Melilot produces coumarin, which is used in the making of perfume. Although the leaves can be used in the kitchen, it is not advisable to go out and carelessly collect them for consumption. Melilot often attracts mold/fungi, which turn coumarin into dicoumarol, an agent that can stop the blood from clotting. As a medicinal herb, it is said dicoumarol that helps against thrombosis, varicose veins and heart attack. The plant is native to Europe and Asia and had been brought in to North America. During the times of Depression, sweet clover was fed to cattle in addition to hay. The spoilt sweet clover caused the cattle to bleed to death. A Wisconsin farmer named Ed Carlson brought samples of the dead cattle as well as the feed to Prof. Link. Professor Karl Paul Link, an American biochemist of German heritage, isolated dicoumarol from the mold found on the sweet clover. He and his assistants produced Warfarin. Tested in the famous Mayo Clinic, USA, Warfarin was first marketed as rat poison. Sometime in the 1950s, the extreme importance of Warfarin as blood thinner came to be recognized.

Sweet clover is said to act quite well as mosquito repellent. :-)

 

Shown here is white sweet clover (Melilotus albus). There are also yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis), tall yellow sweet clover (Melilotus altissimus), Indian sweet clover (Melilotus indicus) and many more.

 

But fate's been kind, the downs have been few....

 

Gladys & her Pips

 

Here we're looking down from up on top of the Downs.

If you find that confusing, don't be too alarmed - we live in a crazy world!

 

If you're feeling down, be grateful - we have to experience the Downs in order to appreciate the Highs don't we??? :)

 

We'd decided to break up our last trip to Wales with a stop off at Pewsey Downs on the way as fog looked likely & it gave an opportunity to run up the Downs (sorry) to get the blood moving around mid journey, lubricate the synovial membranes & stave off deep vein thrombosis for just a little while longer. (Besides I find the M4 just a bit on the boring side) :(

 

Thank You to Flickr without which I probably wouldn't even have discovered where Pewsey was!

 

Hoy comparto esta foto que tenía abandonada desde 2012. De momento no puedo hacer otra cosa. Hace un mes sufrí una trombosis en el ojo izquierdo y eso me ha tenido apartado de la fotografía y de la edición. Ya estoy mucho mejor, recuperando visión y con pocos daños en la retina. Por eso no he estado pendiente de vuestras fotos ni he subido ninguna mía. Ahora que las cosas están mejor (la visión y el ánimo), me pongo en contacto con todos y todas de nuevo, pero aún tardaré un poco en poderme dedicar a tope. Además se me ha acumulado el trabajo..

 

Today I'm sharing this forgotten picture since 2012. At the moment this is everything I cant do. A month ago I suffered a thrombosis in my left eye, which is something that has teared me appart from photography and editing. Now I'm much better and I have little dammage in the retina. For this reason I've been more aware of the pictures you have shared rather than uploading mine. However, now that the situation has improved (either vision and courage), I get in touch with everyone again, even though it will still take a while for me to be able to devote myself to stop. Besides, work has accumulated during the last weeks.

I recently took a day trip and started a long project about cemeteries. I don't know where it's going or why, really. But there I am.

 

This is the stone of Dorothe Jasman, born in Russia in 1867. Her husband, Ferdinand was as well.

 

They had seven children, four of whom moved to Canada. The remaining three lived in Washington for the rest of their days.

 

Unlike many (most) families of the era, all of the children lived well into adulthood, with the youngest dying at age 63.

 

Ferdinand died due to complications of venous thrombosis as his left foot had turned gangrenous. It was amputated and he never recovered.

 

I saw this small detail on the stone and, with the shadow cast by the morning sun, thought it would make for a nice photo. The blowing grasses opposite added to the composition. Though it looks well-placed, I didn't notice the "Rest in Peace" until after the photo was developed and scanned. Sometimes that's the way it goes.

  

.

.

.

'Mirror'

 

Camera: Chamonix 45F-2

Lens: Steinheil Rapid Antiplanet 6,5; 27cm

Film: Fomapan 100

Exposure: f/12; 1 sec

Process: FA-1027; 1+14; 9min

 

Washington

April 2023

City of Soap Lake

Incorporated in 1919, Soap Lake is located in the heart of the Columbia Basin.

The lake is world renowned for its miraculous healing abilities. Come visit us and see why Soap Lake is Washington's health resort!

  

© 2009 City of Soap Lake - P.O. Box 1270 - 239 2nd Avenue SE, Soap Lake WA 98851 - (509) 246-1211

  

Soap Lake's mineral-rich waters have long been thought to have medicinal value. In fact, it is said that rival Indian tribes would call a truce when they came to Soap Lake to relax and heal themselves and their animals. This is verified by recorded history and the number of Indian artifacts found in the area over the years. Washington State tourist guides in the 1920s referred to Soap Lake as the "world's greatest mineral sea" and people afflicted with Buerger's diseaseBuerger's diseaseThromboangiitis obliterans is a recurring progressive inflammation and thrombosis of small and medium arteries and veins of the hands and feet...

found that bathing in the lake would cure their illnesses. The city of Soap Lake bills itself as "Washington's Health Resort".

The great city of Florence 500 years old exhibiting the symptoms of all old city centers - Thrombosis.

She had been in remission from breast cancer for 7 years.. 2 months ago she found out she had cancer of the lower bowel... in the following weeks she developed deep vein thrombosis - while she was admitted to hospital for treatment they discovered that she had ovarian & lung cancer too, it was terminal (she told no one that it was) - so she booked herself out and did what she loved most - she went drumming . She had one last amazing party at the begining of the month and this morning at 2.30 am she died in her sleep.

 

THis was one of the last photos ever taken of her .. it was at her benifit concert held on the 9th May ..

 

I am sorry that i was not back in SA to be with her and her daughters, I am sorry that I was too much of a coward to see her before I left .. I am ashamed that I put my fears of my cancer returning ahead of seeing her ... I loved her loved her very much

  

this was an article in the paper about the concert www.tonight.co.za/index.php?fSectionId=348&fArticleId...

 

she was a very loved and popular lady. Every one from all walks of life gravitated towards her ...

Never do socks and sandals, unless you have to wear these funky thrombosis socks!

Is it wise to give young children (who are at very little risk of dying from covid) a trial vaccine, which can produce side effects like Pericarditis and Thrombosis? What about when they come for the toddlers and infants?

 

Dr. Robert Malone, the man who invented the mRNA technology, warns parents against giving children such shots:

 

rumble.com/vqq7gc-dr.-robert-malone-before-you-inject-you...

 

Voice For Science and Solidarity: UNFORGIVABLE SIN: Dr. Geert Vanden Bossche On Natural Immunity Being Safer For Children:

 

www.voiceforscienceandsolidarity.org/videos-and-interview...

 

Matthew 18:6 “But if anyone causes one of these little ones who believe in Me to stumble, it would be better for him to have a large millstone hung around his neck and to be drowned in the depths of the sea.”

 

Matthew 19:14 “But Jesus said, ‘Let the little children come to Me, and do not hinder them! For the kingdom of heaven belongs to such as these.’”

 

Quali sono i rischi di una vita sedentaria?

 

Mettendo insieme tutte le ultime ricerche, svolte da istituti qualificati e da università tra le più prestigiose, è possibile mettere a punto un quadro abbastanza preciso e inquietante dei danni che lo scarso movimento e lo stare seduti troppo a lungo possono provocare:

 

L’inattività fisica aumenta il rischio di cancro, soprattutto se oltre a muoversi poco il soggetto in questione si alimenta in modo scorretto.

Il ristagnare dei liquidi all’interno del corpo potrebbe provocare a lungo andare l’edema linfatico.

La circolazione subisce pian piano danni che diventano nel tempo irreversibili e dunque, di pari passo, insorgono i problemi cardiaci: ictus, infarto, insufficienza cardiaca sono annoverati nella casistica delle patologie determinate anche dall’inattività.

L’aumento di peso e l’obesità sono una conseguenza frequente della sedentarietà.

Lo scarso movimento agevola anche l’insorgenza di problemi articolari e ossei, come artrite e osteoporosi.

Ipertensione arteriosa e insufficienza venosa sono un rischio concreto, così come il diabete di tipo 2.

Il metabolismo si abbassa.

 

INATTIVITÀ: UNO STILE DI VITA CHE PUÒ AVERE GRAVI CONSEGUENZE

L’inattività fisica accomuna una buona fetta della popolazione mondiale: secondo l’Oms si tratta del quarto più importante fattore di rischio di mortalità: oltre 3 milioni di persone muoiono ogni anno a causa dell’inattività fisica. Le conseguenze, tuttavia, possono essere anche altre, meno gravi ma comunque debilitanti: questo stile di vita poco rispettoso delle esigenze del corpo può determinare infatti un calo dell’umore, stati di depressione, un invecchiamento precoce.

 

www.youtube.com/watch?v=iolaL3Z8oqo

 

Do You Have "Sitting Disease"?

 

When you sit for long periods, your muscles aren’t contracting, which disrupts blood flow, according to David Dunstan, co-author of the 2010 Australian study.

 

‘Adults who sit or lie down for several hours at a stretch experience big reductions in insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, as well as increased amounts of fat in their blood,’ adds Travis Saunders, a certified exercise physiologist and PhD graduate from the University of Ottawa who studies the health impact of sedentary behaviour. Those changes can cause Type 2 diabetes. And once that develops, it greatly increases the risk of blood clots or heart attack. As well, when you sit for long periods of time without taking a break to get up and walk around, a protein called fibrinogen increases. It’s the major risk factor for deep vein thrombosis and cardiovascular disease.

 

As for the link to cancer, Christine Friedenreich, a research scientist with Alberta Health Services, says that, while studies connecting sedentary behaviour and cancer are in their infancy, increased activity has been shown to reduce C-reactive protein. This biomarker, when elevated, puts people at higher risk for certain cancers, such as breast and colon cancers. Right now, most research has simply shown that increased physical activity can greatly reduce people’s risk of cancer, but it hasn’t honed in directly on the negative effects of sitting for too long.

 

However, the new CPS II shows that a distinct connection between the two is emerging, noting that people who sit for great lengths of time and don’t exercise regularly face even greater mortality rates than those who just sit ‘ a startling 94 percent higher for women and 48 percent higher for men.

 

www.youtube.com/watch?v=yO7wVjDb794

 

Grazie antonè per i video! 😊

Toronto, On.

With 67015 up front providing the power, DVT 82146 brings up the rear of DB Cargo's "Management Train" as it heads up the beautiful Avon Valley away from the Dundas Aqueduct. The consist, which was running as 1Z06 13.18 Westbury to Toton, had passed through this location late the previous evening as I waited at nearby Freshford in pouring rain and general gloom.

 

Somewhere just below my position here, buried in the deep mud of the River Avon is a Tokina 135mm telephoto that slipped from my grasp at this spot in 1984, a case of 'River Deep - Mounting Rage'. I've still got the lens cap!

Camminare regolarmente porta chiari benefici al cuore, regolarizza la pressione arteriosa, abbassa il colesterolo e previene il diabete. Lo studio pubblicato su Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology ha preso in esame 33mila persone che camminano abitualmente a intensità anche moderata e 15mila persone che praticano jogging. Messi sulla bilancia in quanto a dispendio calorico, il risultato è sorprendente. Anche chi non può correre, per motivi legati a problemi articolari o per via dell'anzianità, riceve gli stessi benefici dal camminare rispetto a chi corre: il colesterolo si abbassa, la pressione è sotto controllo e così il rischio di diabete. Il legame è dato dal fatto che si mettono in movimento gli stessi muscoli durante i due esercizi, ma importante è dedicarsi all'esercizio con costanza e su distanze sufficienti ad aumentare i benefici. Basta un'ora al giorno di cammino anche non continuativo, 10000 passi, per migliorare la tua salute. ... Provare per credere!

Arthur Stanley Jefferson, born 16 June 1890, Ulverston, Lancashire, England, died 23 February 1965, Santa Monica, California, USA. Heart attack.

 

Norvell Hardy, born 18 January 1892, Harlem, Georgia, USA, died 7 Aug 1957, North Hollywood, California, USA. Cerebral thrombosis.

More, mommy, more Natto! What's Natto? It's fermented soybeans that are great medicine for people with blood-clot issues, clogged arteries, osteoporosis and more. It is also very slimy, thus the pun. But seriously, my arteries are now clear, and it clreared up some deep vain thrombosis I had from a pickline, don't take my word for it. Google it and see for yourself.

Captain "Johnnie" Walker gazes out onto the River Mersey as sailing ship MAYBE heads down river after departing from Canning Dock. Captain John Walker was the Royal Navy's most successful anti-submarine commander of World War II. He died in 1944 primarily as a thrombosis brought on by overwork and exhaustion. In 1998 the statue by Liverpool sculptor Tom Murphy of Captain Walker in a typical pose was unveiled at the Pier Head in Liverpool by the HRH Duke of Edinburgh.

 

Click Here for more photographs of Liverpool: www.jhluxton.com/England/Merseyside/Liverpool

 

TS Maybe was built in 1929 and owned by Jan Jacob Van Rietschoten, father of the flying Dutchman, Cornelis ‘Conny’ Van Rietschoten, the only skipper to win the Whitbread Round the World Race twice.

In the hands of the Rietschoten family, TS Maybe spent many years sailing around the world.

 

A major milestone in the ship's history was participation in the first ever International Tall Ships Race in 1956.

 

She is now one of the few vessels that took part in that first race to still be competing in the International Tall Ship Races.

 

In 1962, TS Maybe was bought by the Swiss family Hans Fehr, who were experienced sailors and enjoyed sailing in warmer climates. She sailed mainly around the Mediterranean and in the 1970s regularly crossed the Atlantic between the West Indies and the Mediterranean.

 

During the 1980s she also sailed through the Panama Canal and up the East coast of the USA to Canada.

 

Tall ship Maybe was sold to her present owners in 1989 and underwent another complete restoration retuning to sailing in 2007.

She returned to the International Tall Ship Races in the Baltics in 2009. In 2011, TS MAYBE was restored to her original gaff ri

(Self) portrait for world thrombosis day on Oct 13th

Another shot from the ride we had on the Water Taxi seeing the 3 Bridges

 

Sleep in this morning as I wet ot the Hospital last night as the pain in my leg was bad, was a worry it was Deep vein Thrombosis so glad when finally at about 1:30 AM after a ultrasound it was confirmed just a torn Muscle so resting it up today

   

Comments appreciated, Constructive critique even more appreciated, best way for me to learn

  

better on B l a c k M a g i c</a

Class 67 locomotive No. 67015 waits to leave Cardiff Central station on Saturday 12th October 2024 with 1W63, the 17:50 service to Manchester Piccadilly. Meanwhile Class 150 diesel multiple unit No. 150254 arrives with 2F44, the 15:42 service from Treherbert.

 

I travelled on 1W63 as far as Hereford. After I'd watched the train disappear off on its way I realised I'd failed to record the DVT's* number for my haulage records. I then spotted another enthusiast that I'd seen board the train at Newport, and had also alighted here at Hereford. I had a quick friendly chat with this person, asked about the DVT and got the information I wanted. Nothing remarkable about that, you might be thinking, except that this enthusiast was a teenage girl.

 

* DVT in this case stands for Driving Van Trailer, rather than Deep Vein Thrombosis. A DVT is a non-powered vehicle which, when at the front of a train, can be used to control a propelling locomotive at the rear of the train.

Just kidding!

 

I was at the Singapore Botanic Gardens over the weekend and came across this lotus leaf. I decided to shoot the leaf from real close so as to get this effect.

Care amiche e cari amici, scrivo queste poche parole per scusarmi dell'assenza da Flickr. Lo scorso 13 ottobre (2016), dopo un forte mal di testa durato alcuni giorni sono stato al pronto soccorso. Dopo le prime ore di veglia ho perso i sensi e i medici dalle risonanze magnetiche hanno riscontrato dei trombi alla testa. Sempre in pronto soccorso i trombi alla testa mi hanno provocato un infarto celebrale, fortunatamente non grave, e che non mi ha lasciato grandi danni. Ho passato 12 giorni in ospedale. Attualmente il mio fisico è in ripresa, ho cominciato a camminare, sono indipendente per alcune importanti attività personali ma ho problemi alla vista e alle mani, i farmaci che prendo poi mi danno lunghe ore di sonnolenza durante il giorno. La memoria l'ho ripresa completamente. Ci vorranno alcuni mesi ma confido in una ripresa totale. :-) Guardo spesso le vostre foto e mi danno molta gioia, perdonate se non commento per ora ma cerco di non perdermi il vostro caldo entusiasmo per Barbie che ci ha fatto conoscere. Un abbraccio, Marco

 

Dear Friends,

I haven't been logged to Flickr since last october, 13th (in 2016)

because, after some days in which I had suffered of a bad headache, I was taken to the hospital and doctors diagnosted a vein thrombosis in my head which worsened causing a brain stroke. After thirteen days I was finally released from the hospital and I'm starting to recover although I have still troubles with my hands and sight. Moreover the medicines I need to take cause me long periods of sleepiness. It will take some months but I'm confident about my recovery. I often watch your photos in Flickr but I'm not able to comment due to the over mentioned issues. Forgive me about this, I'm just trying not to lose your warm enthusiasm which we share about Barbie dolls. A big hug to all of you. Marco

The Captain Frederick John Walker Memorial at the Pier Head, Liverpool.

 

Click here for more photographs of Liverpool Pier Head and Albert Dock areas: www.jhluxton.com/England/Merseyside/Liverpool/The-Pier-He...

 

Plymothian Captain Walker often known to his men as "Johnny Walker" was based on Merseyside during World War II.

 

Captain Frederick John Walker, born on June 3, 1896, in Plymouth, England, was a renowned British naval officer and a leading anti-submarine warfare commander in World War II.

 

His maritime career began in 1909 when he joined the Royal Navy as a midshipman aboard HMS AJAX.

 

During the Second World War, he commanded several escort groups, contributing to the protection of Allied convoys from German U-boat attacks in the Battle of the Atlantic.

 

Under Walker’s leadership, his escort groups achieved significant success. His strategic methods resulted in the sinking of numerous U-boats, with a total of 20 submarines sunk during his command, and ensured the safe passage of essential convoys transporting troops, supplies, and equipment across the Atlantic.

 

His accomplishments were pivotal in shifting the outcome of the Battle of the Atlantic in favour of the Allies.

HMS STARLING, a Modified Black Swan-class sloop, became Walker’s flagship in 1943. Under his command, the ship joined the 2nd Support Group where it played a crucial role in the Battle of the Atlantic, engaging in fierce battles with German U-boats and contributing to the Allies’ efforts to secure the Atlantic supply lines in various decisive attacks.

 

Walker’s tactical brilliance and innovation were on full display during his time commanding HMS STARLING. He joined the initiative at the creation of the Support Groups, which consisted of a group of escort ships able to reinforce any escort groups in need of assistance. These groups were decisive in several engagements were otherwise we would have suffered serious losses as they could actively hunt down U-boats without having to protect a convoy.

 

Tragically, Walker suffered a cerebral thrombosis on 7 July 1944, and he died two days later at the Royal Naval Hospital at Seaforth, Merseyside, at the age of 48. His death was attributed to overwork and exhaustion.

I’ve been getting a lot of Flickr mail from people about my blood smear macro photo’s and that’s why I decided to post a few more of these shot with some background info.

This is the first one but I’ll post a few more along the way showing: Malaria, kissing disease and/or Leukemia.

 

Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell and they delivering oxygen to the body tissues via the blood. The cells are filled with hemoglobin that can bind to oxygen. The blood's red color is due to the color of hemoglobin. In humans, red blood cells develop in the bone marrow, and live for about 120 days.

 

Platelets, or thrombocytes, are small bodies derived from cells. They circulate in the blood of mammals and are involved in the formation of blood clots. If the number of platelets is too low, excessive bleeding can occur; however, if the number of platelets is too high, blood clots can form (thrombosis), which block blood vessels, and may cause a stroke and/or a heart attack.

 

White blood cells, or leukocytes are cells of the immune system defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system. The number of leukocytes in the blood is often an indicator of disease. In conditions such as leukemia, the number of leukocytes is higher than normal, and in leukopenia, this number is much lower.

 

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).[8] The disease was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, the capital of China's Hubei province, and has since spread globally, resulting in the ongoing 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic.[9][10] As of 26 April 2020, more than 2.89 million cases have been reported across 185 countries and territories, resulting in more than 203,000 deaths. More than 822,000 people have recovered.[7]

 

Common symptoms include fever, cough, fatigue, shortness of breath and loss of smell.[5][11][12] While the majority of cases result in mild symptoms, some progress to viral pneumonia, multi-organ failure, or cytokine storm.[13][9][14] More concerning symptoms include difficulty breathing, persistent chest pain, confusion, difficulty waking, and bluish skin.[5] The time from exposure to onset of symptoms is typically around five days but may range from two to fourteen days.[5][15]

 

The virus is primarily spread between people during close contact,[a] often via small droplets produced by coughing,[b] sneezing, or talking.[6][16][18] The droplets usually fall to the ground or onto surfaces rather than remaining in the air over long distances.[6][19][20] People may also become infected by touching a contaminated surface and then touching their face.[6][16] In experimental settings, the virus may survive on surfaces for up to 72 hours.[21][22][23] It is most contagious during the first three days after the onset of symptoms, although spread may be possible before symptoms appear and in later stages of the disease.[24] The standard method of diagnosis is by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) from a nasopharyngeal swab.[25] Chest CT imaging may also be helpful for diagnosis in individuals where there is a high suspicion of infection based on symptoms and risk factors; however, guidelines do not recommend using it for routine screening.[26][27]

 

Recommended measures to prevent infection include frequent hand washing, maintaining physical distance from others (especially from those with symptoms), covering coughs, and keeping unwashed hands away from the face.[28][29] In addition, the use of a face covering is recommended for those who suspect they have the virus and their caregivers.[30][31] Recommendations for face covering use by the general public vary, with some authorities recommending against their use, some recommending their use, and others requiring their use.[32][31][33] Currently, there is not enough evidence for or against the use of masks (medical or other) in healthy individuals in the wider community.[6] Also masks purchased by the public may impact availability for health care providers.

