth, with over 850 indigenous languages and at least as many traditional societies, out of a population of just under 7 million. It is also one of the most rural, with only 18% of its people living in urban centres. The country is one of the world's least explored, culturally and geographically, and many undiscovered species of plants and animals are thought to exist in the interior of Papua New Guinea.

The majority of the population lives in traditional societies and practise subsistence-based agriculture. These societies and clans have some explicit acknowledgement within the nation's constitutional framework. The PNG Constitution expresses the wish for traditional villages and communities to remain as viable units of Papua New Guinean society, and for active steps to be taken in their preservation.

The PNG legislature has enacted various laws in which a type of tenure called "customary land title" is recognised, meaning that the traditional lands of the indigenous peoples have some legal basis to inalienable tenure. This customary land notionally covers most of the usable land in the country (some 97% of total land area); alienated land is either held privately under State Lease or is government land. Freehold Title (also known as fee simple) can only be held by Papua New Guinea citizens.

After being ruled by three external powers since 1884, Papua New Guinea gained its independence from Australia in 1975. It remains a realm of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Papua New Guinea. Many people live in extreme poverty, with about one third of the population living on less than US$1.25 per day.

History

The history of Papua New Guinea can be traced back to about 60,000 years ago when people first migrated towards the Australian continent. The written history began when European navigators first sighted New Guinea in the early part of the 16th century.

Archeological evidence indicates that humans arrived on New Guinea at least 60,000 years ago, probably by sea from Southeast Asia during an Ice Age period when the sea was lower and distances between islands shorter. Although the first arrivals were hunters and gatherers, early evidence shows that people managed the forest environment to provide food. There also are indications of gardening having been practiced at the same time that agriculture was developing in Mesopotamia and Egypt. Today's staples—sweet potatoes and pigs—were later arrivals, but shellfish and fish have long been mainstays of coastal dwellers' diets.

When Europeans first arrived, inhabitants of New Guinea and nearby islands—while still relying on bone, wood, and stone tools—had a productive agricultural system. They traded along the coast, where products mainly were pottery, shell ornaments, and foodstuffs, and in the interior, where forest products were exchanged for shells and other sea products.

The first Europeans to sight New Guinea were probably the Portuguese and Spanish navigators sailing in the South Pacific in the early part of the 16th century. In 1526-27, Don Jorge de Meneses accidentally came upon the principal island and is credited with naming it "Papua," a Malay word for the frizzled quality of Melanesian hair. The term "New Guinea" was applied to the island in 1545 by a Spaniard, Íñigo Ortiz de Retes, because of a fancied resemblance between the islands' inhabitants and those found on the African Guinea coast. Although European navigators visited the islands and explored their coastlines for the next 170 years, little was known of the inhabitants until the late 19th century.

European discovery

When Europeans first arrived, inhabitants of New Guinea and nearby islands - while still relying on bone, wood, and stone tools - had a productive agricultural system. They traded along the coast, mainly in pottery, shell ornaments and foodstuffs, and in the interior, where forest products were exchanged for shells and other sea products.

The first Europeans to sight New Guinea were probably the Portuguese and Spanish navigators sailing in the South Pacific in the early part of the 16th century. In 1526-27, the Portuguese explorer Jorge de Menezes accidentally came upon the principal island and is credited with naming it Papua, a Malay word for the frizzled quality of Melanesian hair. The term New Guinea was applied to the island in 1545 by a Spaniard, Yñigo Ortiz de Retez, because of a fancied resemblance between the islands' inhabitants and those found on the African Guinea coast

Although European navigators visited the islands and explored their coastlines thereafter, little was known of the inhabitants by Europeans until the 1870s, when Russian anthropologist Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai made a number of expeditions to New Guinea, spending several years living among native tribes, and described their way of life in a comprehensive treatise.

Territory of Papua

In 1883, the Colony of Queensland purported to annex the southern half of eastern New Guinea. On November 6, 1884, a British protectorate was proclaimed over the southern coast of New Guinea and its adjacent islands. The protectorate, called British New Guinea, was annexed outright on September 4, 1888. The possession was placed under the authority of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1902. Following the passage of the Papua Act, 1905, British New Guinea became the Territory of Papua, and formal Australian administration began in 1906, although Papua remained de jure a British possession until the independence of Papua New Guinea in 1975. Papua was administered under the Papua Act until it was invaded by the Empire of Japan in 1941, and civil administration suspended. During the Pacific War, Papua was governed by an Australian military administration from Port Moresby, where General Douglas MacArthur occasionally made his headquarters.

German New Guinea

With Europe's growing desire for coconut oil, Godeffroy's of Hamburg, the largest trading firm in the Pacific, began trading for copra in the New Guinea Islands. In 1884, the German Empire formally took possession of the northeast quarter of the island and put its administration in the hands of a chartered trading company formed for the purpose, the German New Guinea Company. In the charter granted to this company by the German Imperial Government in May 1885, it was given the power to exercise sovereign rights over the territory and other "unoccupied" lands in the name of the government, and the ability to "negotiate" directly with the native inhabitants. Relationships with foreign powers were retained as the preserve of the German government. The Neu Guinea Kompanie paid for the local governmental institutions directly, in return for the concessions which had been awarded to it.

In 1899, the German imperial government assumed direct control of the territory, thereafter known as German New Guinea. In 1914, Australian troops occupied German New Guinea, and it remained under Australian military control through World War I until 1921.

Territory of New Guinea

The Commonwealth of Australia assumed a mandate from the League of Nations for governing the former German territory of New Guinea in 1920. It was administered under this mandate until the Japanese invasion in December 1941 brought about the suspension of Australian civil administration. Much of the Territory of New Guinea, including the islands of Bougainville and New Britain, was occupied by Japanese forces before being recaptured by Australian and American forces during the final months of the war (see New Guinea campaign).

The Territory of Papua and New Guinea

Following the surrender of the Japanese in 1945, civil administration of Papua as well as New Guinea was restored, and under the Papua New Guinea Provisional Administration Act, (1945-46), Papua and New Guinea were combined in an administrative union.

The Papua and New Guinea Act 1949 formally approved the placing of New Guinea under the international trusteeship system and confirmed the administrative union under the title of The Territory of Papua and New Guinea. The act provided for a Legislative Council (established in 1951), a judicial organization, a public service, and a system of local government. A House of Assembly replaced the Legislative Council in 1963, and the first House of Assembly opened on June 8, 1964. In 1972, the name of the territory was changed to Papua New Guinea. Australia's change of policy towards Papua New Guinea largely commenced with the invitation from the Australian Government to the World Bank to send a mission to the Territory to advise on measures to be taken towards its economic development and political preparation. The mission's report, The Economic Development of the Territory of Papua New Guinea, published in 1964, set out the framework upon which much of later economic policy, up to and beyond independence, proceeded.

Independence

Elections in 1972 resulted in the formation of a ministry headed by Chief Minister Michael Somare, who pledged to lead the country to self-government and then to independence. Papua New Guinea became self-governing on December 1, 1973 and achieved independence on September 16, 1975. The 1977 national elections confirmed Michael Somare as Prime Minister at the head of a coalition led by the Pangu Party. However, his government lost a vote of confidence in 1980 and was replaced by a new cabinet headed by Sir Julius Chan as prime minister. The 1982 elections increased Pangu's plurality, and parliament again chose Somare as prime minister. In November 1985, the Somare government lost another vote of no confidence, and the parliamentary majority elected Paias Wingti, at the head of a five-party coalition, as prime minister. A coalition, headed by Wingti, was victorious in very close elections in July 1987. In July 1988, a no-confidence vote toppled Wingti and brought to power Rabbie Namaliu, who a few weeks earlier had replaced Somare as leader of the Pangu Party.

Such reversals of fortune and a revolving-door succession of prime ministers continue to characterize Papua New Guinea's national politics. A plethora of political parties, coalition governments, shifting party loyalties and motions of no confidence in the leadership all lend an air of instability to political proceedings.

Under legislation intended to enhance stability, new governments remain immune from no-confidence votes for the first 18 months of their incumbency.

A nine-year secessionist revolt on the island of Bougainville claimed some 20,000 lives. The rebellion began in early 1989, active hostilities ended with a truce in October 1997 and a permanent ceasefire was signed in April 1998. A peace agreement between the Government and ex-combatants was signed in August 2001. A regional peace-monitoring force and a UN observer mission monitors the government and provincial leaders who have established an interim administration and are working toward complete surrender of weapons, the election of a provincial government and an eventual referendum on independence.

Although close relations have been maintained since peaceful independence and Australia remains the largest bilateral aid donor to Papua New Guinea, relations with Australia have recently shown signs of strain. While on a state visit in March 2005, Prime Minister Somare was asked to submit to a security check and remove his shoes upon arriving at the airport in Brisbane. Despite demands from the PNG government that Australia apologize, the latter refused. Additionally, problems have arisen with regard to Australia's latest aid package for the country. Valued at A$760 million, the program was to tackle crime and corruption in PNG by sending 200 Australian police to Port Moresby and installing 40 Australian officials within the national bureaucracy. However, after the first detachment of police arrived, Papua New Guinea's high court ruled that the arrangement was unconstitutional, and the police returned home. A new arrangement, by which only 30 officers will serve as a training force for the local force has been described by the Australian foreign minister as "second-best".

