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As Hollywood's Biggest Night looms, the nights of Red Carpet interviews, ancillary awards shows, glad-handing anyone and everyone who had a part in making the projects that people spent years of their lives dedicated to, just for the recognition of their peers and the world, the daytime Gifting Suites are kind of a way for the movers and shakers to discover some new things they may have never known they need, to make their lives easier during that next project.
Get the Story from the Red Carpet Report Team, follow us on Twitter and Facebook at:
www.facebook.com/RedCarpetReportTV
www.youtube.com/MingleMediaTVNetwork
This Gifting Suite event was held on Friday, March 2nd, in the heart of Hollywood, hosted by the Celebrity Connected team.
The King Kong of suites, around 50 vendor tables in a massive ballroom, 3 aisles with a dizzying number of new baubles and self care products from beyond the imagination, starting with the most impressive display, was Blush & Whimsy several covered smaller tables overflowing with floral arrangements, with their gifting boxes nestled among the blooms, a blossom wall with foot lighting reminiscent of the KimYe wedding photo presenting, under a glass bell jar, the three lipstick tubes being gifted. 10/10 on presentation. Each lipstick has a tiny flower inside, they're also translucent, and they change color based on your skin temperature and pH. *mindblown.gif*
The coolest thing there was the ZUS Smart Car Charger from Nonda in a limited edition gold version. What makes the ZUS special is its the Nest digital thermostat for your car... a simple plug-in that you link to an app for iOS or Android, and it makes it so you can find your car easier when parking, lets you share your parking spot with friends via the app, tracks your mileage, gives you a report on your car's battery health, parking meter alert, dual position USB port so however you plug in, it'll always be right. *USB Superposition.gif* Oh, and it will double the charging speed for your phone. when plugged in... a quick glance at their website Nonda.co they've got everything you'd need to upgrade your car like a cyborg... back up camera, tire pressure sensor, and more... they have the technology and its well under Steve Austin's $6 Million Dollar price tag...
What looked like the most fun was You've Got Crabs a stepped-up version of Go Fish, with an expansion pack that involves shaming one of your friends and they, have to play the remainder of the game wearing rubber crab claws. Designed by the same people who made "Exploding Kittens" featuring art by The Oatmeal I'm not doing the rules or anything about it really much justice, but it looks like it will be a great party game.
There were so many products on display from a Shea Butter sculpture of the Burj Khalifa, to a copper hair mask, chocolate scented perfume, the best apple juice I've ever had, cans of flavored workout water, several chocolatiers, a bespoke pet bed designer from Australia, cold brew coffee, kids clothes that would make Pharrell jealous, contoured pillows, Scandinavian sex toys and a strawberry & habanero pepper jelly to a Las Vegas-based cookie baker who feeds the homeless. But, no gifting suite would be complete without Cyndie Wade and her hand painted wine glasses honoring the nominees.
One last thing... there were two booths, which, Celebrity Connected always seems to have a medicinal cannabis booth or two each event, sadly UPS never delivered either booth's product before the gift suite, so they were reliant on the few samples they had with them, both focused on CBD the non-psychoactive part of marijuana, CBD is the pain reliever and has a myriad of medicinal uses as salves, sprays, and smokeables to help with any number of health issues. Infinite CBD out of Colorado has topicals, vegan gummies, capsules, soap, and specialty CBD delivery systems they call "Rocket Ships" to deal with cramps, and more. The other vendor was S&J Natural Products now, I couldn't quite understand what the gentleman from S&J was saying about bioavailability and Acuity Blends with adaptogenic herbs or microencapsulation or who sizes chained triglycerides. I did try their Oracle Mist with over 75 bioactive terpenes, I'm not sure if it's meant to be a facial spray or some kind of CBD Binaca... but I do not recommend spraying it in your mouth, its fine initially, but I guess as the terpenes bioactivated, it overloaded my tastebuds...
I'm going to recommend InfiniteCBD over S&J's three dollar words and snake oil tactics, as I'm writing this, I'm on their site the products cost more, for less quantity and what I do know about Terpenes is, they're really just the oils that give the cannabis its aroma. If you're adverse to opioids for pain relief and management, CBD in its many delivery methods is certainly worth checking out, because it is not the part of marijuana that gets you High, CBD products are perfectly legal and available to ship around the United States.
For more of Mingle Media TV’s Red Carpet Report coverage, please visit our website and follow us on Twitter and Facebook here:
www.facebook.com/minglemediatvnetwork
As Hollywood's Biggest Night looms, the nights of Red Carpet interviews, ancillary awards shows, glad-handing anyone and everyone who had a part in making the projects that people spent years of their lives dedicated to, just for the recognition of their peers and the world, the daytime Gifting Suites are kind of a way for the movers and shakers to discover some new things they may have never known they need, to make their lives easier during that next project.
Get the Story from the Red Carpet Report Team, follow us on Twitter and Facebook at:
www.facebook.com/RedCarpetReportTV
www.youtube.com/MingleMediaTVNetwork
This Gifting Suite event was held on Friday, March 2nd, in the heart of Hollywood, hosted by the Celebrity Connected team.
The King Kong of suites, around 50 vendor tables in a massive ballroom, 3 aisles with a dizzying number of new baubles and self care products from beyond the imagination, starting with the most impressive display, was Blush & Whimsy several covered smaller tables overflowing with floral arrangements, with their gifting boxes nestled among the blooms, a blossom wall with foot lighting reminiscent of the KimYe wedding photo presenting, under a glass bell jar, the three lipstick tubes being gifted. 10/10 on presentation. Each lipstick has a tiny flower inside, they're also translucent, and they change color based on your skin temperature and pH. *mindblown.gif*
The coolest thing there was the ZUS Smart Car Charger from Nonda in a limited edition gold version. What makes the ZUS special is its the Nest digital thermostat for your car... a simple plug-in that you link to an app for iOS or Android, and it makes it so you can find your car easier when parking, lets you share your parking spot with friends via the app, tracks your mileage, gives you a report on your car's battery health, parking meter alert, dual position USB port so however you plug in, it'll always be right. *USB Superposition.gif* Oh, and it will double the charging speed for your phone. when plugged in... a quick glance at their website Nonda.co they've got everything you'd need to upgrade your car like a cyborg... back up camera, tire pressure sensor, and more... they have the technology and its well under Steve Austin's $6 Million Dollar price tag...
What looked like the most fun was You've Got Crabs a stepped-up version of Go Fish, with an expansion pack that involves shaming one of your friends and they, have to play the remainder of the game wearing rubber crab claws. Designed by the same people who made "Exploding Kittens" featuring art by The Oatmeal I'm not doing the rules or anything about it really much justice, but it looks like it will be a great party game.
There were so many products on display from a Shea Butter sculpture of the Burj Khalifa, to a copper hair mask, chocolate scented perfume, the best apple juice I've ever had, cans of flavored workout water, several chocolatiers, a bespoke pet bed designer from Australia, cold brew coffee, kids clothes that would make Pharrell jealous, contoured pillows, Scandinavian sex toys and a strawberry & habanero pepper jelly to a Las Vegas-based cookie baker who feeds the homeless. But, no gifting suite would be complete without Cyndie Wade and her hand painted wine glasses honoring the nominees.
One last thing... there were two booths, which, Celebrity Connected always seems to have a medicinal cannabis booth or two each event, sadly UPS never delivered either booth's product before the gift suite, so they were reliant on the few samples they had with them, both focused on CBD the non-psychoactive part of marijuana, CBD is the pain reliever and has a myriad of medicinal uses as salves, sprays, and smokeables to help with any number of health issues. Infinite CBD out of Colorado has topicals, vegan gummies, capsules, soap, and specialty CBD delivery systems they call "Rocket Ships" to deal with cramps, and more. The other vendor was S&J Natural Products now, I couldn't quite understand what the gentleman from S&J was saying about bioavailability and Acuity Blends with adaptogenic herbs or microencapsulation or who sizes chained triglycerides. I did try their Oracle Mist with over 75 bioactive terpenes, I'm not sure if it's meant to be a facial spray or some kind of CBD Binaca... but I do not recommend spraying it in your mouth, its fine initially, but I guess as the terpenes bioactivated, it overloaded my tastebuds...
I'm going to recommend InfiniteCBD over S&J's three dollar words and snake oil tactics, as I'm writing this, I'm on their site the products cost more, for less quantity and what I do know about Terpenes is, they're really just the oils that give the cannabis its aroma. If you're adverse to opioids for pain relief and management, CBD in its many delivery methods is certainly worth checking out, because it is not the part of marijuana that gets you High, CBD products are perfectly legal and available to ship around the United States.
For more of Mingle Media TV’s Red Carpet Report coverage, please visit our website and follow us on Twitter and Facebook here:
www.facebook.com/minglemediatvnetwork
Many like to use #cannabis for a variety of reasons.
You may wonder what the best strains for #pain are, and it’s important to understand that not all of them are equal.
Here, we’ll give you the best of the best, and also, why these cannabis #strains are ideal for pain as well.
Royal CBDV Auto
This is a sativa auto flowering kind of hybrid with a high amount of #CBD and #CBDV. These are really good for clearer heads, and also do physically relax the body.
It’s about 5% CBD and CBDV, with .3% THC, so it’s definitely a lot more of a CBD type of strain than one to get high.
It has a lot of different terpenes too that offers a forest scent to this. This is really good for those who want higher immune functions too.
This one offers a mind that’s clearer, better energy, and focus, and offers really good relaxation, letting people live their lives without being in pain, or intoxicated by #THC.
Medical Mass
This is one of the bestselling strains with CBD in it, and it pretty much offers an #indica-dominant type of hybrid with a high and balanced #CBD to THC ratio, which is good for lots of people with different usage habits.
This one also offers a euphoria which is good for taking the edge off, but won’t cause you to lose function, and it’s good for releasing different physical tension.
It also offers an entourage effect, and it usually helps make sure that you’re not totally couch locked, while also helping to ensure that you’re feeling good, and the pain dissipated.
#Painkiller XL
This is a very good CBD strain with the balanced ratio of 9% for both CBD and THC for a good reason, and it offers lasting relaxation for those that use it.
But it’s more than just that, it offers a combo of terpenes and other elements to offer better effects.
There’s a ton off limonene, a terpene that you find in citrus peels, and it’s very invigorating. Some studies also discovered this is an #analgesic, and it does have potential to be pro-#anabolic.
This is usually really good for those who need #mental stimulation to be motivated, but also does help with reducing pain in the body in a manner that’s simple and balanced as well.
Special #Kush
This is one with a very high level of THC, and it’s good for those who want to reduce #pain, but also sleep better.
This is ideal for #relaxation, and it’s actually a very strong Kush strain.
This is a strong one that leaves you couch locked if you have a lot of this, and it’s best used for nighttime uses, or if you want to relax and unwind.
This one also has a high terpene profile, including linalool, and myrcene as well, which does relax you to the point of couch lock in most cases.
#Haze #Berry
And finally, we’ve got haze berry, with a 20% THC strain, low CBD, and it’s actually really strong, but also offers a euphoric state as well that the #blueberry strain does, so you’ll be able to relax and enjoy life, and also feel good too.
The flavor is what people love about this one, since it offers a profound, amazing experience, with a good aroma that you won’t be able to get enough of.
With all of these cannabis strains , they’re great for not only reducing the pain in a temporary sort of measure but also is good for long-term health and wellness too.
As Hollywood's Biggest Night looms, the nights of Red Carpet interviews, ancillary awards shows, glad-handing anyone and everyone who had a part in making the projects that people spent years of their lives dedicated to, just for the recognition of their peers and the world, the daytime Gifting Suites are kind of a way for the movers and shakers to discover some new things they may have never known they need, to make their lives easier during that next project.
Get the Story from the Red Carpet Report Team, follow us on Twitter and Facebook at:
www.facebook.com/RedCarpetReportTV
www.youtube.com/MingleMediaTVNetwork
This Gifting Suite event was held on Friday, March 2nd, in the heart of Hollywood, hosted by the Celebrity Connected team.
The King Kong of suites, around 50 vendor tables in a massive ballroom, 3 aisles with a dizzying number of new baubles and self care products from beyond the imagination, starting with the most impressive display, was Blush & Whimsy several covered smaller tables overflowing with floral arrangements, with their gifting boxes nestled among the blooms, a blossom wall with foot lighting reminiscent of the KimYe wedding photo presenting, under a glass bell jar, the three lipstick tubes being gifted. 10/10 on presentation. Each lipstick has a tiny flower inside, they're also translucent, and they change color based on your skin temperature and pH. *mindblown.gif*
The coolest thing there was the ZUS Smart Car Charger from Nonda in a limited edition gold version. What makes the ZUS special is its the Nest digital thermostat for your car... a simple plug-in that you link to an app for iOS or Android, and it makes it so you can find your car easier when parking, lets you share your parking spot with friends via the app, tracks your mileage, gives you a report on your car's battery health, parking meter alert, dual position USB port so however you plug in, it'll always be right. *USB Superposition.gif* Oh, and it will double the charging speed for your phone. when plugged in... a quick glance at their website Nonda.co they've got everything you'd need to upgrade your car like a cyborg... back up camera, tire pressure sensor, and more... they have the technology and its well under Steve Austin's $6 Million Dollar price tag...
What looked like the most fun was You've Got Crabs a stepped-up version of Go Fish, with an expansion pack that involves shaming one of your friends and they, have to play the remainder of the game wearing rubber crab claws. Designed by the same people who made "Exploding Kittens" featuring art by The Oatmeal I'm not doing the rules or anything about it really much justice, but it looks like it will be a great party game.
There were so many products on display from a Shea Butter sculpture of the Burj Khalifa, to a copper hair mask, chocolate scented perfume, the best apple juice I've ever had, cans of flavored workout water, several chocolatiers, a bespoke pet bed designer from Australia, cold brew coffee, kids clothes that would make Pharrell jealous, contoured pillows, Scandinavian sex toys and a strawberry & habanero pepper jelly to a Las Vegas-based cookie baker who feeds the homeless. But, no gifting suite would be complete without Cyndie Wade and her hand painted wine glasses honoring the nominees.
One last thing... there were two booths, which, Celebrity Connected always seems to have a medicinal cannabis booth or two each event, sadly UPS never delivered either booth's product before the gift suite, so they were reliant on the few samples they had with them, both focused on CBD the non-psychoactive part of marijuana, CBD is the pain reliever and has a myriad of medicinal uses as salves, sprays, and smokeables to help with any number of health issues. Infinite CBD out of Colorado has topicals, vegan gummies, capsules, soap, and specialty CBD delivery systems they call "Rocket Ships" to deal with cramps, and more. The other vendor was S&J Natural Products now, I couldn't quite understand what the gentleman from S&J was saying about bioavailability and Acuity Blends with adaptogenic herbs or microencapsulation or who sizes chained triglycerides. I did try their Oracle Mist with over 75 bioactive terpenes, I'm not sure if it's meant to be a facial spray or some kind of CBD Binaca... but I do not recommend spraying it in your mouth, its fine initially, but I guess as the terpenes bioactivated, it overloaded my tastebuds...
I'm going to recommend InfiniteCBD over S&J's three dollar words and snake oil tactics, as I'm writing this, I'm on their site the products cost more, for less quantity and what I do know about Terpenes is, they're really just the oils that give the cannabis its aroma. If you're adverse to opioids for pain relief and management, CBD in its many delivery methods is certainly worth checking out, because it is not the part of marijuana that gets you High, CBD products are perfectly legal and available to ship around the United States.
For more of Mingle Media TV’s Red Carpet Report coverage, please visit our website and follow us on Twitter and Facebook here:
www.facebook.com/minglemediatvnetwork
Wikipedia, Lavandula angustifolia, formerly L. officinalis, is a flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, native to the Mediterranean (Spain, France, Italy, Croatia etc.). Its common names include lavender, true lavender and English lavender[2] (though it is not native to England); also garden lavender,[3] common lavender and narrow-leaved lavender.
Description
It is a strongly aromatic shrub growing as high as 1 to 2 metres (3+1⁄2 to 6+1⁄2 ft) tall. The leaves are evergreen, 2–6 centimetres (1–2+1⁄2 inches) long, and 4–6 millimetres (3⁄16–1⁄4 in) broad. The flowers are typically purple (lavender-coloured), produced on spikes 2–8 cm (1–3 in) long at the top of slender, leafless stems 10–30 cm (4–12 in) long.
Stems and flowers
Stems and flowers
Flower spike before the petals emerge
Flower spike before the petals emerge
Calyx (purple) and flower bracts (light brown)
Calyx (purple) and flower bracts (light brown)
Calyx and corolla
Calyx and corolla
Corolla (petals)
Corolla (petals)
Calyx and corolla (side view)
Calyx and corolla (side view)
Etymology
The species name angustifolia is Latin for "narrow leaf". Previously, it was known as Lavandula officinalis, referring to its medicinal properties.