 

Currently, there is no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19.[6] Management involves the treatment of symptoms, supportive care, isolation, and experimental measures.[34] The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC)[35][36] on 30 January 2020 and a pandemic on 11 March 2020.[10] Local transmission of the disease has occurred in most countries across all six WHO regions.[37]

 

File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Coronavirus disease 2019.webm

Video summary (script)

 

Contents

1Signs and symptoms

2Cause

2.1Transmission

2.2Virology

3Pathophysiology

3.1Immunopathology

4Diagnosis

4.1Pathology

5Prevention

6Management

6.1Medications

6.2Protective equipment

6.3Mechanical ventilation

6.4Acute respiratory distress syndrome

6.5Experimental treatment

6.6Information technology

6.7Psychological support

7Prognosis

7.1Reinfection

8History

9Epidemiology

9.1Infection fatality rate

9.2Sex differences

10Society and culture

10.1Name

10.2Misinformation

10.3Protests

11Other animals

12Research

12.1Vaccine

12.2Medications

12.3Anti-cytokine storm

12.4Passive antibodies

13See also

14Notes

15References

16External links

16.1Health agencies

16.2Directories

16.3Medical journals

Signs and symptoms

Symptom[4]Range

Fever83–99%

Cough59–82%

Loss of Appetite40–84%

Fatigue44–70%

Shortness of breath31–40%

Coughing up sputum28–33%

Loss of smell15[38] to 30%[12][39]

Muscle aches and pains11–35%

Fever is the most common symptom, although some older people and those with other health problems experience fever later in the disease.[4][40] In one study, 44% of people had fever when they presented to the hospital, while 89% went on to develop fever at some point during their hospitalization.[4][41]

 

Other common symptoms include cough, loss of appetite, fatigue, shortness of breath, sputum production, and muscle and joint pains.[4][5][42][43] Symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea have been observed in varying percentages.[44][45][46] Less common symptoms include sneezing, runny nose, or sore throat.[47]

 

More serious symptoms include difficulty breathing, persistent chest pain or pressure, confusion, difficulty waking, and bluish face or lips. Immediate medical attention is advised if these symptoms are present.[5][48]

 

In some, the disease may progress to pneumonia, multi-organ failure, and death.[9][14] In those who develop severe symptoms, time from symptom onset to needing mechanical ventilation is typically eight days.[4] Some cases in China initially presented with only chest tightness and palpitations.[49]

 

Loss of smell was identified as a common symptom of COVID‑19 in March 2020,[12][39] although perhaps not as common as initially reported.[38] A decreased sense of smell and/or disturbances in taste have also been reported.[50] Estimates for loss of smell range from 15%[38] to 30%.[12][39]

 

As is common with infections, there is a delay between the moment a person is first infected and the time he or she develops symptoms. This is called the incubation period. The incubation period for COVID‑19 is typically five to six days but may range from two to 14 days,[51][52] although 97.5% of people who develop symptoms will do so within 11.5 days of infection.[53]

 

A minority of cases do not develop noticeable symptoms at any point in time.[54][55] These asymptomatic carriers tend not to get tested, and their role in transmission is not yet fully known.[56][57] However, preliminary evidence suggests they may contribute to the spread of the disease.[58][59] In March 2020, the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) reported that 20% of confirmed cases remained asymptomatic during their hospital stay.[59][60]

 

A number of neurological symptoms has been reported including seizures, stroke, encephalitis and Guillain-Barre syndrome.[61] Cardiovascular related complications may include heart failure, irregular electrical activity, blood clots, and heart inflammation.[62]

 

Cause

See also: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

Transmission

Cough/sneeze droplets visualised in dark background using Tyndall scattering

Respiratory droplets produced when a man is sneezing visualised using Tyndall scattering

File:COVID19 in numbers- R0, the case fatality rate and why we need to flatten the curve.webm

A video discussing the basic reproduction number and case fatality rate in the context of the pandemic

Some details about how the disease is spread are still being determined.[16][18] The WHO and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) say it is primarily spread during close contact and by small droplets produced when people cough, sneeze or talk;[6][16] with close contact being within approximately 1–2 m (3–7 ft).[6][63] Both sputum and saliva can carry large viral loads.[64] Loud talking releases more droplets than normal talking.[65] A study in Singapore found that an uncovered cough can lead to droplets travelling up to 4.5 metres (15 feet).[66] An article published in March 2020 argued that advice on droplet distance might be based on 1930s research which ignored the effects of warm moist exhaled air surrounding the droplets and that an uncovered cough or sneeze can travel up to 8.2 metres (27 feet).[17]

  

Respiratory droplets may also be produced while breathing out, including when talking. Though the virus is not generally airborne,[6][67] the National Academy of Sciences has suggested that bioaerosol transmission may be possible.[68] In one study cited, air collectors positioned in the hallway outside of people's rooms yielded samples positive for viral RNA but finding infectious virus has proven elusive.[68] The droplets can land in the mouths or noses of people who are nearby or possibly be inhaled into the lungs.[16] Some medical procedures such as intubation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) may cause respiratory secretions to be aerosolised and thus result in an airborne spread.[67] Initial studies suggested a doubling time of the number of infected persons of 6–7 days and a basic reproduction number (R0 ) of 2.2–2.7, but a study published on April 7, 2020, calculated a much higher median R0 value of 5.7 in Wuhan.[69]

 

It may also spread when one touches a contaminated surface, known as fomite transmission, and then touches one's eyes, nose or mouth.[6] While there are concerns it may spread via faeces, this risk is believed to be low.[6][16]

 

The virus is most contagious when people are symptomatic; though spread is may be possible before symptoms emerge and from those who never develop symptoms.[6][70] A portion of individuals with coronavirus lack symptoms.[71] The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) says while it is not entirely clear how easily the disease spreads, one person generally infects two or three others.[18]

 

The virus survives for hours to days on surfaces.[6][18] Specifically, the virus was found to be detectable for one day on cardboard, for up to three days on plastic (polypropylene) and stainless steel (AISI 304), and for up to four hours on 99% copper.[21][23] This, however, varies depending on the humidity and temperature.[72][73] Surfaces may be decontaminated with many solutions (with one minute of exposure to the product achieving a 4 or more log reduction (99.99% reduction)), including 78–95% ethanol (alcohol used in spirits), 70–100% 2-propanol (isopropyl alcohol), the combination of 45% 2-propanol with 30% 1-propanol, 0.21% sodium hypochlorite (bleach), 0.5% hydrogen peroxide, or 0.23–7.5% povidone-iodine. Soap and detergent are also effective if correctly used; soap products degrade the virus' fatty protective layer, deactivating it, as well as freeing them from the skin and other surfaces.[74] Other solutions, such as benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine gluconate (a surgical disinfectant), are less effective.[75]

 

In a Hong Kong study, saliva samples were taken a median of two days after the start of hospitalization. In five of six patients, the first sample showed the highest viral load, and the sixth patient showed the highest viral load on the second day tested.[64]

 

Virology

Main article: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

 

Illustration of SARSr-CoV virion

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, first isolated from three people with pneumonia connected to the cluster of acute respiratory illness cases in Wuhan.[76] All features of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus occur in related coronaviruses in nature.[77] Outside the human body, the virus is killed by household soap, which bursts its protective bubble.[26]

 

SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to the original SARS-CoV.[78] It is thought to have a zoonotic origin. Genetic analysis has revealed that the coronavirus genetically clusters with the genus Betacoronavirus, in subgenus Sarbecovirus (lineage B) together with two bat-derived strains. It is 96% identical at the whole genome level to other bat coronavirus samples (BatCov RaTG13).[47] In February 2020, Chinese researchers found that there is only one amino acid difference in the binding domain of the S protein between the coronaviruses from pangolins and those from humans; however, whole-genome comparison to date found that at most 92% of genetic material was shared between pangolin coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2, which is insufficient to prove pangolins to be the intermediate host.[79]

 

Pathophysiology

The lungs are the organs most affected by COVID‑19 because the virus accesses host cells via the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is most abundant in type II alveolar cells of the lungs. The virus uses a special surface glycoprotein called a "spike" (peplomer) to connect to ACE2 and enter the host cell.[80] The density of ACE2 in each tissue correlates with the severity of the disease in that tissue and some have suggested that decreasing ACE2 activity might be protective,[81][82] though another view is that increasing ACE2 using angiotensin II receptor blocker medications could be protective and these hypotheses need to be tested.[83] As the alveolar disease progresses, respiratory failure might develop and death may follow.[82]

 

The virus also affects gastrointestinal organs as ACE2 is abundantly expressed in the glandular cells of gastric, duodenal and rectal epithelium[84] as well as endothelial cells and enterocytes of the small intestine.[85]

 

ACE2 is present in the brain, and there is growing evidence of neurological manifestations in people with COVID‑19. It is not certain if the virus can directly infect the brain by crossing the barriers that separate the circulation of the brain and the general circulation. Other coronaviruses are able to infect the brain via a synaptic route to the respiratory centre in the medulla, through mechanoreceptors like pulmonary stretch receptors and chemoreceptors (primarily central chemoreceptors) within the lungs.[medical citation needed] It is possible that dysfunction within the respiratory centre further worsens the ARDS seen in COVID‑19 patients. Common neurological presentations include a loss of smell, headaches, nausea, and vomiting. Encephalopathy has been noted to occur in some patients (and confirmed with imaging), with some reports of detection of the virus after cerebrospinal fluid assays although the presence of oligoclonal bands seems to be a common denominator in these patients.[86]

 

The virus can cause acute myocardial injury and chronic damage to the cardiovascular system.[87] An acute cardiac injury was found in 12% of infected people admitted to the hospital in Wuhan, China,[88] and is more frequent in severe disease.[89] Rates of cardiovascular symptoms are high, owing to the systemic inflammatory response and immune system disorders during disease progression, but acute myocardial injuries may also be related to ACE2 receptors in the heart.[87] ACE2 receptors are highly expressed in the heart and are involved in heart function.[87][90] A high incidence of thrombosis (31%) and venous thromboembolism (25%) have been found in ICU patients with COVID‑19 infections and may be related to poor prognosis.[91][92] Blood vessel dysfunction and clot formation (as suggested by high D-dimer levels) are thought to play a significant role in mortality, incidences of clots leading to pulmonary embolisms, and ischaemic events within the brain have been noted as complications leading to death in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Infection appears to set off a chain of vasoconstrictive responses within the body, constriction of blood vessels within the pulmonary circulation has also been posited as a mechanism in which oxygenation decreases alongside with the presentation of viral pneumonia.[93]

 

Another common cause of death is complications related to the kidneys[93]—SARS-CoV-2 directly infects kidney cells, as confirmed in post-mortem studies. Acute kidney injury is a common complication and cause of death; this is more significant in patients with already compromised kidney function, especially in people with pre-existing chronic conditions such as hypertension and diabetes which specifically cause nephropathy in the long run.[94]

 

Autopsies of people who died of COVID‑19 have found diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), and lymphocyte-containing inflammatory infiltrates within the lung.[95]

 

Immunopathology

Although SARS-COV-2 has a tropism for ACE2-expressing epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, patients with severe COVID‑19 have symptoms of systemic hyperinflammation. Clinical laboratory findings of elevated IL-2, IL-7, IL-6, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-γ inducible protein 10 (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein 1-α (MIP-1α), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) indicative of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) suggest an underlying immunopathology.[96]

 

Additionally, people with COVID‑19 and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have classical serum biomarkers of CRS, including elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), D-dimer, and ferritin.[97]

 

Systemic inflammation results in vasodilation, allowing inflammatory lymphocytic and monocytic infiltration of the lung and the heart. In particular, pathogenic GM-CSF-secreting T-cells were shown to correlate with the recruitment of inflammatory IL-6-secreting monocytes and severe lung pathology in COVID‑19 patients.[98] Lymphocytic infiltrates have also been reported at autopsy.[95]

 

Diagnosis

Main article: COVID-19 testing

 

Demonstration of a nasopharyngeal swab for COVID-19 testing

 

CDC rRT-PCR test kit for COVID-19[99]

The WHO has published several testing protocols for the disease.[100] The standard method of testing is real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR).[101] The test is typically done on respiratory samples obtained by a nasopharyngeal swab; however, a nasal swab or sputum sample may also be used.[25][102] Results are generally available within a few hours to two days.[103][104] Blood tests can be used, but these require two blood samples taken two weeks apart, and the results have little immediate value.[105] Chinese scientists were able to isolate a strain of the coronavirus and publish the genetic sequence so laboratories across the world could independently develop polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests to detect infection by the virus.[9][106][107] As of 4 April 2020, antibody tests (which may detect active infections and whether a person had been infected in the past) were in development, but not yet widely used.[108][109][110] The Chinese experience with testing has shown the accuracy is only 60 to 70%.[111] The FDA in the United States approved the first point-of-care test on 21 March 2020 for use at the end of that month.[112]

 

Diagnostic guidelines released by Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University suggested methods for detecting infections based upon clinical features and epidemiological risk. These involved identifying people who had at least two of the following symptoms in addition to a history of travel to Wuhan or contact with other infected people: fever, imaging features of pneumonia, normal or reduced white blood cell count, or reduced lymphocyte count.[113]

 

A study asked hospitalised COVID‑19 patients to cough into a sterile container, thus producing a saliva sample, and detected the virus in eleven of twelve patients using RT-PCR. This technique has the potential of being quicker than a swab and involving less risk to health care workers (collection at home or in the car).[64]

 

Along with laboratory testing, chest CT scans may be helpful to diagnose COVID-19 in individuals with a high clinical suspicion of infection but are not recommended for routine screening.[26][27] Bilateral multilobar ground-glass opacities with a peripheral, asymmetric, and posterior distribution are common in early infection.[26] Subpleural dominance, crazy paving (lobular septal thickening with variable alveolar filling), and consolidation may appear as the disease progresses.[26][114]

 

In late 2019, WHO assigned the emergency ICD-10 disease codes U07.1 for deaths from lab-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and U07.2 for deaths from clinically or epidemiologically diagnosed COVID‑19 without lab-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.[115]

  

Typical CT imaging findings

 

CT imaging of rapid progression stage

Pathology

Few data are available about microscopic lesions and the pathophysiology of COVID‑19.[116][117] The main pathological findings at autopsy are:

 

Macroscopy: pleurisy, pericarditis, lung consolidation and pulmonary oedema

Four types of severity of viral pneumonia can be observed:

minor pneumonia: minor serous exudation, minor fibrin exudation

mild pneumonia: pulmonary oedema, pneumocyte hyperplasia, large atypical pneumocytes, interstitial inflammation with lymphocytic infiltration and multinucleated giant cell formation

severe pneumonia: diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) with diffuse alveolar exudates. DAD is the cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and severe hypoxemia.

healing pneumonia: organisation of exudates in alveolar cavities and pulmonary interstitial fibrosis

plasmocytosis in BAL[118]

Blood: disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC);[119] leukoerythroblastic reaction[120]

Liver: microvesicular steatosis

Prevention

See also: 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic § Prevention, flatten the curve, and workplace hazard controls for COVID-19

 

Progressively stronger mitigation efforts to reduce the number of active cases at any given time—known as "flattening the curve"—allows healthcare services to better manage the same volume of patients.[121][122][123] Likewise, progressively greater increases in healthcare capacity—called raising the line—such as by increasing bed count, personnel, and equipment, helps to meet increased demand.[124]

 

Mitigation attempts that are inadequate in strictness or duration—such as premature relaxation of distancing rules or stay-at-home orders—can allow a resurgence after the initial surge and mitigation.[122][125]

Preventive measures to reduce the chances of infection include staying at home, avoiding crowded places, keeping distance from others, washing hands with soap and water often and for at least 20 seconds, practising good respiratory hygiene, and avoiding touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands.[126][127][128] The CDC recommends covering the mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing and recommends using the inside of the elbow if no tissue is available.[126] Proper hand hygiene after any cough or sneeze is encouraged.[126] The CDC has recommended the use of cloth face coverings in public settings where other social distancing measures are difficult to maintain, in part to limit transmission by asymptomatic individuals.[129] The U.S. National Institutes of Health guidelines do not recommend any medication for prevention of COVID‑19, before or after exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, outside of the setting of a clinical trial.[130]

 

Social distancing strategies aim to reduce contact of infected persons with large groups by closing schools and workplaces, restricting travel, and cancelling large public gatherings.[131] Distancing guidelines also include that people stay at least 6 feet (1.8 m) apart.[132] There is no medication known to be effective at preventing COVID‑19.[133] After the implementation of social distancing and stay-at-home orders, many regions have been able to sustain an effective transmission rate ("Rt") of less than one, meaning the disease is in remission in those areas.[134]

 

As a vaccine is not expected until 2021 at the earliest,[135] a key part of managing COVID‑19 is trying to decrease the epidemic peak, known as "flattening the curve".[122] This is done by slowing the infection rate to decrease the risk of health services being overwhelmed, allowing for better treatment of current cases, and delaying additional cases until effective treatments or a vaccine become available.[122][125]

 

According to the WHO, the use of masks is recommended only if a person is coughing or sneezing or when one is taking care of someone with a suspected infection.[136] For the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) face masks "... could be considered especially when visiting busy closed spaces ..." but "... only as a complementary measure ..."[137] Several countries have recommended that healthy individuals wear face masks or cloth face coverings (like scarves or bandanas) at least in certain public settings, including China,[138] Hong Kong,[139] Spain,[140] Italy (Lombardy region),[141] and the United States.[129]

 

Those diagnosed with COVID‑19 or who believe they may be infected are advised by the CDC to stay home except to get medical care, call ahead before visiting a healthcare provider, wear a face mask before entering the healthcare provider's office and when in any room or vehicle with another person, cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue, regularly wash hands with soap and water and avoid sharing personal household items.[30][142] The CDC also recommends that individuals wash hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after going to the toilet or when hands are visibly dirty, before eating and after blowing one's nose, coughing or sneezing. It further recommends using an alcohol-based hand sanitiser with at least 60% alcohol, but only when soap and water are not readily available.[126]

 

For areas where commercial hand sanitisers are not readily available, the WHO provides two formulations for local production. In these formulations, the antimicrobial activity arises from ethanol or isopropanol. Hydrogen peroxide is used to help eliminate bacterial spores in the alcohol; it is "not an active substance for hand antisepsis". Glycerol is added as a humectant.[143]

  

Prevention efforts are multiplicative, with effects far beyond that of a single spread. Each avoided case leads to more avoided cases down the line, which in turn can stop the outbreak in its tracks.

 

File:COVID19 W ENG.ogv

Handwashing instructions

Management

People are managed with supportive care, which may include fluid therapy, oxygen support, and supporting other affected vital organs.[144][145][146] The CDC recommends that those who suspect they carry the virus wear a simple face mask.[30] Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used to address the issue of respiratory failure, but its benefits are still under consideration.[41][147] Personal hygiene and a healthy lifestyle and diet have been recommended to improve immunity.[148] Supportive treatments may be useful in those with mild symptoms at the early stage of infection.[149]

 

The WHO, the Chinese National Health Commission, and the United States' National Institutes of Health have published recommendations for taking care of people who are hospitalised with COVID‑19.[130][150][151] Intensivists and pulmonologists in the U.S. have compiled treatment recommendations from various agencies into a free resource, the IBCC.[152][153]

 

Medications

See also: Coronavirus disease 2019 § Research

As of April 2020, there is no specific treatment for COVID‑19.[6][133] Research is, however, ongoing. For symptoms, some medical professionals recommend paracetamol (acetaminophen) over ibuprofen for first-line use.[154][155][156] The WHO and NIH do not oppose the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen for symptoms,[130][157] and the FDA says currently there is no evidence that NSAIDs worsen COVID‑19 symptoms.[158]

 

While theoretical concerns have been raised about ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, as of 19 March 2020, these are not sufficient to justify stopping these medications.[130][159][160][161] Steroids, such as methylprednisolone, are not recommended unless the disease is complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome.[162][163]

 

Medications to prevent blood clotting have been suggested for treatment,[91] and anticoagulant therapy with low molecular weight heparin appears to be associated with better outcomes in severe COVID‐19 showing signs of coagulopathy (elevated D-dimer).[164]

 

Protective equipment

See also: COVID-19 related shortages

 

The CDC recommends four steps to putting on personal protective equipment (PPE).[165]

Precautions must be taken to minimise the risk of virus transmission, especially in healthcare settings when performing procedures that can generate aerosols, such as intubation or hand ventilation.[166] For healthcare professionals caring for people with COVID‑19, the CDC recommends placing the person in an Airborne Infection Isolation Room (AIIR) in addition to using standard precautions, contact precautions, and airborne precautions.[167]

 

The CDC outlines the guidelines for the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) during the pandemic. The recommended gear is a PPE gown, respirator or facemask, eye protection, and medical gloves.[168][169]

 

When available, respirators (instead of facemasks) are preferred.[170] N95 respirators are approved for industrial settings but the FDA has authorised the masks for use under an Emergency Use Authorisation (EUA). They are designed to protect from airborne particles like dust but effectiveness against a specific biological agent is not guaranteed for off-label uses.[171] When masks are not available, the CDC recommends using face shields or, as a last resort, homemade masks.[172]

 

Mechanical ventilation

Most cases of COVID‑19 are not severe enough to require mechanical ventilation or alternatives, but a percentage of cases are.[173][174] The type of respiratory support for individuals with COVID‑19 related respiratory failure is being actively studied for people in the hospital, with some evidence that intubation can be avoided with a high flow nasal cannula or bi-level positive airway pressure.[175] Whether either of these two leads to the same benefit for people who are critically ill is not known.[176] Some doctors prefer staying with invasive mechanical ventilation when available because this technique limits the spread of aerosol particles compared to a high flow nasal cannula.[173]

 

Severe cases are most common in older adults (those older than 60 years,[173] and especially those older than 80 years).[177] Many developed countries do not have enough hospital beds per capita, which limits a health system's capacity to handle a sudden spike in the number of COVID‑19 cases severe enough to require hospitalisation.[178] This limited capacity is a significant driver behind calls to flatten the curve.[178] One study in China found 5% were admitted to intensive care units, 2.3% needed mechanical support of ventilation, and 1.4% died.[41] In China, approximately 30% of people in hospital with COVID‑19 are eventually admitted to ICU.[4]

 

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Main article: Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Mechanical ventilation becomes more complex as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) develops in COVID‑19 and oxygenation becomes increasingly difficult.[179] Ventilators capable of pressure control modes and high PEEP[180] are needed to maximise oxygen delivery while minimising the risk of ventilator-associated lung injury and pneumothorax.[181] High PEEP may not be available on older ventilators.

 

Options for ARDS[179]

TherapyRecommendations

High-flow nasal oxygenFor SpO2 <93%. May prevent the need for intubation and ventilation

Tidal volume6mL per kg and can be reduced to 4mL/kg

Plateau airway pressureKeep below 30 cmH2O if possible (high respiratory rate (35 per minute) may be required)

Positive end-expiratory pressureModerate to high levels

Prone positioningFor worsening oxygenation

Fluid managementGoal is a negative balance of 0.5–1.0L per day

AntibioticsFor secondary bacterial infections

GlucocorticoidsNot recommended

Experimental treatment

See also: § Research

Research into potential treatments started in January 2020,[182] and several antiviral drugs are in clinical trials.[183][184] Remdesivir appears to be the most promising.[133] Although new medications may take until 2021 to develop,[185] several of the medications being tested are already approved for other uses or are already in advanced testing.[186] Antiviral medication may be tried in people with severe disease.[144] The WHO recommended volunteers take part in trials of the effectiveness and safety of potential treatments.[187]

 

The FDA has granted temporary authorisation to convalescent plasma as an experimental treatment in cases where the person's life is seriously or immediately threatened. It has not undergone the clinical studies needed to show it is safe and effective for the disease.[188][189][190]

 

Information technology

See also: Contact tracing and Government by algorithm

In February 2020, China launched a mobile app to deal with the disease outbreak.[191] Users are asked to enter their name and ID number. The app can detect 'close contact' using surveillance data and therefore a potential risk of infection. Every user can also check the status of three other users. If a potential risk is detected, the app not only recommends self-quarantine, it also alerts local health officials.[192]

 

Big data analytics on cellphone data, facial recognition technology, mobile phone tracking, and artificial intelligence are used to track infected people and people whom they contacted in South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore.[193][194] In March 2020, the Israeli government enabled security agencies to track mobile phone data of people supposed to have coronavirus. The measure was taken to enforce quarantine and protect those who may come into contact with infected citizens.[195] Also in March 2020, Deutsche Telekom shared aggregated phone location data with the German federal government agency, Robert Koch Institute, to research and prevent the spread of the virus.[196] Russia deployed facial recognition technology to detect quarantine breakers.[197] Italian regional health commissioner Giulio Gallera said he has been informed by mobile phone operators that "40% of people are continuing to move around anyway".[198] German government conducted a 48 hours weekend hackathon with more than 42.000 participants.[199][200] Two million people in the UK used an app developed in March 2020 by King's College London and Zoe to track people with COVID‑19 symptoms.[201] Also, the president of Estonia, Kersti Kaljulaid, made a global call for creative solutions against the spread of coronavirus.[202]

 

Psychological support

See also: Mental health during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic

Individuals may experience distress from quarantine, travel restrictions, side effects of treatment, or fear of the infection itself. To address these concerns, the National Health Commission of China published a national guideline for psychological crisis intervention on 27 January 2020.[203][204]

 

The Lancet published a 14-page call for action focusing on the UK and stated conditions were such that a range of mental health issues was likely to become more common. BBC quoted Rory O'Connor in saying, "Increased social isolation, loneliness, health anxiety, stress and an economic downturn are a perfect storm to harm people's mental health and wellbeing."[205][206]

 

Prognosis

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The severity of diagnosed cases in China

The severity of diagnosed COVID-19 cases in China[207]

Case fatality rates for COVID-19 by age by country.