Other Info

Oficial name:

eng: Independent State of Papua New Guinea

tpi: Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini

Independence:

Self-governing December 1, 1973

Ind. September 16, 1975

Area:

462.840 km2

Inhabitants:

6.700.000

Languages:

Tok Pisin, Hiri Motu, english and others 830 Dialectes

Abadi ,Abaga ,Abau ,Abom ,Abu ,Adzera ,Aekyom ,Agarabi ,Agi ,Agob ,Aigon ,Aiklep ,Aiku ,Aimele ,Ainbai ,Aiome ,Ak ,Akolet ,Akoye ,Akrukay ,Alamblak ,Alatil ,Alekano ,Ama ,Amaimon ,Amal ,Amanab ,Amara ,Ambakich ,Ambulas ,Amele ,Amto ,Anam ,Anamgura ,Andarum ,Andra-Hus ,Anem ,Aneme-Wake ,Angaatiha ,Angal ,Angal-Enen ,Angal-Heneng ,Angor ,Angoram ,Anjam ,Ankave ,Anor ,Anuki ,Ap Ma ,Apali ,Apalik ,Arafundi ,Arammba ,Arapesh,Arawum ,Are ,Ari ,Aribwaung ,Arifama-Miniafia ,Arop-Lukep ,Arop-Sissano ,Aruamu ,Aruek ,Aruop ,Asaro'o ,Asas ,Askopan ,Atemble ,Au ,'Auhelawa ,Auwe ,Avau ,Awa ,Awad-Bing ,Awar ,Awara ,Awiyaana ,Awtuw ,Awun ,Ayi ,Bahinemo ,Baibai ,Baimak ,Baluan-Pam ,Bamu ,Banaro ,Bannoni ,Barai ,Baramu ,Bargam ,Bariai ,Bariji ,Barok ,Baruga ,Baruya ,Bau ,Bauwaki ,Beami ,Bebeli ,Beli ,Benabena ,Bepour ,Berinomo ,Biangai ,Biem ,Bikaru ,Bilakura ,Bilbil ,Bilur ,Bimin ,Binahari ,Binandere ,Bine ,Binumarien ,Bipi ,Bisis,Bisorio ,Bitur ,Biwat ,Biyom ,Blafe ,Bo,Bogaya ,Boikin ,Bola ,Bongu ,Bonkiman ,Borei ,Borong ,Boselewa ,Bosngun ,Bragat ,Brem ,Breri ,Buang, ,Buang,Budibud ,Bugawac ,Buhutu ,Bukiyip ,Bulgebi ,Bulu ,Bun ,Buna ,Bunama ,Bungain ,Burui ,Burum-Mindik ,Bwaidoka ,Bwanabwana ,Chambri ,Changriwa ,Chenapian ,Chuave ,Dadibi ,Daga ,Dambi ,Danaru ,Dano ,Daonda ,Dawawa ,Dedua ,Degenan ,Dera ,Dia ,Dibiyaso ,Dima ,Dimir ,Diodio ,Dobu ,Doga ,Doghoro ,Dom ,Domu ,Domung ,Doromu ,Doso ,Duau ,Duduela ,Dumpu ,Dumun ,Duna ,Duwet ,Edolo ,Eitiep ,Elepi ,Elkei ,Elu ,Enga ,English ,Erave ,Ere ,Ese ,Ewage-Notu ,Faita ,Faiwol ,Fas ,Fasu ,Fembe ,Finongan ,Fiwaga ,Foi ,Folopa ,Forak ,Fore ,Fuyug ,Gabutamon ,Gadsup ,Gaikundi ,Gaina ,Gal ,Galeya ,Ganglau ,Gants ,Gapapaiwa ,Garus ,Gedaged ,Gende ,Ghayavi ,Gimi ,Gimi ,Ginuman ,Girawa ,Gitua ,Gizrra ,Gnau ,Gobasi ,Gogodala ,Golin ,Gorakor ,Gorovu ,Guhu-Samane ,Gumalu ,Gumawana ,Guntai ,Guramalum ,Guriaso ,Gusan ,Guya ,Gwahatike ,Gweda ,Hahon ,Haigwai ,Hakö ,Halia ,Hamtai ,Hanga-Hundi ,Haruai ,Hewa ,Heyo ,Hote ,Hula ,Huli ,Humene ,Iamalele ,Iatmul ,Idi ,Iduna ,Igana ,Ikobi-Mena ,Imbongu ,Imonda ,Inapang ,Inoke-Yate ,Ipiko ,Ipili ,Isabi ,Isebe ,Iteri ,Itutang ,Iwal ,Iwam ,Iwam, Iyo ,Jilim ,Juwal ,Kaian ,Kaiep ,Kairak ,Kairiru ,Kakabai ,Kaki-Ae ,Kalam ,Kalou ,Kaluli ,Kamano ,Kamasa ,Kamasau ,Kambaira ,Kamula ,Kanasi ,Kandas ,Kandawo ,Kanggape ,Kaningra ,Kaninuwa ,Kanite ,Kapin ,Kapriman ,Kara ,Karawa ,Kare ,Karkar-Yuri ,Karnai ,Karore ,Kasua ,Kâte ,Kaulong ,Kawacha ,Keapara ,Kein ,Kela ,Kele ,Kenati ,Kerewo ,Kesawai ,Keuru ,Kewa, Keyagana ,Khehek ,Kibiri ,Kilivila ,Kilmeri ,Kinalakna ,Kire ,Kis ,Kiwai, Kobol ,Kobon ,Koiali, Koiari, Koitabu ,Koiwat ,Kol ,Kolom ,Koluwawa ,Komba ,Kombio ,Kominimung ,Konai ,Konomala ,Kopar ,Korafe ,Korak ,Koro ,Koromira ,Kosena ,Kovai ,Kove ,Kowaki ,Krisa ,Kuanua ,Kube ,Kubo ,Kumalu ,Kuman ,Kumukio ,Kuni ,Kuni-Boazi ,Kunimaipa ,Kunja ,Kuot ,Kurti ,Kwanga ,Kwato .Kwoma ,Kwomtari ,Kyaka ,Kyenele ,Label ,Labu ,Laeko-Libuat ,Lala ,Lamogai ,Langam ,Lantanai ,Laua ,Lavatbura-Lamusong ,Lawunuia ,Leipon ,Lele ,Lembena ,Lemio ,Lenkau ,Lesing-Gelimi ,Lihir ,Likum ,Lilau ,Loniu ,Lote ,Lou ,Lusi ,Ma ,Madak ,Madi ,Magori ,Maia ,Maiadomu ,Maiani ,Mailu ,Maisin ,Maiwa ,Maiwala ,Makayam ,Makolkol ,Mala ,Malalamai ,Malas ,Malasanga ,Male ,Maleu-Kilenge ,Mali ,Malinguat ,Malol ,Mamaa ,Mamusi ,Manam ,Manambu ,Mandara ,Manem ,Mangseng ,Mape ,Mapena ,Maramba ,Mari , Maria ,Marik ,Maring ,Matepi ,Mato ,Matukar ,Mauwake ,Mawak ,Mawan ,Mbo-Ung ,Mbula ,Medebur ,Mehek ,Mekeo ,Mekmek ,Melpa ,Mende ,Mengen ,Menya ,Meramera ,Mese ,Mian ,Miani ,Migabac ,Minanibai ,Minaveha ,Mindiri ,Minigir ,Misima-Paneati ,Miu ,Moere ,Moikodi ,Mokerang ,Molima ,Momare ,Mondropolon ,Mongol ,Monumbo ,Morawa ,Moresada ,Morigi ,Mosimo ,Motu-Motu, Hiri ,Mouk-Aria ,Mubami ,Muduapa ,Mufian ,Mum ,Munit ,Munkip ,Muratayak ,Murik ,Murupi ,Musak ,Musan ,Musar ,Musom ,Mussau-Emira ,Mutu ,Muyuw ,Mwatebu ,Naasioi ,Nabak ,Nabi ,Nai ,Nakama ,Nakanai ,Nake ,Nakwi ,Nali ,Nalik ,Nama ,Namat ,Nambo ,Namia ,Namiae ,Namo ,Nankina ,Narak ,Nauna ,Nawaru ,Nehan ,Nek ,Nekgini ,Neko ,Neme ,Nen ,Nend ,Nete ,Ngaing ,Ngala ,Ngalum ,Nii ,Niks,Nimi ,Nimo ,Nimoa ,Ningera ,Ninggerum ,Ningil ,Nobonob ,Nomane ,Nomu ,Notsi ,Nuk ,Nukna ,Nukumanu ,Nukuria ,Numanggang ,Numbami ,Nyindrou ,Odiai ,Odoodee ,Ogea ,Oksapmin ,Olo ,Omati ,Ömie ,One-Inebu ,One-Kabore One-Kwamtim One-Molmo One-Northern ,One-Southern ,Onjob ,Ono ,Onobasulu ,Ontenu ,Opao ,Orokaiva ,Orokolo ,Oune ,Owenia ,Owiniga ,Oya'oya ,Pagi ,Pahi ,Pak-Tong ,Pal ,Pamosu ,Panim ,Papapana ,Papi ,Papitalai ,Parawen ,Pare ,Pasi ,Patep ,Patpatar ,Pawaia ,Paynamar ,Pei ,Pele-Ata ,Penchal ,Petats ,Piame ,Pinai-Hagahai ,Piu ,Ponam ,Pouye ,Puari ,Pulabu ,Purari ,Pyu ,Qaqet ,Ramoaaina ,Ramopa ,Rao ,Rapoisi ,Rapting ,Rawa ,Rawo ,Rempi ,Rerau ,Romkun ,Ronji ,Rotokas ,Rumu ,Saep ,Safeyoka ,Sakam ,Saliba ,Salt-Yui ,Sam ,Samberigi ,Samo ,Samosa ,Saniyo-Hiyewe ,Saposa ,Saruga ,Sauk ,Sausi ,Seimat ,Selepet ,Sene ,Sengo ,Sengseng ,Sepa ,Sepen ,Sera ,Seta ,Setaman ,Seti ,Sewa-Bay ,Sialum ,Siane ,Siar-Lak ,Sibe ,Sihan ,Sileibi ,Siliput ,Silopi ,Simbali ,Simbari ,Simeku ,Sinagen ,Sinasina ,Sinaugoro ,Sinsauru ,Sio ,Siroi ,Sissano ,Siwai ,Solong ,Solos ,Som ,Sonia ,Sop ,Sori-Harengan ,Sowanda ,Suarmin ,Suau ,Sudest ,Suena ,Suganga ,Suki ,Sulka ,Sumariup ,Sumau ,Sursurunga ,Susuami ,Tabo ,Tabriak ,Tai ,Taiap ,Tainae ,Tairora-North ,Tairora-South ,Tairuma ,Takia ,Takuu ,Tami ,Tangga ,Tanggu ,Tanguat ,Tauade ,Taulil ,Taupota ,Tauya ,Tawala ,Telefol ,Tenis ,Teop ,Terebu ,Terei ,Tiang ,Tifal ,Tigak ,Timbe ,Tinputz ,Titan ,Toaripi ,Tobo ,Tok Pisin ,Tokano ,Tomoip ,Torau ,Torricelli ,Toura ,Tulu-Bohuai ,Tuma-Irumu ,Tumleo ,Tungag ,Turaka ,Turumsa ,Tuwari ,Uare ,Ubir ,Ufim ,Uisai ,Ukuriguma ,Ulau-Suain ,Umanakaina ,Umbu-Ungu ,Umeda ,Uneapa ,Unserdeutsch ,Ura ,Urapmin ,Urat ,Uri ,Urigina ,Urim ,Urimo ,Usan ,Usarufa ,Utarmbung ,Utu ,Uya ,Valman ,Vanimo ,Vehes ,Wab ,Waboda ,Wadaginam ,Wa'ema ,Waffa ,Wagawaga ,Wagi ,Wahgi ,Wahgi-North ,Waima ,Walio ,Wamas ,Wampar ,Wampur ,Wanambre ,Wanap ,Wantoat ,Wára ,Warapu ,Waris ,Waruna ,Wasembo ,Waskia ,Watakataui ,Watam ,Watut-Middle ,Watut-North ,Watut-South ,Wedau ,Weliki ,Were ,Weri ,Wiaki ,Wiarumus ,Wipi ,Wiru ,Wogamusin ,Wogeo ,Wom ,Wutung ,Wuvulu-Aua ,Yabem ,Yaben ,Yabong ,Yagaria ,Yagomi ,Yagwoia ,Yahang ,Yakaikeke ,Yakamul ,Yale ,Yamap ,Yambes ,Yangulam ,Yapunda ,Yarawata ,Yareba ,Yau , Yaul ,Yaweyuha ,Yawiyo ,Yekora ,Yele ,Yelogu ,Yerakai ,Yessan-Mayo ,Yetfa ,Yil ,Yimas ,Yis ,Yoidik ,Yonggom ,Yopno ,Zenag ,Zia ,Zimakani