Cultivation
English lavender is commonly grown as an ornamental plant. It is popular for its colourful flowers, its fragrance, and its ability to survive with low water consumption. It does not grow well in continuously damp soil and may benefit from increased drainage provided by inorganic mulches, such as gravel. It does best in Mediterranean climates similar to its native habitat, characterised by wet winters and dry summers. It is fairly tolerant of low temperatures, and is generally considered hardy to Royal Horticultural Society zone H6, or USDA zone 5.[4] It tolerates acid soils, but favours neutral to alkaline soils, and in some conditions it may be short-lived.[5]
Cultivars
AGM cultivars
The following cultivars of L. angustifolia and its hybrids have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-[6]
L. × intermedia 'Alba'[7] (large white)
L. angustifolia 'Beechwood Blue' [8]
L. angustifolia 'Hidcote' [9]
L. × intermedia 'Hidcote Giant' [10]
L. angustifolia 'Imperial Gem' [11]
L. angustifolia Little Lottie='Clarmo'[12]
L. angustifolia 'Miss Katherine' [13]
L. angustifolia Miss Muffet='Scholmis'[14]
L. angustifolia 'Nana Alba'[15] (dwarf white)
L. × intermedia Olympia='Downoly' [16]
L × chaytoriae 'Richard Gray'[17]
L. × chaytoriae 'Sawyers'[18]
L. × intermedia 'Sussex'[19]
Dwarf cultivars
Compacta, Folgate, Dwarf Blue, Dwarf White, Hidcote Pink, Hidcote Superior, Munstead, Nana Atropurpurea, Nana Rosea, Sarah, Summerland Supreme, Lady Lavender
'Hidcote Superior', a compact evergreen shrub 40 cm × 45 cm (16 in × 18 in) with fragrant gray-green foliage and deep violet-blue flowers in summer, prefers full sun, well drained soil, low water, hardy to −30 °C (−20 °F), western Mediterranean species
'Munstead' (syn. Dwarf Munstead, Munstead Blue and Munstead Variety) L. angustifolia variety, 30 cm (12 in) tall, having pink-purple to lavender-blue inflorescences that are slightly fragrant,[20] named after Munstead Wood in Surrey, which was the home of Gertrude Jekyll
'Sarah', grows to 15–60 cm (6–24 in), the flowers are petite, as is the plant, used as a short edging, or as a very fragrant addition to the window box, dark violet flowers
'Lady Lavender', grows to 45 cm (18 in), fragrant, gray-green foliage and lavender-blue flowers in summer, prefers full sun, well-drained soil, low water, hardy to −30 °C (–20 °F)
Semi-dwarf cultivars
Bowles Early, Hidcote Variety, Loddon Blue, Martha Roderick, Jean Davis, Twickle Purple, Pink Perfume
'Hidcote' (syn. Hidcote Variety, Hidcote Blue, Hidcote Purple) L. angustifolia variety. 40 to 50 cm (15 in to 20 in) tall, with silver-gray foliage and deep violet-blue inflorescences, named after Hidcote Manor in England as it was cultivated there by Lawrence Johnston
'Jean Davis' 50–60 cm (20–24 in) tall, up to 1 m (3 ft). A pale pink flowered lavender with exceptionally fruity taste
'Pink Perfume' 60 cm × 45 cm (24 in × 18 in)
Giant cultivars
Alba, Backhouse Purple, Biostos, Bridestowe, Graves, Gray Lady, Gwendolyn Anley, Hidcote Giant, Irene Doyle, Mailette, Middachten
'Hidcote Giant'. A Lavandula × intermedia lavandin. Very vigorous grower (90 to 100 cm; 36–40 in) with a lovely strong fragrance. This has large deep lavender-purple flowers on very long 60 cm (24 in) stems.
'Vera' 75 to 90 cm (30–36 in). Thought to be the original species lavender, harvested for its oil.
Uses
Dried Lavandulae flos as used in herbal teas
The flowers and leaves are applied in herbal medicine.[21] Commercially, the plant is used to produce lavender essential oil used in balms, salves, perfumes, cosmetics, and topical applications.[22] Lavender essential oil, when diluted with a carrier oil, is commonly used for massage therapy or aromatherapy.[22]
The flowers are also used as a culinary herb, most often as part of the North American version of the French herb blend called herbes de Provence.
Lavandula angustifolia is included in the Tasmanian Fire Service's list of low flammability plants, indicating that it is suitable for growing within a building protection zone.[23]
Subspecies
Lavandula angustifolia subsp. angustifolia[1]
Lavandula angustifolia subsp. pyrenaica[1]
Hybrids
Lavandula hybrids are referred to as lavandins. Hybrids between L. angustifolia and L. latifolia (spike lavender) are called Lavandula × intermedia. They bloom later than the ordinary English lavenders.The sweet smell of lavender, Lavandula (common name lavender) is a genus of 47 known species of perennial flowering plants in the mints family, Lamiaceae.[1] It is native to the Old World, primarily found across the drier, warmer regions of mainland Eurasia, with an affinity for maritime breezes.[2]
Lavender is found on the Iberian Peninsula and around the entirety of the Mediterranean coastline (including the Adriatic coast, the Balkans, the Levant, and coastal North Africa), in parts of Eastern and Southern Africa and the Middle East, as well as in South Asia and on the Indian subcontinent.[3]
Many members of the genus are cultivated extensively in temperate climates as ornamental plants for garden and landscape use, for use as culinary herbs, and also commercially for the extraction of essential oils.[4] Lavender is used in traditional medicine and as an ingredient in cosmetics.
Description
Plant and leaves
The genus includes annual or short-lived herbaceous perennial plants, and shrub-like perennials, subshrubs or small shrubs.[5]
Leaf shape is diverse across the genus. They are simple in some commonly cultivated species; in other species, they are pinnately toothed, or pinnate, sometimes multiple pinnate and dissected. In most species, the leaves are covered in fine hairs or indumentum, which normally contain essential oils.[5]
Flowers
Flowers are contained in whorls, held on spikes rising above the foliage, the spikes being branched in some species. Some species produce colored bracts at the tips of the inflorescences. The flowers may be blue, violet, or lilac in the wild species, occasionally blackish purple or yellowish. The sepal calyx is tubular. The corolla is also tubular, usually with five lobes (the upper lip often cleft, and the lower lip has two clefts).[6]
Nomenclature and taxonomy
Lavandula stoechas, L. pedunculata, and L. dentata were known in Roman times.[7]: 51 From the Middle Ages onwards, the European species were considered two separate groups or genera, Stoechas (L. stoechas, L. pedunculata, L. dentata) and Lavandula (L. spica and L. latifolia), until Linnaeus combined them. He recognised only five species in Species Plantarum (1753), L. multifida and L. dentata (Spain) and L. stoechas and L. spica from Southern Europe. L. pedunculata was included within L. stoechas.
By 1790, L. pinnata and L. carnosa were recognised. The latter was subsequently transferred to Anisochilus. By 1826, Frédéric Charles Jean Gingins de la Sarraz listed 12 species in three sections, and by 1848 eighteen species were known.[7]: 51
One of the first modern major classifications was that of Dorothy Chaytor in 1937 at Kew. The six sections she proposed for 28 species still left many intermediates that could not easily be assigned. Her sections included Stoechas, Spica, Subnudae, Pterostoechas, Chaetostachys, and Dentatae. However, all the major cultivated and commercial forms resided in the Stoechas and Spica sections. There were four species within Stoechas (Lavandula stoechas, L. dentata, L. viridis, and L. pedunculata) while Spica had three (L. officinalis (now L. angustifolia), L. latifolia and L. lanata). She believed that the garden varieties were hybrids between true lavender L. angustifolia and spike lavender (L. latifolia).[8]
Lavandula has three subgenera:[9][10][11]
Subgenus Lavandula is mainly of woody shrubs with entire leaves. It contains the principal species grown as ornamental plants and for oils. They are found across the Mediterranean region to northeast Africa and western Arabia.
Subgenus Fabricia consists of shrubs and herbs, and it has a wide distribution from the Atlantic to India. It contains some ornamental plants.
Subgenus Sabaudia constitutes two species in the southwest Arabian peninsula and Eritrea, which are rather distinct from the other species, and are sometimes placed in their own genus Sabaudia.
In addition, there are numerous hybrids and cultivars in commercial and horticultural usage.[5]
The first major clade corresponds to subgenus Lavandula, and the second Fabricia. The Sabaudia group is less clearly defined. Within the Lavandula clade, the subclades correspond to the existing sections but place Dentatae separately from Stoechas, not within it. Within the Fabricia clade, the subclades correspond to Pterostoechas, Subnudae, and Chaetostachys.
Thus the current classification includes 39 species distributed across 8 sections (the original 6 of Chaytor and the two new sections of Upson and Andrews), in three subgenera (see table below). However, since lavender cross-pollinates easily, countless variations present difficulties in classification.
Etymology
The English word lavender came into use in the 13th century, and is generally thought to derive from Old French lavandre,[12] ultimately from Latin lavare from lavo (to wash),[13] referring to the use of blue infusions of the plants for bathing.[7]: 35 The botanic name Lavandula as used by Linnaeus is considered to be derived from this and other European vernacular names for the plants.[14]
The names widely used for some of the species, "English lavender", "French lavender" and "Spanish lavender" are all imprecisely applied. "English lavender" is commonly used for L. angustifolia, though some references say the proper term is "Old English lavender".[15] The name "French lavender" may refer to either L. stoechas or to L. dentata. "Spanish lavender" may refer to L. pedunculata,[16] L. stoechas,[17] or L. lanata.
Cultivation
Honey bee on flower
The most common form in cultivation is the common or English lavender Lavandula angustifolia (formerly named L. officinalis). A wide range of cultivars can be found. Other commonly grown ornamental species are L. stoechas, L. dentata, and L. multifida (Egyptian lavender).
Because the cultivated forms are planted in gardens worldwide, they are occasionally found growing wild as garden escapes, well beyond their natural range. Such spontaneous growth is usually harmless, but in some cases, Lavandula species have become invasive. For example, in Australia, L. stoechas has become a cause for concern; it occurs widely throughout the continent and has been declared a noxious weed in Victoria since 1920.[18] It is regarded as a weed in parts of Spain.[19]
Lavenders flourish best in dry, well-drained, sandy or gravelly soils in full sun.[20] English lavender has a long germination process (14–28 days) and matures within 100–110 days.[21] All types need little or no fertilizer and good air circulation. In areas of high humidity, root rot due to fungus infection can be a problem. Organic mulches can trap moisture around the plants' bases, encouraging root rot. Gravelly materials such as crushed rocks give better results.[22] It grows best in soils with a pH between 6 and 8.[23] Most lavender is hand-harvested, and harvest times vary depending on intended use.[23]
Lavender oil
"Lavandin" redirects here. For the racehorse, see Lavandin (horse).
Main article: Lavender oil
Commercially, the plant is grown mainly for the production of lavender essential oil. English lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) yields an oil with sweet overtones and can be used in balms, salves, perfumes, cosmetics, and topical applications.[24]
Lavandula × intermedia, also known as lavandin or Dutch lavender, hybrids of L. angustifolia and L. latifolia.[25] are widely cultivated for commercial use since their flowers tend to be bigger than those of English lavender and the plants tend to be easier to harvest.[26] They yield a similar essential oil, but with higher levels of terpenes including camphor, which add a sharper overtone to the fragrance, regarded by some as of lower quality than that of English lavender.
The US Food and Drug Administration considers lavender as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for human consumption.[27] The essential oil was used in hospitals during World War I.[20]
Phytochemicals
Some 100 individual phytochemicals have been identified in lavender oil, including major contents of linalyl acetate (30–55%), linalool (20–35%), tannins (5–10%), and caryophyllene (8%), with lesser amounts of sesquiterpenoids, perillyl alcohols, esters, oxides, ketones, cineole, camphor, beta-ocimene, limonene, caproic acid, and caryophyllene oxide.[24][27][28] The relative amounts of these compounds vary considerably among lavender species.[24]
Culinary use
Lavender-flavored cupcakes
Culinary lavender is usually English lavender, the most commonly used species in cooking (L. angustifolia 'Munstead'). As an aromatic, it has a sweet fragrance with lemon or citrus notes.[29] It is used as a spice or condiment in pastas, salads and dressings, and desserts.[30][31] Their buds and greens are used in teas, and their buds, processed by bees, are the essential ingredient of a monofloral honey.[32]
Use of buds
For most cooking applications the dried buds, which are also referred to as flowers, are used. Lavender greens have a more subtle flavor when compared to rosemary.[33]
The potency of the lavender flowers increases with drying which necessitates more sparing use to avoid a heavy, soapy aftertaste. Chefs note to reduce by two-thirds the dry amount in recipes that call for fresh lavender buds.[29][34][better source needed]
Lavender buds can amplify both sweet and savory flavors in dishes and are sometimes paired with sheep's milk and goat's milk cheeses. Lavender flowers are occasionally blended with black, green, or herbal teas. Lavender flavors baked goods and desserts, pairing especially well with chocolate. In the United States, both lavender syrup and dried lavender buds are used to make lavender scones and marshmallows.[35][36]
Lavender buds are put into sugar for two weeks to allow the essential oils and fragrance to transfer; then the sugar itself is used in baking. Lavender can be used in breads where recipes call for rosemary. Lavender can be used decoratively in dishes or spirits, or as a decorative and aromatic in a glass of champagne. Lavender is used in savory dishes, giving stews and reduced sauces aromatic flair. It is also used to scent flans, custards, and sorbets.[29]
In honey
The flowers yield abundant nectar, from which bees make a high-quality honey. Monofloral honey is produced primarily around the Mediterranean Sea, and is marketed worldwide as a premium product. Flowers can be candied and are sometimes used as cake decorations. It is also used to make "lavender sugar".[32]
Other uses
Soaps scented with lavender.
Lavender products for sale at the San Francisco Farmers Market.
Flower spikes are used for dried flower arrangements. The fragrant, pale purple flowers and flower buds are used in potpourris. Lavender is also used as herbal filler inside sachets used to freshen linens. Dried and sealed in pouches, lavender flowers are placed among stored items of clothing to give a fresh fragrance and to deter moths.[37] Dried lavender flowers may be used for wedding confetti. Lavender is also used in scented waters, soaps, and sachets.
In history and culture
See also: Spikenard
The ancient Greeks called the lavender herb νάρδος: nárdos, Latinized as nardus, after the Syrian city of Naarda (possibly the modern town of Duhok, Iraq). It was also commonly called nard.[38] The species originally grown was L. stoechas.[5]
During Roman times, flowers were sold for 100 denarii per pound, which was about the same as a month's wages for a farm laborer, or fifty haircuts from the local barber. Its late Latin name was lavandārius, from lavanda (things to be washed), from lavāre from the verb lavo (to wash).[13][39]
Since the late 19th century, lavenders have been associated with the queer community.[40]
Culinary history
Spanish nard (Old French: "spykenard de spayn le pays"), referring to L. stoechas, is listed as an ingredient in making a spiced wine, namely hippocras, in The Forme of Cury.[41]
Lavender was introduced into England in the 1600s. It is said that Queen Elizabeth prized a lavender conserve (jam) at her table, so lavender was produced as a jam at that time, as well as used in teas both medicinally and for its taste.[29]
Lavender was not used in traditional southern French cooking at the turn of the 20th century. It does not appear at all in the best-known compendium of Provençal cooking, J.-B. Reboul's Cuisinière Provençale.[42] French lambs have been allowed to graze on lavender as it is alleged to make their meat more tender and fragrant.[29] In the 1970s, a blend of herbs called herbes de Provence was invented by spice wholesalers. Culinary lavender is added to the mixture in the North American version.[43]
In the 21st century, lavender is used in many world regions to flavor tea, vinegar, jellies, baked goods, and beverages.[44]
Bunches of lavender for sale, intended to repel insects
Herbalism
The German scientific committee on traditional medicine, Commission E, reported uses of lavender flower in practices of herbalism, including its use for restlessness or insomnia, Roemheld syndrome, intestinal discomfort, and cardiovascular diseases, among others.[45]
Health precautions
The U.S. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) states that lavender is considered likely safe in food amounts, and that topical uses may cause allergic reactions.[46] NCCIH does not recommend the use of lavender while pregnant or breastfeeding because of lack of knowledge of its effects.[46] It recommends caution if young boys use lavender oil because of possible hormonal effects leading to gynecomastia.[46][47][48]
A 2007 study examined the relationship between various fragrances and photosensitivity, stating that lavender is known "to elicit cutaneous photo-toxic reactions", but does not induce photohaemolysis.[49]
Adverse effects
Some people experience contact dermatitis, allergic eczema, or facial dermatitis from the use of lavender oil on skin.[24][46]
Taxonomic table
Different lavender cultivars growing at Snowshill, the Cotswolds, UK.
This is based on the classification of Upson and Andrews, 2004.
Lavender field in Carshalton, in the London Borough of Sutton.
Lavender field in Hitchin, UK.
Lavender field in Çuxur Qəbələ, Qabala District, Azerbaijan.
I. Subgenus Lavendula Upson & S.Andrews
i. Section Lavandula (3 species)
Lavandula angustifolia Mill.
subsp. angustifolia — Catalonia and the Pyrenees.
subsp. pyrenaica — SE France and nearby Mediterranean coastal regions of Croatia, Italy, Spain.
Lavandula latifolia Medik — central Portugal, east-central Spain, southern France, northern Italy.
Lavandula lanata Boiss. — southern Spain.
Hybrids:
Lavandula × chaytorae Upson & S.Andrews (L. angustifolia subsp. angustifolia × L. lanata)
Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. (L. angustifolia subsp. angustifolia × L. latifolia)
ii. Section Dentatae Suarez-Cerv. & Seoane-Camba (1 species)
Lavandula dentata L. — east Spain, coastal Algeria, and northern and SW Morocco.
var. dentata (rosea, albiflora), candicans (persicina) [Batt.]
iii. Section Stoechas Ging. (3 species)
Lavandula stoechas L.
subsp. stoechas — mostly coastal regions of east Spain, southern France, west Italy, Greece, Bulgaria, southern coastal Turkey, Levantine coast, and many Mediterranean islands.
subsp. luisieri — coastal and inland Portugal and border regions of Spain.
Lavandula pedunculata Mill.(Cav.)
subsp. pedunculata — Spain and Portugal.
subsp. cariensis — western Turkey and southern Bulgaria.
subsp. atlantica — montane Morocco.
subsp. lusitanica — southern Portugal and SW Spain.
subsp. sampaiana — from Portugal and SW Spain.
Lavandula viridis L'Her. — SW Spain, Portugal, and possibly also on Madeira.
Intersectional hybrids (Dentatae and Lavendula)
Lavandula × heterophylla Viv. (L. dentata × L. latifolia )
Lavandula × allardii
Lavandula × ginginsii Upson & S.Andrews (L. dentata × L. lanata )
II. Subgenus Fabricia (Adams.) Upson & S.Andrews
iv. Section Pterostoechas Ging. (16 species)
Lavandula multifida L. — Morocco, southern Portugal, Spain, northern Algeria, Tunisia, Tripolitania, Calabria and Sicily, with isolated Nile valley populations.
Lavandula canariensis Mill. — the Canary Islands.
subsp. palmensis – La Palma.
subsp. hierrensis – El Hierro.
subsp. canariensis – Tenerife.
subsp. canariae – Gran Canaria.
subsp. fuerteventurae – Fuerteventura.
subsp. gomerensis – La Gomera.
subsp. lancerottensis – Lanzarote.
Lavandula minutolii Bolle — Canary Islands.
subsp. minutolii
subsp. tenuipinna
Lavandula bramwellii Upson & S.Andrews — Gran Canaria.
Lavandula pinnata L. — Canarias and Madeira.
Lavandula buchii Webb & Berthel. — Tenerife.
Lavandula rotundifolia Benth. — Cape Verde.
Lavandula maroccana Murb. — Atlas Mountains, Morocco.
Lavandula tenuisecta Coss. ex Ball — Atlas Mtns., Morocco.
Lavandula rejdalii Upson & Jury — Morocco.
Lavandula mairei Humbert — Morocco.