Case fatality rates by age group:

China, as of 11 February 2020[208]

South Korea, as of 15 April 2020[209]

Spain, as of 24 April 2020[210]

Italy, as of 23 April 2020[211]

Case fatality rate depending on other health problems

Case fatality rate in China depending on other health problems. Data through 11 February 2020.[208]

Case fatality rate by country and number of cases

The number of deaths vs total cases by country and approximate case fatality rate[212]

The severity of COVID‑19 varies. The disease may take a mild course with few or no symptoms, resembling other common upper respiratory diseases such as the common cold. Mild cases typically recover within two weeks, while those with severe or critical diseases may take three to six weeks to recover. Among those who have died, the time from symptom onset to death has ranged from two to eight weeks.[47]

 

Children make up a small proportion of reported cases, with about 1% of cases being under 10 years, and 4% aged 10-19 years.[22] They are likely to have milder symptoms and a lower chance of severe disease than adults; in those younger than 50 years, the risk of death is less than 0.5%, while in those older than 70 it is more than 8%.[213][214][215] Pregnant women may be at higher risk for severe infection with COVID-19 based on data from other similar viruses, like SARS and MERS, but data for COVID-19 is lacking.[216][217] In China, children acquired infections mainly through close contact with their parents or other family members who lived in Wuhan or had traveled there.[213]

 

In some people, COVID‑19 may affect the lungs causing pneumonia. In those most severely affected, COVID-19 may rapidly progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) causing respiratory failure, septic shock, or multi-organ failure.[218][219] Complications associated with COVID‑19 include sepsis, abnormal clotting, and damage to the heart, kidneys, and liver. Clotting abnormalities, specifically an increase in prothrombin time, have been described in 6% of those admitted to hospital with COVID-19, while abnormal kidney function is seen in 4% of this group.[220] Approximately 20-30% of people who present with COVID‑19 demonstrate elevated liver enzymes (transaminases).[133] Liver injury as shown by blood markers of liver damage is frequently seen in severe cases.[221]

 

Some studies have found that the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) may be helpful in early screening for severe illness.[222]

 

Most of those who die of COVID‑19 have pre-existing (underlying) conditions, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease.[223] The Istituto Superiore di Sanità reported that out of 8.8% of deaths where medical charts were available for review, 97.2% of sampled patients had at least one comorbidity with the average patient having 2.7 diseases.[224] According to the same report, the median time between the onset of symptoms and death was ten days, with five being spent hospitalised. However, patients transferred to an ICU had a median time of seven days between hospitalisation and death.[224] In a study of early cases, the median time from exhibiting initial symptoms to death was 14 days, with a full range of six to 41 days.[225] In a study by the National Health Commission (NHC) of China, men had a death rate of 2.8% while women had a death rate of 1.7%.[226] Histopathological examinations of post-mortem lung samples show diffuse alveolar damage with cellular fibromyxoid exudates in both lungs. Viral cytopathic changes were observed in the pneumocytes. The lung picture resembled acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).[47] In 11.8% of the deaths reported by the National Health Commission of China, heart damage was noted by elevated levels of troponin or cardiac arrest.[49] According to March data from the United States, 89% of those hospitalised had preexisting conditions.[227]

 

The availability of medical resources and the socioeconomics of a region may also affect mortality.[228] Estimates of the mortality from the condition vary because of those regional differences,[229] but also because of methodological difficulties. The under-counting of mild cases can cause the mortality rate to be overestimated.[230] However, the fact that deaths are the result of cases contracted in the past can mean the current mortality rate is underestimated.[231][232] Smokers were 1.4 times more likely to have severe symptoms of COVID‑19 and approximately 2.4 times more likely to require intensive care or die compared to non-smokers.[233]

 

Concerns have been raised about long-term sequelae of the disease. The Hong Kong Hospital Authority found a drop of 20% to 30% in lung capacity in some people who recovered from the disease, and lung scans suggested organ damage.[234] This may also lead to post-intensive care syndrome following recovery.[235]

 

Case fatality rates (%) by age and country

Age0–910–1920–2930–3940–4950–5960–6970–7980-8990+

China as of 11 February[208]0.00.20.20.20.41.33.68.014.8

Denmark as of 25 April[236]0.24.515.524.940.7

Italy as of 23 April[211]0.20.00.10.40.92.610.024.930.826.1

Netherlands as of 17 April[237]0.00.30.10.20.51.57.623.230.029.3

Portugal as of 24 April[238]0.00.00.00.00.30.62.88.516.5

S. Korea as of 15 April[209]0.00.00.00.10.20.72.59.722.2

Spain as of 24 April[210]0.30.40.30.30.61.34.413.220.320.1

Switzerland as of 25 April[239]0.90.00.00.10.00.52.710.124.0

Case fatality rates (%) by age in the United States

Age0–1920–4445–5455–6465–7475–8485+

United States as of 16 March[240]0.00.1–0.20.5–0.81.4–2.62.7–4.94.3–10.510.4–27.3

Note: The lower bound includes all cases. The upper bound excludes cases that were missing data.

Estimate of infection fatality rates and probability of severe disease course (%) by age based on cases from China[241]

0–910–1920–2930–3940–4950–5960–6970–7980+

Severe disease0.0

(0.0–0.0)0.04

(0.02–0.08)1.0

(0.62–2.1)3.4

(2.0–7.0)4.3

(2.5–8.7)8.2

(4.9–17)11

(7.0–24)17

(9.9–34)18

(11–38)

Death0.0016

(0.00016–0.025)0.0070

(0.0015–0.050)0.031

(0.014–0.092)0.084

(0.041–0.19)0.16

(0.076–0.32)0.60

(0.34–1.3)1.9

(1.1–3.9)4.3

(2.5–8.4)7.8

(3.8–13)

Total infection fatality rate is estimated to be 0.66% (0.39–1.3). Infection fatality rate is fatality per all infected individuals, regardless of whether they were diagnosed or had any symptoms. Numbers in parentheses are 95% credible intervals for the estimates.

Reinfection

As of March 2020, it was unknown if past infection provides effective and long-term immunity in people who recover from the disease.[242] Immunity is seen as likely, based on the behaviour of other coronaviruses,[243] but cases in which recovery from COVID‑19 have been followed by positive tests for coronavirus at a later date have been reported.[244][245][246][247] These cases are believed to be worsening of a lingering infection rather than re-infection.[247]

 

History

Main article: Timeline of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic

The virus is thought to be natural and has an animal origin,[77] through spillover infection.[248] The actual origin is unknown, but by December 2019 the spread of infection was almost entirely driven by human-to-human transmission.[208][249] A study of the first 41 cases of confirmed COVID‑19, published in January 2020 in The Lancet, revealed the earliest date of onset of symptoms as 1 December 2019.[250][251][252] Official publications from the WHO reported the earliest onset of symptoms as 8 December 2019.[253] Human-to-human transmission was confirmed by the WHO and Chinese authorities by 20 January 2020.[254][255]

 

Epidemiology

Main article: 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic

Several measures are commonly used to quantify mortality.[256] These numbers vary by region and over time and are influenced by the volume of testing, healthcare system quality, treatment options, time since the initial outbreak, and population characteristics such as age, sex, and overall health.[257]

 

The death-to-case ratio reflects the number of deaths divided by the number of diagnosed cases within a given time interval. Based on Johns Hopkins University statistics, the global death-to-case ratio is 7.0% (203,044/2,899,830) as of 26 April 2020.[7] The number varies by region.[258]

 

Other measures include the case fatality rate (CFR), which reflects the percent of diagnosed individuals who die from a disease, and the infection fatality rate (IFR), which reflects the percent of infected individuals (diagnosed and undiagnosed) who die from a disease. These statistics are not time-bound and follow a specific population from infection through case resolution. Many academics have attempted to calculate these numbers for specific populations.[259]

  

Total confirmed cases over time

 

Total deaths over time

 

Total confirmed cases of COVID‑19 per million people, 10 April 2020[260]

 

Total confirmed deaths due to COVID‑19 per million people, 10 April 2020[261]

Infection fatality rate

Our World in Data states that as of March 25, 2020, the infection fatality rate (IFR) cannot be accurately calculated.[262] In February, the World Health Organization estimated the IFR at 0.94%, with a confidence interval between 0.37 percent to 2.9 percent.[263] The University of Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM) estimated a global CFR of 0.72 percent and IFR of 0.1 percent to 0.36 percent.[264] According to CEBM, random antibody testing in Germany suggested an IFR of 0.37 percent there.[264] Firm lower limits to local infection fatality rates were established, such as in Bergamo province, where 0.57% of the population has died, leading to a minimum IFR of 0.57% in the province. This population fatality rate (PFR) minimum increases as more people get infected and run through their disease.[265][266] Similarly, as of April 22 in the New York City area, there were 15,411 deaths confirmed from COVID-19, and 19,200 excess deaths.[267] Very recently, the first results of antibody testing have come in, but there are no valid scientific reports based on them available yet. A Bloomberg Opinion piece provides a survey.[268][269]

 

Sex differences

Main article: Gendered impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic

The impact of the pandemic and its mortality rate are different for men and women.[270] Mortality is higher in men in studies conducted in China and Italy.[271][272][273] The highest risk for men is in their 50s, with the gap between men and women closing only at 90.[273] In China, the death rate was 2.8 percent for men and 1.7 percent for women.[273] The exact reasons for this sex-difference are not known, but genetic and behavioural factors could be a reason.[270] Sex-based immunological differences, a lower prevalence of smoking in women, and men developing co-morbid conditions such as hypertension at a younger age than women could have contributed to the higher mortality in men.[273] In Europe, of those infected with COVID‑19, 57% were men; of those infected with COVID‑19 who also died, 72% were men.[274] As of April 2020, the U.S. government is not tracking sex-related data of COVID‑19 infections.[275] Research has shown that viral illnesses like Ebola, HIV, influenza, and SARS affect men and women differently.[275] A higher percentage of health workers, particularly nurses, are women, and they have a higher chance of being exposed to the virus.[276] School closures, lockdowns, and reduced access to healthcare following the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic may differentially affect the genders and possibly exaggerate existing gender disparity.[270][277]

 

Society and culture

Name

During the initial outbreak in Wuhan, China, the virus and disease were commonly referred to as "coronavirus" and "Wuhan coronavirus",[278][279][280] with the disease sometimes called "Wuhan pneumonia".[281][282] In the past, many diseases have been named after geographical locations, such as the Spanish flu,[283] Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, and Zika virus.[284]

 

In January 2020, the World Health Organisation recommended 2019-nCov[285] and 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease[286] as interim names for the virus and disease per 2015 guidance and international guidelines against using geographical locations (e.g. Wuhan, China), animal species or groups of people in disease and virus names to prevent social stigma.[287][288][289]

 

The official names COVID‑19 and SARS-CoV-2 were issued by the WHO on 11 February 2020.[290] WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus explained: CO for corona, VI for virus, D for disease and 19 for when the outbreak was first identified (31 December 2019).[291] The WHO additionally uses "the COVID‑19 virus" and "the virus responsible for COVID‑19" in public communications.[290] Both the disease and virus are commonly referred to as "coronavirus" in the media and public discourse.

 

Misinformation

Main article: Misinformation related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic

After the initial outbreak of COVID‑19, conspiracy theories, misinformation, and disinformation emerged regarding the origin, scale, prevention, treatment, and other aspects of the disease and rapidly spread online.[292][293][294][295]

 

Protests

Beginning April 17, 2020, news media began reporting on a wave of demonstrations protesting against state-mandated quarantine restrictions in in Michigan, Ohio, and Kentucky.[296][297]

 

Other animals

Humans appear to be capable of spreading the virus to some other animals. A domestic cat in Liège, Belgium, tested positive after it started showing symptoms (diarrhoea, vomiting, shortness of breath) a week later than its owner, who was also positive.[298] Tigers at the Bronx Zoo in New York, United States, tested positive for the virus and showed symptoms of COVID‑19, including a dry cough and loss of appetite.[299]

 

A study on domesticated animals inoculated with the virus found that cats and ferrets appear to be "highly susceptible" to the disease, while dogs appear to be less susceptible, with lower levels of viral replication. The study failed to find evidence of viral replication in pigs, ducks, and chickens.[300]

 

Research

Main article: COVID-19 drug development

No medication or vaccine is approved to treat the disease.[186] International research on vaccines and medicines in COVID‑19 is underway by government organisations, academic groups, and industry researchers.[301][302] In March, the World Health Organisation initiated the "SOLIDARITY Trial" to assess the treatment effects of four existing antiviral compounds with the most promise of efficacy.[303]

 

Vaccine

Main article: COVID-19 vaccine

There is no available vaccine, but various agencies are actively developing vaccine candidates. Previous work on SARS-CoV is being used because both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 use the ACE2 receptor to enter human cells.[304] Three vaccination strategies are being investigated. First, researchers aim to build a whole virus vaccine. The use of such a virus, be it inactive or dead, aims to elicit a prompt immune response of the human body to a new infection with COVID‑19. A second strategy, subunit vaccines, aims to create a vaccine that sensitises the immune system to certain subunits of the virus. In the case of SARS-CoV-2, such research focuses on the S-spike protein that helps the virus intrude the ACE2 enzyme receptor. A third strategy is that of the nucleic acid vaccines (DNA or RNA vaccines, a novel technique for creating a vaccination). Experimental vaccines from any of these strategies would have to be tested for safety and efficacy.[305]

 

On 16 March 2020, the first clinical trial of a vaccine started with four volunteers in Seattle, United States. The vaccine contains a harmless genetic code copied from the virus that causes the disease.[306]

 

Antibody-dependent enhancement has been suggested as a potential challenge for vaccine development for SARS-COV-2, but this is controversial.[307]

 

Medications

Main article: COVID-19 drug repurposing research

At least 29 phase II–IV efficacy trials in COVID‑19 were concluded in March 2020 or scheduled to provide results in April from hospitals in China.[308][309] There are more than 300 active clinical trials underway as of April 2020.[133] Seven trials were evaluating already approved treatments, including four studies on hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine.[309] Repurposed antiviral drugs make up most of the Chinese research, with nine phase III trials on remdesivir across several countries due to report by the end of April.[308][309] Other candidates in trials include vasodilators, corticosteroids, immune therapies, lipoic acid, bevacizumab, and recombinant angiotensin-converting enzyme 2.[309]

 

The COVID‑19 Clinical Research Coalition has goals to 1) facilitate rapid reviews of clinical trial proposals by ethics committees and national regulatory agencies, 2) fast-track approvals for the candidate therapeutic compounds, 3) ensure standardised and rapid analysis of emerging efficacy and safety data and 4) facilitate sharing of clinical trial outcomes before publication.[310][311]

 

Several existing medications are being evaluated for the treatment of COVID‑19,[186] including remdesivir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, and lopinavir/ritonavir combined with interferon beta.[303][312] There is tentative evidence for efficacy by remdesivir, as of March 2020.[313][314] Clinical improvement was observed in patients treated with compassionate-use remdesivir.[315] Remdesivir inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.[316] Phase III clinical trials are underway in the U.S., China, and Italy.[186][308][317]

 

In 2020, a trial found that lopinavir/ritonavir was ineffective in the treatment of severe illness.[318] Nitazoxanide has been recommended for further in vivo study after demonstrating low concentration inhibition of SARS-CoV-2.[316]

 

There are mixed results as of 3 April 2020 as to the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID‑19, with some studies showing little or no improvement.[319][320] The studies of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin have major limitations that have prevented the medical community from embracing these therapies without further study.[133]

 

Oseltamivir does not inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and has no known role in COVID‑19 treatment.[133]

 

Anti-cytokine storm

Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) can be a complication in the later stages of severe COVID‑19. There is preliminary evidence that hydroxychloroquine may have anti-cytokine storm properties.[321]

 

Tocilizumab has been included in treatment guidelines by China's National Health Commission after a small study was completed.[322][323] It is undergoing a phase 2 non-randomised trial at the national level in Italy after showing positive results in people with severe disease.[324][325] Combined with a serum ferritin blood test to identify cytokine storms, it is meant to counter such developments, which are thought to be the cause of death in some affected people.[326][327][328] The interleukin-6 receptor antagonist was approved by the FDA to undergo a phase III clinical trial assessing the medication's impact on COVID‑19 based on retrospective case studies for the treatment of steroid-refractory cytokine release syndrome induced by a different cause, CAR T cell therapy, in 2017.[329] To date, there is no randomised, controlled evidence that tocilizumab is an efficacious treatment for CRS. Prophylactic tocilizumab has been shown to increase serum IL-6 levels by saturating the IL-6R, driving IL-6 across the blood-brain barrier, and exacerbating neurotoxicity while having no impact on the incidence of CRS.[330]

 

Lenzilumab, an anti-GM-CSF monoclonal antibody, is protective in murine models for CAR T cell-induced CRS and neurotoxicity and is a viable therapeutic option due to the observed increase of pathogenic GM-CSF secreting T-cells in hospitalised patients with COVID‑19.[331]

 

The Feinstein Institute of Northwell Health announced in March a study on "a human antibody that may prevent the activity" of IL-6.[332]

 

Passive antibodies

Transferring purified and concentrated antibodies produced by the immune systems of those who have recovered from COVID‑19 to people who need them is being investigated as a non-vaccine method of passive immunisation.[333] This strategy was tried for SARS with inconclusive results.[333] Viral neutralisation is the anticipated mechanism of action by which passive antibody therapy can mediate defence against SARS-CoV-2. Other mechanisms, however, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and/or phagocytosis, may be possible.[333] Other forms of passive antibody therapy, for example, using manufactured monoclonal antibodies, are in development.[333] Production of convalescent serum, which consists of the liquid portion of the blood from recovered patients and contains antibodies specific to this virus, could be increased for quicker deployment.[334]

  

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019

British postcard by Lilywhite Ltd, no. C.M. 125. Caption: Nazimova, A Noted Cinema Star. Sent by mail in 1921.

 

Alla Nazimova (1879–1945) was a grand, highly flamboyant star of the American silent cinema. The Russian-born film and theatre actress, screenwriter, and film producer was widely known as just Nazimova. On Broadway, she was noted for her work in the classic plays of Ibsen, Chekhov, and Turgenev. Her efforts at silent film production were less successful, but a few sound-film performances survive as a record of her art.

 

Alla Nazimova (Russian: Алла Назимовa) was born Marem-Ides Leventon (Russian name Adelaida Yakovlevna Leventon) in Yalta, Crimea, Russian Empire, in 1879. She was the youngest of three children of Jewish parents Yakov Abramovich Leventon, a pharmacist, and Sofia (Sara) Lvovna Horowitz, who moved to Yalta in 1870 from Kishinev. At age 17 Alla Leventon abandoned her training as a violinist and went to Moscow to work in theatre with V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko. In 1892, she joined Constantin Stanislavski's Moscow Art Theatre using the name of Alla Nazimova for the first time. Her stage name was a combination of Alla (a diminutive of Adelaida) and the surname of Nadezhda Nazimova, the heroine of the Russian novel 'Children of the Streets'. Nazimova's theatre career blossomed early. In 1899 she married Sergei Golovin, a fellow actor, but they soon separated. Gary Brumburgh at IMDb: “She grew discontented with Stanislavsky and later performed in repertory. She met the legendary Pavel Orlenev, a close friend of Anton Chekhov and Maxim Gorky, and entered into both a personal and professional relationship with him.” By 1903 she was touring Russian provinces. She also toured Europe, including London and Berlin, with Orlenev. They immigrated to the United States in 1905. He soon returned, but she was signed up by the American producer Henry Miller. Although she spoke not a word of English, she so impressed the Shubert brothers that they hired her on the condition she learn English in six months. In 1906 she made her Broadway debut in the title role of 'Hedda Gabler' by Henrik Ibsen with critical and popular success. She also played other Ibsen characters: Nora in 'A Doll’s House', Hedwig in 'The Wild Duck', and Hilda in 'The Master Builder'. She quickly became extremely popular and remained a major Broadway star for years.From 1912 to 1925 Nazimova maintained a ‘fake marriage’ with British actor and director Charles Bryant, who often was her co-star. In order to bolster this arrangement with Bryant, Nazimova kept her marriage to Golovin secret. Due to her notoriety in a 35-minute 1915 pacifist play entitled War Brides, Nazimova made her silent film debut in the film version, War Brides (Herbert Brenon, 1916), which was produced by independent producer Lewis J. Selznick. She made $100,000 touring in War Brides and an additional $60,000 for the film version. The film's lost status makes it now a sought-after title. In 1917, she negotiated a contract with Metro Pictures, a precursor to MGM, that included a weekly salary of $13,000. She moved from New York to Hollywood, where she made a number of highly successful films for Metro, including a part as a reformed prostitute in Revelation (George D. Baker, 1918), which earned her a considerable amount of money. Nazimova soon felt confident enough in her abilities to begin producing and writing films in which she also starred. Examples are Eye for Eye (Albert Capellani, 1918), The Brat (Herbert Blache, 1919) and Madame Peacock (Ray C. Smallwood, 1920).

 

Alla Nazimova starred in Camille (Ray C. Smallwood, 1921) as the courtesan Marguerite opposite Rudolph Valentino as her idealistic young lover Armand. Camille is based on the play adaptation La Dame aux Camélias (The Lady of the Camellias) by Alexandre Dumas, fils. The film was set in 1920s Paris, whereas the original version took place in Paris in the 1840s. It had lavish Art Deco sets and Rudolph Valentino later married the art director, Natacha Rambova. Jennifer Horne at The Women Film Pioneers Project: “Working under contract with Metro Pictures Corporation between late 1917 and April 1921, her company, Nazimova Productions, produced nine largely profitable, feature-length films and brought along the writing talent of writer-producer June Mathis. Details regarding the supervisory roles Nazimova played in the production of many of her films remain confusing since not all of Nazimova’s contributions are reflected in the official credits on films.” In her film adaptations A Doll's House (Charles Bryant, 1922), based on Henrik Ibsen, and Salomé (Charles Bryant, 1923), based on Oscar Wilde's play, Nazimova developed her own filmmaking techniques, which were considered daring at the time. Despite the film being only a little over an hour in length and having no real action to speak of, Salomé cost over $350,000 to make. All the sets were constructed indoors to be able to have complete control over the lighting. The film was shot completely in black and white, matching the illustrations done by Aubrey Beardsley in the printed edition of Wilde's play. The costumes, designed by Natacha Rambova, used material only from Maison Lewis of Paris, such as the real silver lamé loincloths worn by the guards. Both A Doll's House and Salomé were critical and commercial failures. Gary Brumburgh: “The monetary losses she suffered as producer were astronomical. The Hays Code, which led to severe censorship in pictures, also led to her downfall, as did her outmoded acting style.” By 1925 Nazimova could no longer afford to invest in more films, and financial backers withdrew their support. Left with few options, she gave up on the film industry. She became an American citizen in 1927.

 

In 1928, Alla Nazimova returned to the Broadway stage as Madame Ranevsky in Eva Le Gallienne’s production of Anton Chekhov’s The Cherry Orchard. Acclaimed were also her starring roles as Natalya Petrovna in Rouben Mamoulian's 1930 production of Turgenev's A Month in the Country, Christine in Eugene O’Neill’s Mourning Becomes Electra (1931), O-Lan in Pearl Buck’s The Good Earth (1932), and as Mrs. Alving in Ibsen's Ghosts (1935). In the early 1940s, she played character roles in a few more films. She played Robert Taylor's mother who is in a concentration camp in Nazi Germany in Escape (Mervyn Le Roy, 1940) and Tyrone Power's mother in Blood and Sand (Rouben Mamoulian, 1941). Her final film was Since You Went Away (John Cromwell, 1944), an epic about the American home front during World War II. Nazimova openly conducted relationships with women, and there were outlandish parties at her mansion on Sunset Boulevard, in Hollywood, California, known as ‘The Garden of Alla’. She is credited with having originated the phrase ‘sewing circle’ as a discreet code for lesbian or bisexual actresses. Nazimova helped start the careers of both of Rudolph Valentino's wives, Jean Acker and Natacha Rambova. Although she was involved in a lesbian affair with Acker, it is debated if Nazimova and Rambova had a sexual affair. Nazimova was impressed by Rambova's skills as an art director, and Rambova designed the innovative sets for Nazimova's film productions of Camille and Salomé. Of those Nazimova is confirmed to have been involved with romantically, the list includes actress Eva Le Gallienne, director Dorothy Arzner, writer Mercedes de Acosta, and Oscar Wilde's niece, Dolly Wilde. Nazimova lived with Glesca Marshall from 1929 until her death. In 1945 Nazimova died of coronary thrombosis in a hospital in Los Angeles. She was 66.

 

Sources: Jennifer Horne (Women Film Pioneers Project), Gary Brumburgh (IMDb), Sandra Brennan (AllMovie), Encyclopaedia Britannica, Wikipedia, and IMDb.

 

And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.

AstraZeneca said in a statement that “a careful review of all available safety data of more than 17 million people vaccinated in the European Union and UK with COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca has shown no evidence of an increased risk of pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis or thrombocytopenia, in any defined age group, gender, batch or in any particular country. … The Company is keeping this issue under close review but available evidence does not confirm that the vaccine is the cause.”

OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA

Diabetes - check.

Morbid Obesity - check.

Congestive heart failure - check.

Pacemaker implant - check.

Deep vein thrombosis - check.

Believes in Glenn Beck = Dementia - check.

Cigar after Thanksgiving dinner every year with us - priceless.