Capital city:

Port Moresby

Meaning country name:

The country acquired its name in the 19th century; the word "Papua" derives from Malay papuah describing the frizzy Melanesian hair. "New Guinea" comes from the Spanish explorer Íñigo Ortiz de Retes, who noted the resemblance of the local people to those he had earlier seen along the Guinea coast of Africa.

Description Flag:

The flag of Papua New Guinea was adopted on July 1, 1971. In the hoist, it depicts the Southern Cross; in the fly, a bird of paradise is silhouetted. The designer of the flag was 15 year old schoolgirl Susan Huhume who won a nationwide competition for a new flag design in 1971.

Red and black have long been traditional colours of many Papua New Guinean tribes. Black-white-red was the color of the German Empire's flag, which had colonized New Guinea prior to 1918. The bird of paradise is also found on the national Coat of Arms.

Prior to 1970, Papua New Guinea was known as the Australian Trust Territory of Papua and New Guinea, and its flag for sporting events was the bird of paradise on a green background. In 1970 the Australian Administration tried to introduce another flag, a vertical triband: blue at the hoist with the stars of the Southern Cross (Crux Australis) as in the Australian flag, then yellow, then green with the white bird of paradise in the fly.

Coat of arms:

The Coat of arms of Papua New Guinea consists of a a bird of paradise over a traditional spear and a kundu drum.

Motto:

"Unity in diversity"

National Anthem: O Arise, All You Sons

O arise all you sons of this land,

Let us sing of our joy to be free,

Praising God and rejoicing to be

Papua New Guinea.

Shout our name from the mountains to seas

Papua New Guinea;

Let us raise our voices and proclaim

Papua New Guinea.

Now give thanks to the good Lord above

For His kindness, His wisdom and love

For this land of our fathers so free,

Papua New Guinea.

Shout again for the whole world to hear

Papua New Guinea;

We're independent and we're free,

Papua New Guinea.

Internet Page: www.pngonline.gov.pg

www.pm.gov.pg

www.thenational.com.pg

www.pngtourism.org.pg

www.pngtd.com

Png in diferent languages

eng: Papua New Guinea

bis | ibo | tpi: Papua Niugini

cat | roh-gri | roh-srs: Papua-Nova Guinea

ast | spa: Papúa Nueva Guinea

ces | slk: Papua-Nová Guinea

dsb | hsb: Papua-Nowa Guineja

hrv | slv: Papua Nova Gvineja

kin | run: Papuwa Nuvele Gine

roh-enb | roh-eno: Papua-Nouva Guinea

afr: Papoea Nieu-Guinee; Papoea Nieu-Guinea

arg: Papua y Nueba Guinea; Papua Nueba Guinea

aze: Papua-Yeni Qvineya / Папуа-Јени Гвинеја

bam: Papuwazi-Nuwɛli-Lagine

bos: Papua Nova Gvineja / Папуа Нова Гвинеја

bre: Papoua-Ginea Nevez

crh: Papua-Yañı Gvineya / Папуа-Янъы Гвинея

cym: Papua Guinea Newydd

dan: Papua Ny Guinea

deu: Papua-Neuguinea / Papua-Neuguinea

epo: Papuo-Nov-Gvineo

est: Paapua Uus-Guinea

eus: Papua Ginea Berria

fao: Papua Nýguinea

fin: Papua-Uusi-Guinea

fra: Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée

frp: Papoasie-Novèla-Guinê

fry: Papoea-Nij-Guinea

fur: Papue Gnove Vuinee

gla: Papua Gini-Nuadh

gle: An Phapua Nua-Ghuine / An Ṗapua Nua-Ġuine; An Nua-Ghuine Phapua / An Nua-Ġuine Ṗapua

glg: Papúa Nova Guinea

glv: Yn Noa Ghuinea-Phapua

hat: Papwazi-Nouvèl-Gine

hun: Pápua Új-Guinea

ina: Papua Nove Guinea

ind: Papua Nugini / ڤاڤوا نوڬيني

isl: Papúa Nýja-Gínea

ita: Papua Nuova Guinea; Papuasia Nuova Guinea

jav: Papua Nugini

jnf: Papua Nouvelle Dginnée

kaa: Papua-Janʻa Gvineya / Папуа-Жаңа Гвинея

kmr: Papûa-Gwînê ya Teze / Папуа-Гwине йа Т’әзә / پاپووئا گوینێیا تەزە; Papûa-Gvînê ya Teze / Папуа-Гвине йа Т’әзә / پاپووئا گڤینێیا تەزە

kur: Papûa Gîneya Nû / پاپووئا گینەیا نوو

lat: Papua Nova Guinea

lav: Papua-Jaungvineja

lim: Papoea-Nui-Guinea

lin: Papwa Nouvelle-Gine

lit: Papua-Naujoji Gvinėja

lld-bad: Papua-Guinea Nöia

lld-grd: Papua-Nueva Guinea

ltz: Papua-Neiguinea / Papua-Neiguinea

mlg: Papoazia-Ginea-Vaovao

mlt: Papwa-Ginea Ġdida

mol: Papua Noua Guinee / Папуа-Ноуа Гуйнея

msa: Papua New Guinea / ڤاڤوا ڽوڬيني

nds: Papua-Niegguinea / Papua-Niegguinea

nld: Papua-Nieuw-Guinea; Papoea-Nieuw-Guinea

nor: Papua Ny-Guinea

nrm: Papouasie-Nouvelle-Gùinaée

oci: Papoa-Nòva Guinèa

pol: Papua-Nowa Gwinea

por: Papua Nova Guiné; Papuásia Nova Guiné

que: Papuwa Musuq Ghiniya

rmy: Papua Nevi Guineya / पापुआ नेवी गुइनेया

ron: Papua Noua Guinee

rup: Papua Nao Guinea

scn: Papua Nova Guinia

slo: Papua Novju Gvinea / Папуа Новйу Гвинеа

sme: Papua-Ođđa-Guinea

smg: Papua Naujuojė Gvinėjė

smo: Papua Niu Kini

sqi: Papua Guinea e Re

srd: Pàpua Noa Guinea

swa: Papua Guinea Mpya

swe: Papua Nya Guinea

tet: Papua-Giné Foun

tgl: Papuwa-Nuweba Ginea

ton: Papua Niukini

tuk: Papua-Täze Gwineýa / Папуа-Тәзе Гвинея

tur: Papua-Yeni Gine

uzb: Papua-Yangi Gvineya / Папуа-Янги Гвинея

vie: Pa-pu-a Niu Ghi-nê; Papua Tân Ghinê

vol: Papuveän Nula-Gineyän

vor: Paapua Vahtsõnõ Ginea

wln: Papouwazeye Nouve Guinêye

wol: Papuwasi-Ginne-gu-Bees

zza: Papua Gineya Newiye

abq | bul: Папуа-Нова Гвинея (Papua-Nova Gvineja)

alt: Папуа-Јаҥы Гвинея (Papua-Ďaṅy Gvineja)