Lavandula coronopifolia Poir. — Cape Verde, Northern Africa, NE Western Africa, Arabia to East Iran.
Lavandula saharica Upson & Jury — southern Algeria and nearby regions.
Lavandula antineae Maire — central Sahara.
subsp. antinae
subsp. marrana
subsp. tibestica
Lavandula pubescens Decne. — Egypt, Eritrea, Sinai, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, western Saudi Arabia to Yemen.
Lavandula citriodora A.G. Mill. – SW Arabian peninsula.
Hybrids:
Lavandula × christiana Gattef. & Maire (L. pinnata × L. canariensis)
v. Section Subnudae Chaytor (10 species)
Lavandula subnuda Benth. — mountains of Oman and the United Arab Emirates.
Lavandula macra Baker – southern Arabian peninsula and Somaliland.
Lavandula dhofarensis A.G. Mill. – from Dhofar, Oman.
subsp. dhofarensis
subsp. ayunensis
Lavandula samhanensis Upson & S.Andrews – Dhofar, Oman.
Lavandula setifera T. Anderson – coastal Yemen and Somaliland.
Lavandula qishnensis Upson & S.Andrews – southern Yemen.
Lavandula nimmoi Benth. – Socotra.
Lavandula galgalloensis A.G. Mill. – Somaliland.
Lavandula aristibracteata A.G. Mill. – Somaliland.
Lavandula somaliensis Chaytor – Somaliland.
vi. Section Chaetostachys Benth. (2 species)
Lavandula bipinnata (Roth) Kuntze — Deccan peninsula and north-central India.
Lavandula gibsonii J. Graham – Western Ghats, South India.
vii. Section Hasikenses Upson & S.Andrews (2 species)
Lavandula hasikensis A.G. Mill. – Oman.
Lavandula sublepidota Rech. f. – Far, Iran.
III. Subgenus Sabaudia (Buscal. & Muschl.) Upson & S.Andrews
viii. Section Sabaudia (Buscal. & Muschl.) Upson & S.Andrews (2 species)
Lavandula atriplicifolia Benth. – western Arabian peninsula, Egypt.
Lavandula erythraeae (Chiov.) Cufod. – Eritrea. Wikipedia
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeiner_Bocksdorn
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfberry
pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolcow%c3%b3j_szkar%c5%82atny
Der Gemeine Bocksdorn (Lycium barbarum) ist ein Nachtschattengewächs (Solanaceae) aus der Gattung der Bocksdorne (Lycium). Die Pflanze ist ein Neophyt, und wird auch Gemeiner Teufelszwirn und Chinesische Wolfsbeere genannt. In China heißt sie Níngxià gǒuqǐ (chin. 宁夏枸杞 „Gǒuqǐ aus Ningxia“), im englischsprachigen Raum Goji oder Wolfberry. Sie wird als Zierpflanze verwendet und ist Bestandteil der chinesischen Küche und der traditionellen chinesischen Medizin.
Inhaltsstoffe und Pharmakologie.
Frühere Vermutungen, der Bocksdorn würde Hyoscyamin enthalten, gehen fast ausnahmslos auf eine Arbeit von 1890 zurück und konnten seitdem nicht bestätigt werden, das Gerücht hält sich aber weiterhin hartnäckig. Neueste Untersuchungen mit modernsten Methoden widerlegen die genannten Behauptungen[4][5]. Vergiftungsfälle sind nicht bekannt, der Fruchtsaft ist von vielen Herstellern erhältlich.
In den Früchten finden sich unter anderem
0.5 Prozent des Vitamin C-Vorläufers 2-O-(β-D-Glucopyranosyl-)ascorbinsäure,
0.1 Prozent Betain,
Vitamin A, Vitamin B1, B2, GABA und Nikotinsäure,
die Tetraterpene Zeaxanthin und Physalein,
die Steroide Solasodin, β-Sitosterol und dessen Vorläufer Daucosterol,
Polysaccharide,
p-Cumarinsäure, Scopoletin, Aminosäuren und Proteine.[6]
Die moderne Wissenschaft hat sich für die Inhaltsstoffe interessiert und in Laborstudien erste Hinweise auf medizinische Wirksamkeit gefunden:
Extrakte aus gemeinem Bocksdorn schützen vor Zerstörung des optischen Nervs, wenn ein Glaukom vorliegt[7].
Polysaccharide aus der Pflanze haben immunmodulierende Wirkung[8].
Es gibt mehrere Laborstudien und eine klinische Studie zur Wirksamkeit gegen Krebs[9].
Wässrige Extrakte aus gemeinem Bocksdorn haben starke antioxidative Eigenschaften[10]
Küche und Ethnobotanik .
Bocksdorn wird in China zum Kochen und in der Naturheilkunde verwendet. In den nordwestchinesischen Provinzen Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai und Innere Mongolei wächst der Bocksdorn im Übermaß. Im Sommer und Herbst werden die Früchte geerntet und in der Sonne getrocknet[11]. Die Früchte werden gekocht oder, wenn es süße sind, auch roh gegessen; einige Varianten sind sehr sauer. Blätter von Jungpflanzen werden auch als Blattgemüse verwendet.
Traditionell nehmen die Chinesen getrocknete Bocksdornbeeren gegen hohen Blutdruck und Blutzucker, bei Augenproblemen, zur Unterstützung des Immunsystems und zur Vorbeugung und Behandlung von Krebs. Als Einzeldosierung werden 6 bis 15 Gramm der getrockneten Beeren als Absud, in Wein oder als Tinktur angegeben.[11]
Der Bocksdorn wird auch als Zierpflanze verwendet[12].
Goji-Saft
Kennen Sie die Goji-Beeren aus dem Himalaya?
Nein? Keine Angst: Sie sind nicht allein. Goji ist in Deutschland noch recht unbekannt. Aber das sollte sich schnell ändern, denn: Diese kleine rote Beere hat vor, Ihre Augen zu öffnen. Die Menschen aus Zentralasien lieben und schätzen die Goji-Beere so sehr, dass sie jedes Jahr zu ihrer Ehre mehrere Festtage feiern, ähnlich wie die Bayern das Oktoberfest, aber viel gesünder.
Der botanische Name der Goji-Beeren ist Lycium barbarum, zu deutsch: Gemeine Bocksdorn. Der Gemeine Bocksdorn Lycium barbarum ist ein bis zu 3 m hoher Strauch mit bedornten Trieben und eiförmig-lanzettlichen Blättern. Er blüht violett. Seine Blätter sind ein beliebtes Grüngemüse in der chinesischen Küche. Aber auch die bis zu 20 mm großen Beeren werden in Ostasien gern verzehrt.
Die Beeren des Lycium-Strauches sind reich an antioxidativen Stoffen wie Vitamin C und Carotinoide wie Zeaxanthin und Cryptoxanthin), Polysaccchariden (Proteoglycane: LBP1, LBP2, LBP3 und LBP4), Aminosäuren (z.B. Isoleucin, Methionin), Mineralstoffen und Spurenelementen (Zink, Calcium, Germanium, Selen, Eisen u.a.) und anderen ernährungsphysiologisch wertvollen sekundären Pflanzenstoffen (Flavonoide, Terpene).
Goji-Beeren werden im nordasiatischen Raum traditionell zur Herstellung von Extrakten und Beerenweinen eingesetzt, die vor allem der Nahrungsergänzung dienen.
Ursprünglich kommt der Gemeine Bocksdorn aus Ostasien. In China nennt man ihn "Gou Qi Zi" oder auch "Goji". Innerhalb der letzten hundert Jahre hat sich der Lycium-Strauch aber auch in Nordamerika ("WolfBerry") und Europa verbreitet.
Goji Saft aus den Beeren des Lycium-Strauches (Lycium barbarum, Bocksdorn, WolfBerry) versorgt Ihren Körper bereits in geringen Mengen und ganz bequem mit wertvollen pflanzlichen Substanzen mit einem hohen antioxidativen Potential. Er ist hilfreich bei der Vitalisierung, Anregung und der Regeneration Ihres Körpers.
Goji Saft ist ein kaltgepresster Direktsaft aus reifen Goji-Beeren, die in der hochgelegenen und sonnenreichen chinesischen Provinz Ningxia unter natürlichen Bedingungen wachsen. Bei der aufwändigen Herstellung wird darauf geachtet, dass alle wichtigen Vitalstoffe der Lycium-Beeren erhalten bleiben. Modernste Analysenmethoden (Spektralanalysen) garantieren eine absolut hohe Qualität.
Goji Saft schmeckt süß, ähnlich wie Pfirsich-Saft. Kinder mögen Goji-Saft in aller Regel sehr.
Verzehrsempfehlung: Erwachsene trinken täglich 30 bis 90 ml Goji-Saft, Kinder 15 bis 30 ml.
Zusammensetzung: Direktsaft aus Lycium barbarum Beeren, Birnensaftkonzentrat, Apfelsaftkonzentrat, Natürliche Aromen, Zitronensäure, Kaliumsorbat
www.flickr.com/photos/arjuna/3535916092/
Album 3.Unser Garten - Our garden - Nasz ogród www.flickr.com/photos/arjuna/sets/72157603861532626/
If you’re someone who deals with #anxiety, you’re not alone.
Those feelings of worry and fear can reduce your quality of life.
The environment and genetics play a part in it, and sometimes trauma, brain overactivity, a history of #drug abuse, and #hormonal balances can be a part of this.
But can #cannabis help with this? Here’s the answers that’ll help you.
An Overview of Cannabis for anxiety
Cannabis has over 200 different terpenes and 100 cannabinoids inside of it, with different strains creating different effects as well.
While it’s considered da drug, this is one that can help with a variety of effects.
These can enhance and modify the feelings that are there and combined with the other molecules in this, it may work for some people, but may not be ideal for others.
Avoid High THC
The biggest thing to understand is that THC is the underpinning part of the cannabis high, which is the psychoactive results of cannabis.
This binds to the CB1 receptors, which causes a lot of dopamine to rush on through. The more they have, the higher that they feel.
#Euphoria, #creativity, #relaxation, and an increased appetite play a role in this. But for some people, when they do have a high THC strain, they tend to feel worse as a result of this, depending on the situation they have.
Anxiety, confusion, paranoia , and a short-term #memory loss can sometimes happen.
The thing with THC is that it’s a bit of a double-edged sord, where some users love that they feel good and high, and the offer a peace of mine, whereas some of those strains, because of how extensive the THC is, can sometimes feel worse.
Lower amounts of THC does help to reduce the anxiety that’s there, whereas a bit of a higher level does cause the spile. You want to use low or moderate-strength strains, and usually, having something that’s low in THC and higher in CBD is good for those with anxiety, since it can offer the physical benefits without making your anxiety worse. Cannabis also works great to reduce #insomnia.
The biphasic Dose Response
Some people may wonder what the best way to take it is. Some may wonder how much they need to get high.
The answer isn’t as simple as you’d think it is.
There is some trails that have found that THC does offer a biphasic response for the most part, so it can produce a certain effect at lower doses, and an opposite result in higher doses.
The research that was done back in 2017 on this found that this does apply to anxiety and how it’s controlled too.
A study was found that there were participants, and some of them were experienced and others weren’t users that were regular.
They were then divvied up into three groups, with one getting a low amount, one getting a moderate amount, and the highest group getting a high amount, then of course eth placebo getting no #THC.
During this, it was found that the heart rate, #cortisol, and blood pressure did spike when they had the higher amounts. For those with lower doses, they had less tension that dropped much faster. The moderate group did have a bit of a negative mood that was there before they did thins.
That means that this is biphasic, which means lower relaxes, higher creates more tension, but the big thing to remember is that THC is not something that’ll affect everyone the same way.
So if you want to use this, be mindful of how #THC affects you, and sometimes, going lower is better too.
State of Cannabis Long Beach September 2017 -
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(Myrtus communis)
Between the months of May-June, white-colored flowers, 1-3 m tall, evergreen leaves, short stature is a tree. In autumn, branches full of fruit.
October, November, bear markets, such as falls.
Never eaten before, people are strange taste.
But for people who know the taste is indispensable.
As of the appearance of the trunk and branches of shrubs, not in the form of building.
Leaves a pleasant scent.
The leaves and flowers, branches resin, tannins, sinaol, terpene, mirtol, there are things such as pinene.
Flowers white, is a long-handled, one is located in the seat of each leaf.
leaves of plants in the myrtle essential oil, sugar, citric acid has.
Highdown Gardens near Worthing, West Sussex.
Euonymus europaeus, known as spindle, and also as European spindle and common spindle, is a deciduous shrub or small tree in the family Celastraceae, native to much of Europe from Ireland and southern Scandinavia in the north, to northern Spain and Sicily in the south, and as far east as Lithuania, Asia Minor and up to the Caucasus.
It grows to 3 to 6 m tall, rarely up to 10 m, with a stem up to 20 cm diameter. The leaves are opposite, and are lanceolate to elliptical, 3 to 8 cm long and 1-3 cm broad, with a finely serrated edge. In autumn they often show a beautiful bright red colour.
The hermaphrodite flowers are produced in late spring and are insect-pollinated; they are rather inconspicuous, small, yellowish green and grow in cymes of 3-8 together. The capsular fruit ripens in autumn, and is red to purple or pink in colour and approximately 1 to 1.5 cm wide. When ripe, the four lobes split open to reveal the orange seeds.
The fruit is poisonous, containing amongst other substances, the alkaloids theobromine and caffeine, as well as an extremely bitter terpene. Poisonings are more common in young children, who are enticed by the brightly-coloured fruits. Ingestion can result in liver and kidney damage and even death.
The European spindle prefers the edges of forest, hedges and gentle slopes, tending to thrive on nutrient-rich, chalky and salt-poor soils.
Other names include Fusoria, Fusanum, Ananbeam, Shemshad Rasmi (Iran).
European Spindle wood is very hard, and can be cut to a very sharp point; it was used in the past for making spindles for spinning wool.
It is a popular ornamental plant in gardens and parks due to its bright pink or purple fruits and attractive autumn colouring, in addition to its resistance to frost and wind. It has been introduced to North America where it has become an invasive species in some areas.
Parts of the plant have been used medicinally.
Album Spring Wiosna 2009/2010 www.flickr.com/photos/arjuna/sets/72157616555739918/
www.flickr.com/photos/arjuna/sets/72057594127777500/
auch www.flickr.com/photos/arjuna/2519392090/
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeiner_Bocksdorn
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfberry
pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolcow%c3%b3j_szkar%c5%82atny
Der Gemeine Bocksdorn (Lycium barbarum) ist ein Nachtschattengewächs (Solanaceae) aus der Gattung der Bocksdorne (Lycium). Die Pflanze ist ein Neophyt, und wird auch Gemeiner Teufelszwirn und Chinesische Wolfsbeere genannt. In China heißt sie Níngxià gǒuqǐ (chin. 宁夏枸杞 „Gǒuqǐ aus Ningxia“), im englischsprachigen Raum Goji oder Wolfberry. Sie wird als Zierpflanze verwendet und ist Bestandteil der chinesischen Küche und der traditionellen chinesischen Medizin.
Inhaltsstoffe und Pharmakologie.
Frühere Vermutungen, der Bocksdorn würde Hyoscyamin enthalten, gehen fast ausnahmslos auf eine Arbeit von 1890 zurück und konnten seitdem nicht bestätigt werden, das Gerücht hält sich aber weiterhin hartnäckig. Neueste Untersuchungen mit modernsten Methoden widerlegen die genannten Behauptungen[4][5]. Vergiftungsfälle sind nicht bekannt, der Fruchtsaft ist von vielen Herstellern erhältlich.
In den Früchten finden sich unter anderem
0.5 Prozent des Vitamin C-Vorläufers 2-O-(β-D-Glucopyranosyl-)ascorbinsäure,
0.1 Prozent Betain,
Vitamin A, Vitamin B1, B2, GABA und Nikotinsäure,
die Tetraterpene Zeaxanthin und Physalein,
die Steroide Solasodin, β-Sitosterol und dessen Vorläufer Daucosterol,
Polysaccharide,
p-Cumarinsäure, Scopoletin, Aminosäuren und Proteine.[6]
Die moderne Wissenschaft hat sich für die Inhaltsstoffe interessiert und in Laborstudien erste Hinweise auf medizinische Wirksamkeit gefunden:
Extrakte aus gemeinem Bocksdorn schützen vor Zerstörung des optischen Nervs, wenn ein Glaukom vorliegt[7].
Polysaccharide aus der Pflanze haben immunmodulierende Wirkung[8].
Es gibt mehrere Laborstudien und eine klinische Studie zur Wirksamkeit gegen Krebs[9].
Wässrige Extrakte aus gemeinem Bocksdorn haben starke antioxidative Eigenschaften[10]
Küche und Ethnobotanik .
Bocksdorn wird in China zum Kochen und in der Naturheilkunde verwendet. In den nordwestchinesischen Provinzen Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai und Innere Mongolei wächst der Bocksdorn im Übermaß. Im Sommer und Herbst werden die Früchte geerntet und in der Sonne getrocknet[11]. Die Früchte werden gekocht oder, wenn es süße sind, auch roh gegessen; einige Varianten sind sehr sauer. Blätter von Jungpflanzen werden auch als Blattgemüse verwendet.
Traditionell nehmen die Chinesen getrocknete Bocksdornbeeren gegen hohen Blutdruck und Blutzucker, bei Augenproblemen, zur Unterstützung des Immunsystems und zur Vorbeugung und Behandlung von Krebs. Als Einzeldosierung werden 6 bis 15 Gramm der getrockneten Beeren als Absud, in Wein oder als Tinktur angegeben.[11]
Der Bocksdorn wird auch als Zierpflanze verwendet[12].
Goji-Saft
Kennen Sie die Goji-Beeren aus dem Himalaya?
Nein? Keine Angst: Sie sind nicht allein. Goji ist in Deutschland noch recht unbekannt. Aber das sollte sich schnell ändern, denn: Diese kleine rote Beere hat vor, Ihre Augen zu öffnen. Die Menschen aus Zentralasien lieben und schätzen die Goji-Beere so sehr, dass sie jedes Jahr zu ihrer Ehre mehrere Festtage feiern, ähnlich wie die Bayern das Oktoberfest, aber viel gesünder.
Der botanische Name der Goji-Beeren ist Lycium barbarum, zu deutsch: Gemeine Bocksdorn. Der Gemeine Bocksdorn Lycium barbarum ist ein bis zu 3 m hoher Strauch mit bedornten Trieben und eiförmig-lanzettlichen Blättern. Er blüht violett. Seine Blätter sind ein beliebtes Grüngemüse in der chinesischen Küche. Aber auch die bis zu 20 mm großen Beeren werden in Ostasien gern verzehrt.