Passed this man on crutches in old Town Havana. He required one peso to pose for a photo. Luis was a street extra in Buena Vista Social Club (before becoming an amputee). I think diabetes is the cause of his leg being amputated. He is the former world record holder for his 300+ piercings.

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havanajournal.com/culture/entry/cuban-healthcare-a-diabet...

 

Cuban Healthcare - A Diabetes study is underway

 

Posted by publisher in Cuban Healthcare (0 comments)

 

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Granma.cu | BY LILLIAM RIERA

 

Number of diabetics in Cuba could double by 2010 • In the Habana municipality of Jaruco an active investigation within the population is underway, looking to the prevention and treatment of diabetes, an effort that is later to be extended to the rest of the country

 

CURRENTLY there are 375,095 registered cases of diabetes in Cuba, a figure that could reach 624,000 by 2010, affirmed Dr. Oscar Díaz, director of the National Institute of Endocrinology, a special center devoted to treatment of this condition that causes the death of three million people a year worldwide.

 

Diabetes is a disease that is on the rise. According to facts broadcast on the Cuban “Roundtable” TV program addressing the issue, 246 million people in the world are currently living with the affliction, a figure that is expected to reach 380 million by 2025.

 

The disease can lead to a diabetic coma, that can be fatal, and other chronic complications which can manifest themselves in the long term as heart trouble or cardiac arrest, thrombosis or brain hemorrhage, kidney disease, vision loss and others like sores on the feet that, left untreated, can lead to amputation.

 

In Cuba, where more than 3% of the population has diabetes, it is the eighth most frequent cause of death. As Dr. Díaz explained to the weekly Trabajadores, of the total diagnosed, only around 1,000 are children.

 

Cuba has Diabetic Treatment Centers in all provinces except Sancti Spíritus and the special municipality of the Isle of Youth, where patients are taught to understand and control their disease in order to live independent and useful lives.

 

Adults as well as children learn exercises that they should do, the type of nutrition that is best for them, the use of specific medications, checking glucose in the blood and urine to prevent complications which, if they should arise, can be given specialized treatment within the national health system.

 

For example, angiology services are provided which serve to prevent amputations required as a result of diabetic foot ulcers. Also to be highlighted is the unique product developed by Cuban biotechnologists, Citoprop-p, which has been used successfully to cure these lesions.

 

Currently, public health officials are actively working on research and inquiries into diabetes within the community.

 

As was reported on the “Roundtable,” the Habana municipality of Jaruco, an agricultural community of 25,574 residents, was selected as the locale for this pilot program that will later be implemented across the country.

 

Dr. Vladimir González, Jaruco’s municipal public health director, explained that the study involves more than 20,000 individuals over the age of 15 and includes questionnaires and analyses carried out in the family doctor offices.

 

This effort will allow for even more information on the incidence of diabetes within the Cuban population and at the same time support its control through prevention (the most important according to expert opinion), early detection, education of the afflicted and their families and the implementation of measures to prevent complications.

 

It is recognized that in order to prevent diabetes, it is necessary to understand the risk factors and to administer glucose tolerance tests.

 

Some of these risk factors (age and genetics) cannot be changed, but others related to patterns of behavior (obesity and sedentary life style) can be addressed.

==========

canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/7872

 

Cuba, Castro, Che Guevara was jailer and executioner-in-chief of Castro's dictatorship

Cuba: A Photograph as Metaphor

 

By Online Saturday, January 24, 2009

Fausta Wertz, faustasblog.com

 

Cuba celebrated fifty years of its Communist Revolution the other day. It was a subdued celebration, as befits a celebration where the locals were not invited, and where the anniversary is marked by grief.

  

I was doing a roundup of posts for my blog’s Monday Carnival of Latin America and the Caribbean when I came across this image:

 

The rusted wrought-iron balconies and fading handcrafted doors look back to an older era of artisanship and pride of ownership, now gone. Paint colors from decades ago, stucco coming apart from the wall, graffiti and mold, signal decay and pain.

 

Hope has bypassed that wall.

 

The photograph is in an article about Steven Soderbergh’s latest movie, Che, but it is emblematic of today’s Cuba: the only recent paint that building has seen is the iconic figure of Che (most prominently the Korda photo), whose myth and fiction override the reality of the hundreds of people he killed:

 

But a glance beneath the surface glamour of Alberto Korda’s 1960 beret-and-curls photograph of Guevara is enough to expose the less-than-romantic reality. At the time he posed for Korda’s camera, Guevara was jailer and executioner-in-chief of Castro’s dictatorship. As boss of the notorious La Cabaña prison in Havana, he supervised the detention, interrogation, summary trials and executions of hundreds of “class enemies”.

 

We know from Ernest Hemingway – then a Cuban resident – what Che was up to. Hemingway, who had looked kindly on leftist revolutions since the Spanish civil war, invited his friend George Plimpton, editor of the Paris Review, to witness the shooting of prisoners condemned by the tribunals under Guevara’s control. They watched as the men were trucked in, unloaded, shot, and taken away. As a result, Plimpton later refused to publish Guevara’s memoir, The Motorcycle Diaries.

 

There have been some 16,000 such executions since the Castro brothers, Guevara and their merry men swept into Havana in January 1959. About 100,000 Cubans who have fallen foul of the regime have been jailed. Two million others have succeeded in escaping Castro’s socialist paradise, while an estimated 30,000 have died in the attempt.

 

The building it’s painted on, like hundreds of other buildings in Cuba, won’t be restored, or for that matter, brought back to minimum standards because it’s not a tourist destination or owned by a Communist Party big-shot. Since in Cuba only the state has the right to sell property, and the average wage is $20 a month, the only way that building got new paint was a picture of Che. Like the Revolución, even that image is showing cracks.

 

The woman in front of the building looks at the contents of a small shopping bag, where she may be carrying the meager rations that Fidel Castro introduced in the country in 1962, rations that compare to that which Cuban slaves received in the 1840s.

 

A month’s rations would fit in that bag.

 

Of course there’s a propaganda aspect, and the Cuban government places the blame for nearly everything on the USA and the embargo, el bloqueo, even when the US is Cuba’s #5 trading partner according to the Cuban government’s own figures:

 

Trade data for 2007 posted on the website of Cuba’s National Statistics Office placed the U.S. fifth at $582 million, compared with $484 million in 2006, including shipping costs.

 

By the way, food and medicine were never subject to the embargo.

  

Fausta Wertz also blogs at faustasblog.com

Italian postcard by Casa Editrice Ballerini & Fratini, no. 16. Photo: United Artists. Alla Nazimova in Salome (Charles Bryant, 1923). Collection: Marlene Pilaete.

 

Alla Nazimova (1879–1945) was a grand, highly flamboyant star of the American silent cinema. The Russian-born film and theatre actress, screenwriter, and film producer was widely known as just Nazimova. On Broadway, she was noted for her work in the classic plays of Ibsen, Chekhov, and Turgenev. Her efforts at silent film production were less successful, but a few sound-film performances survive as a record of her art.

 

Alla Nazimova (Russian: Алла Назимовa) was born Marem-Ides Leventon (Russian name Adelaida Yakovlevna Leventon) in Yalta, Crimea, Russian Empire, in 1879. She was the youngest of three children of Jewish parents Yakov Abramovich Leventon, a pharmacist, and Sofia (Sara) Lvovna Horowitz, who moved to Yalta in 1870 from Kishinev. At age 17 Alla Leventon abandoned her training as a violinist and went to Moscow to work in theatre with V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko. In 1892, she joined Constantin Stanislavski's Moscow Art Theatre using the name of Alla Nazimova for the first time. Her stage name was a combination of Alla (a diminutive of Adelaida) and the surname of Nadezhda Nazimova, the heroine of the Russian novel Children of the Streets. Nazimova's theatre career blossomed early. In 1899 she married Sergei Golovin, a fellow actor, but they soon separated. Gary Brumburgh at IMDb: “She grew discontented with Stanislavsky and later performed in repertory. She met the legendary Pavel Orlenev, a close friend of Anton Chekhov and Maxim Gorky, and entered into both a personal and professional relationship with him.” By 1903 she was a major star in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. She toured Europe, including London and Berlin, with Orlenev. They immigrated to the United States in 1905. She was signed up by the American producer Henry Miller. Although she spoke not a word of English, she so impressed the Shubert brothers that they hired her on the condition she learns English in six months. In 1906 she made her Broadway debut in the title role of Hedda Gabler to critical and popular success. She also played other Ibsen characters: Nora in A Doll’s House, Hedwig in The Wild Duck, and Hilda in The Master Builder. She quickly became extremely popular and remained a major Broadway star for years. From 1912 to 1925 Nazimova maintained a ‘fake marriage’ with British actor and director Charles Bryant, who often was her co-star. In order to bolster this arrangement with Bryant, Nazimova kept her marriage to Golovin secret. Due to her notoriety in a 35-minute 1915 pacifist play entitled War Brides, Nazimova made her silent film debut in the film version, War Brides (Herbert Brenon, 1916), which was produced by independent producer Lewis J. Selznick. She made $100,000 touring in War Brides and an additional $60,000 for the film version. The film's lost status makes it now a sought-after title. In 1917, she negotiated a contract with Metro Pictures, a precursor to MGM, that included a weekly salary of $13,000. She moved from New York to Hollywood, where she made a number of highly successful films for Metro, including a part as a reformed prostitute in Revelation (George D. Baker, 1918), that earned her a considerable amount of money. Nazimova soon felt confident enough in her abilities to begin producing and writing films in which she also starred. Examples are Eye for Eye (Albert Capellani, 1918), The Brat (Herbert Blache, 1919) and Madame Peacock (Ray C. Smallwood, 1920).

 

Alla Nazimova starred in Camille (Ray C. Smallwood, 1921) as the courtesan Marguerite opposite Rudolph Valentino as her idealistic young lover Armand. Camille is based on the play adaptation La Dame aux Camélias (The Lady of the Camellias) by Alexandre Dumas, fils. The film was set in 1920s Paris, whereas the original version took place in Paris in the 1840s. It had lavish Art Deco sets and Rudolph Valentino later married the art director, Natacha Rambova. Jennifer Horne at The Women Film Pioneers Project: “Working under contract with Metro Pictures Corporation between late 1917 and April 1921, her company, Nazimova Productions, produced nine largely profitable, feature-length films and brought along the writing talent of writer-producer June Mathis. Details regarding the supervisory roles Nazimova played in the production of many of her films remain confusing since not all of Nazimova’s contributions are reflected in the official credits on films.” In her film adaptations A Doll's House (Charles Bryant, 1922), based on Henrik Ibsen, and Salomé (Charles Bryant, 1923), based on Oscar Wilde's play, Nazimova developed her own film making techniques, which were considered daring at the time. Despite the film being only a little over an hour in length and having no real action to speak of, Salomé cost over $350,000 to make. All the sets were constructed indoors to be able to have complete control over the lighting. The film was shot completely in black and white, matching the illustrations done by Aubrey Beardsley in the printed edition of Wilde's play. The costumes, designed by Natacha Rambova, used material only from Maison Lewis of Paris, such as the real silver lamé loincloths worn by the guards. Both A Doll's House and Salomé were critical and commercial failures. Gary Brumburgh: “The monetary losses she suffered as producer were astronomical. The Hays Code, which led to severe censorship in pictures, also led to her downfall, as did her outmoded acting style.” By 1925 Nazimova could no longer afford to invest in more films; and financial backers withdrew their support. Left with few options, she gave up on the film industry. She became an American citizen in 1927.

 

In 1928, Alla Nazimova returned to the Broadway stage as Madame Ranevsky in Eva Le Gallienne’s production of Anton Chekhov’s The Cherry Orchard. Acclaimed were also her starring roles as Natalya Petrovna in Rouben Mamoulian's 1930 production of Turgenev's A Month in the Country, Christine in Eugene O’Neill’s Mourning Becomes Electra (1931), O-Lan in Pearl Buck’s The Good Earth (1932), and as Mrs. Alving in Ibsen's Ghosts (1935). In the early 1940s, she played character roles in a few more films. She played Robert Taylor's mother who is in a concentration camp in Nazi Germany in Escape (Mervyn Le Roy, 1940) and Tyrone Power's mother in Blood and Sand (Rouben Mamoulian, 1941). Her final film was Since You Went Away (John Cromwell, 1944), an epic about the American home front during World War II. Nazimova openly conducted relationships with women, and there were outlandish parties at her mansion on Sunset Boulevard, in Hollywood, California, known as ‘The Garden of Alla’. She is credited with having originated the phrase ‘sewing circle’ as a discreet code for lesbian or bisexual actresses. Nazimova helped start the careers of both of Rudolph Valentino's wives, Jean Acker and Natacha Rambova. Although she was involved in a lesbian affair with Acker, it is debated if Nazimova and Rambova had a sexual affair. Nazimova was impressed by Rambova's skills as an art director, and Rambova designed the innovative sets for Nazimova's film productions of Camille and Salomé. Of those Nazimova is confirmed to have been involved with romantically, the list includes actress Eva Le Gallienne, director Dorothy Arzner, writer Mercedes de Acosta, and Oscar Wilde's niece, Dolly Wilde. Nazimova lived with Glesca Marshall from 1929 until her death. In 1945 Nazimova died of coronary thrombosis in a hospital in Los Angeles. She was 66.

 

Sources: Jennifer Horne (Women Film Pioneers Project), Gary Brumburgh (IMDb), Sandra Brennan (AllMovie), Encyclopaedia Britannica, Wikipedia, and IMDb.

 

On 31 January 2022, there will be a special Salome post by La Collectionneuse at European Film Star Postcards.

New computer power supply -----------$39.95

Tune-up and clean-up----------------------$69.99

Being connected to the world again-----Priceless!

 

My computer had a minor electonic thrombosis on Sunday, but it's okay now. Here's the mated pair I've watched for years, tuning up. They were snuggling up and singing to each other, reaffirming the bonds. Wonderful video of it here. I've been trying to get a good video of one singing, this was a real bonus.

 

The video may load really slowly, but should load for anyone with Quick Time player.

Beechville (pop. 2,100 in 2016) is a Black Nova Scotian settlement and suburban community within the Halifax Regional Municipality of Nova Scotia, Canada, on the St. Margaret's Bay Road (Trunk 3). The Beechville Lakeside Timberlea (BLT) trail starts here near Lovett Lake, following the line of the old Halifax and Southwestern Railway. Ridgecliff Middle School, located in Beechville Estates, serves the communities of Beechville, Lakeside and Timberlea.

 

In 1816, the first Black refugees from the War of 1812 arrived in Beechville (aka Beech Hill). The early settlers of the community were refugee Blacks fleeing from the southern American colonies. They were given a grant of five thousand acres close to the Northwest Arm in an area to be known as Refugee Hill. In 1821 ninety-six adults resettled in Trinidad.

 

- from 1908 "Lovell's Gazetteer of the Dominion of Canada" - BEECHVILLE, a post office in Halifax County, N.S., on Nine Mile River, 6 miles from Halifax, and 4 miles from Fairview Station on the I.C.R. It contains R.C, Episcopal and Presbyterian churches, several small stores, 1 saw mill, 1 hotel, and 1 shovel factory. The population in 1908 was 50 / in 1919 was 75.

 

The community of Lakeside (Halifax County), N.S. is situated 6 miles west of Halifax and was formerly called Beechville. The population in 1956 was 630. Today the area is a busy suburb of Halifax. The post office at Lakeside opened on the 23 September 1952.

 

The Beechville Post Office was established - 1 October 1889 and closed - 28 December 1901. The Post Office re-opened - 21 November 1905 - it changed name to Lakeside - 23 September 1952.

 

LINK to a list of the Postmasters who served at the Beechville Post Office - www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/postal-heritage-philately/...;

 

sent from - / BEECHVILLE / MR 19 / 08 / N.S. / - split ring cancel - this split ring hammer (A-2) was not listed in the Proof Book - it was most likely proofed c. 1905 when the Post Office re-opened (RF D). The first split ring hammer (A-1) was proofed - 2 November 1889.

 

Message on postcard reads: With Love J. T. B.

 

Jennie Terressa "Bishop" Moser - (b. 1 April 1888 in Beechville, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada – d. 25 September 1965 in Lakeside, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada)

 

Her husband - Russell Tremaine Moser- (b. 2 September 1889 in Glen Margaret, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada – 14 September 1971 in Halifax, Halifax County, Nova Scotia, Canada) - they were married - 10 July 1912 in Halifax, Halifax County, Nova Scotia)

 

Her father - Joseph Richard Bishop - (b. 25 March 1854 in Goodwood, Halifax County, Nova Scotia, Canada – d. 4 August 1918 in Goodwood, Halifax County, Nova Scotia) - he was the Postmaster at Beechville from - 21 November 1905 until his death in 1918.

 

Her mother - Teresa S "Umlah" Bishop - (b. 26 January 1858 in Halifax, Halifax County, Nova Scotia – d. 12 December 1942 in Halifax, Halifax County, Nova Scotia) - after the death of her husband, she took over as Postmistress at Beechville from 15 November 1918 until her death - 12 December 1942.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Addressed to: Miss Clara Hubley / 14 Mile House / Halifax County / Nova Scotia

 

Clara May Hubley was born March 18,1868, St. Margaret's Bay Road, Halifax County, Nova Scotia. She is the daughter of Edwin Hubley and Mary Jane Mosher. Clara never married and remained at home as is evidenced by the Census reports from 1871, at age 3, until 1911 at age 43. One would assume Clara would have been contibuting to necessary work to be done at the Hotel run by her Father where she was living. She died in the Halifax County Hospital, Cole Harbour, Halifax County, Nova Scotia on September 20, 1958 at the age of 90 years, 6 months and 2 days from Cerebral Thrombosis. Clara was buried in Seabright, Halifax County on September 20, 1958. Arrangements by Hubley's Funeral Service Seabright, Halifax County. LINK to a photo of Clara Hubley with her parents Edwin Hubley and Mary Jane Moser - www.wikitree.com/photo/jpg/Hubley-148

 

Her father - Edwin Byron Hubley (b. 14 May 1839 in Halifax, Nova Scotia - d. 23 December 1931 at age 92 In Halifax, Nova Scotia) he was the Postmaster at Fourteen Mile House from - 1 November 1905 to - 31 January 1930. LINK to a photo of the Hubley family home - notice the POST OFFICE sign on the top right of the photo - www.wikitree.com/photo.php/5/55/Hubley-148-1.jpg

 

Her mother - Mary Jane Moser was born - April 24 1850 on Mosher's Island to Samuel Mosher and Deborah McDonald. On December 5, 1866 she married Edwin Byron Hubley and they made their home at the 14 Mile House, St. Margaret's Bay Road, Halifax County, Nova Scotia. May Jane's husband was quite the entrepreneur and made his living as an Overnite Rooms Keeper / Guide for Hunting and Fishing excursions / Sale of Homemade Liniment / Farming and postmaster duties to name just a few. Mary Jane worked right along side her husband and supported his endeavours. She was said to have a wonderful disposition in all circumstances. She died at the age of 86 on 10 June 1936. She is buried in the St. Andrews Anglican Cemetery, Timberlea, Halifax County, Nova Scotia beside her husband.

mixed media collage in visual journal

Real photo postcard. Postally unused.

 

Bought from an eBay seller in Swansea, Wales.

 

"Louis Barker Jaques was born in Toronto on 10 July 1911. He attended the University of Toronto and earned three degrees there: a BA in physiology and biochemistry (1933); MA (1935) and PhD (under the supervision of Dr. C.H. Best, 1941). In 1974 Jaques also earned a DSc from the University of Saskatchewan. From 1934-1944 Dr. Jaques held academic positions at the University of Toronto as a Fellow, research assistant, and lecturer. In 1946 he moved to the University of Saskatchewan with an appointment as professor and head of Physiology. He resigned the headship in 1971, accepting a position as (the first) W.S. Lindsay Professor in the College of Medicine. A scientist of international reputation, Jaques was among the first to demonstrate the usefulness of heparin in treating thrombosis; to demonstrate the effectiveness of dicumarol in thrombosis; and he originated the use of silicone in handling blood. Upon his retirement in 1979 he was named Professor Emeritus; and in 1981 he was named a lay canon by the Anglican diocese of Saskatoon." - sain.scaa.sk.ca/collections/index.php/jaques-louis-barker...

 

Location: Google Maps Street View / Historypin

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Legislative_Building

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 8, Nos. 1-4, 1914

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1914

Language: eng

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The application of psychiatry to certain military problems, by W. A.

White, M. D 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Schistosomiasis on the Yangtze River, with report of cases, by R. H.

Laning, assistant surgeon, United States Navy 16</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A brief discussion of matters pertaining to health and sanitation,

observed on the summer practice cruise of 1913 for midshipmen of the third

class, by J. L. Neilson, surgeon, United States Navy 36</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Technique of neosalvarsan administration, and a brief outline of the

treatment for syphilis used at the United States Naval Hospital, Norfolk, Va., by

W. Chambers, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 45</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some notes on the disposal of wastes, by A. Farenholt, surgeon, United States

Navy 47</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The medical department on expeditionary duty, by R. E. Hoyt, surgeon, United

States Navy 51</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A new brigade medical outfit, by T. W. Richards, surgeon, United States

Navy 62</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Early diagnosis of cerebrospinal meningitis; report of 10 cases, by G.

F. Cottle, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 65</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Comments on mistakes made with the Nomenclature, 1913, Abstract of patients

(Form F), and the Statistical report (Form K), by C. E. Alexander, pharmacist,

United States Navy 70</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Classification of the United States Navy Nomenclature, 1913, by C. E. Alexander,

pharmacist, United States Navy 75</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">On the methods employed for the detection and determination of

disturbances in the sense of equilibrium of flyers. Translated by H. G. Beyer,

medical director, United States Navy, retired 87</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 107</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 107</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A portable air sampling apparatus for use aboard ship, by E. W. Brown, passed

assistant surgeon, United States Navy 109</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A new design for a sanitary pail 111</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of paresis, with apparent remission, following neosalvarsan, by R.

F. Sheehan, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 113</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Case reports from Guam, by E. O. J. Eytinge, passed assistant surgeon, United

States Navy 116</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Stab wound of ascending colon; suture; recovery, by H. C. Curl,

surgeon, United States Navy 123</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Perforation of a duodenal ulcer, by H. F. Strine, surgeon, United

States Navy 124</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two cases of bone surgery, by R. Spear, surgeon, United States Navy 125</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment: </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Brig. Gen. George II. Torney, Surgeon General United States Army 127</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical ethics in the Navy 127</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical officers in civil practice 128</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Some anatomic and physiologic principles concerning

pyloric ulcer. By H. C. Curl. Low-priced clinical thermometers; a warning. By.

L. W. Johnson. The value of X-ray examinations in the</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">diagnosis of ulcer of the stomach and duodenum. The primary cause of

rheumatoid arthritis. Strychnine in heart failure. On the treatment of

leukaemia with benzol. By A. W. Dunbar and G. B. Crow 131</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Surgical aspects of furuncles and carbuncles. Iodine

idiosyncrasy. By L. W. Johnson. Rectus transplantation for deficiency of

internal oblique muscle in certain cases of inguinal hernia. The technic of

nephro- pyelo- and ureterolithotomy. Recurrence of inguinal hernia. By H. C.

Curl and R. A. Warner 138</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Ozone: Its bactericidal, physiologic and

deodorizing action. The alleged purification of air by the ozone machine. By E.

W. Brown. The prevention of dental caries. Gun-running operations in the

Persian Gulf in 1909 and 1910. The croton bug (Ectobia germanica) as a factor

in bacterial dissemination. Fumigation of vessels for the destruction of rats.

Improved moist chamber for mosquito breeding. The necessity for international

reforms in the sanitation of crew spaces on</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">merchant vessels. By C. N. Fiske and R. C. Ransdell 143</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. —The transmissibility of the lepra bacillus by the

bite of the bedbug. By L. W. Johnson. A note on a case of loa loa. Cases of

syphilitic pyrexia simulating tropical fevers. Verruga peruviana, oroya fever

and uta. Ankylostomiasis in Nyasaland. Experimental entamoebic dysentery. By E.