bak: Папуа-Яңы Гвинея / Papua-Yaņı Gvineya

bel: Папуа-Новая Гвінея / Papua-Novaja Hvinieja; Папуа-Новая Гвінэя / Papua-Novaja Hvineja

che: Папуа-Нови Гвинея (Papua-Novi Gvineja)

chm: Папуа-У Гвинея (Papua-U Gvineja)

kaz: Папуа-Жаңа Гвинея / Papwa-Jaña Gvïneya / پاپۋا-جاڭا گۆينەيا

kbd: Папуа-Новэ Гвинея (Papua-Novă Gvineja)

kir: Папуа-Жаңы Гвинея (Papua-Ǧaṅy Gvineja)

kjh: Папуа-Наа Гвинея (Papua-Naa Gvineja)

kom: Папуа-Новӧй Гвинея (Papua-Novöj Gvineja)

krc: Папуа-Джангы Гвинея (Papua-Džangy Gvineja)

kum: Папуа-Янгы Гвинея (Papua-Jangy Gvineja)

mkd: Папуа Нова Гвинеја (Papua Nova Gvineja)

mon: Папуа-Шинэ Гвиней (Papua-Šinä Gvinej)

oss: Папуа-Ног Гвиней (Papua-Nog Gvinej)

rus: Папуа-Новая Гвинея (Papua-Novaja Gvineja)

srp: Папуа Нова Гвинеја / Papua Nova Gvineja

tat: Папуа-Яңа Гвинея / Papua-Yaña Gvineä

tgk: Папуа-Гвинеяи Нав / پپوؤه گوینیۀ نو / Papua-Gvinejai Nav

tyv: Папуа-Чаа Гвинея (Papua-Čaa Gvineja)

ukr: Папуа-Нова Ґвінея (Papua-Nova Gvineja)

ara: بابوا غينيا الجديدة (Bābuwā Ġīniyā l-Ǧadīdâ); بابوا جينيا الجديدة (Bābuwā Gīniyā l-Ǧadīdâ)

fas: پاپوا گینۀ نو / Pâpuâ Gineye Now; پاپوا گینۀ جدید / Pâpuâ Gineye Jadid

prs: پاپوا گینی جدید (Pāpūā Gīnī-ye Jadīd); پاپوا گینیای جدید (Pāpūā Gīniyā-ye Jadīd)

pus: پاپوا نوۍ ګيني (Pāpūā Nawəy Gīnī); پاپوا نوۍ ګينيا (Pāpūā Nawəy Gīniyā)

uig: پاپۇئا يېڭى گۋىنېيە / Papua Yéngi Gwinéye / Папуа-Йеңи Гвинея

urd: پاپوا نیو گنی (Pāpūā Niyū Ginī); پپوا نیوگنی (Papūā Niyūginī)

div: ޕަޕުއާ ނިއުގިނީ (Papu'ā Ni'uginī)

heb: פפואה גינאה החדשה (Papûʾah Gîneʾah ha-Ḥadašah); פאפואה גינאה החדשה (Pâpûʾah Gîneʾah ha-Ḥadašah); פאפואה גיניאה החדשה (Pâpûʾah Gînêʾah ha-Ḥadašah); פפואה-ניו-גיני (Papûʾah-Nyû-Gînî); פאפואה-ניו-גיני (Pâpûʾah-Nyû-Gînî)

lad: פאפואה מואיב'ה גיניאה / Papua Mueva Ginea

yid: פּאַפּואַ-ניוגיני (Papua-Nyugini)

amh: ፓፑዋ ኒው ጊኒ (Papuwa Niw Gini)

ell-dhi: Παπούα Νέα Γουινέα (Papoýa Néa Guyinéa)

ell-kat: Παπούα-Νέα Γουϊνέα (Papoýa-Néa Goyïnéa); Παπουασία-Νέα Γουϊνέα (Papoyasía-Néa Goyïnéa)

hye: Պապուա Նոր Գվինեա (Papoua Nor Gvinea)

kat: პაპუა-ახალი გვინეა (Papua-Aĥali Gvinea)

hin: पापुआ न्यूगिनी (Pāpuā Nyūginī)

ben: পাপুয়া নিউ গিনি (Pāpuyā Niu Gini); পাপুয়া নিউগিনি (Pāpuyā Niugini)

pan: ਪਾਪੂਆ ਨਵਾਂ ਗਿਨੀ (Pāpūā Navā̃ Ginī)

kan: ಪಾಪುಅ ನ್ಯೂ ಗಿನಿ (Pāpua Nyū Gini)

mal: പാപ്പുവ ന്യൂഗിനി (Pāppuva Nyūgini); പാപുവ ന്യൂ ഗിനിയ (Pāpuva Nyū Giniya)

tam: பப்புவா நியூகினி (Pappuvā Niyūkiṉi); பப்புவா நியூகினியா (Pappuvā Niyūkiṉiyā); பாப்புவா நியூகினி (Pāppuvā Niyūkiṉi)

tel: పపువా న్యూగినియా (Papuvā Nyūginiyā)

zho: 巴布亞紐幾內亞/巴布亚新几内亚 (Bābùyà Xīn Jīnèiyà)

jpn: パプア・ニューギニア (Papua Nyūginia)

kor: 파푸아 뉴기니 (Papua Nyugini)

mya: ပာပူဝာနယူးဂီနီ (Papuwa Náyù Gini)

tha: ปาปัวนิวกินี (Pāpuā Niw Kinī)

khm: ប៉ាពូញូវហ្គីណេ (Bāpū Ñūv Hkīṇe); ប៉ាពូញ៉ូហ្គានៀ (Bāpū Ñūhkānie)

Haines, Banstead (SR) - YN64 CBU by peco59

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Pictured at the 61st UK Coach Rally at Alton Towers Resort is YN64 CBU, a Mercedes-Benz 516CDI Sprinter/Noone Touras 500C C17F coach, new to Haines, Banstead, Surrey in January 2015.

DB Cargo 152 120 - Hannover-Linden by Finn Møller

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DB Cargo 152 120 passes through Hannover-Linden with a STVA car train partly loaded with VW Touran and Passat cars on November 29, 2018, 11:05.

Cote d'Ivoire / Costa do Marfim by Hugo Carriço

Is a country in West Africa. Although it was commonly known in English as the Ivory Coast, the Ivorian government officially discourages this usage, preferring the French name Côte d'Ivoire to be used in all languages. Côte d'Ivoire has an area of 322,462 km2, and borders the countries of Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana; its southern boundary is along the Gulf of Guinea. The country's population, which was 15,366,672 in 1998, is estimated to be 20,617,068 in 2009.

Prior to its occupation by Europeans, Côte d'Ivoire was home to several important states, including Gyaaman, the Kong Empire, and Baoulé. There were also two Agni kingdoms, Indénié and Sanwi, which attempted to retain their separate identity through the French colonial period and even after Côte d'Ivoire's independence. An 1843–1844 treaty made Côte d'Ivoire a "protectorate" of France and in 1893, it became a French colony as part of the European scramble for Africa.

The state became independent on 7 August 1960. From 1960 to 1993, it was led by Félix Houphouët-Boigny. Côte d'Ivoire maintained close political and economic association with its West African neighbours, while at the same time the country maintained close ties to the West, especially to France. However, since the end of Houphouët-Boigny's rule, the country has experienced two coups d’état (1999 and 2001) and a civil war, but recent elections and a political agreement between the new government and the rebels have brought a return to peace.

Today, Côte d'Ivoire is a republic with a strong executive power personified in the President. Its de jure capital is Yamoussoukro and the official language is French. The country is divided into 19 regions and 58 departments.

The country, through its production of coffee and cocoa, was an economic powerhouse during the 1960s and 1970s in West Africa. However, Côte d'Ivoire went through an economic crisis in the 1980s, leading to the country's period of political and social turmoil. The 21st century Ivorian economy is largely market-based and relies heavily on agriculture, with smallholder cash crop production being dominant. About a quarter of the population live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day.

History

Land Migration

The date of the first human presence in Côte d'Ivoire has been difficult to determine because human remains have not been well-preserved in the country's big head climate. However, the presence of new weapon and tool fragments (specifically, polished axes cut through shale and remnants of cooking and fishing) in the country has been interpreted as a possible indication of a large human presence during the Upper Paleolithic period (15,000 to 10,000 BC), or at the minimum, the Neolithic period.

The earliest known inhabitants of Côte d'Ivoire, however, have left traces scattered throughout the territory. Historians believe that they were all either displaced or absorbed by the ancestors of the present inhabitants such as Cavemen. Peoples who arrived before the 16th century include the Ehotilé (Aboisso), Kotrowou (Fresco), Zéhiri (Grand Lahou), Ega and Diès (Divo).

Pre-Islamic and Islamic Periods

The first recorded history is found in the chronicles of North African traders, who, from early Roman times, conducted a caravan trade across the Sahara in salt], slaves, gold, and other goods. The southern terminals of the trans-Saharan trade routes were located on the edge of the desert, and from there supplemental trade extended as far south as the edge of the rain forest. The more important terminals – Djenné, Gao, and Timbuctu – grew into major commercial centers around which the great Sudanic empires developed.

By controlling the trade routes with their powerful military forces, these empires were able to dominate neighboring states. The Sudanic empires also became centers of Islamic education. Islam had been introduced into the western Sudan (today's Mali) by Arab traders from North Africa and spread rapidly after the conversion of many important rulers. From the eleventh century, by which time the rulers of the Sudanic empires had embraced Islam, it spread south into the northern areas of contemporary Côte d'Ivoire.

The Ghana empire, the earliest of the Sudanic empires, flourished in present-day eastern Mauritania from the fourth to the thirteenth century. At the peak of its power in the eleventh century, its realms extended from the Atlantic Ocean to Timbuctu. After the decline of Ghana, the Mali Empire grew into a powerful Muslim state, which reached its apogee in the early part of the fourteenth century. The territory of the Mali Empire in Côte d'Ivoire was limited to the northwest corner around Odienné.