Die Beeren des Lycium-Strauches sind reich an antioxidativen Stoffen wie Vitamin C und Carotinoide wie Zeaxanthin und Cryptoxanthin), Polysaccchariden (Proteoglycane: LBP1, LBP2, LBP3 und LBP4), Aminosäuren (z.B. Isoleucin, Methionin), Mineralstoffen und Spurenelementen (Zink, Calcium, Germanium, Selen, Eisen u.a.) und anderen ernährungsphysiologisch wertvollen sekundären Pflanzenstoffen (Flavonoide, Terpene).
Goji-Beeren werden im nordasiatischen Raum traditionell zur Herstellung von Extrakten und Beerenweinen eingesetzt, die vor allem der Nahrungsergänzung dienen.
Ursprünglich kommt der Gemeine Bocksdorn aus Ostasien. In China nennt man ihn "Gou Qi Zi" oder auch "Goji". Innerhalb der letzten hundert Jahre hat sich der Lycium-Strauch aber auch in Nordamerika ("WolfBerry") und Europa verbreitet.
Goji Saft aus den Beeren des Lycium-Strauches (Lycium barbarum, Bocksdorn, WolfBerry) versorgt Ihren Körper bereits in geringen Mengen und ganz bequem mit wertvollen pflanzlichen Substanzen mit einem hohen antioxidativen Potential. Er ist hilfreich bei der Vitalisierung, Anregung und der Regeneration Ihres Körpers.
Goji Saft ist ein kaltgepresster Direktsaft aus reifen Goji-Beeren, die in der hochgelegenen und sonnenreichen chinesischen Provinz Ningxia unter natürlichen Bedingungen wachsen. Bei der aufwändigen Herstellung wird darauf geachtet, dass alle wichtigen Vitalstoffe der Lycium-Beeren erhalten bleiben. Modernste Analysenmethoden (Spektralanalysen) garantieren eine absolut hohe Qualität.
Goji Saft schmeckt süß, ähnlich wie Pfirsich-Saft. Kinder mögen Goji-Saft in aller Regel sehr.
Verzehrsempfehlung: Erwachsene trinken täglich 30 bis 90 ml Goji-Saft, Kinder 15 bis 30 ml.
Zusammensetzung: Direktsaft aus Lycium barbarum Beeren, Birnensaftkonzentrat, Apfelsaftkonzentrat, Natürliche Aromen, Zitronensäure, Kaliumsorbat
A fungus (pl.: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one of the traditional eukaryotic kingdoms, along with Animalia, Plantae and either Protista or Protozoa and Chromista.
A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the Eumycota (true fungi or Eumycetes), that share a common ancestor (i.e. they form a monophyletic group), an interpretation that is also strongly supported by molecular phylogenetics. This fungal group is distinct from the structurally similar myxomycetes (slime molds) and oomycetes (water molds). The discipline of biology devoted to the study of fungi is known as mycology (from the Greek μύκης mykes, mushroom). In the past mycology was regarded as a branch of botany, although it is now known that fungi are genetically more closely related to animals than to plants.
Abundant worldwide, most fungi are inconspicuous because of the small size of their structures, and their cryptic lifestyles in soil or on dead matter. Fungi include symbionts of plants, animals, or other fungi and also parasites. They may become noticeable when fruiting, either as mushrooms or as molds. Fungi perform an essential role in the decomposition of organic matter and have fundamental roles in nutrient cycling and exchange in the environment. They have long been used as a direct source of human food, in the form of mushrooms and truffles; as a leavening agent for bread; and in the fermentation of various food products, such as wine, beer, and soy sauce. Since the 1940s, fungi have been used for the production of antibiotics, and, more recently, various enzymes produced by fungi are used industrially and in detergents. Fungi are also used as biological pesticides to control weeds, plant diseases, and insect pests. Many species produce bioactive compounds called mycotoxins, such as alkaloids and polyketides, that are toxic to animals, including humans. The fruiting structures of a few species contain psychotropic compounds and are consumed recreationally or in traditional spiritual ceremonies. Fungi can break down manufactured materials and buildings, and become significant pathogens of humans and other animals. Losses of crops due to fungal diseases (e.g., rice blast disease) or food spoilage can have a large impact on human food supplies and local economies.
The fungus kingdom encompasses an enormous diversity of taxa with varied ecologies, life cycle strategies, and morphologies ranging from unicellular aquatic chytrids to large mushrooms. However, little is known of the true biodiversity of the fungus kingdom, which has been estimated at 2.2 million to 3.8 million species. Of these, only about 148,000 have been described, with over 8,000 species known to be detrimental to plants and at least 300 that can be pathogenic to humans. Ever since the pioneering 18th and 19th century taxonomical works of Carl Linnaeus, Christiaan Hendrik Persoon, and Elias Magnus Fries, fungi have been classified according to their morphology (e.g., characteristics such as spore color or microscopic features) or physiology. Advances in molecular genetics have opened the way for DNA analysis to be incorporated into taxonomy, which has sometimes challenged the historical groupings based on morphology and other traits. Phylogenetic studies published in the first decade of the 21st century have helped reshape the classification within the fungi kingdom, which is divided into one subkingdom, seven phyla, and ten subphyla.
Etymology
The English word fungus is directly adopted from the Latin fungus (mushroom), used in the writings of Horace and Pliny. This in turn is derived from the Greek word sphongos (σφόγγος 'sponge'), which refers to the macroscopic structures and morphology of mushrooms and molds; the root is also used in other languages, such as the German Schwamm ('sponge') and Schimmel ('mold').
The word mycology is derived from the Greek mykes (μύκης 'mushroom') and logos (λόγος 'discourse'). It denotes the scientific study of fungi. The Latin adjectival form of "mycology" (mycologicæ) appeared as early as 1796 in a book on the subject by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon. The word appeared in English as early as 1824 in a book by Robert Kaye Greville. In 1836 the English naturalist Miles Joseph Berkeley's publication The English Flora of Sir James Edward Smith, Vol. 5. also refers to mycology as the study of fungi.
A group of all the fungi present in a particular region is known as mycobiota (plural noun, no singular). The term mycota is often used for this purpose, but many authors use it as a synonym of Fungi. The word funga has been proposed as a less ambiguous term morphologically similar to fauna and flora. The Species Survival Commission (SSC) of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in August 2021 asked that the phrase fauna and flora be replaced by fauna, flora, and funga.
Characteristics
Fungal hyphae cells
Hyphal wall
Septum
Mitochondrion
Vacuole
Ergosterol crystal
Ribosome
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Lipid body
Plasma membrane
Spitzenkörper
Golgi apparatus
Fungal cell cycle showing Dikaryons typical of Higher Fungi
Before the introduction of molecular methods for phylogenetic analysis, taxonomists considered fungi to be members of the plant kingdom because of similarities in lifestyle: both fungi and plants are mainly immobile, and have similarities in general morphology and growth habitat. Although inaccurate, the common misconception that fungi are plants persists among the general public due to their historical classification, as well as several similarities. Like plants, fungi often grow in soil and, in the case of mushrooms, form conspicuous fruit bodies, which sometimes resemble plants such as mosses. The fungi are now considered a separate kingdom, distinct from both plants and animals, from which they appear to have diverged around one billion years ago (around the start of the Neoproterozoic Era). Some morphological, biochemical, and genetic features are shared with other organisms, while others are unique to the fungi, clearly separating them from the other kingdoms:
With other eukaryotes: Fungal cells contain membrane-bound nuclei with chromosomes that contain DNA with noncoding regions called introns and coding regions called exons. Fungi have membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles such as mitochondria, sterol-containing membranes, and ribosomes of the 80S type. They have a characteristic range of soluble carbohydrates and storage compounds, including sugar alcohols (e.g., mannitol), disaccharides, (e.g., trehalose), and polysaccharides (e.g., glycogen, which is also found in animals).
With animals: Fungi lack chloroplasts and are heterotrophic organisms and so require preformed organic compounds as energy sources.
With plants: Fungi have a cell wall and vacuoles. They reproduce by both sexual and asexual means, and like basal plant groups (such as ferns and mosses) produce spores. Similar to mosses and algae, fungi typically have haploid nuclei.
With euglenoids and bacteria: Higher fungi, euglenoids, and some bacteria produce the amino acid L-lysine in specific biosynthesis steps, called the α-aminoadipate pathway.
The cells of most fungi grow as tubular, elongated, and thread-like (filamentous) structures called hyphae, which may contain multiple nuclei and extend by growing at their tips. Each tip contains a set of aggregated vesicles—cellular structures consisting of proteins, lipids, and other organic molecules—called the Spitzenkörper. Both fungi and oomycetes grow as filamentous hyphal cells. In contrast, similar-looking organisms, such as filamentous green algae, grow by repeated cell division within a chain of cells. There are also single-celled fungi (yeasts) that do not form hyphae, and some fungi have both hyphal and yeast forms.
In common with some plant and animal species, more than one hundred fungal species display bioluminescence.
Unique features:
Some species grow as unicellular yeasts that reproduce by budding or fission. Dimorphic fungi can switch between a yeast phase and a hyphal phase in response to environmental conditions.
The fungal cell wall is made of a chitin-glucan complex; while glucans are also found in plants and chitin in the exoskeleton of arthropods, fungi are the only organisms that combine these two structural molecules in their cell wall. Unlike those of plants and oomycetes, fungal cell walls do not contain cellulose.
A whitish fan or funnel-shaped mushroom growing at the base of a tree.
Omphalotus nidiformis, a bioluminescent mushroom
Most fungi lack an efficient system for the long-distance transport of water and nutrients, such as the xylem and phloem in many plants. To overcome this limitation, some fungi, such as Armillaria, form rhizomorphs, which resemble and perform functions similar to the roots of plants. As eukaryotes, fungi possess a biosynthetic pathway for producing terpenes that uses mevalonic acid and pyrophosphate as chemical building blocks. Plants and some other organisms have an additional terpene biosynthesis pathway in their chloroplasts, a structure that fungi and animals do not have. Fungi produce several secondary metabolites that are similar or identical in structure to those made by plants. Many of the plant and fungal enzymes that make these compounds differ from each other in sequence and other characteristics, which indicates separate origins and convergent evolution of these enzymes in the fungi and plants.
Diversity
Fungi have a worldwide distribution, and grow in a wide range of habitats, including extreme environments such as deserts or areas with high salt concentrations or ionizing radiation, as well as in deep sea sediments. Some can survive the intense UV and cosmic radiation encountered during space travel. Most grow in terrestrial environments, though several species live partly or solely in aquatic habitats, such as the chytrid fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and B. salamandrivorans, parasites that have been responsible for a worldwide decline in amphibian populations. These organisms spend part of their life cycle as a motile zoospore, enabling them to propel itself through water and enter their amphibian host. Other examples of aquatic fungi include those living in hydrothermal areas of the ocean.
As of 2020, around 148,000 species of fungi have been described by taxonomists, but the global biodiversity of the fungus kingdom is not fully understood. A 2017 estimate suggests there may be between 2.2 and 3.8 million species The number of new fungi species discovered yearly has increased from 1,000 to 1,500 per year about 10 years ago, to about 2000 with a peak of more than 2,500 species in 2016. In the year 2019, 1882 new species of fungi were described, and it was estimated that more than 90% of fungi remain unknown The following year, 2905 new species were described—the highest annual record of new fungus names. In mycology, species have historically been distinguished by a variety of methods and concepts. Classification based on morphological characteristics, such as the size and shape of spores or fruiting structures, has traditionally dominated fungal taxonomy. Species may also be distinguished by their biochemical and physiological characteristics, such as their ability to metabolize certain biochemicals, or their reaction to chemical tests. The biological species concept discriminates species based on their ability to mate. The application of molecular tools, such as DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, to study diversity has greatly enhanced the resolution and added robustness to estimates of genetic diversity within various taxonomic groups.
Mycology
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the systematic study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy, and their use to humans as a source of medicine, food, and psychotropic substances consumed for religious purposes, as well as their dangers, such as poisoning or infection. The field of phytopathology, the study of plant diseases, is closely related because many plant pathogens are fungi.
The use of fungi by humans dates back to prehistory; Ötzi the Iceman, a well-preserved mummy of a 5,300-year-old Neolithic man found frozen in the Austrian Alps, carried two species of polypore mushrooms that may have been used as tinder (Fomes fomentarius), or for medicinal purposes (Piptoporus betulinus). Ancient peoples have used fungi as food sources—often unknowingly—for millennia, in the preparation of leavened bread and fermented juices. Some of the oldest written records contain references to the destruction of crops that were probably caused by pathogenic fungi.
History
Mycology became a systematic science after the development of the microscope in the 17th century. Although fungal spores were first observed by Giambattista della Porta in 1588, the seminal work in the development of mycology is considered to be the publication of Pier Antonio Micheli's 1729 work Nova plantarum genera. Micheli not only observed spores but also showed that, under the proper conditions, they could be induced into growing into the same species of fungi from which they originated. Extending the use of the binomial system of nomenclature introduced by Carl Linnaeus in his Species plantarum (1753), the Dutch Christiaan Hendrik Persoon (1761–1836) established the first classification of mushrooms with such skill as to be considered a founder of modern mycology. Later, Elias Magnus Fries (1794–1878) further elaborated the classification of fungi, using spore color and microscopic characteristics, methods still used by taxonomists today. Other notable early contributors to mycology in the 17th–19th and early 20th centuries include Miles Joseph Berkeley, August Carl Joseph Corda, Anton de Bary, the brothers Louis René and Charles Tulasne, Arthur H. R. Buller, Curtis G. Lloyd, and Pier Andrea Saccardo. In the 20th and 21st centuries, advances in biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, biotechnology, DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis has provided new insights into fungal relationships and biodiversity, and has challenged traditional morphology-based groupings in fungal taxonomy.
Morphology
Microscopic structures
Monochrome micrograph showing Penicillium hyphae as long, transparent, tube-like structures a few micrometres across. Conidiophores branch out laterally from the hyphae, terminating in bundles of phialides on which spherical condidiophores are arranged like beads on a string. Septa are faintly visible as dark lines crossing the hyphae.
An environmental isolate of Penicillium
Hypha
Conidiophore
Phialide
Conidia
Septa
Most fungi grow as hyphae, which are cylindrical, thread-like structures 2–10 µm in diameter and up to several centimeters in length. Hyphae grow at their tips (apices); new hyphae are typically formed by emergence of new tips along existing hyphae by a process called branching, or occasionally growing hyphal tips fork, giving rise to two parallel-growing hyphae. Hyphae also sometimes fuse when they come into contact, a process called hyphal fusion (or anastomosis). These growth processes lead to the development of a mycelium, an interconnected network of hyphae. Hyphae can be either septate or coenocytic. Septate hyphae are divided into compartments separated by cross walls (internal cell walls, called septa, that are formed at right angles to the cell wall giving the hypha its shape), with each compartment containing one or more nuclei; coenocytic hyphae are not compartmentalized. Septa have pores that allow cytoplasm, organelles, and sometimes nuclei to pass through; an example is the dolipore septum in fungi of the phylum Basidiomycota. Coenocytic hyphae are in essence multinucleate supercells.
Many species have developed specialized hyphal structures for nutrient uptake from living hosts; examples include haustoria in plant-parasitic species of most fungal phyla,[63] and arbuscules of several mycorrhizal fungi, which penetrate into the host cells to consume nutrients.
Although fungi are opisthokonts—a grouping of evolutionarily related organisms broadly characterized by a single posterior flagellum—all phyla except for the chytrids have lost their posterior flagella. Fungi are unusual among the eukaryotes in having a cell wall that, in addition to glucans (e.g., β-1,3-glucan) and other typical components, also contains the biopolymer chitin.
Macroscopic structures
Fungal mycelia can become visible to the naked eye, for example, on various surfaces and substrates, such as damp walls and spoiled food, where they are commonly called molds. Mycelia grown on solid agar media in laboratory petri dishes are usually referred to as colonies. These colonies can exhibit growth shapes and colors (due to spores or pigmentation) that can be used as diagnostic features in the identification of species or groups. Some individual fungal colonies can reach extraordinary dimensions and ages as in the case of a clonal colony of Armillaria solidipes, which extends over an area of more than 900 ha (3.5 square miles), with an estimated age of nearly 9,000 years.
The apothecium—a specialized structure important in sexual reproduction in the ascomycetes—is a cup-shaped fruit body that is often macroscopic and holds the hymenium, a layer of tissue containing the spore-bearing cells. The fruit bodies of the basidiomycetes (basidiocarps) and some ascomycetes can sometimes grow very large, and many are well known as mushrooms.
Growth and physiology
Time-lapse photography sequence of a peach becoming progressively discolored and disfigured
Mold growth covering a decaying peach. The frames were taken approximately 12 hours apart over a period of six days.
The growth of fungi as hyphae on or in solid substrates or as single cells in aquatic environments is adapted for the efficient extraction of nutrients, because these growth forms have high surface area to volume ratios. Hyphae are specifically adapted for growth on solid surfaces, and to invade substrates and tissues. They can exert large penetrative mechanical forces; for example, many plant pathogens, including Magnaporthe grisea, form a structure called an appressorium that evolved to puncture plant tissues.[71] The pressure generated by the appressorium, directed against the plant epidermis, can exceed 8 megapascals (1,200 psi).[71] The filamentous fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus uses a similar structure to penetrate the eggs of nematodes.
The mechanical pressure exerted by the appressorium is generated from physiological processes that increase intracellular turgor by producing osmolytes such as glycerol. Adaptations such as these are complemented by hydrolytic enzymes secreted into the environment to digest large organic molecules—such as polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids—into smaller molecules that may then be absorbed as nutrients. The vast majority of filamentous fungi grow in a polar fashion (extending in one direction) by elongation at the tip (apex) of the hypha. Other forms of fungal growth include intercalary extension (longitudinal expansion of hyphal compartments that are below the apex) as in the case of some endophytic fungi, or growth by volume expansion during the development of mushroom stipes and other large organs. Growth of fungi as multicellular structures consisting of somatic and reproductive cells—a feature independently evolved in animals and plants—has several functions, including the development of fruit bodies for dissemination of sexual spores (see above) and biofilms for substrate colonization and intercellular communication.