R. Stitt ... 148</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —The relation of the spleen

to the blood destruction and regeneration and to hemolytic jaundice: 6, The

blood picture at various periods after splenectomy. The presence of tubercle

bacilli in the feces. By A. B. Clifford and G. F. Clark 157</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —Detection of bile pigments in urine. Value of the

guaiacum test for bloodstains. New reagent for the detection of traces of

blood. Estimation of urea. Estimation of uric acid in urine. By E. W. Brown and

O. G. Ruge 158</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Probable deleterious effect of salvarsan

on the eye. Effect of salvarsan on the eye. Fate of patients with

parenchymatous keratitis due to hereditary lues. Trachoma, prevalence of, in

the United States. The exploratory needle puncture of the maxillary antrum in

100 tuberculous individuals. Auterobic organisms associated with acute

rhinitis. Toxicity of human tonsils. By E. J. Grow and G. B. Trible 160</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Miscellaneous. —Yearbook of the medical association of

Frankfurt-am-Main. By R. C. Ransdell 163</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes on the Clinical Congress of Surgeons. By G. F. Cottle, passed

assistant surgeon, United States Navy 167</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of the fourteenth annual meeting of the American Roentgen Ray Society,

by J. R. Phelps, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy. 171</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Typhoid perforation; five operations with three recoveries, by G. G.

Holladay, assistant surgeon, Medic al Reserve Corps, United States Navy 238</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A satisfactory method for easily obtaining material from syphilitic

lesions, by E. R. Stitt, medical inspector, United States Navy 242</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An epidemic of measles and mumps in Guam, by C. P. Kindleberger, surgeon,

United States Navy 243</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The feeble-minded from a military standpoint, by A. R. Schier, acting assistant

surgeon, United States Navy 247</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Towne-Lambert elimination treatment of drug addictions, by W. M. Kerr,

passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 258</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical experiences in the Amazonian Tropics, by C. C. Ammerman, assistant

surgeon, Medical Reserve Corps, United States Navy 270</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 281</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthologieal collection 281</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An easy method for obtaining blood cultures and for preparing blood

agar, by E. R. Stitt, medical inspector, and G. F. Clark, passed assistant surgeon,

United States Navy 283</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Humidity regulating device on a modern battleship, by R. C. Ransdell, passed

assistant surgeon, United States Navy 284</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Lateral sinus thrombosis, report of case, by G. F. Cottle, passed

assistant surgeon. United States Navy 287</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Twenty-two cases of poisoning by the seeds of Jatropha curcai, by J. A.

Randall, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 290</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Shellac bolus in the stomach in fatal case of poisoning by weed

alcohol, by H. F. Hull and O. J. Mink, passed assistant surgeons, United States

Navy 291</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of pneumonia complicated by gangrenous endocarditis, by G. B. Crow,

passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 292</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —On progressive paralysis in the imperial navy during

the years 1901-1911. By H. G. Beyer. An etiological study of Hodgkin's disease.

The etiology and vaccine treatment of Hodgkin's dis</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ease. Coryncbacterium hodgkini in lymphatic leukemia and Hodgkin's disease.

Autointoxication and subinfection. Studies of syphilis. The treatment of the

pneumonias. Whooping cough: Etiolcgy, diagnosis, and vaccine treatment. A new

and logical treatment for alcoholism. Intraspinous injection of salvarsanized

serum in the treatment of syphilis of the nervous system, including tabes and

paresis. On the infective nature of certain cases of splenomegaly and Banti's

disease. The etiology and vaccine treatment of Hodgkin's disease. Cultural

results in Hodgkin's disease. By A. W. Dunbar and G. B. Crow 295</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery- Interesting cases of gunshot injury treated at Hankow during

the revolution of 1911 and 1912 in China. The fool's paradise stage in

appendicitis. By L. W. Johnson. The present status of bismuth paste treatment

of suppurative sinuses and empyema. The inguinal route operation for femoral

hernia; with supplementary note on Cooper's ligament. By R. Spear and R. A.

Warner 307</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. — A contribution to the chemistry of

ventilation. The use of ozone in ventilation. By E. \V. Brown. Pulmonary

tuberculosis in the royal navy, with special reference to its detection and

prevention. An investigation into the keeping properties of condensed milks at

the temperature of tropical climates. By C. N. Fiske and R. C. Ransdell 313</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. —Seven days fever of the Indian ports. By L. W.

Johnson. Intestinal schistosomiasis in the Sudan. Disease carriers in our army

in India. Origin and present status of the emetin treatment of amebic

dysentery. The culture of leishmania from the finger blood of a case of Indian

kala-azar. By E. R. Stitt 315</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —The isolation of

typhoid bacilli from feces by means of brilliant green in fluid medium. By C.

N. Fiske. An efficient and convenient stain for use in the eeneral examination

of blood films. By 0. B. Crow. A contribution to the epidemiology of

poliomyelitis. A contribution to the pathology of epidemic poliomyelitis. A

note on the etiology of epidemic<span> 

</span>oliomyelitis. Transmutations within the streptococcus-pneumococcus

group. The etiology of acute rheumatism, articular and muscular. By A. B.

Clifford and G. F. Clark 320</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy.— Centrifugal method for estimating albumin in

urine. Detection of albumin in urine. New indican reaction A report on the

chemistry, technology, and pharmacology of and the legislation pertaining to

methyl alcohol. By E. W. Brown and O. O. Ruge. . 325</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —The use of local anesthesia in

exenteration of the orbit. Salvarsan in<span> 

</span>ophthalmic practice. The effect of salvarsan on the eye. Total blindness

from the toxic action of wood alcohol, with recovery of vision under negative

galvanism. Furunculosis of the external auditory canal; the use of alcohol as a

valuable aid in treatment. Local treatment of Vincent's angina with salvarsan.

Perforated ear drum may be responsible for sudden death in water. The indications

for operating in acute mastoiditis. Turbinotomy. Why is nasal catarrh so

prevalent in the United States? By E. J. Grow and G. B. Trible 330</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Miscellaneous. — The organization and work of the hospital ship Re d’

Italia. ByG. B. Trible 333</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Correspondence concerning the article "Some aspects of the

prophylaxis of typhoid fever by injection of killed cultures," by Surg. C.

S. Butler, United States Navy, which appeared in the Bulletin, October, 1913

339</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Malaria on the U. S. S. Tacoma from February, 1913, to February, 1914.

by I. S. K. Reeves, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 344</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extracts from annual sanitary reports for 1913 345</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface vii</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Economy and waste in naval hospitals, by E. M. Shipp, surgeon, and P.

J. Waldner, chief pharmacist, United States Navy 357</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The new method of physical training in the United States Navy, by J. A.

Murphy, surgeon, United States Navy 368</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A study of the etiology of gangosa in Guam, by C. P. Kindleberger,

surgeon, United States Navy 381</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Unreliability of Wassermann tests using unheated serum, by E. R. Stitt,

medical inspector, and G. F. Clark, passed assistant surgeon, United States

Navy 410</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Laboratory note on antigens, by G. F. Clark, pasted assistant surgeon,

United States Navy 411</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Prevention of mouth infection, by Joseph Head, M. D., D. D. S 411</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Medical Department at general quarters and preparations for battle,

by A. Farenholt, surgeon, United States Navy 421</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A bacteriological index for dirt in milk, by J. J. Kinyoun, assistant

surgeon, Medical Reserve Corps, United States Navy 435</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Brief description of proposed plan of a fleet hospital ship, based upon

the type auxiliary hull, by E. M. Blackwell, surgeon, United States Navy.. 442</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The diagnostic value of the cutaneous tuberculin test in recruiting, by

E. M. Brown, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy, retired 448</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 453</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A sanitary mess table for hospitals, by F. M. Bogan, surgeon, United

States Navy 455</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A suggested improvement of the Navy scuttle butt, by E. M. Blackwell,

surgeon, United States Navy 455</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Malaria cured by neosalvarsan, by F. M. Bogan, surgeon, United States

Navy 457</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of rupture of the bladder with fracture of the pelvis, by H. F.

Strine, surgeon, and M. E. Higgins, passed assistant surgeon, United States

Navy. 458</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical observations on the use of succinimid of mercury, by T. W.

Reed, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 459</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Points in the post-mortem ligation of the lingual artery, by O. J.

Mink, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 462</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes on the wounded at Vera Cruz, by H. F. Strine, surgeon, and M. E.

Higgins, passed assistant surgeon. United States Navy 464</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Case reports from the Naval Hospital, Portsmouth, N. H., by F. M.

Bogan, surgeon, United States Navy 469</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —The mouth in the etiology and symptomatology of

general systemic disturbances. Statistique m£dicale de la marine, 1909. By L.

W. Johnson. Antityphoid inoculation. Vaccines from the standpoint of the

physician. The treatment of sciatica. Chronic gastric ulcer and its relation to

gastric carcinoma. The nonprotein nitrogenous constituents of the blood in

chronic vascular nephritis<span> 

</span>(arteriosclero-iis) as influenced by the level of protein metabolism.

The influence of diet on hepatic necrosis and toxicity of chloroform. The

rational treatment of tetanus. The comparative value of cardiac remedies. By A.

W. Dunbar and G. B. Crow </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Psychiatry. —Abderhalden's method. Precis de psychiatric Constitutional

immorality. Nine years' experience with manic-depressive insanity. The pupil

and its reflexes in insanity. By R. F. Sheehan.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —On the occurrence of traumatic dislocations (luxationen) in

the Imperial German Navy during the last 20 years. By H. G. Beyer. The wounding

effects of the Turkish sharp-pointed bullet. By T. W. Richards. Intestinal

obstruction: formation and absorption of toxin. By G. B. Crow </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Relation of oysters to the transmission of

infectious diseases. The proper diet in the Tropics, with some pertinent remarks

on the use of alcohol. By E. W. Brown. Report of committee</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">upon period of isolation and exclusion from school in cases of

communicable disease. Resultats d'une enquete relative a la morbidity venerienne

dans la division navale d'Extreme-Orient et aux moyens susceptibles de la

restreindre. Ship's hygiene in the middle of the seventeenth century- Progress in

ship's hygiene during the nineteenth century. The origin of some of the

streptococci found in milk. On the further perfecting of mosquito spraying. By

C. N. Fiske and R. C. Ransdell</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — Le transport, colloidal de medicaments dans le cholera.

By T. W. Richards. Cholera in the Turkish Army. A supposed case of yellow fever

in Jamaica. By L. W. Johnson. Note on a new geographic locality for balantidiosis.

Brief note on Toxoplasma pyroqenes. Note on certain protozoalike bodies in a

case of protracted fever with splenomegaly. The emetine and other treatment of

amebic dysentery and hepatitis, including liver abscess. A study of epidemic dysentery

in the Fiji Islands. By E. R. Stitt</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. — The best method of staining

Treponema pallidum. By C. N. Fiske. Bacteriological methods of meat analysis.

By R. C. Ransdell. Primary tissue lesions in the heart produced by Spirochete

pallida. Ten tests by which a physician may determine when p patient is cured

of gonorrhea. Diagnostic value of percutaneous tuberculin test (Moro). Some

causes of failure of vaccine therapy. A method of increasing the accuracy and

delicacy of the Wassermann reaction: By A. B. Clifford and G. F. Clark</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —Quantitative test of pancreatic function. A comparison

of various preservatives of urine. A clinical method for the rapid estimation

of the quantity of dextrose in urine. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Intraocular pressure. Strauma as an

important factor in diseases of the eye. Carbonic cauterization "in the

treatment of granular ophthalmia. Ocular and other complications of syphilis treated

by salvarsan. Some notes on hay fever. A radiographic study of the mastoid. Ear

complications during typhoid fever. Su di un caso di piccola sanguisuga

cavallina nel bronco destro e su 7 casi di grosse sanguisughe cavalline in

laringe in trachea e rino-faringe. By E. J. Grow and G. B. Trible</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters: </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American medico-psychological association, by R. F. Sheehan, passed assistant

surgeon, United States Navy 517</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of 11 cases of asphyxiation from coal gas, by L. C. Whiteside,

passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 522</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extracts from annual sanitary reports for 1913 — United States Naval

Academy, Annapolis, Md., by A. M. D. McCormick, medical director, United States

Navy 523</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. S. Arkansas, by W. B. Grove, surgeon, United States Navy 524 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Marine barracks, Camp Elliott, Canal Zone, Panama, by B. H. Dorsey, passed

assistant surgeon, United States Navy 525</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. S. Cincinnati, by J. B. Mears, passed assistant surgeon. United States

Navy 526</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. S. Florida, by M. S. Elliott, surgeon, United States Navy 527</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Naval training station, Great Lakes, Ill., by J. S. Taylor, surgeon, United

States Navy 527</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Naval station, Guam, by C. P. Kindleberger, surgeon, United States Navy

528</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Naval Hospital, Las Animas, Colo., by G. H. Barber, medical inspector, United

States Navy 532</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. S. Nebraska, by E. H. H. Old, passed assistant surgeon, United States

Navy 533</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. S. North Dakota, by J. C. Pryor, surgeon, United States Navy. .

534</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Navy yard, Olongapo, P. L, by J. S. Woodward, passed assistant surgeon,

United States Navy 536</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. S. San Francisco, by T. W. Reed, passed assistant surgeon, United

States Navy 537</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. S. Saratoga, by H. R. Hermesch, assistant surgeon, United States Navy

538</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. S. Scorpion, by E. P. Huff, passed assistant surgeon, United States

Navy 538</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. S. West Virginia, by O. J. Mink, passed assistant surgeon, United

States Navy 539</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some prevailing ideas regarding the treatment of tuberculosis, by

Passed Asst. Surg. G. B. Crow 541</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Training School for the Hospital Corps of the Navy, by Surg. F. E. McCullough

and Passed Asst. Surg. J. B. Kaufman 555</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Khaki dye for white uniforms, by Passed Asst. Surg. W. E. Eaton 561</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some facts and some fancies regarding the unity of yaws and syphilis,

by Surg. C. S. Butler 561</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Quinine prophylaxis of malaria, by Passed Asst. Surg. L. W. McGuire 571</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The nervous system and naval warfare, translated by Surg. T. W.

Richards. 576</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Measles, by Surg. G. F. Freeman 586</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Smallpox and vaccination, by Passed Asst. Surg. T. W. Raison 589</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Rabies; methods of diagnosis and immunization, by Passed Asst. Surg. F.

X. Koltes 597</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Syphilis aboard ship, by Passed Asst. Surg. G. F. Cottle 605</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Systematic recording and treatment of syphilis, by Surg. A. M.

Fauntleroy and Passed Asst. Surg. E. H. H. Old 620</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Organization and station bills of the U. S. naval hospital ship Solace,

by Surg. W. M. Garton 624</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 647</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 647</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Succinimid of mercury in pyorrhea alveolaris, by Acting Asst. Dental Surg.

P. G. White 649</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of pityriasis rosea, by Surg. R. E. Ledbetter 651</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Emetin in the treatment of amebic abscess of the liver, by Surg. H. F. Strine

and Passed Asst. Surg. L. Sheldon, jr 653 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Salvarsan in a case of amebic dysentery, by Passed Asst. Surg. O. J.

Mink. . 653</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Laceration of the subclavian artery and complete severing of brachial plexus,

by Surg. H. C. Curl and Passed Asst. Surg. C. B. Camerer 654</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Malarial infection complicating splenectomy, by Surg. H. F. Strine 655</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of gastric hemorrhage; operative interference impossible, by

Passed Arst. Surg. G. E. Robertson 656</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Operation for strangulated hernia, by Passed Asst. Surg. W. S. Pugh 657</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of bronchiectasis with hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy,

by Passed Asst. Surg. L. C. Whiteside 658</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Systematic recording and treatment of syphilis 665</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences: <span> </span></p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —A note of three cases of enteric fever inoculated

during the incubation period. By T. W. Richards. The modern treatment of

chancroids. The treatment of burns. By W. E. Eaton. Experiments on the curative

value of the intraspinal administration of tetanus antitoxin. Hexamethylenamin.

<span> </span>Hexamethylenamin as an internal

antiseptic in other fluids of the body than urine. Lumbar puncture as a special

procedure for controlling headache in the course of infectious diseases.

Cardiospasm. Acromion auscultation; a new and delicate test in the early

diagnosis of incipient pulmonary tuberculosis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Diabetes mellitus and its differentiation from alimentary glycosuria.

The complement fixation test in typhoid fever; its comparison with the

agglutination test and blood culture method. By C. B. Crow.. 671</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases. —A voice sign in chorea. By G. B. Crow.

Wassermann reaction and its application to neurology. Epilepsy: a theory of

causation founded upon the clinical manifestations and the therapeutic and

pathological data. Salvarsanized serum (Swift-Ellis treatment) in syphilitic diseases

of the central nervous system. Mental manifestations in tumors of the brain.

Some of the broader issues of the psycho-analytic n movement. Mental disease

and defect in United States troops. By R. Sheehan 6S1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Infiltration anesthesia. War surgery. Tenoplasty; tendon transplantation;

tendon substitution; neuroplasty. Carcinoma of the male breast. Visceral

pleureotomy for chronic empyema. By A. M. Fauntleroy and E. H. H. Old 6S8</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. — Further experiences with the Berkefold filter

in the purifying of lead-contaminated water. By T. W. Richards. Experiments in

the destruction of fly larvae in horse manure. By A. B. Clifford. Investigation

relative to the life cycle, brooding, and tome practical moans of reducing the

multiplication of flies in camp. By W. E. Eaton, Humidity and heat stroke;

further observations on an<span>  </span>analysis of

50 cases. By C. N. Fiske 693</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — The treatment of aneylostoma anemia. Latent dysentery

or dysentery carriers. Naphthalone for the destruction of mosquitoes. Emetin in

amebic dysentery. By E. R. Stitt 704</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —Meningitis by

injection of pyogenic microbes in the peripheral nerves. The growth of pathogenic

intestinal bacteria in bread. Present status of the complement fixation test in

the diagnosis of gonorrheal infections. Practical application of the luetin

test. By A. B. Clifford and G. F. Clark 707</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. — Misting of eyeglasses. By E. L. Sleeth.

The treatment of ocular syphilis by salvarsan and neo salvarsan. The moving

picture and the eye. Treatment of various forms of ocular syphilis with

salvarsan. Rapid, painless, and bloodless method for removing the inferior

turbinate. Hemorrhage from the superior petrosal sinus. The frequency of

laryngeal tuberculosis in Massachusetts.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Intrinsic cancer of larynx. Treatment of hematoma of the auricle. By E.

J. Grow and G. B. Trible 709</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Care of wounded at Mazatlan and at Villa Union, by Medical Inspector S.

G. Evans 713</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medico-military reports of the occupation of Vera Cruz 715</p>

 

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A perfect location for this memorial statue of the US congressman who primarily created the GGNRA* which unified and opened to the public the vast underused old military bases and related lands around the Golden Gate and the San Francisco Bay.

 

"Phillip Burton (June 1, 1926 – April 10, 1983) was a United States Representative from California serving from 1964 until his death from thrombosis in San Francisco in 1983. A Democrat, he was instrumental in creating the *Golden Gate National Recreation Area*."

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Burton

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_National_Recreation_Area

Dutch postcard, no. 171. Photo: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Harry Carey in Trader Horn (W.S. Van Dyke, 1931). 'Carey' is mistakenly written on the card as 'Carry'.

 

American actor and cowboy Harry Carey (1878-1947) was one of the silent film's earliest superstars. He was the father of Harry Carey Jr., who was also a prominent actor.

 

Harry Carey was born Henry DeWitt Carey II in the Bronx, New York, in 1878. He was a son of Henry DeWitt Carey, a prominent lawyer and judge of the New York Supreme Court, and his wife Ella J. (Ludlum). He grew up on City Island, Bronx. Carey's love of horses was instilled in him at a young age as he watched New York City's mounted policemen go through their paces in the 1880s. Carey attended Hamilton Military Academy and then studied law at New York University. At 21, he had a boating accident that led to pneumonia. While recuperating he wrote a play, Montana, about the Western frontier. He decided to star in his own creation and the play was very successful. Audiences were thrilled when Carey brought his horse onto the stage. He toured the country performing in it for three years and earned a lot of money, but his fortune evaporated after his next play, Heart of Alaska (1909) closed after only 16 performances. His friend Henry B. Walthall introduced him to legendary director D.W. Griffith, with whom Carey would make many films. His first credited picture is Bill Sharkey's Last Game (D.W. Griffith, 1909). Memorable is The Musketeers of Pig Alley (D.W. Griffith, 1912), in which Carey played a hood in the 'hoods of New York. Carey followed Griffith to Hollywood and appeared in his The Battle at Elderbush Gulch (D.W. Griffith, 1913) with Lillian Gish, and Judith of Bethulia (D.W. Griffith, 1914). Carey's rugged frame and weather-beaten face were well suited to Westerns. One of his most popular roles was as the good-hearted outlaw Cheyenne Harry. In most of the films, his co-stars included the teen-aged Olive Golden (from 1920: Olive Carey) as the love interest and Hoot Gibson as his young sidekick. The Cheyenne Harry franchise spanned two decades, from A Knight of the Range (Jacques Jaccard, 1916) to Aces Wild (Harry L. Fraser, 1936). Olive Golden introduced him to future director John Ford. Carey influenced Universal Studios head, Carl Laemmle, to use Ford as a director. Jon C. Hopwood at IMDb: "The first Carey-Ford collaboration was Straight Shooting (John Ford, 1917), an entertaining if crude (by today's standards) western, most notable for Carey's performance." In 1918, Carey starred in Ford's first feature film, Straight Shooting (John Ford, 1918). The partnership lasted until a rift in the friendship in 1921.

 

When sound films arrived, Harry Carey displayed an assured, gritty baritone voice that suited his rough-hewn screen personality. He was the logical choice for the title role in MGM's outdoor jungle epic Trader Horn (W.S. Van Dyke, 1931). By this time Carey, already in his fifties, was too mature for most leading roles, and the only starring roles that he was offered were in low-budget Westerns and serials. He soon settled into a comfortable career as a solid, memorable character actor. He reunited with John Ford for The Prisoner of Shark Island (John Ford, 1936). It was the last of their 27 pictures together. Carey received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor for his role as the President of the Senate in Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (Frank Capra, 1939). Among his other notable later roles were that of Sgt. Robert White, crew chief of the bomber Mary Ann in Air Force (Howard Hawks, 1943) and Mr. Melville, the cattle buyer, in Red River (Howard Hawks, 1848). Carey made his Broadway stage debut in 1940, in Heavenly Express with John Garfield. Harry Carey married at least twice and perhaps a third time (census records for 1910 indicate he had a wife named Clare E. Carey, and some references state that he was also married to actress Fern Foster). His last marriage was to actress Olive Fuller Golden in 1920. They were together until his death. They purchased a large ranch in Saugus, California, north of Los Angeles. Their son, Harry Carey, Jr., would become a character actor, most famous for his roles in westerns. Father and son both appear (albeit in different scenes) in Red River (Howard Hawks, 1948), and mother and son are both featured in The Searchers (John Ford, 1956). Harry Carey died in 1947 from a combination of lung cancer, emphysema, and coronary thrombosis, at the age of 69. Ford dedicated his remake of 3 Godfathers (John Ford, 1948) "To Harry Carey--Bright Star Of The Early Western Sky." Jon Hopwood at IMDb: "Carey did not dress as flashily as Ken Maynard or the great Tom Mix, and his films were often true portrayals of the West instead of Mix's flashy hoss operas. Good with a physical business, particularly involving his hands, Carey developed signature gestures such as the way he sat on a horse, a semi-slouch with his elbows resting on the saddle horn. Another signature was his holding his left forearm with his right, a physical gesture that in the elocutionary style of stage melodrama and the early silents signalled thoughtfulness, but which Carey made uniquely his own." John Wayne paid homage to Carey when he held his right elbow with his left hand in the closing shot of The Searchers (John Ford, 1956).

 

Sources: Jon C. Hopwood (IMDb), Jim Beaver (IMDb), Wikipedia and IMDb.

 

And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 13, Nos. 1-4, 1919

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1919

Language: eng

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents <br /></p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> PREFACE vii</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">FRONTISPIECE:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Thomas Henry Huxley.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Heart sounds and their value.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. A. Hare, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F. . 1 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eliminating the epileptic from the navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. E. Bisch, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F 6</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The use of serum in lobar pneumonia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. W. Gould, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F., and Lieutenant

M. Shaweker, Med. Corps, U. S. N 16</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia and empyema.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander F. A. Asserson, Med. Corps., U. S. N., and Lieutenant W.