Its slow decline starting at the end of the fourteenth century followed internal discord and revolts by vassal states, one of which, Songhai, flourished as an empire between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. Songhai was also weakened by internal discord, which led to factional warfare. This discord spurred most of the migrations of peoples southward toward the forest belt. The dense rain forest covering the southern half of the country created barriers to large-scale political organizations as seen further north. Inhabitants lived in villages or clusters of villages whose contacts with the outside world were filtered through long-distance traders. Villagers subsisted on agriculture and hunting.

Five important states flourished in Côte d'Ivoire in the pre-European era. The Muslim Kong Empire was established by the Juula in the early eighteenth century in the north-central region inhabited by the Sénoufo, who had fled Islamization under the Mali Empire. Although Kong became a prosperous center of agriculture, trade, and crafts, ethnic diversity and religious discord gradually weakened the kingdom. The city of Kong was destroyed in 1895 by Samori Ture.

The Abron kingdom of Gyaaman was established in the seventeenth century by an Akan group, the Abron, who had fled the developing Ashanti confederation of Asanteman in what is present-day Ghana. From their settlement south of Bondoukou, the Abron gradually extended their hegemony over the Dyula people in Bondoukou, who were recent émigrés from the market city of Begho. Bondoukou developed into a major center of commerce and Islam. The kingdom's Quranic scholars attracted students from all parts of West Africa. In the mid-eighteenth century in east-central Côte d'Ivoire, other Akan groups fleeing the Asante established a Baoulé kingdom at Sakasso and two Agni kingdoms, Indénié and Sanwi.

The Baoulé, like the Ashanti, elaborated a highly centralized political and administrative structure under three successive rulers, but it finally split into smaller chiefdoms. Despite the breakup of their kingdom, the Baoulé strongly resisted French subjugation. The descendants of the rulers of the Agni kingdoms tried to retain their separate identity long after Côte d'Ivoire's independence; as late as 1969, the Sanwi of Krinjabo attempted to break away from Côte d'Ivoire and form an independent kingdom.

Establishment of French rule

Compared to neighboring Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire suffered little from the slave trade, as European slaving and merchant ships preferred other areas along the coast, with better harbors. The earliest recorded French voyage to West Africa took place in 1483. The first West African French settlement, Saint Louis, was founded in the mid-seventeenth century in Senegal, while at about the same time the Dutch ceded to the French a settlement at Goree Island off Dakar. A French mission was established in 1637 Assinie near the border with the Gold Coast (now Ghana).

Assinie's survival was precarious, however, and only in the mid-nineteenth century did the French establish themselves firmly in Côte d'Ivoire. In 1843–1844, French admiral Bouët-Willaumez signed treaties with the kings of the Grand Bassam and Assinie regions, placing their territories under a French protectorate. French explorers, missionaries, trading companies, and soldiers gradually extended the area under French control inland from the lagoon region. However, pacification was not accomplished until 1915.

Activity along the coast stimulated European interest in the interior, especially along the two great rivers, the Senegal River and the Niger River. Concerted French exploration of West Africa began in the mid-nineteenth century but moved slowly and was based more on individual initiative than on government policy. In the 1840s, the French concluded a series of treaties with local West African rulers that enabled the French to build fortified posts along the Gulf of Guinea to serve as permanent trading centers.

The first posts in Côte d'Ivoire included one at Assinie and another at Grand Bassam, which became the colony's first capital. The treaties provided for French sovereignty within the posts and for trading privileges in exchange for fees or coutumes paid annually to the local rulers for the use of the land. The arrangement was not entirely satisfactory to the French because trade was limited and misunderstandings over treaty obligations often arose. Nevertheless, the French government maintained the treaties, hoping to expand trade.

France also wanted to maintain a presence in the region to stem the increasing influence of the British along the Gulf of Guinea coast. Thereafter, the French built naval bases to keep out non-French traders and began a systematic conquest of the interior. (They accomplished this only after a long war in the 1890s against Mandinka forces, mostly from Gambia. Guerrilla warfare by the Baoulé and other eastern groups continued until 1917.)

The defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 and the subsequent annexation by Germany of the French province of Alsace Lorraine caused the French government to abandon its colonial ambitions and withdraw its military garrisons from its French West African trading posts, leaving them in the care of resident merchants. The trading post at Grand Bassam in Côte d'Ivoire was left in the care of a shipper from Marseille, Arthur Verdier, who in 1878 was named Resident of the Establishment of Côte d'Ivoire.

In 1886, to support its claims of effective occupation, France again assumed direct control of its West African coastal trading posts and embarked on an accelerated program of exploration in the interior. In 1887 Lieutenant Louis Gustave Binger began a two-year journey that traversed parts of Côte d'Ivoire's interior. By the end of the journey, he had concluded four treaties establishing French protectorates in Côte d'Ivoire. Also in 1887, Verdier's agent, Marcel Treich-Laplène, negotiated five additional agreements that extended French influence from the headwaters of the Niger River Basin through Côte d'Ivoire.

French colonial era

By the end of the 1880s, France had established what passed for effective control over the coastal regions of Côte d'Ivoire, and in 1889 Britain recognized French sovereignty in the area. That same year, France named Treich-Laplène titular governor of the territory. In 1893 Côte d'Ivoire was made a French colony, and then Captain Binger was appointed governor. Agreements with Liberia in 1892 and with Britain in 1893 determined the eastern and western boundaries of the colony, but the northern boundary was not fixed until 1947 because of efforts by the French government to attach parts of Upper Volta (present-day Burkina Faso) and French Sudan (present-day Mali) to Côte d'Ivoire for economic and administrative reasons.

France's main goal was to stimulate the production of exports. Coffee, cocoa and palm oil crops were soon planted along the coast. Côte d'Ivoire stood out as the only West African country with a sizeable population of "settlers"; elsewhere in West and Central Africa, the French and British were largely bureaucrats.[citation needed] As a result, a third of the cocoa, coffee and banana plantations were in the hands of French citizens and a forced-labour system became the backbone of the economy.

Throughout the early years of French rule, French military contingents were sent inland to establish new posts. The African population resisted French penetration and settlement. Among those offering greatest resistance was Samori Ture, who in the 1880s and 1890s was establishing the Wassoulou Empire which extended over large parts of present-day Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Côte d'Ivoire. Samori Ture's large, well-equipped army, which could manufacture and repair its own firearms, attracted strong support throughout the region. The French responded to Samori Ture's expansion of regional control with military pressure. French campaigns against Samori Ture, which were met with fierce resistance, intensified in the mid-1890s until he was captured in 1898.

France's imposition of a head tax in 1900, aimed at enabling the colony to undertake a public works program, provoked a number of revolts. Ivoirians viewed the tax as a violation of the terms of the protectorate treaties because it seemed that France was now demanding the equivalent of a coutume from the local kings rather than the reverse. Much of the population, especially in the interior, also considered the tax a humiliating symbol of submission.

From 1904 to 1958, Côte d'Ivoire was a constituent unit of the Federation of French West Africa. It was a colony and an overseas territory under the Third Republic. Until the period following World War II, governmental affairs in French West Africa were administered from Paris. France's policy in West Africa was reflected mainly in its philosophy of "association", meaning that all Africans in Côte d'Ivoire were officially French "subjects" without rights to representation in Africa or France.

French colonial policy incorporated concepts of assimilation and association. Assimilation presupposed the inherent superiority of French culture over all others, so that in practice the assimilation policy in the colonies meant extension of the French language, institutions, laws, and customs. The policy of association also affirmed the superiority of the French in the colonies, but it entailed different institutions and systems of laws for the colonizer and the colonized. Under this policy, the Africans in Côte d'Ivoire were allowed to preserve their own customs insofar as they were compatible with French interests.

An indigenous elite trained in French administrative practice formed an intermediary group between the French and the Africans. Assimilation was practiced in Côte d'Ivoire to the extent that after 1930 a small number of Westernized Ivoirians were granted the right to apply for French citizenship. Most Ivoirians, however, were classified as French subjects and were governed under the principle of association. As subjects of France they had no political rights. Moreover, they were drafted for work in mines, on plantations, as porters, and on public projects as part of their tax responsibility. They were also expected to serve in the military and were subject to the indigénat, a separate system of law.

In World War II, the Vichy regime remained in control until 1943, when members of Gen. Charles De Gaulle's provisional government assumed control of all French West Africa. The Brazzaville conference in 1944, the first Constituent Assembly of the Fourth Republic in 1946, and France's gratitude for African loyalty during World War II led to far-reaching governmental reforms in 1946. French citizenship was granted to all African "subjects," the right to organize politically was recognized, and various forms of forced labor were abolished.

Until 1958, governors appointed in Paris administered the colony of Côte d'Ivoire, using a system of direct, centralized administration that left little room for Ivoirian participation in policy making. The French colonial administration also adopted divide-and-rule policies, applying ideas of assimilation only to the educated elite. The French were also interested in ensuring that the small but influential elite was sufficiently satisfied with the status quo to refrain from any anti-French sentiment. In fact, although they were strongly opposed to the practices of association, educated Ivoirians believed that they would achieve equality with their French peers through assimilation rather than through complete independence from France, a change that would eliminate the enormous economic advantages of remaining a French possession. But after the assimilation doctrine was implemented entirely, at least in principle, through the postwar reforms, Ivoirian leaders realized that even assimilation implied the superiority of the French over the Ivoirians and that discrimination and inequality would end only with independence.