Fungi are traditionally considered heterotrophs, organisms that rely solely on carbon fixed by other organisms for metabolism. Fungi have evolved a high degree of metabolic versatility that allows them to use a diverse range of organic substrates for growth, including simple compounds such as nitrate, ammonia, acetate, or ethanol. In some species the pigment melanin may play a role in extracting energy from ionizing radiation, such as gamma radiation. This form of "radiotrophic" growth has been described for only a few species, the effects on growth rates are small, and the underlying biophysical and biochemical processes are not well known. This process might bear similarity to CO2 fixation via visible light, but instead uses ionizing radiation as a source of energy.
Reproduction
Two thickly stemmed brownish mushrooms with scales on the upper surface, growing out of a tree trunk
Polyporus squamosus
Fungal reproduction is complex, reflecting the differences in lifestyles and genetic makeup within this diverse kingdom of organisms. It is estimated that a third of all fungi reproduce using more than one method of propagation; for example, reproduction may occur in two well-differentiated stages within the life cycle of a species, the teleomorph (sexual reproduction) and the anamorph (asexual reproduction). Environmental conditions trigger genetically determined developmental states that lead to the creation of specialized structures for sexual or asexual reproduction. These structures aid reproduction by efficiently dispersing spores or spore-containing propagules.
Asexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction occurs via vegetative spores (conidia) or through mycelial fragmentation. Mycelial fragmentation occurs when a fungal mycelium separates into pieces, and each component grows into a separate mycelium. Mycelial fragmentation and vegetative spores maintain clonal populations adapted to a specific niche, and allow more rapid dispersal than sexual reproduction. The "Fungi imperfecti" (fungi lacking the perfect or sexual stage) or Deuteromycota comprise all the species that lack an observable sexual cycle. Deuteromycota (alternatively known as Deuteromycetes, conidial fungi, or mitosporic fungi) is not an accepted taxonomic clade and is now taken to mean simply fungi that lack a known sexual stage.
Sexual reproduction
See also: Mating in fungi and Sexual selection in fungi
Sexual reproduction with meiosis has been directly observed in all fungal phyla except Glomeromycota (genetic analysis suggests meiosis in Glomeromycota as well). It differs in many aspects from sexual reproduction in animals or plants. Differences also exist between fungal groups and can be used to discriminate species by morphological differences in sexual structures and reproductive strategies. Mating experiments between fungal isolates may identify species on the basis of biological species concepts. The major fungal groupings have initially been delineated based on the morphology of their sexual structures and spores; for example, the spore-containing structures, asci and basidia, can be used in the identification of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, respectively. Fungi employ two mating systems: heterothallic species allow mating only between individuals of the opposite mating type, whereas homothallic species can mate, and sexually reproduce, with any other individual or itself.
Most fungi have both a haploid and a diploid stage in their life cycles. In sexually reproducing fungi, compatible individuals may combine by fusing their hyphae together into an interconnected network; this process, anastomosis, is required for the initiation of the sexual cycle. Many ascomycetes and basidiomycetes go through a dikaryotic stage, in which the nuclei inherited from the two parents do not combine immediately after cell fusion, but remain separate in the hyphal cells (see heterokaryosis).
In ascomycetes, dikaryotic hyphae of the hymenium (the spore-bearing tissue layer) form a characteristic hook (crozier) at the hyphal septum. During cell division, the formation of the hook ensures proper distribution of the newly divided nuclei into the apical and basal hyphal compartments. An ascus (plural asci) is then formed, in which karyogamy (nuclear fusion) occurs. Asci are embedded in an ascocarp, or fruiting body. Karyogamy in the asci is followed immediately by meiosis and the production of ascospores. After dispersal, the ascospores may germinate and form a new haploid mycelium.
Sexual reproduction in basidiomycetes is similar to that of the ascomycetes. Compatible haploid hyphae fuse to produce a dikaryotic mycelium. However, the dikaryotic phase is more extensive in the basidiomycetes, often also present in the vegetatively growing mycelium. A specialized anatomical structure, called a clamp connection, is formed at each hyphal septum. As with the structurally similar hook in the ascomycetes, the clamp connection in the basidiomycetes is required for controlled transfer of nuclei during cell division, to maintain the dikaryotic stage with two genetically different nuclei in each hyphal compartment. A basidiocarp is formed in which club-like structures known as basidia generate haploid basidiospores after karyogamy and meiosis. The most commonly known basidiocarps are mushrooms, but they may also take other forms (see Morphology section).
In fungi formerly classified as Zygomycota, haploid hyphae of two individuals fuse, forming a gametangium, a specialized cell structure that becomes a fertile gamete-producing cell. The gametangium develops into a zygospore, a thick-walled spore formed by the union of gametes. When the zygospore germinates, it undergoes meiosis, generating new haploid hyphae, which may then form asexual sporangiospores. These sporangiospores allow the fungus to rapidly disperse and germinate into new genetically identical haploid fungal mycelia.
Spore dispersal
The spores of most of the researched species of fungi are transported by wind. Such species often produce dry or hydrophobic spores that do not absorb water and are readily scattered by raindrops, for example. In other species, both asexual and sexual spores or sporangiospores are often actively dispersed by forcible ejection from their reproductive structures. This ejection ensures exit of the spores from the reproductive structures as well as traveling through the air over long distances.
Specialized mechanical and physiological mechanisms, as well as spore surface structures (such as hydrophobins), enable efficient spore ejection. For example, the structure of the spore-bearing cells in some ascomycete species is such that the buildup of substances affecting cell volume and fluid balance enables the explosive discharge of spores into the air. The forcible discharge of single spores termed ballistospores involves formation of a small drop of water (Buller's drop), which upon contact with the spore leads to its projectile release with an initial acceleration of more than 10,000 g; the net result is that the spore is ejected 0.01–0.02 cm, sufficient distance for it to fall through the gills or pores into the air below. Other fungi, like the puffballs, rely on alternative mechanisms for spore release, such as external mechanical forces. The hydnoid fungi (tooth fungi) produce spores on pendant, tooth-like or spine-like projections. The bird's nest fungi use the force of falling water drops to liberate the spores from cup-shaped fruiting bodies. Another strategy is seen in the stinkhorns, a group of fungi with lively colors and putrid odor that attract insects to disperse their spores.
Homothallism
In homothallic sexual reproduction, two haploid nuclei derived from the same individual fuse to form a zygote that can then undergo meiosis. Homothallic fungi include species with an Aspergillus-like asexual stage (anamorphs) occurring in numerous different genera, several species of the ascomycete genus Cochliobolus, and the ascomycete Pneumocystis jirovecii. The earliest mode of sexual reproduction among eukaryotes was likely homothallism, that is, self-fertile unisexual reproduction.
Other sexual processes
Besides regular sexual reproduction with meiosis, certain fungi, such as those in the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus, may exchange genetic material via parasexual processes, initiated by anastomosis between hyphae and plasmogamy of fungal cells. The frequency and relative importance of parasexual events is unclear and may be lower than other sexual processes. It is known to play a role in intraspecific hybridization and is likely required for hybridization between species, which has been associated with major events in fungal evolution.
Evolution
In contrast to plants and animals, the early fossil record of the fungi is meager. Factors that likely contribute to the under-representation of fungal species among fossils include the nature of fungal fruiting bodies, which are soft, fleshy, and easily degradable tissues and the microscopic dimensions of most fungal structures, which therefore are not readily evident. Fungal fossils are difficult to distinguish from those of other microbes, and are most easily identified when they resemble extant fungi. Often recovered from a permineralized plant or animal host, these samples are typically studied by making thin-section preparations that can be examined with light microscopy or transmission electron microscopy. Researchers study compression fossils by dissolving the surrounding matrix with acid and then using light or scanning electron microscopy to examine surface details.
The earliest fossils possessing features typical of fungi date to the Paleoproterozoic era, some 2,400 million years ago (Ma); these multicellular benthic organisms had filamentous structures capable of anastomosis. Other studies (2009) estimate the arrival of fungal organisms at about 760–1060 Ma on the basis of comparisons of the rate of evolution in closely related groups. The oldest fossilizied mycelium to be identified from its molecular composition is between 715 and 810 million years old. For much of the Paleozoic Era (542–251 Ma), the fungi appear to have been aquatic and consisted of organisms similar to the extant chytrids in having flagellum-bearing spores. The evolutionary adaptation from an aquatic to a terrestrial lifestyle necessitated a diversification of ecological strategies for obtaining nutrients, including parasitism, saprobism, and the development of mutualistic relationships such as mycorrhiza and lichenization. Studies suggest that the ancestral ecological state of the Ascomycota was saprobism, and that independent lichenization events have occurred multiple times.
In May 2019, scientists reported the discovery of a fossilized fungus, named Ourasphaira giraldae, in the Canadian Arctic, that may have grown on land a billion years ago, well before plants were living on land. Pyritized fungus-like microfossils preserved in the basal Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation (~635 Ma) have been reported in South China. Earlier, it had been presumed that the fungi colonized the land during the Cambrian (542–488.3 Ma), also long before land plants. Fossilized hyphae and spores recovered from the Ordovician of Wisconsin (460 Ma) resemble modern-day Glomerales, and existed at a time when the land flora likely consisted of only non-vascular bryophyte-like plants. Prototaxites, which was probably a fungus or lichen, would have been the tallest organism of the late Silurian and early Devonian. Fungal fossils do not become common and uncontroversial until the early Devonian (416–359.2 Ma), when they occur abundantly in the Rhynie chert, mostly as Zygomycota and Chytridiomycota. At about this same time, approximately 400 Ma, the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota diverged, and all modern classes of fungi were present by the Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian, 318.1–299 Ma).
Lichens formed a component of the early terrestrial ecosystems, and the estimated age of the oldest terrestrial lichen fossil is 415 Ma; this date roughly corresponds to the age of the oldest known sporocarp fossil, a Paleopyrenomycites species found in the Rhynie Chert. The oldest fossil with microscopic features resembling modern-day basidiomycetes is Palaeoancistrus, found permineralized with a fern from the Pennsylvanian. Rare in the fossil record are the Homobasidiomycetes (a taxon roughly equivalent to the mushroom-producing species of the Agaricomycetes). Two amber-preserved specimens provide evidence that the earliest known mushroom-forming fungi (the extinct species Archaeomarasmius leggetti) appeared during the late Cretaceous, 90 Ma.
Some time after the Permian–Triassic extinction event (251.4 Ma), a fungal spike (originally thought to be an extraordinary abundance of fungal spores in sediments) formed, suggesting that fungi were the dominant life form at this time, representing nearly 100% of the available fossil record for this period. However, the relative proportion of fungal spores relative to spores formed by algal species is difficult to assess, the spike did not appear worldwide, and in many places it did not fall on the Permian–Triassic boundary.
Sixty-five million years ago, immediately after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event that famously killed off most dinosaurs, there was a dramatic increase in evidence of fungi; apparently the death of most plant and animal species led to a huge fungal bloom like "a massive compost heap".
Taxonomy
Although commonly included in botany curricula and textbooks, fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants and are placed with the animals in the monophyletic group of opisthokonts. Analyses using molecular phylogenetics support a monophyletic origin of fungi. The taxonomy of fungi is in a state of constant flux, especially due to research based on DNA comparisons. These current phylogenetic analyses often overturn classifications based on older and sometimes less discriminative methods based on morphological features and biological species concepts obtained from experimental matings.
There is no unique generally accepted system at the higher taxonomic levels and there are frequent name changes at every level, from species upwards. Efforts among researchers are now underway to establish and encourage usage of a unified and more consistent nomenclature. Until relatively recent (2012) changes to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants, fungal species could also have multiple scientific names depending on their life cycle and mode (sexual or asexual) of reproduction. Web sites such as Index Fungorum and MycoBank are officially recognized nomenclatural repositories and list current names of fungal species (with cross-references to older synonyms).
The 2007 classification of Kingdom Fungi is the result of a large-scale collaborative research effort involving dozens of mycologists and other scientists working on fungal taxonomy. It recognizes seven phyla, two of which—the Ascomycota and the Basidiomycota—are contained within a branch representing subkingdom Dikarya, the most species rich and familiar group, including all the mushrooms, most food-spoilage molds, most plant pathogenic fungi, and the beer, wine, and bread yeasts. The accompanying cladogram depicts the major fungal taxa and their relationship to opisthokont and unikont organisms, based on the work of Philippe Silar, "The Mycota: A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic and Applied Research" and Tedersoo et al. 2018. The lengths of the branches are not proportional to evolutionary distances.
The major phyla (sometimes called divisions) of fungi have been classified mainly on the basis of characteristics of their sexual reproductive structures. As of 2019, nine major lineages have been identified: Opisthosporidia, Chytridiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Zoopagomycotina, Mucoromycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota.
Phylogenetic analysis has demonstrated that the Microsporidia, unicellular parasites of animals and protists, are fairly recent and highly derived endobiotic fungi (living within the tissue of another species). Previously considered to be "primitive" protozoa, they are now thought to be either a basal branch of the Fungi, or a sister group–each other's closest evolutionary relative.
The Chytridiomycota are commonly known as chytrids. These fungi are distributed worldwide. Chytrids and their close relatives Neocallimastigomycota and Blastocladiomycota (below) are the only fungi with active motility, producing zoospores that are capable of active movement through aqueous phases with a single flagellum, leading early taxonomists to classify them as protists. Molecular phylogenies, inferred from rRNA sequences in ribosomes, suggest that the Chytrids are a basal group divergent from the other fungal phyla, consisting of four major clades with suggestive evidence for paraphyly or possibly polyphyly.
The Blastocladiomycota were previously considered a taxonomic clade within the Chytridiomycota. Molecular data and ultrastructural characteristics, however, place the Blastocladiomycota as a sister clade to the Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, and Dikarya (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota). The blastocladiomycetes are saprotrophs, feeding on decomposing organic matter, and they are parasites of all eukaryotic groups. Unlike their close relatives, the chytrids, most of which exhibit zygotic meiosis, the blastocladiomycetes undergo sporic meiosis.
The Neocallimastigomycota were earlier placed in the phylum Chytridiomycota. Members of this small phylum are anaerobic organisms, living in the digestive system of larger herbivorous mammals and in other terrestrial and aquatic environments enriched in cellulose (e.g., domestic waste landfill sites). They lack mitochondria but contain hydrogenosomes of mitochondrial origin. As in the related chrytrids, neocallimastigomycetes form zoospores that are posteriorly uniflagellate or polyflagellate.
Microscopic view of a layer of translucent grayish cells, some containing small dark-color spheres
Arbuscular mycorrhiza seen under microscope. Flax root cortical cells containing paired arbuscules.
Cross-section of a cup-shaped structure showing locations of developing meiotic asci (upper edge of cup, left side, arrows pointing to two gray cells containing four and two small circles), sterile hyphae (upper edge of cup, right side, arrows pointing to white cells with a single small circle in them), and mature asci (upper edge of cup, pointing to two gray cells with eight small circles in them)
Diagram of an apothecium (the typical cup-like reproductive structure of Ascomycetes) showing sterile tissues as well as developing and mature asci.
Members of the Glomeromycota form arbuscular mycorrhizae, a form of mutualist symbiosis wherein fungal hyphae invade plant root cells and both species benefit from the resulting increased supply of nutrients. All known Glomeromycota species reproduce asexually. The symbiotic association between the Glomeromycota and plants is ancient, with evidence dating to 400 million years ago. Formerly part of the Zygomycota (commonly known as 'sugar' and 'pin' molds), the Glomeromycota were elevated to phylum status in 2001 and now replace the older phylum Zygomycota. Fungi that were placed in the Zygomycota are now being reassigned to the Glomeromycota, or the subphyla incertae sedis Mucoromycotina, Kickxellomycotina, the Zoopagomycotina and the Entomophthoromycotina. Some well-known examples of fungi formerly in the Zygomycota include black bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifer), and Pilobolus species, capable of ejecting spores several meters through the air. Medically relevant genera include Mucor, Rhizomucor, and Rhizopus.
The Ascomycota, commonly known as sac fungi or ascomycetes, constitute the largest taxonomic group within the Eumycota. These fungi form meiotic spores called ascospores, which are enclosed in a special sac-like structure called an ascus. This phylum includes morels, a few mushrooms and truffles, unicellular yeasts (e.g., of the genera Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, and Candida), and many filamentous fungi living as saprotrophs, parasites, and mutualistic symbionts (e.g. lichens). Prominent and important genera of filamentous ascomycetes include Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Claviceps. Many ascomycete species have only been observed undergoing asexual reproduction (called anamorphic species), but analysis of molecular data has often been able to identify their closest teleomorphs in the Ascomycota. Because the products of meiosis are retained within the sac-like ascus, ascomycetes have been used for elucidating principles of genetics and heredity (e.g., Neurospora crassa).
Members of the Basidiomycota, commonly known as the club fungi or basidiomycetes, produce meiospores called basidiospores on club-like stalks called basidia. Most common mushrooms belong to this group, as well as rust and smut fungi, which are major pathogens of grains. Other important basidiomycetes include the maize pathogen Ustilago maydis, human commensal species of the genus Malassezia, and the opportunistic human pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans.
Fungus-like organisms
Because of similarities in morphology and lifestyle, the slime molds (mycetozoans, plasmodiophorids, acrasids, Fonticula and labyrinthulids, now in Amoebozoa, Rhizaria, Excavata, Opisthokonta and Stramenopiles, respectively), water molds (oomycetes) and hyphochytrids (both Stramenopiles) were formerly classified in the kingdom Fungi, in groups like Mastigomycotina, Gymnomycota and Phycomycetes. The slime molds were studied also as protozoans, leading to an ambiregnal, duplicated taxonomy.
Unlike true fungi, the cell walls of oomycetes contain cellulose and lack chitin. Hyphochytrids have both chitin and cellulose. Slime molds lack a cell wall during the assimilative phase (except labyrinthulids, which have a wall of scales), and take in nutrients by ingestion (phagocytosis, except labyrinthulids) rather than absorption (osmotrophy, as fungi, labyrinthulids, oomycetes and hyphochytrids). Neither water molds nor slime molds are closely related to the true fungi, and, therefore, taxonomists no longer group them in the kingdom Fungi. Nonetheless, studies of the oomycetes and myxomycetes are still often included in mycology textbooks and primary research literature.
The Eccrinales and Amoebidiales are opisthokont protists, previously thought to be zygomycete fungi. Other groups now in Opisthokonta (e.g., Corallochytrium, Ichthyosporea) were also at given time classified as fungi. The genus Blastocystis, now in Stramenopiles, was originally classified as a yeast. Ellobiopsis, now in Alveolata, was considered a chytrid. The bacteria were also included in fungi in some classifications, as the group Schizomycetes.