L. Rathbun, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F 26</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Development of specific serum therapy in pneumonia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. R. Redden, Med. Corps, U. S. N 36</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Flatfoot.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. R. G. Crandon, Med. Corps, U. S.N. R. F 43</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of flat feet.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (J. G.) S. B. Burk, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F 46</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ear protection.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander G. B. Trible and Lieutenant S. S. Watkins, Med.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Corps, U. S. N 48</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895).</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. J. B. Cordeiro, Med. Corps, U. S.N., Ret 61</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Accuracy. —Military titles and military behavior. —Shell shock. 71</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Typhoid prophylaxis cards.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. B. Henry, Med. Corps, U. S. N 77</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A SURGICAL DRESSING TRAY FOR SHIPS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant M. J. Price. Med. Corps, U. S. N 78</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A USEFUL FLYTRAP.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. V. Hughens, Med. Corps, U. S. N 80</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Scale for measuring flatfoot.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (J. G.) B. Dunham, Med. Corps, U. S. N R. F 82</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF STATUS LYMPHATICUS</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. L. Rice, Med. Corps, U. S. N 85</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some practical and theoretical considerations.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander J. J. A. McMullin, Med. Corps, U. S. N. 87</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pain in right hypochondrium and pernicious anemia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. M. Stenhouse, Med. Corps, U. S. N.. 89</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Perforating wound of intestine and mesentery.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. G. Ross, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F 93</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of scarlet fever.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. C. Newton, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 94</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Illustrative cases of atypical acute abdominal conditions.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. D. Hale and Lieutenant J. C. Adams, Med.

Corps, U. S. N 95</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Varieties of hypersusceptibility.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. K. McCafferty, Med. Corps, U. S. N 98</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Varix simulating inguinal hernia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. J. Cummings, Med. Corps, U. S.N 103</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Appendicitis and ruptured meso-appendix artery.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant F. H. Bowman, Med. Corps, U. S. N 104</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Unusual wound contamination.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. A. Stephens, Med. Corps, U. S. N 105</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Subluxation of vertebra by muscular action.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander I. S. K. Reeves and Lieutenant M. K. Miller, Med. Corps,

U.S.N 107</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fracture of the skull.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. I. Longabaugh, Med. Corps, U. S. N.. 108</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of case of stenosis of Wharton's duct.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. A. Halpin, Med. Corps, U. S. N 108</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Status lymphaticus. —Epidemic of intestinal infection.

—New pathology of syphilis<span>  </span>111</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases. —Temperament and psychosis. War neuroses.

—Traumatic and emotional psychosis. —War neuroses. —Instinct distortion 117</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Fascial transplants. —Chloralose as a general anesthetic 131</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Military, legal and industrial. —Treatment of mustard-gas poisoning.

—Conference on medico-military administration. —Illegitimacy in Norway.

—Prevention of blindness.- —Aniline poisoning. —Immigration</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">statistics. —Preservation of fruit.—Economic and financial assistance given

by the United States 133</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SURGICAL EXPERIENCES AT THE FRONT.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. G.Ross, Med. Corps, U. S.N. R. F 145</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Details of transport service.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. I. Longabaugh, Med. Corps, U. S. N.. 149</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Plan of a regimental field hospital.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer, Med. Corps, U. S. N 156</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The preparation of blood stain at the U. S. Naval Medical School.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Clark, Med. Corps, and Chief Pharmacist's

Mate L. F. Shabek, U. S. N 157</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preparation of identification tags.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. H. Laning, Med. Corps, U. S. N 157</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A death following salvarsan.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. C. Christiansen, Med. Corps, U. S. N 158</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary report on the Island of Corfu.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. Shaw, Med. Corps, U. S. N 163</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The march and the shoe.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. L. Mann, Med. Corps, U. S. N 164</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tuberculin test in young adults.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. Moody, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F., and Lieutenant C.

F. Carter, Med. Corps, U. S. N 165</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bed screens in barracks.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander P. S. Rossiter, Med. Corps, U. S. N 167</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Influenza on a naval transport.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. F. McAnally, Med. Corps, U. S. N 168</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The treatment of chancroids and the prevention of buboes.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. W. Millett, Med. Corps, U. S. N 170</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Record of the navy recruiting station, Pittsburgh, Pa.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. C. Ammerman, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F 171</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Strength of the navy 172</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 173</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS 175</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The pathology of pneumonia accompanying influenza.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenants (J. G.) E. W. Goodpasture and F. L. Burnett, Medical

Corps, U. S. N. R. F 177</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental examination of recruits.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. E. Bisch, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F <span>  </span>198</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of military offenders.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander A. L. Jacoby, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F..

229</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extraction of metallic foreign bodies.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By E. Robin, Medecin I ere Classe 237</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">New methods in amputations and prosthesis of the lower limbs.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. G. LeConte, Medical Corps, U.S.N. R.F.. 244</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Education and sanitation aboard ship.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. S. Pugh, Medical Corps, U. S. N 254</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Jean Dominique Larrey 267</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extract from a surgical memoire by Baron Larrey.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Translated by Captain G. A. Lung, Medical Corps, U. S. N 275</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The lesson of job's war horse 283</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary drinking fountain.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander D. S. Hillis, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. .

287</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical charts in health records.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By lieutenant (J. G.) J. J. Cancelmo, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. .

287</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">System of clinical records.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain W. B. Grove, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Lieutenant G. B.

Crow, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F... 288</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A DRESSING FOR WOUNDS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. W. C. Bunker, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 291</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Abdominal wounds from hand grenade.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. M. Emmett, Medical Corps, U. S. N 293</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fracture of spine of tibia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. G. Ross, Medical Corps, U.S.N. R.F... 294</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fracture of pelvis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. G. Ross, Medical Corps, U. S. N . R. F . . .

295</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chronic rheumatism cured by appendectomy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. H. Michels, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 296</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF MYELOID LEUKEMIA.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. R. Ryan, Medical Corps, U. S. N 297</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pericardiotomy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. R. G. Crandon, Medical Corps, U. S. N.R. F

299</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF KERATOSIS PLANTARIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. M. Perret, Medical Corps, U.S.N 300</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Influenza with unusual complications.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (J. G.) F. G. Folken, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F.. <span> </span>301</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES: </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of malaria in Brioni

— Epidemic lethargic encephalitis— Encephalitis lethargica — Syphilitic

aortitis —The pathology of the streptococcal pneumonias of Army camps— The

venereal problem and the war—The cocaine habit.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Sterilization of wounds by electro-ions — Abscess of thyroid following

septico-pyemia from otitis —Acute perforations of the abdominal viscera— The

use of paraffin for drainage in surgery — Surgical technic in orthopedic

surgery 307-320</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —Laboratory diagnosis—Detection

of spirochetes— Gonococcus infections 321</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose and throat. —Tests for malingering in defective hearing

— Ocular anaphylaxis 334</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The third resuscitation commission. — Lecture course at Great Lakes,

Ill.—A department of physical training —The Germans and the scientific workers

of Lille—Physical education — Transportation of sick and wounded — Traumatic

rupture of the spleen—Officer-material school at Princeton — Wanted, a

diagnosis 337</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital administration.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain G. A. Lung, Medical Corps, U. S. N 347</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Removal of wounded from U. S. S. "Northern Pacific."</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. H. H. Old, Medical Corps, U. S. N 349</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">On board a torpedoed transport.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. E. Curtis, Medical Corps, U.S.N 351</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Influenza at the U. S. Naval Hospital, Washington, D. C.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Rear Admiral R. M. Kennedy, Medical Corps, U. S. N 355</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes on post-influenzal pneumonia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (J. G.) A. M. Burgess, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F., and

Phar. Mate E. J. Staff, U. S. N. R. F 356</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Diphtheria at the U. S. Naval Academy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. E. Houghton, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Lieutenant

(J. G.) D. G. Richey, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 359</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Influenza at Pensacola.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenants J. M. Perret, and C. M. Shaar, Medical Corps, TJ. S. N .

. 365</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Training school for nurses in Haiti.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Nurse L. D. Jordan, U. S. N 378</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Observation of candidates for the listener's school.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant F. B. Galbraith, Medical Corps, U. S. N 380</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 391</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to pathological collections 393</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS 394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE VII</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preventive medicine at training camps and stations.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain C. E. Riggs, Medical Corps, U. S. N 395</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">With marines in France.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant F. E. Locy, Medical Corps, U. S. N 417</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bone grafts.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. M. Foote, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 433</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Internal derangements or knee joints.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant ( J. G.) C. F. Painter, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F <span> </span>442</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical manifestations of tropical sprue.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. J. Wood, Medical Corps, U. S. N.R. F 449</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Isolation and cultivation of Pfeiffer's bacillus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant DeW. G. Rlchey, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 453</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Nervous element in aviation.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. U. Pillmore, Medical Corps, U. S. N 458</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Administration of the U. S. Hospital Ship Solace.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. E. H. Old, Medical Corps, U. S. N 478</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Devices and uniforms of the Navy Medical Corps 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The reform of funerals —The apotheosis of dungarees 515</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">IN MEMORIAM :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Henry G. Beyer.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (T.) P. J. Waldner, Medical Corps, U. S. N 521</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Washington Berry Grove.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schmidt, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 522</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Improvised mess tables.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain H. C. Curl, Medical Corps, U. S. N 1 525</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Apparatus for submersion cases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain G. F. Freeman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 525</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Recording dental operations.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. F. Murdy, Dental Corps, U. S. N 527</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Rupture of the esophagus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. Sheldon, Medical Corps, U. S. N 529</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Anthrax cured by vaccine.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (J. G.) J. K. Leasure, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 581</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Foreign body in antrum.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. B. Greene, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 534</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Traumatic rupture of kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander P. H. Bowman. Medical Corps, U. S. N., and

Lieutenant Commander H. D. Meeker, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 536</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Thrombosis of popliteal vein.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. A. Frink, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 538</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Alopecia Universalis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. R. Alfred, Medical Corps, U. S. N 539</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Operations for rupture of kidney and spleen.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. O. Tanner, Medical Corps, U. S. N 539</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Traumatic aneurism : Five cases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N. and

Lieutenant Commander H. D. Meeker, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 541</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A DEATH FROM SALVARSAN.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. F. Crofutt, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 543</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Perforation of Meckel's diverticulum.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. F. Pearce, Medical Corps, U. S. N 546</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Syphiloma of cererrum.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenants A. W. Hoaglund and P. F. Prioleau, Medical Corps, U. S.

N 547</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extra-genital chancre.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer and Lieutenant J. R. Poppen,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 551</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chancre of the thumb.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (J. G.) L. Herman, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 553</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Typhoid fever with severe complications.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant F. N. Martin, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 554</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Cholangitis following influenza.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. S. Reeves, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 557 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Diphtheria complicating fractured mandible.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (J. G.) J. B. Goodall, Dental Corps, U. S. N. R. F.<span>  </span><span> </span>559</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Tests of physical efficiency — Malaria as a military

problem —Anthelmintics as tested on earthworms —New treatment of bichloride

poisoning —Corpeus luteum and vomiting of pregnancy 561</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Post-operative parotitis —The empyema problem — Skin disinfection

by picric acid — Reconstructive surgery of the hand and forearm 573</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. — Bacteriology of

tuberculous kidneys — Hermann-Perutz reaction — Experiments with virus of

grippe 578</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat.— Perineural anesthesia for surgery of maxillary

sinus —Intraocular pressure and tonometry 5S2</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Transmission of venereal disease may constitute assault — Interdepartmental

Social Hygiene Board— Sir Charles Wyndham —Harvard surgical unit— Retail

druggists and quack remedies — School of Hygiene, Johns Hopkins University —

Legal decision re vaccination —American merchant marine —Meningococci in blood

—Radium conservation —Andre Chantemesse 585</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The U. S. hospital ship "Comfort."</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. W. Dunbar, Medical Corps, U. S. N.<span>  </span>591</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Voyage of the U. S. S. "Leviathan."</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander F. A. Asserson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 602</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ship life in Constantinople.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. P. Huff, Medical Corps, U. S. N 605</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A record ship.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander A. E. Lee, Medical Corps, U. S. N 609</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. Naval Air Station, Pauillac, France.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. A. Garrison, Medical Corps, U. S. N 611</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. Naval Air Station, Rockaway Beach, L. I.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant ( J. G. ) A. A. Shadday, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 616</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Increase of weight under service conditions.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. Halstead and Lieutenant (J. G.) E. A. Mallon, Medical

Corps, U. S. N. R. F 620</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Poisoning by trinitrotoluol.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (J. G.) A. Saska, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 624</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The marine shoe.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. L. Mann, Medical Corps, U. S. N__ 625</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">X-RAY WORK AT A NAVAL HOSPITAL.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. H. Jennings, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 628</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Dental work at the navy yard, New York.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. Barber, Dental Corps, U. S. N 631</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Dental work at the navy yard, Mare Island, Cal.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander J. L. Brown, Dental Corps, U. S. N 632</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 633</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS 635</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE .. vii</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on the influenza epidemic.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By the Staff of the U. S. Naval Hospital, Philadelphia 837</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Infectious and contagious diseases. Virgin Islands, 1918.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. Peterson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 682</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Naval ambulance trains in Great Britain.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain P. L. Pleadwell, Medical Corps, U. S. N 706</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bone surgery.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander A. L. Clifton, Medical Corps, U. S. N__ 718</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An epidemic of mumps.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. B. H. Gradwohl, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F.

; Lieutenant C. F. Carter, Medical Corns, U. S. N. ; Lieutenant W. S. Barcus

and Lieutenant (J. G.) H. L. Fougerousse, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 723</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Constitutional inferiority in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant T. A. Ratliff, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 728</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Acute early appendicitis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Jenkins. Medical Corps, U. S. N., and

Lieutenant L. A. Will, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 733</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extra-genital chancres.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant .T. M. Perret, Medical Corps. U. S. N. R. F 736</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Incubation and choice of antigens in the Wassermann reaction.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. D. Hitchcock, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 740</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The practice of medicine in Europe during the Middle Ages 747</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL : Intangible damage—The "Attitude of the Bureau"

775</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">IN MEMORIAM :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Abraham Jacobi (1830-1919) 781</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The construction of animal cages.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Clark, Medical Corps, U. S. N 783</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A ROTARY TOOTHBRUSH.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N_ 783</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Equipment of battle dressing station storerooms.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. S. Pugh, Medical Corps, U. S..N 786</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Poisoning by bay rum containing wood alcohol.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant N. S. Betts, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 791</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsenic poisoning following the use of novarsenobenzol.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. M. Burchflel, Medical Corps, U. S. N 795</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Death following arsphenamine. Page.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. Goetsch, Medical Corps, U. S. N 797</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">High temperature in influenza.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (J. G.) P. M. Williams, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 799</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Voiding of a bullet from the bladder.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N . <span> </span>799</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Depressed fracture of frontal bone.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. W. Hoagland, Medical Corps. U. S. N 800</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Colon ptosis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. U. Plllmore, Medical Corps, U. S. N 801</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ideal tonsil operation.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander A. H. Robnett, Medical Corps,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. N 06</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Bacillus botulinus poisoning 800</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery.—Pathological possibilities of neglected gallstone disease 811</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. — Historical Inquiry into the efficacy of lime

juice for the prevention and cure of scurvy —The ship's water supply 813</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. — Vaccine treatment

of filarial lymphangitis in British Guiana —Blood destroying substance in

ascarls lumbrlcoldes 817</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —New titration method for the determination of

uric acid in urine — Modifications of Benedict's and Folin's quantitative sugar

methods—Food ingestion and energy transformations with special reference to the

stimulating effect of nutrients —Nutritive factors In animal tissues 819</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Methylene blue in purulent discharge from

the eye socket—Prophylactic use of pitultrin in nose and throat operations

under general and local anesthesia —Colloidal manganese in gonorrheal

ophthalmia —Hemorrhage following the removal of the tonsils and its treatment

821</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The devastation of France— Peking Medical School —Vaccination in California

— Internal decoration of hospitals —Interallied conference on medical aspects

of aviation —U. S. Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board—War Risk Insurance

Bureau —Boy Scouts — Legal control of motion pictures — Influenza statistics,

Great Lakes,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">111— Sixth Division, Bureau of Navigation 823</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Naval railway battery in France.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. S. Stephenson, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 831</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Submarine Division Five.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. W. Brown, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 846</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preparation of antihuman amboceptor.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Clark, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Chief

Pharmacist's Mate A. J. Mouton, U. S. N 853</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Psychiatric work among recruits.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant F. L. McDaniel, Medical Corps, U. S. N 854</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bacteriological experiments with acriflavine.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. B. LaFavre. Medical Corps, U. S. N 858</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Acriflavine In The Treatment Of Gonorrhea. </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. M. Burchflel, Medical Corps. U. S. N 869</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The army bedside x-ray unit.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. R. Coleman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 866</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital service in Haiti.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. F. Lawrence, Medical Corps, U. S. N 869</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Organization of the U. S. naval hospital, Charleston, S. C.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. M. Garton and Lieutenant Commander G. W. Calver,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 876</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 897</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS 901</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX 903</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

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American arcade postcard. Sessue Hayakawa in The Swamp (Colin Campbell, 1921).

 

Sessue Hayakawa (1889–1973) was a Japanese actor who starred in more than 80 American, Japanese, French, German, and British films. He was the first Asian actor to find stardom first in Hollywood and later in Europe. His 'broodingly handsome' good looks and typecasting as a sinister villain with sexual dominance made him a heartthrob among female audiences in the 1910s and early 1920s. Nowadays he is best remembered for his Oscar-nominated turn as Japanese POW camp commander Saito in The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957).

 

Sessue Hayakawa (早川 雪洲) was born Kintaro Hayakawa in the village of Nanaura, now part of the city of Minamibosō in Japan in 1889. His father was the provincial governor and his mother a member of an aristocratic family of the 'samurai' class. The young Hayakawa wanted to become a career officer in the Japanese navy, but he was turned down due to problems with his hearing. He studied political economics at the University of Chicago to fulfil his family's wish that he become a banker. After his second year of studies at the University of Chicago, Hayakawa decided to quit school and return to Japan. He travelled to Los Angeles and during his stay, he discovered the Japanese Theatre in Little Tokyo and became fascinated with acting and performing plays. It was around this time that he assumed the name Sessue Hayakawa. One of the productions in which Hayakawa performed was called The Typhoon. Legendary producer-director Thomas Ince saw the production and offered to turn it into a silent movie with the original cast. The Typhoon (Reginald Barker, 1914) became an instant hit and was followed by two additional pictures produced by Ince, The Wrath of the Gods (Reginald Barker, 1914) co-starring his new wife, actress Tsuru Aoki, and The Sacrifice (?, 1914). With Hayakawa's rising stardom, Jesse L. Lasky offered Hayakawa a contract at Famous Players-Lasky (now Paramount Pictures). Hayakawa's second film for Famous Players-Lasky, The Cheat (Cecil B. DeMille, 1915) with Fannie Ward, was a huge success. Again, he distinguished himself by giving a naturalistic performance. Following The Cheat, Hayakawa became a top leading man for romantic dramas in the 1910s and early 1920s. His 'broodingly handsome' good looks and typecasting as a sinister villain with sexual dominance made him a heartthrob among American women, and the first male sex symbol of Hollywood, several years before Rudolph Valentino. He became one of the highest-paid stars of his time, earning $5,000 per week in 1915, and $2 million per year through his own production company, Haworth Pictures, during the 1920s. Wikipedia: "During the height of his popularity, critics hailed Hayakawa's Zen-influenced acting style. Hayakawa sought to bring muga, or the 'absence of doing,' to his performances, in direct contrast to the then-popular studied poses and broad gestures. He was one of the first stars to do so, Mary Pickford being another." Hayakawa and wife Tsuru Aoki lived in a landmark home, built in the style of a French castle. He drove a gold plated Pierce-Arrow and entertained lavishly in his 'Castle' which was known as the scene of some of Hollywood's wildest parties. But in 1923, his waning popularity and a bad business deal forced Hayakawa to leave Hollywood.

 

For the next 15 years, Sessue Hayakawa performed in New York, in Europe and in Japan. In France, he starred in La bataille/The Battle (Sessue Hayakawa, Édouard-Émile Violet, 1923), a popular melodrama spiced with martial arts. He also appeared in the French crime drama J'ai tué!/I Have Killed (Roger Lion, 1924) with Huguette Duflos. In the UK, he made Sen Yan's Devotion (A.E. Coleby, 1924) and The Great Prince Shan (A.E. Coleby, 1924) with Ivy Duke. In 1925, he wrote a novel, The Bandit Prince, and adapted it into a short play. In 1930, he performed in Samurai, a one-act play written especially for him, for Great Britain's King George V and Queen Mary, In 1931 Hayakawa returned to Hollywood to make his talking-picture debut playing Fu Manchu in Daughter of the Dragon (Lloyd Corrigan 1931), featuring Anna May Wong. Sound revealed that he had a heavy accent, and his acting got poor reviews. He returned to Japan where he made a series of films before once again going to France. There he made the geisha melodrama Yoshiwara (Max Ophüls, 1937) with Pierre Richard-Willm. He also appeared in a French remake of The Cheat called Forfaiture (Marcel L'Herbier, 1937), playing the same role that over 20 years earlier had made him one of the biggest stars in the world. Sessue Hayakawa played a Samurai in the German-Japanese co-production Atarashiki tsuchi/The New Earth (1937), which was co-directed by Arnold Fanck and Mansaku Itami. Later, he found himself trapped and separated from his family when the Germans occupied France in 1940. Hayakawa made few films during these years but supported himself by selling watercolours. He joined the French Resistance and helped Allied flyers during the war.

 

After the war, Sessue Hayakawa's friendships with American actors led him to return to Hollywood. In 1949, Humphrey Bogart's production company located Hayakawa and offered him a role in Tokyo Joe (Stuart Heisler, 1949). Before issuing a work permit, the American Consulate investigated Hayakawa's activities during the war and found that he had in no way contributed to the German war effort. Hayakawa followed Tokyo Joe with Three Came Home (Jean Negulesco, 1950), in which he played real-life POW camp commander Lieutenant-Colonel Suga, opposite Claudette Colbert. He had re-established himself as a character actor. His on-screen roles of the 1950s can best be described as the honourable villain, a figure exemplified by his portrayal of Colonel Saito in The Bridge on the River Kwai (David Lean, 1957). The film won the 1957 Academy Award for Best Picture and Hayakawa received a nomination for Best Supporting Actor, losing to Red Buttons. He was also nominated for a Golden Globe for the role that he called the highlight of his career. After that film, Hayakawa largely retired from acting. Throughout the rest of his life, he performed on a handful of television shows and a few films. He played the pirate leader in Disney's Swiss Family Robinson (Ken Annakin, 1960) and his final film appearance was in the Japanese film Junjô nijûsô (1967). Sessue Hayakawa retired from film in 1966. After his wife's death, he returned to Japan where he became a Zen master and a drama coach. He authored his autobiography, Zen Showed Me the Way, and appeared on the NBC interview program Here's Hollywood. Hayakawa died in Tokyo in 1973, from a cerebral thrombosis, complicated by pneumonia.

 

Source: Jon C. Hopwood (IMDb), Sandra Brennan (AllMovie), Wikipedia and IMDb.

 

And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.

Italian postcard by B.F.F. Edit., no. 2200. Photo: Warner Bros.

 

American actor John Garfield (1913-1952) played brooding, rebellious, working-class characters. Garfield is seen as a predecessor of such Method actors as Marlon Brando, Montgomery Clift, and James Dean. Called to testify before the U.S. Congressional House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), he denied communist affiliation and refused to 'name names', which effectively ended his film career. The stress led to his premature death at 39 from a heart attack.