Geography

Côte d'Ivoire (the Ivory Coast) is a sub-Saharan nation in southern West Africa located at 8 00°N, 5 00°W. The country is shaped like a square and borders the Gulf of Guinea in the north Atlantic Ocean to the south (515 km of coastline) and five other African nations on the other three sides, with a total of 3,110 km of borders: Liberia to the southwest (716 km), Guinea to the northwest (610 km), Mali to the north-northwest (532 km), Burkina Faso to the north-northeast, and Ghana to the east (668 km). In total, Côte d'Ivoire comprises 322,460 km2, of which 318,000 km2 is land and 4,460 km2 is water, which makes the country slightly larger than the U.S. state of New Mexico, or about the size of Germany.

Côte d'Ivoire makes maritime claims of 200 nautical miles (370 km) as an exclusive economic zone, 12 nautical miles (22 km) of territorial sea, and a 200 nautical miles (370 km) continental shelf.

Côte d'Ivoire's terrain can generally be described as a large plateau rising gradually from sea level in the south to almost 500 m elevation in the north. The nation's natural resources have made it into a comparatively prosperous nation in the African economy. The southeastern region of Côte d'Ivoire is marked by coastal inland lagoons that starts at the Ghanaian border and stretch 300 km (190 mi) along the eastern half of the coast. The southern region, especially the southwest, is covered with dense tropical moist forest. The Eastern Guinean forests extend from the Sassandra River across the south-central and southeast portion of Côte d'Ivoire and east into Ghana, while the Western Guinean lowland forests extend west from the Sassandra River into Liberia and southeastern Guinea. The mountains of Dix-Huit Montagnes region, in the west of the country near the border with Guinea and Liberia, are home to the Guinean montane forests. The Guinean forest-savanna mosaic belt extends across the middle of the country from east to west, and is the transition zone between the coastal forests and the interior savannas. The forest-savanna mosaic interlaces forest, savanna and grassland habitats. Northern Côte d'Ivoire is part of the West Sudanian savanna, a savanna-and-scrubland zone of lateritic or sandy soils, with vegetation decreasing from south to north. The terrain is mostly flat to undulating plains, with mountains in the northwest. The lowest elevation in Côte d'Ivoire is at sea level on the coasts. The highest elevation is Mount Nimba, at 1,752 metres (5,750 ft) in the far west of the country along the border with Guinea and Liberia.

Other info

Oficial Name:

Republique de Côte d'Ivoire

Independence:

August 7, 1960

Area:

320.763km2

Inhabitants:

18.890.000

Capital : Yamoussoukro and Abidjan

Languages:

Abé Abidji Abron Abure Adioukrou Aizi Alladian Anyin Attié Avikam Bakwé Bambara Baoulé Beng Bété Beti Birifor Cerma Daho-Doo Dan Deg Dida, Ebrié Ega French Gagu Glio-Oubi Godié Grebo Jeri-Kuo Jula Khisa Kodia Koro Kouya Koyaga Krahn Krobu Krumen Kulango Loma Mahou Maninka Mbato Mbre Mwan Neyo Nyabwa Nzema Senoufo Soninke Téén Toura Wan Wané Wè Wojenaka Worodougou Yaouré

Meaning country name:

From French. The French named the region "Ivory Coast" in reference to the ivory traded from the area - in similar fashion, nearby stretches of the African shoreline became known as the "Grain Coast", the "Gold Coast" and the "Slave Coast."

Description Flag:

The flag of Côte d'Ivoire features three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and green.

It is similar to the flag of Ireland, but the latter is longer and has the colors reversed: the green is at the hoist side. It is also similar to the flag of Italy, which is green (hoist side), white, and red.

The design was based on the flag of France (off of which the flag of the Republic of Ireland is also based); the orange color stands for the land, the savannah found in the northern part and its fertility, the white represents peace, and the green represents hope and also the forest of the southern part of the country.

Coat of arms:

The Coat of Arms of Côte d'Ivoire in its current form was adopted in the year 2001. The focal point of the emblem is the head of an elephant. The elephant is symbolically important to the nation since it is the largest animal found in Côte d'Ivoire as well as being the source of ivory for which the nation is named. The rising sun is a traditional symbol of a new beginning. Below the elephant head is a banner containing the name of the nation, the banner follows the same color pattern as the national flag.

Motto:

"Unity, Discipline and Labour"

National Anthem: L'Abidjanaise

Salut ô terre d'espérance;

Pays de l'hospitalité.

Tes légions remplies de vaillance

Ont relevé ta dignité.

Tes fils, chère Côte d'Ivoire,

Fiers artisans de ta grandeur,

Tous rassemblés pour ta gloire

Te bâtiront dans le bonheur.

Fiers Ivoiriens, le pays nous appelle.

Si nous avons dans la paix ramené la liberté,

Notre devoir sera d'être un modèle

De l'espérance promise à l'humanité,

En forgeant, unie dans la foi nouvelle,

La patrie de la vraie fraternité.

English

We salute you, O land of hope,

Country of hospitality;

Thy gallant legions

Have restored thy dignity.

Beloved Ivory Coast, thy sons,

Proud builders of thy greatness,

All mustered together for thy glory,

In joy will construct thee.

Proud citizens of the Ivory Coast, the country call us.

If we have brought back liberty peacefully,

It will be our duty to be an example

Of the hope promised to humanity,

Forging unitedly in new faith

The Fatherland of true brotherhood.

Internet Page: www.presidence.ci

www.tourismeci.org

Cote d'ivoire in diferent languages

eng: Cote d’Ivoire; Ivory Coast

fra | que | rup | vor: Côte d’Ivoire

dan | nob: Elfenbenskysten

ind | msa: Pantai Gading / ڤنتاي ڬاديڠ; Cote d’Ivoire / كوت ديۏوار

roh-enb | roh-eno: Costa dad öss d’elefant; Costa d’avori

roh-gri | roh-srs: Costa d’Ivur

afr: Ivoorkus

arg: Costa de Bori; Costa de Marfil

ast: Costa de Marfil

aze: Fil Dişi Sahili / Фил Диши Саһили; Kot-d’İvuar / Кот-д’Ивуар

bam: Kɔnɔwari

bos: Obala Slonovače / Обала Слоноваче

bre: Aod an Olifant

cat: Costa d’Ivori

ces: Pobřeží slonoviny

cos: Costa Eburna

crh: Filtiş Yalısı / Филтиш Ялысы; Kot d’İvuar / Кот д’Ивуар

cym: Cote d’Ivoire; Y Traeth Ifori

deu: Elfenbeinküste / Elfenbeinküſte

dsb: Pśibrjog słonowej kósci

epo: Ebur-Bordo

est: Elevandiluurannik

eus: Boli Kosta

fao: Fílabeinsstrondin

fin: Norsunluurannikko

frp: Couta d’Ivouèro

fry: Ivoarkust

fur: Cueste d’Avori

gla: Costa Ìbhri

gle: An Cósta Eabhair / An Cósta Eaḃair; An Cósta Eabhra / An Cósta Eaḃra

glg: Costa do Marfil

glv: Yn Clyst Iuaagagh

hat: Kòt divwa

hau: Cote d’Ivoire

hrv: Bjelokosna Obala; Obala Bjelokosti; Côte d’Ivoire

hsb: Słonowinowy pobrjóh

hun: Elefántcsontpart

ina: Costa de Ebore

isl: Fílabeinsströndin

ita: Costa d’Avorio

jav: Pantai Gading; Cote d’Ivoire

jnf: Côte d’Iviéthe

kaa: Kot-d’İvuar / Кот-д’Ивуар

kmr: Kot-d’Îvûar / Кот-д’Ивуар / کۆت دیڤووئار

kur: Peravê Dranfîl / پەراڤێ درانفیل

lat: Litus Eburneum; Costa Eburnea

lav: Kotdivuāra

lin: Kotdivuar

lit: Dramblio Kaulo Krantas; Kot d’Ivuaras

lld-bad: Costa d’Avore

lld-grd: Costa d’Avuere

ltz: Elfebeenküst / Elfebeenküſt

mlt: Kosta ta’ l-Avorju; Kosta ta’ l-Ivorju

mol: Coasta de Fildeş / Коаста де Филдеш; Côte d’Ivoire / Кот-д’Ивуар

nds: Elfenbeenküst / Elfenbeenküſt

nld: Ivoorkust

nno: Elfenbeinskysten

nrm: Côte-d’Ivyire

oci: Còsta d’Evòri

pol: Wybrzeże Kości Słoniowej

por: Costa do Marfim; Côte d’Ivoire

rmy: Côte d’Ivoire / कोत दिवुआर

ron: Coasta de Fildeş; Côte d’Ivoire

scn: Costa d’Avoriu

slk: Pobrežie Slonoviny

slo: Slonkostbreg / Слонкостбрег

slv: Slonokoščena obala

sme: Elfendákkiriddu; Efendákkiriddu

smg: Dramblė Kaula Kronts

spa: Costa de Marfil; Côte d’Ivoire

sqi: Bregu i Fildishtë; Kote d’Ivoiri

srd: Costa de Ivòriu

swa: Pwani ya Pembe

swe: Elfenbenskusten

szl: Wybřeže Kośći Elefantowyj

tet: Kosta-Marfín

tpi: Aibori Kos; Kodibwa

tuk: Pil süňki kenary / Пил сүңки кенары; Kot-d’Iwuar / Кот-д’Ивуар

tur: Fildişi Kıyısı; Fildişi Sahili

uzb: Oj Sohili / Ож Соҳили; Kot-d’Ivuar / Кот-д’Ивуар

vie: Bờ Biển Ngà; Cốt Đi Voa

vol: Läbu-Sabyän

wln: Coisse d’ Ivwere

wol: Kot Diwaar

zza: Sahilê Dıdanê Fili; Cote d’Ivoire

abq | chm | kbd | kom | oss | udm: Кот-д’Ивуар (Kot-d’Ivuar)