The Rozellida clade, including the "ex-chytrid" Rozella, is a genetically disparate group known mostly from environmental DNA sequences that is a sister group to fungi. Members of the group that have been isolated lack the chitinous cell wall that is characteristic of fungi. Alternatively, Rozella can be classified as a basal fungal group.
The nucleariids may be the next sister group to the eumycete clade, and as such could be included in an expanded fungal kingdom. Many Actinomycetales (Actinomycetota), a group with many filamentous bacteria, were also long believed to be fungi.
Ecology
Although often inconspicuous, fungi occur in every environment on Earth and play very important roles in most ecosystems. Along with bacteria, fungi are the major decomposers in most terrestrial (and some aquatic) ecosystems, and therefore play a critical role in biogeochemical cycles and in many food webs. As decomposers, they play an essential role in nutrient cycling, especially as saprotrophs and symbionts, degrading organic matter to inorganic molecules, which can then re-enter anabolic metabolic pathways in plants or other organisms.
Symbiosis
Many fungi have important symbiotic relationships with organisms from most if not all kingdoms. These interactions can be mutualistic or antagonistic in nature, or in the case of commensal fungi are of no apparent benefit or detriment to the host.
With plants
Mycorrhizal symbiosis between plants and fungi is one of the most well-known plant–fungus associations and is of significant importance for plant growth and persistence in many ecosystems; over 90% of all plant species engage in mycorrhizal relationships with fungi and are dependent upon this relationship for survival.
A microscopic view of blue-stained cells, some with dark wavy lines in them
The dark filaments are hyphae of the endophytic fungus Epichloë coenophiala in the intercellular spaces of tall fescue leaf sheath tissue
The mycorrhizal symbiosis is ancient, dating back to at least 400 million years. It often increases the plant's uptake of inorganic compounds, such as nitrate and phosphate from soils having low concentrations of these key plant nutrients. The fungal partners may also mediate plant-to-plant transfer of carbohydrates and other nutrients. Such mycorrhizal communities are called "common mycorrhizal networks". A special case of mycorrhiza is myco-heterotrophy, whereby the plant parasitizes the fungus, obtaining all of its nutrients from its fungal symbiont. Some fungal species inhabit the tissues inside roots, stems, and leaves, in which case they are called endophytes. Similar to mycorrhiza, endophytic colonization by fungi may benefit both symbionts; for example, endophytes of grasses impart to their host increased resistance to herbivores and other environmental stresses and receive food and shelter from the plant in return.
With algae and cyanobacteria
A green, leaf-like structure attached to a tree, with a pattern of ridges and depression on the bottom surface
The lichen Lobaria pulmonaria, a symbiosis of fungal, algal, and cyanobacterial species
Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between fungi and photosynthetic algae or cyanobacteria. The photosynthetic partner in the relationship is referred to in lichen terminology as a "photobiont". The fungal part of the relationship is composed mostly of various species of ascomycetes and a few basidiomycetes. Lichens occur in every ecosystem on all continents, play a key role in soil formation and the initiation of biological succession, and are prominent in some extreme environments, including polar, alpine, and semiarid desert regions. They are able to grow on inhospitable surfaces, including bare soil, rocks, tree bark, wood, shells, barnacles and leaves. As in mycorrhizas, the photobiont provides sugars and other carbohydrates via photosynthesis to the fungus, while the fungus provides minerals and water to the photobiont. The functions of both symbiotic organisms are so closely intertwined that they function almost as a single organism; in most cases the resulting organism differs greatly from the individual components. Lichenization is a common mode of nutrition for fungi; around 27% of known fungi—more than 19,400 species—are lichenized. Characteristics common to most lichens include obtaining organic carbon by photosynthesis, slow growth, small size, long life, long-lasting (seasonal) vegetative reproductive structures, mineral nutrition obtained largely from airborne sources, and greater tolerance of desiccation than most other photosynthetic organisms in the same habitat.
With insects
Many insects also engage in mutualistic relationships with fungi. Several groups of ants cultivate fungi in the order Chaetothyriales for several purposes: as a food source, as a structural component of their nests, and as a part of an ant/plant symbiosis in the domatia (tiny chambers in plants that house arthropods). Ambrosia beetles cultivate various species of fungi in the bark of trees that they infest. Likewise, females of several wood wasp species (genus Sirex) inject their eggs together with spores of the wood-rotting fungus Amylostereum areolatum into the sapwood of pine trees; the growth of the fungus provides ideal nutritional conditions for the development of the wasp larvae. At least one species of stingless bee has a relationship with a fungus in the genus Monascus, where the larvae consume and depend on fungus transferred from old to new nests. Termites on the African savannah are also known to cultivate fungi, and yeasts of the genera Candida and Lachancea inhabit the gut of a wide range of insects, including neuropterans, beetles, and cockroaches; it is not known whether these fungi benefit their hosts. Fungi growing in dead wood are essential for xylophagous insects (e.g. woodboring beetles). They deliver nutrients needed by xylophages to nutritionally scarce dead wood. Thanks to this nutritional enrichment the larvae of the woodboring insect is able to grow and develop to adulthood. The larvae of many families of fungicolous flies, particularly those within the superfamily Sciaroidea such as the Mycetophilidae and some Keroplatidae feed on fungal fruiting bodies and sterile mycorrhizae.
A thin brown stick positioned horizontally with roughly two dozen clustered orange-red leaves originating from a single point in the middle of the stick. These orange leaves are three to four times larger than the few other green leaves growing out of the stick, and are covered on the lower leaf surface with hundreds of tiny bumps. The background shows the green leaves and branches of neighboring shrubs.
The plant pathogen Puccinia magellanicum (calafate rust) causes the defect known as witch's broom, seen here on a barberry shrub in Chile.
Gram stain of Candida albicans from a vaginal swab from a woman with candidiasis, showing hyphae, and chlamydospores, which are 2–4 µm in diameter.
Many fungi are parasites on plants, animals (including humans), and other fungi. Serious pathogens of many cultivated plants causing extensive damage and losses to agriculture and forestry include the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, tree pathogens such as Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi causing Dutch elm disease, Cryphonectria parasitica responsible for chestnut blight, and Phymatotrichopsis omnivora causing Texas Root Rot, and plant pathogens in the genera Fusarium, Ustilago, Alternaria, and Cochliobolus. Some carnivorous fungi, like Paecilomyces lilacinus, are predators of nematodes, which they capture using an array of specialized structures such as constricting rings or adhesive nets. Many fungi that are plant pathogens, such as Magnaporthe oryzae, can switch from being biotrophic (parasitic on living plants) to being necrotrophic (feeding on the dead tissues of plants they have killed). This same principle is applied to fungi-feeding parasites, including Asterotremella albida, which feeds on the fruit bodies of other fungi both while they are living and after they are dead.
Some fungi can cause serious diseases in humans, several of which may be fatal if untreated. These include aspergillosis, candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, mycetomas, and paracoccidioidomycosis. Furthermore, persons with immuno-deficiencies are particularly susceptible to disease by genera such as Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptoccocus, Histoplasma, and Pneumocystis. Other fungi can attack eyes, nails, hair, and especially skin, the so-called dermatophytic and keratinophilic fungi, and cause local infections such as ringworm and athlete's foot. Fungal spores are also a cause of allergies, and fungi from different taxonomic groups can evoke allergic reactions.
As targets of mycoparasites
Organisms that parasitize fungi are known as mycoparasitic organisms. About 300 species of fungi and fungus-like organisms, belonging to 13 classes and 113 genera, are used as biocontrol agents against plant fungal diseases. Fungi can also act as mycoparasites or antagonists of other fungi, such as Hypomyces chrysospermus, which grows on bolete mushrooms. Fungi can also become the target of infection by mycoviruses.
Communication
Main article: Mycorrhizal networks
There appears to be electrical communication between fungi in word-like components according to spiking characteristics.
Possible impact on climate
According to a study published in the academic journal Current Biology, fungi can soak from the atmosphere around 36% of global fossil fuel greenhouse gas emissions.
Mycotoxins
(6aR,9R)-N-((2R,5S,10aS,10bS)-5-benzyl-10b-hydroxy-2-methyl-3,6-dioxooctahydro-2H-oxazolo[3,2-a] pyrrolo[2,1-c]pyrazin-2-yl)-7-methyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg] quinoline-9-carboxamide
Ergotamine, a major mycotoxin produced by Claviceps species, which if ingested can cause gangrene, convulsions, and hallucinations
Many fungi produce biologically active compounds, several of which are toxic to animals or plants and are therefore called mycotoxins. Of particular relevance to humans are mycotoxins produced by molds causing food spoilage, and poisonous mushrooms (see above). Particularly infamous are the lethal amatoxins in some Amanita mushrooms, and ergot alkaloids, which have a long history of causing serious epidemics of ergotism (St Anthony's Fire) in people consuming rye or related cereals contaminated with sclerotia of the ergot fungus, Claviceps purpurea. Other notable mycotoxins include the aflatoxins, which are insidious liver toxins and highly carcinogenic metabolites produced by certain Aspergillus species often growing in or on grains and nuts consumed by humans, ochratoxins, patulin, and trichothecenes (e.g., T-2 mycotoxin) and fumonisins, which have significant impact on human food supplies or animal livestock.
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites (or natural products), and research has established the existence of biochemical pathways solely for the purpose of producing mycotoxins and other natural products in fungi. Mycotoxins may provide fitness benefits in terms of physiological adaptation, competition with other microbes and fungi, and protection from consumption (fungivory). Many fungal secondary metabolites (or derivatives) are used medically, as described under Human use below.
Pathogenic mechanisms
Ustilago maydis is a pathogenic plant fungus that causes smut disease in maize and teosinte. Plants have evolved efficient defense systems against pathogenic microbes such as U. maydis. A rapid defense reaction after pathogen attack is the oxidative burst where the plant produces reactive oxygen species at the site of the attempted invasion. U. maydis can respond to the oxidative burst with an oxidative stress response, regulated by the gene YAP1. The response protects U. maydis from the host defense, and is necessary for the pathogen's virulence. Furthermore, U. maydis has a well-established recombinational DNA repair system which acts during mitosis and meiosis. The system may assist the pathogen in surviving DNA damage arising from the host plant's oxidative defensive response to infection.
Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast that can live in both plants and animals. C. neoformans usually infects the lungs, where it is phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages. Some C. neoformans can survive inside macrophages, which appears to be the basis for latency, disseminated disease, and resistance to antifungal agents. One mechanism by which C. neoformans survives the hostile macrophage environment is by up-regulating the expression of genes involved in the oxidative stress response. Another mechanism involves meiosis. The majority of C. neoformans are mating "type a". Filaments of mating "type a" ordinarily have haploid nuclei, but they can become diploid (perhaps by endoduplication or by stimulated nuclear fusion) to form blastospores. The diploid nuclei of blastospores can undergo meiosis, including recombination, to form haploid basidiospores that can be dispersed. This process is referred to as monokaryotic fruiting. This process requires a gene called DMC1, which is a conserved homologue of genes recA in bacteria and RAD51 in eukaryotes, that mediates homologous chromosome pairing during meiosis and repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Thus, C. neoformans can undergo a meiosis, monokaryotic fruiting, that promotes recombinational repair in the oxidative, DNA damaging environment of the host macrophage, and the repair capability may contribute to its virulence.
Human use
See also: Human interactions with fungi
Microscopic view of five spherical structures; one of the spheres is considerably smaller than the rest and attached to one of the larger spheres
Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells shown with DIC microscopy
The human use of fungi for food preparation or preservation and other purposes is extensive and has a long history. Mushroom farming and mushroom gathering are large industries in many countries. The study of the historical uses and sociological impact of fungi is known as ethnomycology. Because of the capacity of this group to produce an enormous range of natural products with antimicrobial or other biological activities, many species have long been used or are being developed for industrial production of antibiotics, vitamins, and anti-cancer and cholesterol-lowering drugs. Methods have been developed for genetic engineering of fungi, enabling metabolic engineering of fungal species. For example, genetic modification of yeast species—which are easy to grow at fast rates in large fermentation vessels—has opened up ways of pharmaceutical production that are potentially more efficient than production by the original source organisms. Fungi-based industries are sometimes considered to be a major part of a growing bioeconomy, with applications under research and development including use for textiles, meat substitution and general fungal biotechnology.
Therapeutic uses
Modern chemotherapeutics
Many species produce metabolites that are major sources of pharmacologically active drugs.
Antibiotics
Particularly important are the antibiotics, including the penicillins, a structurally related group of β-lactam antibiotics that are synthesized from small peptides. Although naturally occurring penicillins such as penicillin G (produced by Penicillium chrysogenum) have a relatively narrow spectrum of biological activity, a wide range of other penicillins can be produced by chemical modification of the natural penicillins. Modern penicillins are semisynthetic compounds, obtained initially from fermentation cultures, but then structurally altered for specific desirable properties. Other antibiotics produced by fungi include: ciclosporin, commonly used as an immunosuppressant during transplant surgery; and fusidic acid, used to help control infection from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Widespread use of antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial diseases, such as tuberculosis, syphilis, leprosy, and others began in the early 20th century and continues to date. In nature, antibiotics of fungal or bacterial origin appear to play a dual role: at high concentrations they act as chemical defense against competition with other microorganisms in species-rich environments, such as the rhizosphere, and at low concentrations as quorum-sensing molecules for intra- or interspecies signaling.
Other
Other drugs produced by fungi include griseofulvin isolated from Penicillium griseofulvum, used to treat fungal infections, and statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors), used to inhibit cholesterol synthesis. Examples of statins found in fungi include mevastatin from Penicillium citrinum and lovastatin from Aspergillus terreus and the oyster mushroom. Psilocybin from fungi is investigated for therapeutic use and appears to cause global increases in brain network integration. Fungi produce compounds that inhibit viruses and cancer cells. Specific metabolites, such as polysaccharide-K, ergotamine, and β-lactam antibiotics, are routinely used in clinical medicine. The shiitake mushroom is a source of lentinan, a clinical drug approved for use in cancer treatments in several countries, including Japan. In Europe and Japan, polysaccharide-K (brand name Krestin), a chemical derived from Trametes versicolor, is an approved adjuvant for cancer therapy.
Traditional medicine
Upper surface view of a kidney-shaped fungus, brownish-red with a lighter yellow-brown margin, and a somewhat varnished or shiny appearance
Two dried yellow-orange caterpillars, one with a curly grayish fungus growing out of one of its ends. The grayish fungus is roughly equal to or slightly greater in length than the caterpillar, and tapers in thickness to a narrow end.
The fungi Ganoderma lucidum (left) and Ophiocordyceps sinensis (right) are used in traditional medicine practices
Certain mushrooms are used as supposed therapeutics in folk medicine practices, such as traditional Chinese medicine. Mushrooms with a history of such use include Agaricus subrufescens, Ganoderma lucidum, and Ophiocordyceps sinensis.
Cultured foods
Baker's yeast or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a unicellular fungus, is used to make bread and other wheat-based products, such as pizza dough and dumplings. Yeast species of the genus Saccharomyces are also used to produce alcoholic beverages through fermentation. Shoyu koji mold (Aspergillus oryzae) is an essential ingredient in brewing Shoyu (soy sauce) and sake, and the preparation of miso while Rhizopus species are used for making tempeh. Several of these fungi are domesticated species that were bred or selected according to their capacity to ferment food without producing harmful mycotoxins (see below), which are produced by very closely related Aspergilli. Quorn, a meat substitute, is made from Fusarium venenatum.
Before crews started clearing snow off the road to Artist Point, the snow was in the 50-foot-deep range at this particular corner. Dustin Terpening stands along the snow wall for some perspective of just how deep the snow was. This is the last corner before you head into the upper parking lot at Artist Point.
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeiner_Bocksdorn
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfberry
pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolcow%c3%b3j_szkar%c5%82atny
Der Gemeine Bocksdorn (Lycium barbarum) ist ein Nachtschattengewächs (Solanaceae) aus der Gattung der Bocksdorne (Lycium). Die Pflanze ist ein Neophyt, und wird auch Gemeiner Teufelszwirn und Chinesische Wolfsbeere genannt. In China heißt sie Níngxià gǒuqǐ (chin. 宁夏枸杞 „Gǒuqǐ aus Ningxia“), im englischsprachigen Raum Goji oder Wolfberry. Sie wird als Zierpflanze verwendet und ist Bestandteil der chinesischen Küche und der traditionellen chinesischen Medizin.
Inhaltsstoffe und Pharmakologie.
Frühere Vermutungen, der Bocksdorn würde Hyoscyamin enthalten, gehen fast ausnahmslos auf eine Arbeit von 1890 zurück und konnten seitdem nicht bestätigt werden, das Gerücht hält sich aber weiterhin hartnäckig. Neueste Untersuchungen mit modernsten Methoden widerlegen die genannten Behauptungen[4][5]. Vergiftungsfälle sind nicht bekannt, der Fruchtsaft ist von vielen Herstellern erhältlich.
In den Früchten finden sich unter anderem
0.5 Prozent des Vitamin C-Vorläufers 2-O-(β-D-Glucopyranosyl-)ascorbinsäure,
0.1 Prozent Betain,
Vitamin A, Vitamin B1, B2, GABA und Nikotinsäure,
die Tetraterpene Zeaxanthin und Physalein,
die Steroide Solasodin, β-Sitosterol und dessen Vorläufer Daucosterol,
Polysaccharide,
p-Cumarinsäure, Scopoletin, Aminosäuren und Proteine.[6]
Die moderne Wissenschaft hat sich für die Inhaltsstoffe interessiert und in Laborstudien erste Hinweise auf medizinische Wirksamkeit gefunden:
Extrakte aus gemeinem Bocksdorn schützen vor Zerstörung des optischen Nervs, wenn ein Glaukom vorliegt[7].
Polysaccharide aus der Pflanze haben immunmodulierende Wirkung[8].
Es gibt mehrere Laborstudien und eine klinische Studie zur Wirksamkeit gegen Krebs[9].
Wässrige Extrakte aus gemeinem Bocksdorn haben starke antioxidative Eigenschaften[10]
Küche und Ethnobotanik .
Bocksdorn wird in China zum Kochen und in der Naturheilkunde verwendet. In den nordwestchinesischen Provinzen Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai und Innere Mongolei wächst der Bocksdorn im Übermaß. Im Sommer und Herbst werden die Früchte geerntet und in der Sonne getrocknet[11]. Die Früchte werden gekocht oder, wenn es süße sind, auch roh gegessen; einige Varianten sind sehr sauer. Blätter von Jungpflanzen werden auch als Blattgemüse verwendet.