 

John Garfield was born Jacob Julius Garfinkle on the Lower East Side of New York City, to Hannah Basia (Margolis) and David Garfinkle, who were Jewish immigrants from Zhytomyr (now in Ukraine). Jules was raised by his father, a clothes presser and part-time cantor, after his mother's death in 1920, when he was 7. He grew up in the heart of the Yiddish Theatre District. Jacob was sent to a special school for problem children, where he was introduced to boxing and drama. As a boy, he won a state-wide oratory contest sponsored by the New York Times with Benjamin Franklin as his subject. Garfield later won a scholarship to Maria Ouspenskaya's drama school. In 1932, he landed a non-paying job at Eva Le Gallienne's Civic Repertory, where he was recommended to by his acting teachers Maria Ouspenskaya and Richard Boleslawski. He changed his name to Jules Garfield and according to IMDb, he made his Broadway debut in that company's Counsellor-at-Law, written by Elmer Rice and starring Paul Muni. (Wikipedia writes that this was actually his second Broadway appearance and that Garfield made his Broadway debut in 1932 in a play called Lost Boy, which ran for only two weeks). Later, he joined the Group Theatre company, winning acclaim for his role as Ralph, the sensitive young son who pleads for "a chance to get to the first base" in Awake and Sing. The play opened in February 1935, and Garfield was singled out by critic Brooks Atkinson for having a "splendid sense of character development." However, Garfield was passed over for the lead in Golden Boy, which had especially been written for him by author Clifford Odets. When the play was first produced by the Group Theatre in 1938, the powers that be decided Garfield wasn't 'ready' to play the role of the young violinist turned boxer. Luther Adler subsequently created the role. Embittered, Garfield signed a contract with Warner Brothers, who changed his name to John Garfield. Because both Garfield and his wife did not want to 'go Hollywood,' he had a clause in his Warner contract that allowed him to perform in a legitimate play every year at his option. The couple also refused to own a home in Tinseltown. Garfield won enormous praise for his role as the cynical and tragic composer Mickey Borden in Four Daughters (Michael Curtiz, 1938), starring Claude Rains. For his part, he was nominated for the Oscar as Best Actor in a Supporting Role. After the breakout success of Four Daughters, Warner Bros created a name-above-the-title vehicle for him, the crime film They Made Me a Criminal (Busby Berkeley, 1939). Garfield had already made a B movie called Blackwell's Island (William C. McGann, 1939). Not wanting their new star to appear in a low-budget film, Warners ordered an A movie upgrade by adding $100,000 to its budget and recalling director Michael Curtiz to shoot newly scripted scenes.

 

At the onset of World War II, John Garfield immediately attempted to enlist in the armed forces but was turned down because of his heart condition. Frustrated, he turned his energies to supporting the war effort. He and actress Bette Davis were the driving forces behind the opening of the Hollywood Canteen, a club offering food and entertainment for American servicemen. He traveled overseas to help entertain the troops, made several bond selling tours and starred in a string of popular, patriotic films like Air Force (Howard Hawks, 1943), Destination Tokyo (Delmer Daves, 1943) with Cary Grant, and Pride of the Marines (Delmer Faves, 1945) with Eleanor Parker. All were box office successes. Throughout his film career, John Garfield, again and again, brooding played rebellious roles despite his efforts to play varied parts. Garfield became one of Warner Bros' most suspended stars. He was suspended 11 times during his nine years at the studio. After the war, Garfield starred in a series of successful films such as the Film Noir The Postman Always Rings Twice (Tay Garnett, 1946) with Lana Turner, and the showbiz melodrama Humoresque (Jean Negulesco, 1946) with Joan Crawford. When his Warner Bros. contract expired in 1946, he did not re-sign with the studio, opting to start his own independent production company instead. Garfield was one of the first Hollywood actors to do so. In the Best Picture Oscar-winning Gentleman's Agreement (Elia Kazan, 1947), Garfield took a featured but supporting, part because he believed deeply in the film's exposé of antisemitism in America. In 1948, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his starring role in Body and Soul (Robert Rossen, 1947) with Lilli Palmer. That same year, Garfield returned to Broadway in the play Skipper Next to God.

 

Active in liberal political and social causes, John Garfield found himself embroiled in the Communist scare of the late 1940s. Blacklisted during the McCarthy era in the early 1950s for his left-wing political beliefs, he adamantly refused to "name names" in testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) in April 1951. In his only TV appearance, Garfield played Joe Bonaparte and Kim Stanley played Lorna Moon in a scene from Clifford Odets' 'Golden Boy' on Cavalcade of Stars: John Garfield, Kim Stanley, Paul Winchell & Jerry Mahoney (1950). With film work scarce because of the blacklist, Garfield returned to Broadway and starred in a 1951 or 1952 revival (the sources differ) of Golden Boy. Garfield finally played the role which Odets had written for him and which was denied him years before at the Group Theater. His final film was the Film Noir He Ran All the Way (John Berry, 1951), with Shelley Winters. On 21 May 1952, John Garfield was found dead of a heart attack in the apartment of a friend, former showgirl Iris Whitney. A week before he had separated from his wife, and hours before his death he completed a statement modifying his 1951 testimony about his Communist affiliations. A day earlier Clifford Odets had testified before HUAC and reaffirmed that Garfield had never been a member of the Communist Party. Garfield was the fourth actor to die after being subjected to HUAC investigation. The others were Mady Christians (at 59), J. Edward Bromberg (at 47) and Canada Lee (at 45). The official cause of his death was coronary thrombosis due to a blood clot blocking an artery in his heart. His funeral was mobbed by thousands of fans, in the largest funeral attendance for an actor since Rudolph Valentino. Garfield had been married to his childhood sweetheart Roberta Seidman, from 1935 till his death. They had three children, Katherine (1938-1945), actor David Garfield (1942-1995) and actress Julie Garfield (1946-). His six-year-old daughter Katharine died of an allergic reaction in 1945. He never got over the loss. John Garfield is buried at Westchester Hills Cemetery, Hastings-on-Hudson, New York.

 

Sources: Jim Beaver (IMDb), Wikipedia and IMDb.

 

And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.

British postcard in the Pictures Portrait Gallery by Pictures Ltd., no. 174.

 

Alla Nazimova (1879–1945) was a grand, highly flamboyant star of the American silent cinema. The Russian-born film and theatre actress, screenwriter, and film producer was widely known as just Nazimova. On Broadway, she was noted for her work in the classic plays of Ibsen, Chekhov, and Turgenev. Her efforts at silent film production were less successful, but a few sound-film performances survive as a record of her art.

 

Alla Nazimova (Russian: Алла Назимовa) was born Marem-Ides Leventon (Russian name Adelaida Yakovlevna Leventon) in Yalta, Crimea, Russian Empire, in 1879. She was the youngest of three children of Jewish parents Yakov Abramovich Leventon, a pharmacist, and Sofia (Sara) Lvovna Horowitz, who moved to Yalta in 1870 from Kishinev. At age 17 Alla Leventon abandoned her training as a violinist and went to Moscow to work in theatre with V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko. In 1892, she joined Constantin Stanislavski's Moscow Art Theatre using the name of Alla Nazimova for the first time. Her stage name was a combination of Alla (a diminutive of Adelaida) and the surname of Nadezhda Nazimova, the heroine of the Russian novel Children of the Streets. Nazimova's theatre career blossomed early. In 1899 she married Sergei Golovin, a fellow actor, but they soon separated. Gary Brumburgh at IMDb: “She grew discontented with Stanislavsky and later performed in repertory. She met the legendary Pavel Orlenev, a close friend of Anton Chekhov and Maxim Gorky, and entered into both a personal and professional relationship with him.” By 1903 she was a major star in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. She toured Europe, including London and Berlin, with Orlenev. They immigrated to the United States in 1905. She was signed up by the American producer Henry Miller. Although she spoke not a word of English, she so impressed the Shubert brothers that they hired her on the condition she learns English in six months. In 1906 she made her Broadway debut in the title role of Hedda Gabler to critical and popular success. She also played other Ibsen characters: Nora in A Doll’s House, Hedwig in The Wild Duck, and Hilda in The Master Builder. She quickly became extremely popular and remained a major Broadway star for years. From 1912 to 1925 Nazimova maintained a ‘fake marriage’ with British actor and director Charles Bryant, who often was her co-star. In order to bolster this arrangement with Bryant, Nazimova kept her marriage to Golovin secret. Due to her notoriety in a 35-minute 1915 pacifist play entitled War Brides, Nazimova made her silent film debut in the film version, War Brides (Herbert Brenon, 1916), which was produced by independent producer Lewis J. Selznick. She made $100,000 touring in War Brides and an additional $60,000 for the film version. The film's lost status makes it now a sought-after title. In 1917, she negotiated a contract with Metro Pictures, a precursor to MGM, that included a weekly salary of $13,000. She moved from New York to Hollywood, where she made a number of highly successful films for Metro, including a part as a reformed prostitute in Revelation (George D. Baker, 1918), that earned her a considerable amount of money. Nazimova soon felt confident enough in her abilities to begin producing and writing films in which she also starred. Examples are Eye for Eye (Albert Capellani, 1918), The Brat (Herbert Blache, 1919) and Madame Peacock (Ray C. Smallwood, 1920).

 

Alla Nazimova starred in Camille (Ray C. Smallwood, 1921) as the courtesan Marguerite opposite Rudolph Valentino as her idealistic young lover Armand. Camille is based on the play adaptation La Dame aux Camélias (The Lady of the Camellias) by Alexandre Dumas, fils. The film was set in 1920s Paris, whereas the original version took place in Paris in the 1840s. It had lavish Art Deco sets and Rudolph Valentino later married the art director, Natacha Rambova. Jennifer Horne at The Women Film Pioneers Project: “Working under contract with Metro Pictures Corporation between late 1917 and April 1921, her company, Nazimova Productions, produced nine largely profitable, feature-length films and brought along the writing talent of writer-producer June Mathis. Details regarding the supervisory roles Nazimova played in the production of many of her films remain confusing since not all of Nazimova’s contributions are reflected in the official credits on films.” In her film adaptations A Doll's House (Charles Bryant, 1922), based on Henrik Ibsen, and Salomé (Charles Bryant, 1923), based on Oscar Wilde's play, Nazimova developed her own filmmaking techniques, which were considered daring at the time. Despite the film being only a little over an hour in length and having no real action to speak of, Salomé cost over $350,000 to make. All the sets were constructed indoors to be able to have complete control over the lighting. The film was shot completely in black and white, matching the illustrations done by Aubrey Beardsley in the printed edition of Wilde's play. The costumes, designed by Natacha Rambova, used material only from Maison Lewis of Paris, such as the real silver lamé loincloths worn by the guards. Both A Doll's House and Salomé were critical and commercial failures. Gary Brumburgh: “The monetary losses she suffered as producer were astronomical. The Hays Code, which led to severe censorship in pictures, also led to her downfall, as did her outmoded acting style.” By 1925 Nazimova could no longer afford to invest in more films; and financial backers withdrew their support. Left with few options, she gave up on the film industry. She became an American citizen in 1927.

 

In 1928, Alla Nazimova returned to the Broadway stage as Madame Ranevsky in Eva Le Gallienne’s production of Anton Chekhov’s The Cherry Orchard. Acclaimed were also her starring roles as Natalya Petrovna in Rouben Mamoulian's 1930 production of Turgenev's A Month in the Country, Christine in Eugene O’Neill’s Mourning Becomes Electra (1931), O-Lan in Pearl Buck’s The Good Earth (1932), and as Mrs. Alving in Ibsen's Ghosts (1935). In the early 1940s, she played character roles in a few more films. She played Robert Taylor's mother who is in a concentration camp in Nazi Germany in Escape (Mervyn Le Roy, 1940) and Tyrone Power's mother in Blood and Sand (Rouben Mamoulian, 1941). Her final film was Since You Went Away (John Cromwell, 1944), an epic about the American home front during World War II. Nazimova openly conducted relationships with women, and there were outlandish parties at her mansion on Sunset Boulevard, in Hollywood, California, known as ‘The Garden of Alla’. She is credited with having originated the phrase ‘sewing circle’ as a discreet code for lesbian or bisexual actresses. Nazimova helped start the careers of both of Rudolph Valentino's wives, Jean Acker and Natacha Rambova. Although she was involved in a lesbian affair with Acker, it is debated if Nazimova and Rambova had a sexual affair. Nazimova was impressed by Rambova's skills as an art director, and Rambova designed the innovative sets for Nazimova's film productions of Camille and Salomé. Of those Nazimova is confirmed to have been involved with romantically, the list includes actress Eva Le Gallienne, director Dorothy Arzner, writer Mercedes de Acosta, and Oscar Wilde's niece, Dolly Wilde. Nazimova lived with Glesca Marshall from 1929 until her death. In 1945 Nazimova died of coronary thrombosis in a hospital in Los Angeles. She was 66.

 

Sources: Jennifer Horne (Women Film Pioneers Project), Gary Brumburgh (IMDb), Sandra Brennan (AllMovie), Encyclopaedia Britannica, Wikipedia, and IMDb.

 

And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.

French card by Mon Ciné. The card was a supplement to the magazine Mon Ciné, no. 102, published 3 January 1924.

 

Alla Nazimova (1879–1945) was a grand, highly flamboyant star of the American silent cinema. The Russian-born film and theatre actress, screenwriter, and film producer was widely known as just Nazimova. On Broadway, she was noted for her work in the classic plays of Ibsen, Chekhov, and Turgenev. Her efforts at silent film production were less successful, but a few sound-film performances survive as a record of her art.

 

Alla Nazimova (Russian: Алла Назимовa) was born Marem-Ides Leventon (Russian name Adelaida Yakovlevna Leventon) in Yalta, Crimea, Russian Empire, in 1879. She was the youngest of three children of Jewish parents Yakov Abramovich Leventon, a pharmacist, and Sofia (Sara) Lvovna Horowitz, who moved to Yalta in 1870 from Kishinev. At age 17 Alla Leventon abandoned her training as a violinist and went to Moscow to work in theatre with V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko. In 1892, she joined Constantin Stanislavski's Moscow Art Theatre using the name of Alla Nazimova for the first time. Her stage name was a combination of Alla (a diminutive of Adelaida) and the surname of Nadezhda Nazimova, the heroine of the Russian novel 'Children of the Streets'. Nazimova's theatre career blossomed early. In 1899 she married Sergei Golovin, a fellow actor, but they soon separated. Gary Brumburgh at IMDb: “She grew discontented with Stanislavsky and later performed in repertory. She met the legendary Pavel Orlenev, a close friend of Anton Chekhov and Maxim Gorky, and entered into both a personal and professional relationship with him.” By 1903 she was touring Russian provinces. She also toured Europe, including London and Berlin, with Orlenev. They immigrated to the United States in 1905. He soon returned, but she was signed up by the American producer Henry Miller. Although she spoke not a word of English, she so impressed the Shubert brothers that they hired her on the condition she learn English in six months. In 1906 she made her Broadway debut in the title role of 'Hedda Gabler' by Henrik Ibsen with critical and popular success. She also played other Ibsen characters: Nora in 'A Doll’s House', Hedwig in 'The Wild Duck', and Hilda in 'The Master Builder'. She quickly became extremely popular and remained a major Broadway star for years. From 1912 to 1925 Nazimova maintained a ‘fake marriage’ with British actor and director Charles Bryant, who often was her co-star. In order to bolster this arrangement with Bryant, Nazimova kept her marriage to Golovin secret. Due to her notoriety in a 35-minute 1915 pacifist play entitled War Brides, Nazimova made her silent film debut in the film version, War Brides (Herbert Brenon, 1916), which was produced by independent producer Lewis J. Selznick. She made $100,000 touring in War Brides and an additional $60,000 for the film version. The film's lost status makes it now a sought-after title. In 1917, she negotiated a contract with Metro Pictures, a precursor to MGM, that included a weekly salary of $13,000. She moved from New York to Hollywood, where she made a number of highly successful films for Metro, including a part as a reformed prostitute in Revelation (George D. Baker, 1918), that earned her a considerable amount of money. Nazimova soon felt confident enough in her abilities to begin producing and writing films in which she also starred. Examples are Eye for Eye (Albert Capellani, 1918), The Brat (Herbert Blache, 1919) and Madame Peacock (Ray C. Smallwood, 1920).

 

Alla Nazimova starred in Camille (Ray C. Smallwood, 1921) as the courtesan Marguerite opposite Rudolph Valentino as her idealistic young lover Armand. Camille is based on the play adaptation La Dame aux Camélias (The Lady of the Camellias) by Alexandre Dumas, fils. The film was set in 1920s Paris, whereas the original version took place in Paris in the 1840s. It had lavish Art Deco sets and Rudolph Valentino later married the art director, Natacha Rambova. Jennifer Horne at The Women Film Pioneers Project: “Working under contract with Metro Pictures Corporation between late 1917 and April 1921, her company, Nazimova Productions, produced nine largely profitable, feature-length films and brought along the writing talent of writer-producer June Mathis. Details regarding the supervisory roles Nazimova played in the production of many of her films remain confusing since not all of Nazimova’s contributions are reflected in the official credits on films.” In her film adaptations A Doll's House (Charles Bryant, 1922), based on Henrik Ibsen, and Salomé (Charles Bryant, 1923), based on Oscar Wilde's play, Nazimova developed her own filmmaking techniques, which were considered daring at the time. Despite the film being only a little over an hour in length and having no real action to speak of, Salomé cost over $350,000 to make. All the sets were constructed indoors to be able to have complete control over the lighting. The film was shot completely in black and white, matching the illustrations done by Aubrey Beardsley in the printed edition of Wilde's play. The costumes, designed by Natacha Rambova, used material only from Maison Lewis of Paris, such as the real silver lamé loincloths worn by the guards. Both A Doll's House and Salomé were critical and commercial failures. Gary Brumburgh: “The monetary losses she suffered as producer were astronomical. The Hays Code, which led to severe censorship in pictures, also led to her downfall, as did her outmoded acting style.” By 1925 Nazimova could no longer afford to invest in more films; and financial backers withdrew their support. Left with few options, she gave up on the film industry. She became an American citizen in 1927.

 

In 1928, Alla Nazimova returned to the Broadway stage as Madame Ranevsky in Eva Le Gallienne’s production of Anton Chekhov’s The Cherry Orchard. Acclaimed were also her starring roles as Natalya Petrovna in Rouben Mamoulian's 1930 production of Turgenev's A Month in the Country, Christine in Eugene O’Neill’s Mourning Becomes Electra (1931), O-Lan in Pearl Buck’s The Good Earth (1932), and as Mrs. Alving in Ibsen's Ghosts (1935). In the early 1940s, she played character roles in a few more films. She played Robert Taylor's mother who is in a concentration camp in Nazi Germany in Escape (Mervyn Le Roy, 1940) and Tyrone Power's mother in Blood and Sand (Rouben Mamoulian, 1941). Her final film was Since You Went Away (John Cromwell, 1944), an epic about the American home front during World War II. Nazimova openly conducted relationships with women, and there were outlandish parties at her mansion on Sunset Boulevard, in Hollywood, California, known as ‘The Garden of Alla’. She is credited with having originated the phrase ‘sewing circle’ as a discreet code for lesbian or bisexual actresses. Nazimova helped start the careers of both of Rudolph Valentino's wives, Jean Acker and Natacha Rambova. Although she was involved in a lesbian affair with Acker, it is debated if Nazimova and Rambova had a sexual affair. Nazimova was impressed by Rambova's skills as an art director, and Rambova designed the innovative sets for Nazimova's film productions of Camille and Salomé. Of those Nazimova is confirmed to have been involved with romantically, the list includes actress Eva Le Gallienne, director Dorothy Arzner, writer Mercedes de Acosta, and Oscar Wilde's niece, Dolly Wilde. Nazimova lived with Glesca Marshall from 1929 until her death. In 1945 Nazimova died of coronary thrombosis in a hospital in Los Angeles. She was 66.

 

Sources: Jennifer Horne (Women Film Pioneers Project), Gary Brumburgh (IMDb), Sandra Brennan (AllMovie), Encyclopaedia Britannica, Wikipedia, and IMDb.

 

And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 13, Nos. 1-4, 1919

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1919

Language: eng

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents <br /></p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> PREFACE vii</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">FRONTISPIECE:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Thomas Henry Huxley.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Heart sounds and their value.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. A. Hare, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F. . 1 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eliminating the epileptic from the navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. E. Bisch, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F 6</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The use of serum in lobar pneumonia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. W. Gould, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F., and Lieutenant

M. Shaweker, Med. Corps, U. S. N 16</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia and empyema.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander F. A. Asserson, Med. Corps., U. S. N., and Lieutenant W.

L. Rathbun, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F 26</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Development of specific serum therapy in pneumonia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. R. Redden, Med. Corps, U. S. N 36</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Flatfoot.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. R. G. Crandon, Med. Corps, U. S.N. R. F 43</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of flat feet.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (J. G.) S. B. Burk, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F 46</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ear protection.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander G. B. Trible and Lieutenant S. S. Watkins, Med.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Corps, U. S. N 48</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895).</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. J. B. Cordeiro, Med. Corps, U. S.N., Ret 61</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Accuracy. —Military titles and military behavior. —Shell shock. 71</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Typhoid prophylaxis cards.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. B. Henry, Med. Corps, U. S. N 77</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A SURGICAL DRESSING TRAY FOR SHIPS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant M. J. Price. Med. Corps, U. S. N 78</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A USEFUL FLYTRAP.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. V. Hughens, Med. Corps, U. S. N 80</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Scale for measuring flatfoot.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (J. G.) B. Dunham, Med. Corps, U. S. N R. F 82</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF STATUS LYMPHATICUS</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. L. Rice, Med. Corps, U. S. N 85</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some practical and theoretical considerations.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander J. J. A. McMullin, Med. Corps, U. S. N. 87</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pain in right hypochondrium and pernicious anemia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. M. Stenhouse, Med. Corps, U. S. N.. 89</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Perforating wound of intestine and mesentery.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. G. Ross, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F 93</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of scarlet fever.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. C. Newton, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 94</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Illustrative cases of atypical acute abdominal conditions.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. D. Hale and Lieutenant J. C. Adams, Med.

Corps, U. S. N 95</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Varieties of hypersusceptibility.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. K. McCafferty, Med. Corps, U. S. N 98</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Varix simulating inguinal hernia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. J. Cummings, Med. Corps, U. S.N 103</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Appendicitis and ruptured meso-appendix artery.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant F. H. Bowman, Med. Corps, U. S. N 104</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Unusual wound contamination.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. A. Stephens, Med. Corps, U. S. N 105</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Subluxation of vertebra by muscular action.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander I. S. K. Reeves and Lieutenant M. K. Miller, Med. Corps,

U.S.N 107</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fracture of the skull.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. I. Longabaugh, Med. Corps, U. S. N.. 108</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of case of stenosis of Wharton's duct.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. A. Halpin, Med. Corps, U. S. N 108</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Status lymphaticus. —Epidemic of intestinal infection.

—New pathology of syphilis<span>  </span>111</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases. —Temperament and psychosis. War neuroses.

—Traumatic and emotional psychosis. —War neuroses. —Instinct distortion 117</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Fascial transplants. —Chloralose as a general anesthetic 131</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Military, legal and industrial. —Treatment of mustard-gas poisoning.

—Conference on medico-military administration. —Illegitimacy in Norway.

—Prevention of blindness.- —Aniline poisoning. —Immigration</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">statistics. —Preservation of fruit.—Economic and financial assistance given

by the United States 133</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SURGICAL EXPERIENCES AT THE FRONT.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. G.Ross, Med. Corps, U. S.N. R. F 145</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Details of transport service.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. I. Longabaugh, Med. Corps, U. S. N.. 149</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Plan of a regimental field hospital.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer, Med. Corps, U. S. N 156</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The preparation of blood stain at the U. S. Naval Medical School.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Clark, Med. Corps, and Chief Pharmacist's

Mate L. F. Shabek, U. S. N 157</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preparation of identification tags.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. H. Laning, Med. Corps, U. S. N 157</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A death following salvarsan.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. C. Christiansen, Med. Corps, U. S. N 158</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary report on the Island of Corfu.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. Shaw, Med. Corps, U. S. N 163</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The march and the shoe.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. L. Mann, Med. Corps, U. S. N 164</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tuberculin test in young adults.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. Moody, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F., and Lieutenant C.

F. Carter, Med. Corps, U. S. N 165</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bed screens in barracks.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander P. S. Rossiter, Med. Corps, U. S. N 167</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Influenza on a naval transport.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. F. McAnally, Med. Corps, U. S. N 168</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The treatment of chancroids and the prevention of buboes.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. W. Millett, Med. Corps, U. S. N 170</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Record of the navy recruiting station, Pittsburgh, Pa.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. C. Ammerman, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F 171</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Strength of the navy 172</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 173</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS 175</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The pathology of pneumonia accompanying influenza.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenants (J. G.) E. W. Goodpasture and F. L. Burnett, Medical

Corps, U. S. N. R. F 177</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental examination of recruits.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. E. Bisch, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F <span>  </span>198</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of military offenders.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander A. L. Jacoby, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F..

229</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extraction of metallic foreign bodies.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By E. Robin, Medecin I ere Classe 237</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">New methods in amputations and prosthesis of the lower limbs.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. G. LeConte, Medical Corps, U.S.N. R.F.. 244</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Education and sanitation aboard ship.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. S. Pugh, Medical Corps, U. S. N 254</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Jean Dominique Larrey 267</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extract from a surgical memoire by Baron Larrey.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Translated by Captain G. A. Lung, Medical Corps, U. S. N 275</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The lesson of job's war horse 283</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary drinking fountain.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander D. S. Hillis, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. .