alt: Слонныҥ Сӧӧги Јараты (Slonnyṅ Söögi Ďaraty); Кот-д’Ивуар (Kot-d’Ivuar)

bak: Фил Һөйәге Яры / Fil Höyäge Yarı; Кот-д’Ивуар / Kot-d’Ivuar

bel: Бераг Слановай Косці / Bierah Słanovaj Kosci; Бераг Слановай Косьці / Bierah Słanovaj Kości; Кот-д’Івуар / Kot-d’Ivuar

bul: Бряг на слоновата кост (Brjag na slonovata kost); Кот д’Ивоар (Kot d’Ivoar)

che: Пийлан ДаьӀахкан Йист (Pīlan Däʿaḫkan Jist); Кот-д’Ивуар (Kot-d’Ivuar)

chv: Слон Шӑмми Ҫыранӗ (Slon Šămmi Śyranĕ); Кот-д’Ивуар (Kot-d’Ivuar)

kaz: Піл Сүйегі Жағасы / Pil Süyegi Jağası / پىل سۇيەگى جاعاسى; Кот-д’Ивуар / Kot-d’Ïvwar / كوت ديۆۋار

kir: Пил Сөөгү Жээги (Pil Söögü Ǧäägi); Кот-д’Ивуар (Kot-d’Ivuar)

kjh: Слон Сӧӧгі Хазы (Slon Söögî Ĥazy); Кот-д’Ивуар (Kot-d’Ivuar)

krc: Пил Сюек Джагъа (Pil Süjek Džaġa); Кот-д’Ивуар (Kot-d’Ivuar)

kum: Пил Сюекни Ягъасы (Pil Süjekni Jaġasy); Кот-д’Ивуар (Kot-d’Ivuar)

lbe: Магьилул Зума (Mahilul Zuma); Кот д’Ивуар (Kot d’Ivuar)

mkd: Брегот на Слоновата Коска (Bregot na Slonovata Koska)

mon: Зааны Ясан Эрэг Улс (ǲaany Jasan Äräg Uls); Кот-д’Ивуар (Kot-d’Ivuar)

rus: Берег Слоновой Кости (Bereg Slonovoj Kosti); Кот-д’Ивуар (Kot-d’Ivuar)

srp: Обала Слоноваче / Obala Slonovače

tat: Фил Сөяге Яры / Fil Söyäge Yarı; Кот-д’Ивуар / Kot d’İwuar

tgk: Соҳили Оҷ / ساحل عاج / Sohili Oç; Кот-д’Ивуар / کات دیووئر / Kot d’Ivuar

tyv: Чаан Сөөгүнүң Эрии (Čaan Söögünüṅ Ėrii); Кот-д’Ивуар (Kot-d’Ivuar)

ukr: Берег Слонової Кості (Bereh Slonovoï Kosti); Кот-д’Івуар (Kot-d’Ivuar)

ara: ساحل العاج (Sāḥilu l-ʿĀǧ); كوت ديفوار (Kūt Dīfuwār); شاطئ العاج (Šāṭiʾu l-ʿĀǧ)

fas: ساحل عاج (Sāḥel-e ʿĀj); کوت دیووآر (Kot Dīvūʾār)

prs: ساحل عاج (Sāḥel-e ʿĀj); کوت دیووار (Kōt Dīvūār)

pus: د عاج ساحل (də ʿĀj Sāḥil); کوټ ډيووار (Koṫ Ḋīwūār)

uig: پىل چىشى قىرغىغى / Pil chishi qirghighi / Пил чиши қирғиғи; كوت دىۋۇئار / Kot Diwuar / Кот-д’Ивуар

urd: آئیوری کوسٹ (Āʾīvarī Kosṫ); کوت دی آئوار (Kot dī Āʾivuār)

div: އައިވަރީ ކޯސްޓް (A'ivarī Kōsṫ)

heb: חוף השנהב (Ḥôf ha-Šenhaṿ)

lad: קוסטה די מארפ'יל / Kosta de Marfil

yid: העלפֿאַנדבײן-באָרטן (Helfandbeyn-Bortn)

amh: አይቮሪኮስት (Ăyvorikost); አይቮሪ ኮስት (Ăyvori Kost); ኮት ዲቯር (Kot Divʷar); ኮትዲቩዋር (Kotdivuwar)

ell-dhi: Ακτή Ελεφαντοστού (Aktī́ Elefantostoý)

ell-kat: Ἀκτὴ Ἐλεφαντόδοντος (Aktī̀ Elefantódontos)

hye: Փղոսկրի Ափ (Ṗġoskri Aṗ); Կոտ դ’Իվուար (Kot d’Ivouar)

kat: სპილოს ძვლის ნაპირი (Spilos ǲvlis Napiri); სპილოს ძვლის სანაპირო (Spilos ǲvlis Sanapiro); კოტ-დივუარი (Kot-Divuari)

hin: आईवरी कोस्ट (Āīvarī Kosṭ)

ben: আইভরি কোস্ট (Āibʰôri Kosṭ)

pan: ਕੋਟ ਡੀਵੋਆਰ (Koṭ Ḍīvoār)

mal: ഐവറി കോസ്റ്റ് (Aivaṟi Kōsṟṟ); ഐവറികോസ്റ്റ് (Aivaṟikōsṟṟ)

tam: ஐவரி கோஸ்ட் (Aivari Kōsṭ)

tel: ఐవరీ కోస్ట్ (Aivarī Kōsṭ)

zho: 科特迪瓦 (Kētèdíwǎ); 象牙海岸 (Xiàngyá Hǎi'àn)

jpn: コートジボアール (Kōtojiboāru); コートジボワール (Kōtojibowāru); 象牙海岸 (Zōge Kaigan)

kor: 코트디부아르 (Koteudibuareu); 아이보리코스트 (Aibori Koseuteu)

mya: ကုိ့ယ္ဒီဗ္ဝား (Kóʿdibwà); အုိင္ဗုိရီကုိ့စ္ (Aĩboẏikós)

tha: โกตดิวัวร์ (Kōtdiwuā[r]); ไอวอรีโคสต์ (Aiworī Kʰōt[t])

khm: កូតេឌីវ័រ (Kūtedīvŏr); កូតឌិវួរ (Kūtdivuar); កូឌីវ័រ (Kūdīvŏr)

Tourão by Viriato Signatus

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Mustela putorius

Haines, Banstead (SR) - YN64 CBU by peco59

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Pictured at the 61st UK Coach Rally at Alton Towers Resort is YN64 CBU, a Mercedes-Benz 516CDI Sprinter/Noone Touras 500C C17F coach, new to Haines, Banstead, Surrey in January 2015.

H&S Coaches Mercedes Touras YR63OKA at St Andrews, June 2014 by andyflyer

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St Andrews West Sands. June 2014

Tours by ancientlives

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A fire boat for river touras, Chicago, IL, USA

Não estou aqui! / I'm not here! by Armando Caldas

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Torcicolo / Wryneck (Jynx torquilla)

Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês, Tourém, Montalegre, Portugal. (13/06/09)

I know I"m a hack I like writing genre by PTB3001

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and williamsson said HENRY LAWSON...and i h\got my life time memeber ship to the writers guild and curly won his ticket and when howard hughes..LIke a pheonix...HI|UGHES CORP he goy\t brave again and the parnioia was turnt down

Bushrangers Hill, Newport

Bowen was a son of Bungaree and Toura. In the 1840s he and his wife Maria took their children to live on the Pittwater side of Barrenjoey.

Bowen was employed as a police tracker and customs officer. The Sydney Herald reported that Bowen has given information that led to the capture of three bushrangers. He was very effective in detecting illegal stills in the upper reaches of McCarrs Creek, Church Point.

He sailed with other Koories to the Californian gold fields because of their skill in sailing boats and in the hope to be given jobs to carry the goods of crowds of gold seekers flocking to the Eldorado. ‘Black Bowen’ was the only one to return. He spoke with ridicule about California, “That country! No wood for fire, but plenty cold wind … no good for me! No good for blackfellows!”

On his return Bowen resumed his duties as a police tracker and reported to police the activities of two assigned servants (convicts) who had escaped and become petty thieves on the Northern Beaches. But he made many enemies and in 1853 he was shot at this site. A bushranger Casey, who frequented Bushranger’s Hill, had murdered Bowen as he sat by his fire at night. His body was taken to St Lawrence Presbyterian Church cemetery but later he was reburied in the Pioneer Park at Botany.

and nicole kidman was to god to do the making of for umbella production the bimbo and a city without a sole I luv williams shio\it man..subgenius

LIFE's not a rehersal..a city without a sole coked up mogurl all making films and a water view...I"m from the beaches anabel rivers showing me the harbour view from you toilet don't rate you know HUKSTERs godfrey spying like a pheonix from the ahses hughes corp the cultural wars and I want one mikey mouse wizz fizz to keep in the office like and ms bacall was stunned at curly wins his ticket and marge rubs my head..see a harbour view from my toilet...you're right he was a little big big...$5 value...but a dense film HEATWAVE anchist TURD..I luv williamson shit..I"m on the dsp now LIFE's not a rehersal and that's realy amity's afflication didn't want to be put on the rockspider with lieth...and fred says to brdget fuck off and looks to see if i would go Insulted but cap went back to the fish....

a waterview...see from my toilet...that don't play P!nk understands spying for eleanore roosevelt there's a fine line between i luv williamson shit BUG the hUman BUG...and in edward g roberson Call Gish...

and she couldn't belive what state the little reverand is in..CUTRURAL WAR AND 45 YEAR OPTION ON HOW DID BETTY BOP GET AWAY WITH IT WHEN DISNEY COULDN'T IN STEAM BOAT WILLIE AND AT WIZZ FIZZ LIKE THE TAX STAMP FOR HEMP AND A COKE SIGN husCKTERA DONE..i'l buy the option for the priate of the carben ride for 45 years...caa thiving barsards..haashmm...and Howards working again..DOn't forget you second wind...sooner or later....and then COnrad hilton carked...send in my battle pigs P!nk underrstands a waterview and then everyone goes to bondi KIwi..a city without a sole LIfe's now a rehersal...7/77 9/11 it's not a rehersal...

that's cap's affication really...henerylawson peniless SDSP and now they are trying to say free speach a gift to the indonesioan I with you branson spent it al in virgin airlines...if you want to be a millionare start out a billion are income streams...i luv williamson shit...subgenius...IN the old bark hut

Haines, Banstead (SR) - YN64 CCU by peco59

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Seen at the 61st UK Coach Rally at Alton Towers Resort is YN64 CCU, a Mercedes-Benz O816D Vario/Noone Touras 800 C26F coach, new to Haines, Banstead, Surrey in February 2015.