Traditionell nehmen die Chinesen getrocknete Bocksdornbeeren gegen hohen Blutdruck und Blutzucker, bei Augenproblemen, zur Unterstützung des Immunsystems und zur Vorbeugung und Behandlung von Krebs. Als Einzeldosierung werden 6 bis 15 Gramm der getrockneten Beeren als Absud, in Wein oder als Tinktur angegeben.[11]
Der Bocksdorn wird auch als Zierpflanze verwendet[12].
Goji-Saft
Kennen Sie die Goji-Beeren aus dem Himalaya?
Nein? Keine Angst: Sie sind nicht allein. Goji ist in Deutschland noch recht unbekannt. Aber das sollte sich schnell ändern, denn: Diese kleine rote Beere hat vor, Ihre Augen zu öffnen. Die Menschen aus Zentralasien lieben und schätzen die Goji-Beere so sehr, dass sie jedes Jahr zu ihrer Ehre mehrere Festtage feiern, ähnlich wie die Bayern das Oktoberfest, aber viel gesünder.
Der botanische Name der Goji-Beeren ist Lycium barbarum, zu deutsch: Gemeine Bocksdorn. Der Gemeine Bocksdorn Lycium barbarum ist ein bis zu 3 m hoher Strauch mit bedornten Trieben und eiförmig-lanzettlichen Blättern. Er blüht violett. Seine Blätter sind ein beliebtes Grüngemüse in der chinesischen Küche. Aber auch die bis zu 20 mm großen Beeren werden in Ostasien gern verzehrt.
Die Beeren des Lycium-Strauches sind reich an antioxidativen Stoffen wie Vitamin C und Carotinoide wie Zeaxanthin und Cryptoxanthin), Polysaccchariden (Proteoglycane: LBP1, LBP2, LBP3 und LBP4), Aminosäuren (z.B. Isoleucin, Methionin), Mineralstoffen und Spurenelementen (Zink, Calcium, Germanium, Selen, Eisen u.a.) und anderen ernährungsphysiologisch wertvollen sekundären Pflanzenstoffen (Flavonoide, Terpene).
Goji-Beeren werden im nordasiatischen Raum traditionell zur Herstellung von Extrakten und Beerenweinen eingesetzt, die vor allem der Nahrungsergänzung dienen.
Ursprünglich kommt der Gemeine Bocksdorn aus Ostasien. In China nennt man ihn "Gou Qi Zi" oder auch "Goji". Innerhalb der letzten hundert Jahre hat sich der Lycium-Strauch aber auch in Nordamerika ("WolfBerry") und Europa verbreitet.
Goji Saft aus den Beeren des Lycium-Strauches (Lycium barbarum, Bocksdorn, WolfBerry) versorgt Ihren Körper bereits in geringen Mengen und ganz bequem mit wertvollen pflanzlichen Substanzen mit einem hohen antioxidativen Potential. Er ist hilfreich bei der Vitalisierung, Anregung und der Regeneration Ihres Körpers.
Goji Saft ist ein kaltgepresster Direktsaft aus reifen Goji-Beeren, die in der hochgelegenen und sonnenreichen chinesischen Provinz Ningxia unter natürlichen Bedingungen wachsen. Bei der aufwändigen Herstellung wird darauf geachtet, dass alle wichtigen Vitalstoffe der Lycium-Beeren erhalten bleiben. Modernste Analysenmethoden (Spektralanalysen) garantieren eine absolut hohe Qualität.
Goji Saft schmeckt süß, ähnlich wie Pfirsich-Saft. Kinder mögen Goji-Saft in aller Regel sehr.
Verzehrsempfehlung: Erwachsene trinken täglich 30 bis 90 ml Goji-Saft, Kinder 15 bis 30 ml.
Zusammensetzung: Direktsaft aus Lycium barbarum Beeren, Birnensaftkonzentrat, Apfelsaftkonzentrat, Natürliche Aromen, Zitronensäure, Kaliumsorbat
Album 3.Unser Garten - Our garden - Nasz ogród www.flickr.com/photos/arjuna/sets/72157603861532626/
Album Spring Wiosna 2009 www.flickr.com/photos/arjuna/sets/72157616555739918/
From the Altimeter report: Social Media Education for Employees, by Charlene Li, Ed Terpening, and Christine Tran. Download the report at: www.altimetergroup.com/research/reports/social-media-educ....
Choosing the correct #cannabis isn’t just between sativa and indica, but also some of the other compounds, and the means for you to have it, whether it’s topical applications, injecting this, or #vaping and #smoking.
Below we’ll go over the best way to figure out the #medical #cannabis that’s correct for you.
Terpenes and Cannabis
Cannabis has a bunch of different varieties, and it’s something that you need to factor in when looking at the makeup of the chemicals. With cannabinoids along with other compounds present there, #THC and #CBD are the two main types, with one of them being #psychoactive and the other one helping with inflammatory effects of this.
Terpenes also are important too, as different strains have different kinds of feelings and effects that come with this. That’s why, despite the high levels of THC, you’ll get other effects.
Indica Vs. Sativa
You’ll probably see these two, or hybrids which are a mix of both, and the right kind of cannabis to use is practically based on the composition and some of the factors associated with this.
Sativa is something that creates a head type of high, and it has large amounts of THC content, and sativa is the main strain for people who want to be productive when they want to do tuff in the daytime and is good for creativity, focus, along with clarity. They are not good for nighttime use since they don’t help with sleep, and while it can make you relaxed, you won’t feel very tried. It’s good for feeling alert and motivated and provides some energy you may not otherwise get.
Indica types are pretty much strains that help with #sleeping and is something that’s good for when you want to just shut down. It’s got larger amounts of CBD than THC in most cases, and it’s got some relaxing along with calming parts to this, to help with those who struggle with #anxiety and relaxing. It also is good for managing pain that’s #chronic, and #nausea too.
Some people prefer #indica when they’re attempting to sleep, and they’re something that helps a person feel more relaxed rather than just tired after they use this.
Finally, you’ve got #hybrids, which are dominant one way or another, and they both offer good effects.
Most hybrids have a lot more THC, but there are balanced ones that you can use. Some medical cannabis users swear by these, so it may be a great option if you need that.
Types of ways to have this
Usually, most people get different effects based on the way they consume cannabis. Vaping and smoking is something that works almost immediately, and it’s something that affects within seconds of inhalation, and then it #plateaus after about 30 or so minutes.
#Edibles can take almost two hours to get the full effects of this, and the effects are a bit longer-lasting then when it’s smoked.
Right now, the best types of edibles include capsules, tablets, topicals, drops, and tinctures. Edible and smokable varieties are usually how they’re taken.
Some people like to use hemp, or CBD gummies to help with this. Some people also like to use delta-8 kinds of vapes, and other kinds of products that are hemp-derived that don’t require you to have a prescription.
It’s vital to remember though that the affects you get from marijuana do vary, with some people getting the same, or different effects. For newbies to #cannabis, take it slow, and talk to the doctor to find out the best kinds.
1908 dated postcard view of Main Street in Lynn, Indiana. This view was looking south on Main Street toward the Church Street intersection. The photographer stood at the Brown Street intersection to take this the photograph. It’s easy to see the original offset of Main Street where it crossed Church Street.
The first business on the left in this view was located on the southeast corner at Brown Street. The awning advertised HARDWARE & FURNITURE. The 1912 Sanborn™ fire insurance map set for Lynn shows a hardware and furniture business in a brick building at this location. The wood frame building next door housed two businesses. The sign for the nearer (north) business advertised the S. O. ADAMS MEAT MARKET. The sign for the other business was in the shadow of the awning and advertised the _____ES GROCERY (or _____E’S GROCERY). The 1912 map set shows a grocery in the north side of that building and a confectionery business in the south side. Next door to the south, the tiny building with the front porch is shown simply as an office in the Sanborn™ map set, and the business in the next single-story building (with the fixed awning) is identified as a jewelry business. The map set shows hotel rooms on the second floor of the next two (two-story) buildings. The use of the first floor of the northernmost of those two buildings isn’t mentioned, but the other housed a restaurant when that map set was being prepared. The sign in this view advertised a BAKERY AND RESTAURANT at that location.
The Sanborn™ map set shows a drug store on the southwest corner at the Church Street intersection. A barely-readable DRUGS sign was painted vertically on a window at the corner of the building. The map set shows a dry goods and clothing store on the northwest corner. That was Chenoweth’s store. The map set shows both a barbershop and a grocery in the wood frame building north of Chenoweth’s. The map set shows the concrete block building and identifies the bank, a variety store, and a drugs and wallpaper store in that building (from south to north). The building at the right edge of this view was a grocery when the Sanborn™ map set was being prepared.
The message on the back side of the postcard was written by “Ella” to Mr. and Mrs. Terpening in Oklahoma. She mentioned being in Indiana for ten days as well as being at Gail Taylor’s and going to church at Pleasant Run.
From a private collection.
The full postcard image can be seen here.
www.flickr.com/photos/hoosier_recollections/7587548318/in...
Copyright 2012-2014 by Hoosier Recollections. All rights reserved. This image is part of a creative package that includes the associated text, geodata and/or other information. Neither this package in its entirety nor any of the individual components may be downloaded, transmitted or reproduced without the prior written permission of Hoosier Recollections.
1908 dated postcard view of Main Street in Lynn, Indiana. This view was looking south on Main Street toward the Church Street intersection. The photographer stood at the Brown Street intersection to take this the photograph. It’s easy to see the original offset of Main Street where it crossed Church Street.
The first business on the left in this view was located on the southeast corner at Brown Street. The awning advertised HARDWARE & FURNITURE. The 1912 Sanborn™ fire insurance map set for Lynn shows a hardware and furniture business in a brick building at this location. The wood frame building next door housed two businesses. The sign for the nearer (north) business advertised the S. O. ADAMS MEAT MARKET. The sign for the other business was in the shadow of the awning and advertised the _____ES GROCERY (or _____E’S GROCERY). The 1912 map set shows a grocery in the north side of that building and a confectionery business in the south side. Next door to the south, the tiny building with the front porch is shown simply as an office in the Sanborn™ map set, and the business in the next single-story building (with the fixed awning) is identified as a jewelry business. The map set shows hotel rooms on the second floor of the next two (two-story) buildings. The use of the first floor of the northernmost of those two buildings isn’t mentioned, but the other housed a restaurant when that map set was being prepared. The sign in this view advertised a BAKERY AND RESTAURANT at that location.
The Sanborn™ map set shows a drug store on the southwest corner at the Church Street intersection. A barely-readable DRUGS sign was painted vertically on a window at the corner of the building. The map set shows a dry goods and clothing store on the northwest corner. That was Chenoweth’s store. The map set shows both a barbershop and a grocery in the wood frame building north of Chenoweth’s. The map set shows the concrete block building and identifies the bank, a variety store, and a drugs and wallpaper store in that building (from south to north). The building at the right edge of this view was a grocery when the Sanborn™ map set was being prepared.
The message on the back side of the postcard was written by “Ella” to Mr. and Mrs. Terpening in Oklahoma. She mentioned being in Indiana for ten days as well as being at Gail Taylor’s and going to church at Pleasant Run.
From a private collection.
The full postcard image can be seen here.
www.flickr.com/photos/hoosier_recollections/7587548318/in...
Copyright 2012-2014 by Hoosier Recollections. All rights reserved. This image is part of a creative package that includes the associated text, geodata and/or other information. Neither this package in its entirety nor any of the individual components may be downloaded, transmitted or reproduced without the prior written permission of Hoosier Recollections.
1908 dated postcard view of Main Street in Lynn, Indiana. This view was looking south on Main Street toward the Church Street intersection. The photographer stood at the Brown Street intersection to take this the photograph. It’s easy to see the original offset of Main Street where it crossed Church Street.
The first business on the left in this view was located on the southeast corner at Brown Street. The awning advertised HARDWARE & FURNITURE. The 1912 Sanborn™ fire insurance map set for Lynn shows a hardware and furniture business in a brick building at this location. The wood frame building next door housed two businesses. The sign for the nearer (north) business advertised the S. O. ADAMS MEAT MARKET. The sign for the other business was in the shadow of the awning and advertised the _____ES GROCERY (or _____E’S GROCERY). The 1912 map set shows a grocery in the north side of that building and a confectionery business in the south side. Next door to the south, the tiny building with the front porch is shown simply as an office in the Sanborn™ map set, and the business in the next single-story building (with the fixed awning) is identified as a jewelry business. The map set shows hotel rooms on the second floor of the next two (two-story) buildings. The use of the first floor of the northernmost of those two buildings isn’t mentioned, but the other housed a restaurant when that map set was being prepared. The sign in this view advertised a BAKERY AND RESTAURANT at that location.
The Sanborn™ map set shows a drug store on the southwest corner at the Church Street intersection. A barely-readable DRUGS sign was painted vertically on a window at the corner of the building. The map set shows a dry goods and clothing store on the northwest corner. That was Chenoweth’s store. The map set shows both a barbershop and a grocery in the wood frame building north of Chenoweth’s. The map set shows the concrete block building and identifies the bank, a variety store, and a drugs and wallpaper store in that building (from south to north). The building at the right edge of this view was a grocery when the Sanborn™ map set was being prepared.
The message on the back side of the postcard was written by “Ella” to Mr. and Mrs. Terpening in Oklahoma. She mentioned being in Indiana for ten days as well as being at Gail Taylor’s and going to church at Pleasant Run.
From a private collection.
The full postcard image can be seen here.
www.flickr.com/photos/hoosier_recollections/7587548318/in...
Copyright 2012-2014 by Hoosier Recollections. All rights reserved. This image is part of a creative package that includes the associated text, geodata and/or other information. Neither this package in its entirety nor any of the individual components may be downloaded, transmitted or reproduced without the prior written permission of Hoosier Recollections.
#Cannabis products are becoming more and more popular, with different medicinal or other properties that can definitely be a bit of a problem. One may wonder though which one is right for you. While this does vary from each person to the next, it does involve whether or not you need #CBD or #THC.
CBD or THC?
When you’re looking at dispensaries, you’ve got these two compounds. They do have benefits that do overlap, but the terpenes, other #cannabinoids and the like are usually not the main focus. There are medicinal benefits for both of these that we’ll go into here.
The primary difference between both of these is that one gets you high, and the other one does not, but basically offers the same therapeutic benefits without the intoxicating results from this. They’re made up of two kinds of atoms of oxygen, and then 21 carbon atoms, and 30 hydrogen atoms, all of which are pretty common.
This is something that is arranged in differ ways, and they affect the #neurotransmitters in different ways. But they do offer benefits for different reasons, and they can be therapeutic for you as well.
Benefits of THC
THC is great at for the high reasons, and while it is a psychoactive, there are other reasons why people really like THC as a compound, and it’s something that’s celebrated.
For starters, it’s great for pain relief. This is great for activating the pain pathways, preventing these signals from getting overwhelming, and they can be a replacement for very addictive opioids as well.
It’s also great for anxiety. It calms down those with autism when people feel overstimulated and it can be good for acute anxiety too.
It does naturally relax the muscles, giving you a lot of benefits, and it can be good for muscle cramps, insomnia, and even MS in some cases.
Finally, it’s good for glaucoma, which is a condition that affects vision and your optic nerve. It does lower the intraocular pressure within the eye, especially those with #glaucoma, and is essential for the management of this condition in a lot of cases too.
CBD Benefits
There are other benefits that come with CBD a swell, which we’ll go over here.
The most common is that it’s really good for inflammation and can be used as a replacement for usual pain relief meds such as ibuprofen and the like. It’s also good for those who deal with constant inflammatory conditions. They usually are safer than NSAID, which do cause kidney and liver damage over a long period of time.
Cannabis also helps with #stress and #anxiety. This is great for sort-term anxiety, since it can help with relaxing chronic stress and the like, and it does work well. The exact mechanism is still something looked at.
Finally, #diabetes is another thing it helps with. It does help with the need to gorge on food, and it was found that diabetes along with obesity were actually a third lower than those users who didn’t use this. While there may be munchies with THC, that’s not the case with those that take pure CBD products.
With anything though, you should definitely talk to your doctor and see if it’s right for you.
Understanding the #health differences of this is very important, and it does offer a variety of amazing health benefits that can be good for those users, and it can be a great way to ensure that you’re taking care of your mind and body, and from there are also treating yourself as well for the conditions you have.
Camphor is a volatile, terpene ketone, distilled from the wood and bark of the Camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) native to SE Asia. Once plentiful, camphor wood is now in short supply and most available camphor is synthesised from pinene - the principle constituent if Turpentine, a mixture of terpenes distilled from pine tree wood.
The model has limited bond strain. The construction follows the structural diagram on the web at www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/camphor-chemical-...
Violet (color) - Violet is used in two senses: first, referring to the color of light at the short-wavelength end of the visible spectrum, approximately 380–420 nanometers when indigo is recognized, or more commonly 380–450 nm[1] (this is a spectral color). Secondly, violet may refer to a bluish purple, that is, a mixture of red and blue light, and not a spectral color (see a discussion of the distinction between violet and purple). Spectral violet is outside the gamut of typical RGB color spaces, and therefore cannot be reproduced exactly on a computer screen. The complementary color of violet is the color chartreuse, a greenish yellow.
Violet (flower) - A genus of flowering plants in the family Violaceae, with around 400-500 species throughout the world, mainly in the temperate Northern Hemisphere but also in Hawaii, Australasia, and the Andes in South America. They are typically found in moist and slightly shaded conditions such as hedgerows. Most violets are small perennial plants, but a few are annual plants and some are small shrubs. They typically have heart-shaped leaves, and asymmetrical flowers with four upswept or fan-shaped petals, two each side, and one broad, lobed lower petal pointing downward. The shape of the petals defines many species, for example, some violets have a "spur" on the end of each petal. Flower colours vary in the genus; many are violet as their name suggests, and some are blue, some yellow, some white, some cream; some are bicolored, often blue and yellow. Flowering is often profuse, and may last for much of the spring and summer. One quirk of some violets is the elusive scent of their flowers; along with terpenes, a major component of the scent is a ketone compound called ionone, which temporarily desensitises the receptors in the nose; this prevents any further scent from being detected from the flower.
(Wikipedia)
1908 dated postcard view of Main Street in Lynn, Indiana. This view was looking south on Main Street toward the Church Street intersection. The photographer stood at the Brown Street intersection to take this the photograph. It’s easy to see the original offset of Main Street where it crossed Church Street.