287</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical charts in health records.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By lieutenant (J. G.) J. J. Cancelmo, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. .

287</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">System of clinical records.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain W. B. Grove, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Lieutenant G. B.

Crow, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F... 288</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A DRESSING FOR WOUNDS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. W. C. Bunker, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 291</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Abdominal wounds from hand grenade.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. M. Emmett, Medical Corps, U. S. N 293</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fracture of spine of tibia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. G. Ross, Medical Corps, U.S.N. R.F... 294</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fracture of pelvis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. G. Ross, Medical Corps, U. S. N . R. F . . .

295</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chronic rheumatism cured by appendectomy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. H. Michels, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 296</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF MYELOID LEUKEMIA.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. R. Ryan, Medical Corps, U. S. N 297</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pericardiotomy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. R. G. Crandon, Medical Corps, U. S. N.R. F

299</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF KERATOSIS PLANTARIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. M. Perret, Medical Corps, U.S.N 300</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Influenza with unusual complications.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (J. G.) F. G. Folken, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F.. <span> </span>301</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES: </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of malaria in Brioni

— Epidemic lethargic encephalitis— Encephalitis lethargica — Syphilitic

aortitis —The pathology of the streptococcal pneumonias of Army camps— The

venereal problem and the war—The cocaine habit.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Sterilization of wounds by electro-ions — Abscess of thyroid following

septico-pyemia from otitis —Acute perforations of the abdominal viscera— The

use of paraffin for drainage in surgery — Surgical technic in orthopedic

surgery 307-320</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —Laboratory diagnosis—Detection

of spirochetes— Gonococcus infections 321</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose and throat. —Tests for malingering in defective hearing

— Ocular anaphylaxis 334</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The third resuscitation commission. — Lecture course at Great Lakes,

Ill.—A department of physical training —The Germans and the scientific workers

of Lille—Physical education — Transportation of sick and wounded — Traumatic

rupture of the spleen—Officer-material school at Princeton — Wanted, a

diagnosis 337</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital administration.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain G. A. Lung, Medical Corps, U. S. N 347</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Removal of wounded from U. S. S. "Northern Pacific."</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. H. H. Old, Medical Corps, U. S. N 349</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">On board a torpedoed transport.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. E. Curtis, Medical Corps, U.S.N 351</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Influenza at the U. S. Naval Hospital, Washington, D. C.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Rear Admiral R. M. Kennedy, Medical Corps, U. S. N 355</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes on post-influenzal pneumonia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (J. G.) A. M. Burgess, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F., and

Phar. Mate E. J. Staff, U. S. N. R. F 356</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Diphtheria at the U. S. Naval Academy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. E. Houghton, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Lieutenant

(J. G.) D. G. Richey, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 359</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Influenza at Pensacola.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenants J. M. Perret, and C. M. Shaar, Medical Corps, TJ. S. N .

. 365</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Training school for nurses in Haiti.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Nurse L. D. Jordan, U. S. N 378</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Observation of candidates for the listener's school.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant F. B. Galbraith, Medical Corps, U. S. N 380</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 391</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to pathological collections 393</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS 394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE VII</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preventive medicine at training camps and stations.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain C. E. Riggs, Medical Corps, U. S. N 395</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">With marines in France.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant F. E. Locy, Medical Corps, U. S. N 417</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bone grafts.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. M. Foote, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 433</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Internal derangements or knee joints.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant ( J. G.) C. F. Painter, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F <span> </span>442</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical manifestations of tropical sprue.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. J. Wood, Medical Corps, U. S. N.R. F 449</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Isolation and cultivation of Pfeiffer's bacillus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant DeW. G. Rlchey, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 453</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Nervous element in aviation.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. U. Pillmore, Medical Corps, U. S. N 458</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Administration of the U. S. Hospital Ship Solace.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. E. H. Old, Medical Corps, U. S. N 478</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Devices and uniforms of the Navy Medical Corps 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The reform of funerals —The apotheosis of dungarees 515</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">IN MEMORIAM :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Henry G. Beyer.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (T.) P. J. Waldner, Medical Corps, U. S. N 521</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Washington Berry Grove.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schmidt, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 522</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Improvised mess tables.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain H. C. Curl, Medical Corps, U. S. N 1 525</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Apparatus for submersion cases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain G. F. Freeman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 525</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Recording dental operations.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. F. Murdy, Dental Corps, U. S. N 527</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Rupture of the esophagus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. Sheldon, Medical Corps, U. S. N 529</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Anthrax cured by vaccine.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (J. G.) J. K. Leasure, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 581</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Foreign body in antrum.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. B. Greene, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 534</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Traumatic rupture of kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander P. H. Bowman. Medical Corps, U. S. N., and

Lieutenant Commander H. D. Meeker, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 536</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Thrombosis of popliteal vein.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. A. Frink, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 538</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Alopecia Universalis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. R. Alfred, Medical Corps, U. S. N 539</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Operations for rupture of kidney and spleen.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. O. Tanner, Medical Corps, U. S. N 539</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Traumatic aneurism : Five cases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N. and

Lieutenant Commander H. D. Meeker, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 541</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A DEATH FROM SALVARSAN.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. F. Crofutt, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 543</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Perforation of Meckel's diverticulum.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. F. Pearce, Medical Corps, U. S. N 546</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Syphiloma of cererrum.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenants A. W. Hoaglund and P. F. Prioleau, Medical Corps, U. S.

N 547</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extra-genital chancre.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer and Lieutenant J. R. Poppen,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 551</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chancre of the thumb.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (J. G.) L. Herman, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 553</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Typhoid fever with severe complications.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant F. N. Martin, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 554</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Cholangitis following influenza.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. S. Reeves, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 557 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Diphtheria complicating fractured mandible.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (J. G.) J. B. Goodall, Dental Corps, U. S. N. R. F.<span>  </span><span> </span>559</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Tests of physical efficiency — Malaria as a military

problem —Anthelmintics as tested on earthworms —New treatment of bichloride

poisoning —Corpeus luteum and vomiting of pregnancy 561</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Post-operative parotitis —The empyema problem — Skin disinfection

by picric acid — Reconstructive surgery of the hand and forearm 573</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. — Bacteriology of

tuberculous kidneys — Hermann-Perutz reaction — Experiments with virus of

grippe 578</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat.— Perineural anesthesia for surgery of maxillary

sinus —Intraocular pressure and tonometry 5S2</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Transmission of venereal disease may constitute assault — Interdepartmental

Social Hygiene Board— Sir Charles Wyndham —Harvard surgical unit— Retail

druggists and quack remedies — School of Hygiene, Johns Hopkins University —

Legal decision re vaccination —American merchant marine —Meningococci in blood

—Radium conservation —Andre Chantemesse 585</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The U. S. hospital ship "Comfort."</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. W. Dunbar, Medical Corps, U. S. N.<span>  </span>591</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Voyage of the U. S. S. "Leviathan."</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander F. A. Asserson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 602</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ship life in Constantinople.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. P. Huff, Medical Corps, U. S. N 605</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A record ship.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander A. E. Lee, Medical Corps, U. S. N 609</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. Naval Air Station, Pauillac, France.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. A. Garrison, Medical Corps, U. S. N 611</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. Naval Air Station, Rockaway Beach, L. I.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant ( J. G. ) A. A. Shadday, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 616</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Increase of weight under service conditions.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. Halstead and Lieutenant (J. G.) E. A. Mallon, Medical

Corps, U. S. N. R. F 620</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Poisoning by trinitrotoluol.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (J. G.) A. Saska, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 624</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The marine shoe.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. L. Mann, Medical Corps, U. S. N__ 625</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">X-RAY WORK AT A NAVAL HOSPITAL.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. H. Jennings, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 628</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Dental work at the navy yard, New York.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. Barber, Dental Corps, U. S. N 631</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Dental work at the navy yard, Mare Island, Cal.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander J. L. Brown, Dental Corps, U. S. N 632</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 633</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS 635</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE .. vii</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on the influenza epidemic.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By the Staff of the U. S. Naval Hospital, Philadelphia 837</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Infectious and contagious diseases. Virgin Islands, 1918.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. Peterson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 682</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Naval ambulance trains in Great Britain.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain P. L. Pleadwell, Medical Corps, U. S. N 706</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bone surgery.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander A. L. Clifton, Medical Corps, U. S. N__ 718</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An epidemic of mumps.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. B. H. Gradwohl, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F.

; Lieutenant C. F. Carter, Medical Corns, U. S. N. ; Lieutenant W. S. Barcus

and Lieutenant (J. G.) H. L. Fougerousse, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 723</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Constitutional inferiority in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant T. A. Ratliff, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 728</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Acute early appendicitis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Jenkins. Medical Corps, U. S. N., and

Lieutenant L. A. Will, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 733</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extra-genital chancres.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant .T. M. Perret, Medical Corps. U. S. N. R. F 736</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Incubation and choice of antigens in the Wassermann reaction.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. D. Hitchcock, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 740</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The practice of medicine in Europe during the Middle Ages 747</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL : Intangible damage—The "Attitude of the Bureau"

775</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">IN MEMORIAM :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Abraham Jacobi (1830-1919) 781</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The construction of animal cages.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Clark, Medical Corps, U. S. N 783</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A ROTARY TOOTHBRUSH.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N_ 783</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Equipment of battle dressing station storerooms.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. S. Pugh, Medical Corps, U. S..N 786</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Poisoning by bay rum containing wood alcohol.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant N. S. Betts, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 791</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsenic poisoning following the use of novarsenobenzol.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. M. Burchflel, Medical Corps, U. S. N 795</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Death following arsphenamine. Page.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. Goetsch, Medical Corps, U. S. N 797</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">High temperature in influenza.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (J. G.) P. M. Williams, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 799</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Voiding of a bullet from the bladder.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N . <span> </span>799</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Depressed fracture of frontal bone.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. W. Hoagland, Medical Corps. U. S. N 800</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Colon ptosis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. U. Plllmore, Medical Corps, U. S. N 801</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ideal tonsil operation.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander A. H. Robnett, Medical Corps,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. N 06</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Bacillus botulinus poisoning 800</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery.—Pathological possibilities of neglected gallstone disease 811</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. — Historical Inquiry into the efficacy of lime

juice for the prevention and cure of scurvy —The ship's water supply 813</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. — Vaccine treatment

of filarial lymphangitis in British Guiana —Blood destroying substance in

ascarls lumbrlcoldes 817</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —New titration method for the determination of

uric acid in urine — Modifications of Benedict's and Folin's quantitative sugar

methods—Food ingestion and energy transformations with special reference to the

stimulating effect of nutrients —Nutritive factors In animal tissues 819</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Methylene blue in purulent discharge from

the eye socket—Prophylactic use of pitultrin in nose and throat operations

under general and local anesthesia —Colloidal manganese in gonorrheal

ophthalmia —Hemorrhage following the removal of the tonsils and its treatment

821</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The devastation of France— Peking Medical School —Vaccination in California

— Internal decoration of hospitals —Interallied conference on medical aspects

of aviation —U. S. Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board—War Risk Insurance

Bureau —Boy Scouts — Legal control of motion pictures — Influenza statistics,

Great Lakes,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">111— Sixth Division, Bureau of Navigation 823</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Naval railway battery in France.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. S. Stephenson, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 831</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Submarine Division Five.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. W. Brown, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 846</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preparation of antihuman amboceptor.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Clark, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Chief

Pharmacist's Mate A. J. Mouton, U. S. N 853</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Psychiatric work among recruits.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant F. L. McDaniel, Medical Corps, U. S. N 854</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bacteriological experiments with acriflavine.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. B. LaFavre. Medical Corps, U. S. N 858</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Acriflavine In The Treatment Of Gonorrhea. </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. M. Burchflel, Medical Corps. U. S. N 869</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The army bedside x-ray unit.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. R. Coleman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 866</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital service in Haiti.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. F. Lawrence, Medical Corps, U. S. N 869</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Organization of the U. S. naval hospital, Charleston, S. C.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. M. Garton and Lieutenant Commander G. W. Calver,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 876</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 897</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS 901</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX 903</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

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Beechville (pop. 2,100 in 2016) is a Black Nova Scotian settlement and suburban community within the Halifax Regional Municipality of Nova Scotia, Canada, on the St. Margaret's Bay Road (Trunk 3). The Beechville Lakeside Timberlea (BLT) trail starts here near Lovett Lake, following the line of the old Halifax and Southwestern Railway. Ridgecliff Middle School, located in Beechville Estates, serves the communities of Beechville, Lakeside and Timberlea.

 

In 1816, the first Black refugees from the War of 1812 arrived in Beechville (aka Beech Hill). The early settlers of the community were refugee Blacks fleeing from the southern American colonies. They were given a grant of five thousand acres close to the Northwest Arm in an area to be known as Refugee Hill. In 1821 ninety-six adults resettled in Trinidad.

 

- from 1908 "Lovell's Gazetteer of the Dominion of Canada" - BEECHVILLE, a post office in Halifax County, N.S., on Nine Mile River, 6 miles from Halifax, and 4 miles from Fairview Station on the I.C.R. It contains R.C, Episcopal and Presbyterian churches, several small stores, 1 saw mill, 1 hotel, and 1 shovel factory. The population in 1908 was 50 / in 1919 was 75.

 

The community of Lakeside (Halifax County), N.S. is situated 6 miles west of Halifax and was formerly called Beechville. The population in 1956 was 630. Today the area is a busy suburb of Halifax. The post office at Lakeside opened on the 23 September 1952.

 

The Beechville Post Office was established - 1 October 1889 and closed - 28 December 1901. The Post Office re-opened - 21 November 1905 - it changed name to Lakeside - 23 September 1952.

 

LINK to a list of the Postmasters who served at the Beechville Post Office - www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/postal-heritage-philately/...;

 

sent from - / BEECHVILLE / DE 3 / 07 / N.S. / - split ring cancel - this split ring hammer (A-2) was not listed in the Proof Book - it was most likely proofed c. 1905 when the Post Office re-opened (RF D). The first split ring hammer (A-1) was proofed - 2 November 1889.

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Message on postcard reads: Dear Clara - don't think I have forgotten you. How do you like the snow. Hope we have enough for sleighing. Your Sincerely with love - Jennie B. (her Aunt)

 

Jennie Terressa "Bishop" Moser - (b. 1 April 1888 in Beechville, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada – d. 25 September 1965 in Lakeside, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada)

 

Her husband - Russell Tremaine Moser- (b. 2 September 1889 in Glen Margaret, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada – 14 September 1971 in Halifax, Halifax County, Nova Scotia, Canada) - they were married - 10 July 1912 in Halifax, Halifax County, Nova Scotia)

 

Her father - Joseph Richard Bishop - (b. 25 March 1854 in Goodwood, Halifax County, Nova Scotia, Canada – d. 4 August 1918 in Goodwood, Halifax County, Nova Scotia) - he was the Postmaster at Beechville from - 21 November 1905 until his death in 1918.

 

Her mother - Teresa S "Umlah" Bishop - (b. 26 January 1858 in Halifax, Halifax County, Nova Scotia – d. 12 December 1942 in Halifax, Halifax County, Nova Scotia) - after the death of her husband, she took over as Postmistress at Beechville from 15 November 1918 until her death - 12 December 1942.

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Addressed to: Miss Clara Hubley / 14 Mile House / Halifax County / Nova Scotia

 

Clara May Hubley was born March 18,1868, St. Margaret's Bay Road, Halifax County, Nova Scotia. She is the daughter of Edwin Hubley and Mary Jane Mosher. Clara never married and remained at home as is evidenced by the Census reports from 1871, at age 3, until 1911 at age 43. One would assume Clara would have been contibuting to necessary work to be done at the Hotel run by her Father where she was living. She died in the Halifax County Hospital, Cole Harbour, Halifax County, Nova Scotia on September 20, 1958 at the age of 90 years, 6 months and 2 days from Cerebral Thrombosis. Clara was buried in Seabright, Halifax County on September 20, 1958. Arrangements by Hubley's Funeral Service Seabright, Halifax County. LINK to a photo of Clara Hubley with her parents Edwin Hubley and Mary Jane Moser - www.wikitree.com/photo/jpg/Hubley-148

 

Her father - Edwin Byron Hubley (b. 14 May 1839 in Halifax, Nova Scotia - d. 23 December 1931 at age 92 In Halifax, Nova Scotia) he was the Postmaster at Fourteen Mile House from - 1 November 1905 to - 31 January 1930. LINK to a photo of the Hubley family home - notice the POST OFFICE sign on the top right of the photo - www.wikitree.com/photo.php/5/55/Hubley-148-1.jpg

 

Her mother - Mary Jane Moser was born - April 24 1850 on Mosher's Island to Samuel Mosher and Deborah McDonald. On December 5, 1866 she married Edwin Byron Hubley and they made their home at the 14 Mile House, St. Margaret's Bay Road, Halifax County, Nova Scotia. May Jane's husband was quite the entrepreneur and made his living as an Overnite Rooms Keeper / Guide for Hunting and Fishing excursions / Sale of Homemade Liniment / Farming and postmaster duties to name just a few. Mary Jane worked right along side her husband and supported his endeavours. She was said to have a wonderful disposition in all circumstances. She died at the age of 86 on 10 June 1936. She is buried in the St. Andrews Anglican Cemetery, Timberlea, Halifax County, Nova Scotia beside her husband.

heart attack-- how the blood clot blocks the coronary arteries and cardiac muscle dies-- ischemia...

Spanish postcard by La Novela Semanal Cinematografica, no. 75.

 

Alla Nazimova (1879–1945) was a grand, highly flamboyant star of the American silent cinema. The Russian-born film and theatre actress, screenwriter, and film producer was widely known as just Nazimova. On Broadway, she was noted for her work in the classic plays of Ibsen, Chekhov, and Turgenev. Her efforts at silent film production were less successful, but a few sound-film performances survive as a record of her art.

 

Alla Nazimova (Russian: Алла Назимовa) was born Marem-Ides Leventon (Russian name Adelaida Yakovlevna Leventon) in Yalta, Crimea, Russian Empire, in 1879. She was the youngest of three children of Jewish parents Yakov Abramovich Leventon, a pharmacist, and Sofia (Sara) Lvovna Horowitz, who moved to Yalta in 1870 from Kishinev. At age 17 Alla Leventon abandoned her training as a violinist and went to Moscow to work in theatre with V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko. In 1892, she joined Constantin Stanislavski's Moscow Art Theatre using the name of Alla Nazimova for the first time. Her stage name was a combination of Alla (a diminutive of Adelaida) and the surname of Nadezhda Nazimova, the heroine of the Russian novel Children of the Streets. Nazimova's theatre career blossomed early. In 1899 she married Sergei Golovin, a fellow actor, but they soon separated. Gary Brumburgh at IMDb: “She grew discontented with Stanislavsky and later performed in repertory. She met the legendary Pavel Orlenev, a close friend of Anton Chekhov and Maxim Gorky, and entered into both a personal and professional relationship with him.” By 1903 she was a major star in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. She toured Europe, including London and Berlin, with Orlenev. They immigrated to the United States in 1905. She was signed up by the American producer Henry Miller. Although she spoke not a word of English, she so impressed the Shubert brothers that they hired her on the condition she learns English in six months. In 1906 she made her Broadway debut in the title role of Hedda Gabler to critical and popular success. She also played other Ibsen characters: Nora in A Doll’s House, Hedwig in The Wild Duck, and Hilda in The Master Builder. She quickly became extremely popular and remained a major Broadway star for years. From 1912 to 1925 Nazimova maintained a ‘fake marriage’ with British actor and director Charles Bryant, who often was her co-star. In order to bolster this arrangement with Bryant, Nazimova kept her marriage to Golovin secret. Due to her notoriety in a 35-minute 1915 pacifist play entitled War Brides, Nazimova made her silent film debut in the film version, War Brides (Herbert Brenon, 1916), which was produced by independent producer Lewis J. Selznick. She made $100,000 touring in War Brides and an additional $60,000 for the film version. The film's lost status makes it now a sought-after title. In 1917, she negotiated a contract with Metro Pictures, a precursor to MGM, that included a weekly salary of $13,000. She moved from New York to Hollywood, where she made a number of highly successful films for Metro, including a part as a reformed prostitute in Revelation (George D. Baker, 1918), that earned her a considerable amount of money. Nazimova soon felt confident enough in her abilities to begin producing and writing films in which she also starred. Examples are Eye for Eye (Albert Capellani, 1918), The Brat (Herbert Blache, 1919) and Madame Peacock (Ray C. Smallwood, 1920).

 

Alla Nazimova starred in Camille (Ray C. Smallwood, 1921) as the courtesan Marguerite opposite Rudolph Valentino as her idealistic young lover Armand. Camille is based on the play adaptation La Dame aux Camélias (The Lady of the Camellias) by Alexandre Dumas, fils. The film was set in 1920s Paris, whereas the original version took place in Paris in the 1840s. It had lavish Art Deco sets and Rudolph Valentino later married the art director, Natacha Rambova. Jennifer Horne at The Women Film Pioneers Project: “Working under contract with Metro Pictures Corporation between late 1917 and April 1921, her company, Nazimova Productions, produced nine largely profitable, feature-length films and brought along the writing talent of writer-producer June Mathis. Details regarding the supervisory roles Nazimova played in the production of many of her films remain confusing since not all of Nazimova’s contributions are reflected in the official credits on films.” In her film adaptations A Doll's House (Charles Bryant, 1922), based on Henrik Ibsen, and Salomé (Charles Bryant, 1923), based on Oscar Wilde's play, Nazimova developed her own film making techniques, which were considered daring at the time. Despite the film being only a little over an hour in length and having no real action to speak of, Salomé cost over $350,000 to make. All the sets were constructed indoors to be able to have complete control over the lighting. The film was shot completely in black and white, matching the illustrations done by Aubrey Beardsley in the printed edition of Wilde's play. The costumes, designed by Natacha Rambova, used material only from Maison Lewis of Paris, such as the real silver lamé loincloths worn by the guards. Both A Doll's House and Salomé were critical and commercial failures. Gary Brumburgh: “The monetary losses she suffered as producer were astronomical. The Hays Code, which led to severe censorship in pictures, also led to her downfall, as did her outmoded acting style.” By 1925 Nazimova could no longer afford to invest in more films; and financial backers withdrew their support. Left with few options, she gave up on the film industry. She became an American citizen in 1927.

 

In 1928, Alla Nazimova returned to the Broadway stage as Madame Ranevsky in Eva Le Gallienne’s production of Anton Chekhov’s The Cherry Orchard. Acclaimed were also her starring roles as Natalya Petrovna in Rouben Mamoulian's 1930 production of Turgenev's A Month in the Country, Christine in Eugene O’Neill’s Mourning Becomes Electra (1931), O-Lan in Pearl Buck’s The Good Earth (1932), and as Mrs. Alving in Ibsen's Ghosts (1935). In the early 1940s, she played character roles in a few more films. She played Robert Taylor's mother who is in a concentration camp in Nazi Germany in Escape (Mervyn Le Roy, 1940) and Tyrone Power's mother in Blood and Sand (Rouben Mamoulian, 1941). Her final film was Since You Went Away (John Cromwell, 1944), an epic about the American home front during World War II. Nazimova openly conducted relationships with women, and there were outlandish parties at her mansion on Sunset Boulevard, in Hollywood, California, known as ‘The Garden of Alla’. She is credited with having originated the phrase ‘sewing circle’ as a discreet code for lesbian or bisexual actresses. Nazimova helped start the careers of both of Rudolph Valentino's wives, Jean Acker and Natacha Rambova. Although she was involved in a lesbian affair with Acker, it is debated if Nazimova and Rambova had a sexual affair. Nazimova was impressed by Rambova's skills as an art director, and Rambova designed the innovative sets for Nazimova's film productions of Camille and Salomé. Of those Nazimova is confirmed to have been involved with romantically, the list includes actress Eva Le Gallienne, director Dorothy Arzner, writer Mercedes de Acosta, and Oscar Wilde's niece, Dolly Wilde. Nazimova lived with Glesca Marshall from 1929 until her death. In 1945 Nazimova died of coronary thrombosis in a hospital in Los Angeles. She was 66.

 

Sources: Jennifer Horne (Women Film Pioneers Project), Gary Brumburgh (IMDb), Sandra Brennan (AllMovie), Encyclopaedia Britannica, Wikipedia, and IMDb.

 

And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.