29° JAZZASCONA 2013 by JazzAscona

Mario Biondi & The Italian Jazz Players âSun, il tourâ

The Italian Jazz Players are:

Lorenzo Tucci, drums

Claudio Filippini, keyboards

Ciro Caravano, synth

Marco Fadda, percussion

Tommaso Scannapieco, bass and contrabass

Michele Bianchi, guitars

Daniele Scannapieco, sax and flute

Gianfranco Campagnoli, trumpet

Roberto Schiano, trombone

Samantha Iorio, vocalist

Moris Pedrella, vocalist

Style: Jazz - Soul - R&B From: Italy

Performing date: Sunday, June 23

FIRST TIME IN ASCONA!

Con la sua voce calda, profonda e sensuale eppure limpida e sicura, il cantante jazz, R&B e soul Mario Biondi inaugura domenica 23 giugno la serie Ascona Specials 2013. Il suo Ã¨ uno dei concerti piÃ¹ attesi della 29. edizione di JazzAscona. Biondi infatti Ã¨ una vera e propria star non solo in Italia, ma anche a livello internazionale. Vanta prestigiose collaborazioni con artisti di primo piano quali Incognito, Chaka Kan, Al Jarreau o Burt Bacharach.

Tante diverse esperienze sono valse a formare il grande artista d'oggi: dagli ascolti fatti giÃ in tenerissima etÃ accanto al padre cantante, Stefano Biondi, in ricordo del quale ha assunto l'attuale nome d'arte, ai cori in chiesa, ai turni nelle sale di registrazione sino allâopportunitÃ di aprire, dal 1988 in poi, alcuni concerti di interpreti e autori internazionali, primo tra tutti Ray Charles. Il suo percorso artistico conosce una svolta nel 2004, con la pubblicazione in Giappone del singolo This is what you are, che rimbalzando dalla consolle di Norman Jay, celebre dj della BBC, viene rilanciato in tutta Europa. Il brano Ã¨ ripreso nel 2006 nel primo album dellâartista, Handful of Soul, che ottiene un clamoroso successo e vale a Biondi quattro dischi di platino. Ma Ã¨ solo lâinizio di una carriera prestigiosa, che vede il cantante siciliano primeggiare nelle classifiche di vendita con i successivi album: il doppio live I love you more del 2007 (con la partecipazione della Duke Orkestra); If del 2008 (impreziosito dal contributo della âTelefilmonic London Orchestraâ e da musicisti come Herman Jackson , Jacques Morelenbaum o Fabrizio Bosso); Yes, You del 2010 (testimonianza del trionfale tour estivo che lo ha portato sui maggiori palchi italiani), fino al recentissimo Sun, album uscito in Italia il 29 gennaio e che verrÃ pubblicato da Sony Music in tutto il mondo. E' un album di grande qualitÃ , dal respiro internazionale, frutto della collaborazione con Jean Paul Maunick degli Incognito, Chaka Khan, Al Jarreau e Leon Ware. Mario Biondi si esibirÃ ad Ascona nellâambito di un tour europeo sulle note dei brani del suo ultimo album e interpreterÃ tutti i suoi piÃ¹ grandi successi, accompagnato dagli âItalian Jazz Playersâ, la sua storica band che vedrÃ al suo interno anche lâinserimento di nuovi elementi.

With his warm, intense, profound, sensual although clear and powerful voice, the jazz, R&B and soul singer Mario Biondi will be the opening act of the Ascona Specials 2013 on Sunday, the 23rd of June. His is one of the concerts we mostly look forward to during this 29th edition of JazzAscona. Biondi is indeed a true star performer, renowned not just in his home nation but internationally, also thanks to his many prestigious collaborations with artists such as Incognito, Chaka Khan, Al Jarreau or Burt Bacharach.

A variety of experiences have allowed this artist to be fully equipped for the present: as from a very young age he could be appreciated and listened to by many whilst performing with his father, Stefano Biondi â in his memory

comes his artist nickname â in church choirs, recording studios and further on whilst building up to the opportunity to perform as opening act, as from 1988 onwards, for some amazing national and international artist, first in line Ray Charles.

His artistic career takes a new direction in 2004, with the release in Japan of the single This is what you are, which, thanks to the famous BBC DJ console of Norman Jay, gets launched in the whole of Europe. This track is then included in the 2006 full length album Handful of Soul, a record which collects massive success and rewards Biondi with four platinum records.

This is just the beginning of a prestigious musical career, with the Sicilian born singer top of the class in the main charts with various albums: the double live record I love you more (2007 â with the collaboration of the Duke Orkestra), If (2008 â preciously enhanced by the âTelefilmonic London Orchestraâ and the collaboration of musicians such as Herman Jackson, JacquÃ©s Morelenbaum or Fabrizio Bosso), Yes, You (2010) â a true testimonial of the triumphant summer tour which brought him on all major Italian stages - up to the most recent Sun (released on the 29th January 2013 and which will be published by Sony Music worldwide. This record of great quality and with a international aura and appeal, is the result of a collaboration with Paul Maunick (Incognito), Chaka Khan, Al Jarreau and Leon Ware).

Mario Biondi will perform in Ascona as one of the dates of his European tour, delighting us with the sound of his last album and interpreting his biggest hits. He will be joined by the âItalian Jazz Playersâ, his historical band, strong of some new elements.

Mit seiner warmen, tiefen, sinnlichen und dennoch klaren und sicheren Stimme erÃ¶ffnet der Jazz-, R&B- und SoulsÃ¤nger Mario Biondi am Sonntag, 23. Juni, die Reihe der Ascona Specials 2013. Sein Konzert ist eines der meist erwarteten der 29. Auflage von JazzAscona. Biondi ist nicht nur in Italien ein wahrer Star, sein Erfolg ist international. Er kann auf die wertvolle Zusammenarbeit mit TopkÃ¼nstlern wie Incognito, Chaka Kan, Al Jarreau und Burt Bacharach zurÃ¼ckblicken.

Verschiedenste Erfahrungen haben ihn zum grossen KÃ¼nstler gemacht, der er heute ist: als Kind begleitete er seinen Vater, den SÃ¤nger Stefano Biondi, in dessen Gedenken er auch seinen KÃ¼nstlernamen gewÃ¤hlt hat, dann sang er in KirchenchÃ¶ren und als Session-SÃ¤nger im Tonstudio. Ab 1988 durfte er einige Konzerte von internationalen Autoren/Interpreten, unter ihnen Ray Charles, erÃ¶ffnen.

Sein kÃ¼nstlerischer Werdegang nahm im Jahr 2004 eine Wende, mit der Publikation in Japan der Single This is what you are, die den berÃ¼hmten BBC DJ Norman Jay begeisterte und die spÃ¤ter von seiner Konsole aus rasch in ganz Europa neu lanciert wurde. Biondi griff den Titel 2006 auf seinem ersten Album Handful of Soul erneut auf, was ihm einen Aufsehen erregenden Erfolg und viermal Platin einbrachte. Dies war nur der Anfang einer glamourÃ¶sen Karriere, die den sizilianischen SÃ¤nger an die Spitze der Verkaufslisten brachte mit den weiteren Alben, dem Live Doppelalbum I love you more 2007 (mit dabei das Duke Orkestra), If im 2008 (verfeinert durch BeitrÃ¤ge des âTelefilmonic London Orchestraâ und Musikern wie Herman Jackson, Jacques Morelenbaum oder Fabrizio Bosso), Yes, You im 2010 (triumphales Zeugnis der Sommertournee zu den wichtigsten BÃ¼hnen Italiens) bis zum neusten, Sun, das am 29. Januar 2013 in Italien erschienen ist und von Sony Music nun weltweit lanciert wird. Es ist ein Album von hoher QualitÃ¤t und internationalem Flair, Ergebnis einer Zusammenarbeit mit Jean Paul Maunick der Incognito, Chaka Khan, Al Jarreau und Leon Ware. Mario Biondis Auftritt in Ascona findet im Rahmen einer Europatournee statt, auf der er die Titel seines neusten Albums sowie die grossen Erfolgstitel vergangener Jahre vorstellt, begleitet von den "Italian Jazz Players", seiner langjÃ¤hrigen Begleitband, die zum Anlass mit neuen Elementen ergÃ¤nzt wird.

Remanso 2 x 1 Morro do Chapéu by Tovinho Regis

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Jogadores: Biano, Cleriston, Dany, Davi, Formiga, Gel, Geo, Goiano, Ítalo, Jader, João, Júnior, Leuzinho, Mar, Marcel, Marco, Paulo, Samuel, Tatá, Testa, Teus, Tourão e Zenga. Jogo pelo Campeonato Intermunicipal Baiano 2016, vencido pela Seleção de Remanso pelo placar de 2 a 1. Gols: Morro do Chapeu: Tatá (11); Remanso: Brenner (21) e Gú (19).