The first business on the left in this view was located on the southeast corner at Brown Street. The awning advertised HARDWARE & FURNITURE. The 1912 Sanborn™ fire insurance map set for Lynn shows a hardware and furniture business in a brick building at this location. The wood frame building next door housed two businesses. The sign for the nearer (north) business advertised the S. O. ADAMS MEAT MARKET. The sign for the other business was in the shadow of the awning and advertised the _____ES GROCERY (or _____E’S GROCERY). The 1912 map set shows a grocery in the north side of that building and a confectionery business in the south side. Next door to the south, the tiny building with the front porch is shown simply as an office in the Sanborn™ map set, and the business in the next single-story building (with the fixed awning) is identified as a jewelry business. The map set shows hotel rooms on the second floor of the next two (two-story) buildings. The use of the first floor of the northernmost of those two buildings isn’t mentioned, but the other housed a restaurant when that map set was being prepared. The sign in this view advertised a BAKERY AND RESTAURANT at that location.
The Sanborn™ map set shows a drug store on the southwest corner at the Church Street intersection. A barely-readable DRUGS sign was painted vertically on a window at the corner of the building. The map set shows a dry goods and clothing store on the northwest corner. That was Chenoweth’s store. The map set shows both a barbershop and a grocery in the wood frame building north of Chenoweth’s. The map set shows the concrete block building and identifies the bank, a variety store, and a drugs and wallpaper store in that building (from south to north). The building at the right edge of this view was a grocery when the Sanborn™ map set was being prepared.
The message on the back side of the postcard was written by “Ella” to Mr. and Mrs. Terpening in Oklahoma. She mentioned being in Indiana for ten days as well as being at Gail Taylor’s and going to church at Pleasant Run.
From a private collection.
The full postcard image can be seen here.
www.flickr.com/photos/hoosier_recollections/7587548318/in...
Copyright 2012-2014 by Hoosier Recollections. All rights reserved. This image is part of a creative package that includes the associated text, geodata and/or other information. Neither this package in its entirety nor any of the individual components may be downloaded, transmitted or reproduced without the prior written permission of Hoosier Recollections.
From the Altimeter report: Social Media Education for Employees, by Charlene Li, Ed Terpening, and Christine Tran. Download the report at: www.altimetergroup.com/research/reports/social-media-educ....
Dustin Terpening, WSDOT communicator, poses with Tootsie Clark before the gate opened to the North Cascades Highway.
From the Altimeter report: Social Media Education for Employees, by Charlene Li, Ed Terpening, and Christine Tran. Download the report at: www.altimetergroup.com/research/reports/social-media-educ....
Bird Wing Caterpillars:
Like other members of their family, birdwing caterpillars possess a retractable organ behind their heads called an osmeterium. Shaped like the forked tongue of a snake, the osmeterium excretes a fetid terpene-based compound and is deployed when the caterpillar is provoked. The caterpillars are also unappealing to most predators due to their toxicity: the vines which the caterpillars feed upon contain aristolochic acid, a poisonous compound known to be carcinogenic in rats. The feeding caterpillars incorporate and concentrate the aristolochic acid into their tissues, where the poison will persist through metamorphosis and into adulthood.
The grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi) is a subtropical citrus tree known for its relatively large sour to semi-sweet, somewhat bitter fruit. Grapefruit is a citrus hybrid originating in Barbados as an accidental cross between two introduced species – sweet orange (C. sinensis), and pomelo (or shaddock) (C. maxima) – both of which were introduced from Asia in the seventeenth century. When found, it was nicknamed the "forbidden fruit". Frequently, it is misidentified as the very similar parent species, pomelo.
The grape part of the name alludes to clusters of fruit on the tree that often appear similar to grape clusters. The interior flesh is segmented and varies in color from white to yellow to red to pink.
DESCRIPTION
The evergreen grapefruit trees usually grow to around 5–6 meters tall, although they may reach 13–15 m. The leaves are glossy, dark green, long (up to 15 centimeters), and thin. It produces 5 cm white four-petaled flowers. The fruit is yellow-orange skinned and generally, an oblate spheroid in shape; it ranges in diameter from 10–15 cm. The flesh is segmented and acidic, varying in color depending on the cultivars, which include white, pink, and red pulps of varying sweetness (generally, the redder varieties are the sweetest). The 1929 U.S. Ruby Red (of the Redblush variety) has the first grapefruit patent.[
HISTORY
The genetic origin of the grapefruit is a hybrid mix. One ancestor of the grapefruit was the Jamaican sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), itself an ancient hybrid of Asian origin; the other was the Indonesian pomelo (C. maxima). One story of the fruit's origin is that a certain "Captain Shaddock" brought pomelo seeds to Jamaica and bred the first fruit, however, it probably originated as a naturally occurring hybrid between the two plants some time after they had been introduced there.
The hybrid fruit, then called "the forbidden fruit", was first documented in 1750 by a Welshman, Rev. Griffith Hughes, who described specimens from Barbados in The Natural History of Barbados. Currently, the grapefruit is said to be one of the "Seven Wonders of Barbados".
The grapefruit was brought to Florida by Count Odet Philippe in 1823 in what is now known as Safety Harbor. Further crosses have produced the tangelo (1905), the Minneola tangelo (1931), and the oroblanco (1984).
The grapefruit was known as the shaddock or shattuck until the nineteenth century. Its current name alludes to clusters of the fruit on the tree, which often appear similar to that of grapes. Botanically, it was not distinguished from the pomelo until the 1830s, when it was given the name Citrus paradisi. Its true origins were not determined until the 1940s. This led to the official name being altered to Citrus × paradisi, the "×" identifying its hybrid origin.
An early pioneer in the American citrus industry was Kimball Atwood, a wealthy entrepreneur who founded the Atwood Grapefruit Company in the late nineteenth century. The Atwood Grove became the largest grapefruit grove in the world, with a yearly output of 80,000 boxes of fruit. It was there that pink grapefruit was first discovered in 1906.
RUBY RED
The 1929 Ruby Red patent was associated with real commercial success, which came after the discovery of a red grapefruit growing on a pink variety. Using radiation to trigger mutations, new varieties were developed to retain the red tones which typically faded to pink. The Rio Red variety is the current (2007) Texas grapefruit with registered trademarks Rio Star and Ruby-Sweet, also sometimes promoted as "Reddest" and "Texas Choice". The Rio Red is a mutation bred variety that was developed by treatment of bud sticks with thermal neutrons. Its improved attributes of mutant variety are fruit and juice color, deeper red, and wide adaptation.
STAR RUBY
The Star Ruby is the darkest of the red varieties. Developed from an irradiated Hudson grapefruit, it has found limited commercial success because it is more difficult to grow than other varieties.
VARIETIES
The varieties of Texas and Florida grapefruit include: Oro Blanco, Ruby Red, Pink, Rio Star, Thompson, White Marsh, Flame, Star Ruby, Duncan, and Pummelo HB.
PRODUCTTION
China is the top producer of grapefruit and pomelo. It is followed by The United States and Mexico.
COLORS AND FLAVORS
Grapefruit comes in many varieties. One way to differentiate between varieties is by the flesh color of fruit they produce. The most popular varieties currently cultivated are red, white, and pink hues, referring to the internal pulp color of the fruit. The family of flavors range from highly acidic and somewhat sour, to sweet and tart. Grapefruit mercaptan, a sulfur-containing terpene, is one of the substances which has a strong influence on the taste and odor of grapefruit, compared with other citrus fruits.
DRUG INTERACTIONS
Grapefruit and grapefruit juice have been found to interact with numerous drugs and in many cases, to result in adverse direct and/or side effects (if dosage is not carefully adjusted.)
This happens in two very different ways. In the first, the effect is from bergamottin, a natural furanocoumarin in both grapefruit flesh and peel that inhibits the CYP3A4 enzyme, (among others from the P450 enzyme family responsible for metabolizing 90% of drugs). The action of the CYP3A4 enzyme itself is to metabolize many medications. If the drug's breakdown for removal is lessened, then the level of the drug in the blood may become too high or stay too long, leading to adverse effects. On the other hand, some drugs must be broken down to become active, and inhibiting CYP3A4 may lead to reduced drug effects.
The other effect is that grapefruit can block the absorption of drugs in the intestine. If the drug is not absorbed, then not enough of it is in the blood to have a therapeutic effect. Each affected drug has either a specific increase of effect or decrease.
One whole grapefruit, or a glass of 200 mL of grapefruit juice may cause drug overdose toxicity. Typically, drugs that are incompatible with grapefruit are so labeled on the container or package insert. People taking drugs should ask their health care provider or pharmacist questions about grapefruit and drug interactions.
NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES
Grapefruit is a rich source of vitamin C (>20% of the Daily Value, DV in a 100 gram serving), contains the fiber pectin, and the pink and red hues contain the beneficial antioxidant lycopene. Studies have shown grapefruit helps lower cholesterol, and there is evidence that the seeds have antioxidant properties. Grapefruit forms a core part of the "grapefruit diet", the theory being that the fruit's low glycemic index is able to help the body's metabolism burn fat.
Although grapefruit seed extract (GSE) is promoted as a plant-based preservative by some natural personal care manufacturers, studies have shown that the apparent antimicrobial activity associated with GSE preparations is merely due to contamination with synthetic preservatives such as parabens.
Citrus fruits show high amounts of putrescine, they contain very little spermidine.
Grapefruit juice contains about half the citric acid of lime or lemon juice (which contain about 47 g/l), and about two-and-a-half times the amount of citric acid found in orange juice.
GRAPEFRUIT SWEETS
In Costa Rica, especially in Atenas, grapefruit are often cooked to remove their sourness, rendering them as sweets; they are also stuffed with dulce de leche, resulting in a dessert called toronja rellena (stuffed grapefruit). In Haiti, grapefruit is used primarily for its juice (jus de Chadèque), but also is used to make jam (confiture de Chadèque).
OTHER USES
Grapefruit has also been investigated in cancer medicine pharmacodynamics. Its inhibiting effect on the metabolism of some drugs may allow smaller doses to be used, which can help to reduce costs.
Lifestyle magazines and websites sometimes recommend grapefruit as a stain remover for porcelain and enamel.
GRAPEFRUIT RELATIVES
Grapefruit is a pomelo backcross, a hybrid of pomelo × sweet orange, with sweet orange itself being a pomelo × mandarin hybrid.
The grapefruit is a parent to many hybrids:
A Tangelo is any hybrid of a tangerine and either a pomelo or a grapefruit
'Minneola': Duncan grapefruit × Dancy tangerine
'Orlando' (formerly 'Take'): Bowen grapefruit × Dancy tangerine(pollen parent)
Fairchild is a Clementine × Orlando hybrid
'Seminole': Bowen grapefruit × Dancy tangerine
'Thornton': tangerine × grapefruit, unspecified
'Ugli': mandarin × grapefruit, probable (wild seedling)
'Nova' is a second-generation hybrid: Clementine × Orlando tangelo cross
The Oroblanco and Melogold grapefruits are hybrids between pummelo (Citrus maxima) and the grapefruit
The grapefruit's cousins include:
Common sweet orange: pummelo × mandarin hybrid
Bitter orange: a different pummelo × mandarin hybrid
Mandelos: pummelo × mandarine (Citrus maxima)
Hyuganatsu may also be a pummelo hybrid
WIKIPEDIA
The HUF demo at the Active Park was one for the books to start off 2015. HUF brought the squad out along with the hammers. Austyn Gillette, Sammy Winter, Keith Hufnagel, Peter Ramondetta, Dan Plunkett, Kevin Terpening, Josh Matthews, & Brad Cromer were all out here, Dylan Rieder was out sick last minute, & Joey Pepper was outta town. The HUF flow rippers Matt Gottwig, Lui Elliott, & Austin Calvello cruised on as well. It's not everyday that we get to watch these dudes shred in person!:
people.activerideshop.com/huf-demo-photos
Photos: @morgnar
#Bacteria has plagued the world for thousands of years, but there are now more ways than ever before to fight this. #Antibiotics have saved people, and while they’ve been used for a long time, it’s a beneficial idea.
Can #Marijuana Help?
While some people can use antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, where the body doesn’t respond to it due to consuming too much, is a big problem.
There is a chance that it may help, but it’s important to understand that #antibiotics come from fungi, which are naturally occurring, and plants have always been engaging with microbes and bacteria for thousands of years.
So what this means is that they’re good at keeping this fully at bay. That, and combined with how plants protect themselves through metabolites can help with this, and it’s a way that these can work as weapons.
#Cannabis plants do have a lot of plants in their arsenal, which includes 100 different #cannabinoids, and 200 different terpenes to help.
The Antibiotic Potential of #Terpenes and Cannabinoids
While THC and CBD are the two biggest chemicals that are found in marijuana plants, there are other substances that actually do impact the endocannabinoid system as well.
Some research has explored whether or not there are antibacterial responses in these.
There were studies that took place back in the 1950s, and usually, they do have some bacterial effects, the lack of knowledge that’s there has prevented people from determining whether these are the constituents that are active as well.
Some research was found that there is bacteriostatic and bactericidal actions within #CBD and #THC and the benefits that are seen against bacteria that are gram positive.
Some studies have also discovered that hemp is really good against bacteria.
The preparation of these cannabinoids, and terpenes, including #limonene, #pinene, and ocimene as well are a big part of this, and they are able to tackle the microbial activity.
This can prove to be a beneficial part of future research in the body.
Some studies also discovered that there are different cannabinoids that are in place, and it may be a possibility for new antibiotics too.
THC ais one of the main part of cannabis may cause the high, and it may possibly offer some promising results. But for right now, there are studies which are further exploring this in much greater depth, and the findings from a paper back in 2008 discovered that there is a possibility that #cannabis may help with fighting the MRSA effects too.
The other Cannabinoids?
While THC is a big part of this, let’s also look at the possibility of other cannabinoids that may help with this.
First is CBD, which doesn’t produce the high, but instead users feel a lot more clear headed, and it can help with fighting inflammation. There is some potential #benefits that they may be able to fight against antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria, and it also may be used to combat urgent threat gram-negative bacteria, including Neisseria gonorrhea.
Then there is CBD, which is a form of CBDA, the mother cannabinoid. It’s not #psychotropic as well, and it’s been found that it’s similar to vancomycin, which is a fungal medication that’s used to fight different models of #MRSA #bacterial #strains and others.
But there’s’ still a lot that we don’t know about this, so if you’ve been curious about where this will go, right now, the only thing that we can do at the moment is to wait and see what other major cannabinoid discoveries have and the future of these practical kinds of applications for the body too.
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeiner_Bocksdorn
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfberry
pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolcow%c3%b3j_szkar%c5%82atny
Der Gemeine Bocksdorn (Lycium barbarum) ist ein Nachtschattengewächs (Solanaceae) aus der Gattung der Bocksdorne (Lycium). Die Pflanze ist ein Neophyt, und wird auch Gemeiner Teufelszwirn und Chinesische Wolfsbeere genannt. In China heißt sie Níngxià gǒuqǐ (chin. 宁夏枸杞 „Gǒuqǐ aus Ningxia“), im englischsprachigen Raum Goji oder Wolfberry. Sie wird als Zierpflanze verwendet und ist Bestandteil der chinesischen Küche und der traditionellen chinesischen Medizin.
Inhaltsstoffe und Pharmakologie.
Frühere Vermutungen, der Bocksdorn würde Hyoscyamin enthalten, gehen fast ausnahmslos auf eine Arbeit von 1890 zurück und konnten seitdem nicht bestätigt werden, das Gerücht hält sich aber weiterhin hartnäckig. Neueste Untersuchungen mit modernsten Methoden widerlegen die genannten Behauptungen[4][5]. Vergiftungsfälle sind nicht bekannt, der Fruchtsaft ist von vielen Herstellern erhältlich.
In den Früchten finden sich unter anderem
0.5 Prozent des Vitamin C-Vorläufers 2-O-(β-D-Glucopyranosyl-)ascorbinsäure,
0.1 Prozent Betain,
Vitamin A, Vitamin B1, B2, GABA und Nikotinsäure,
die Tetraterpene Zeaxanthin und Physalein,
die Steroide Solasodin, β-Sitosterol und dessen Vorläufer Daucosterol,
Polysaccharide,
p-Cumarinsäure, Scopoletin, Aminosäuren und Proteine.[6]
Die moderne Wissenschaft hat sich für die Inhaltsstoffe interessiert und in Laborstudien erste Hinweise auf medizinische Wirksamkeit gefunden:
Extrakte aus gemeinem Bocksdorn schützen vor Zerstörung des optischen Nervs, wenn ein Glaukom vorliegt[7].
Polysaccharide aus der Pflanze haben immunmodulierende Wirkung[8].
Es gibt mehrere Laborstudien und eine klinische Studie zur Wirksamkeit gegen Krebs[9].
Wässrige Extrakte aus gemeinem Bocksdorn haben starke antioxidative Eigenschaften[10]
Küche und Ethnobotanik .
Bocksdorn wird in China zum Kochen und in der Naturheilkunde verwendet. In den nordwestchinesischen Provinzen Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai und Innere Mongolei wächst der Bocksdorn im Übermaß. Im Sommer und Herbst werden die Früchte geerntet und in der Sonne getrocknet[11]. Die Früchte werden gekocht oder, wenn es süße sind, auch roh gegessen; einige Varianten sind sehr sauer. Blätter von Jungpflanzen werden auch als Blattgemüse verwendet.
Traditionell nehmen die Chinesen getrocknete Bocksdornbeeren gegen hohen Blutdruck und Blutzucker, bei Augenproblemen, zur Unterstützung des Immunsystems und zur Vorbeugung und Behandlung von Krebs. Als Einzeldosierung werden 6 bis 15 Gramm der getrockneten Beeren als Absud, in Wein oder als Tinktur angegeben.[11]
Der Bocksdorn wird auch als Zierpflanze verwendet[12].
Goji-Saft
Kennen Sie die Goji-Beeren aus dem Himalaya?
Nein? Keine Angst: Sie sind nicht allein. Goji ist in Deutschland noch recht unbekannt. Aber das sollte sich schnell ändern, denn: Diese kleine rote Beere hat vor, Ihre Augen zu öffnen. Die Menschen aus Zentralasien lieben und schätzen die Goji-Beere so sehr, dass sie jedes Jahr zu ihrer Ehre mehrere Festtage feiern, ähnlich wie die Bayern das Oktoberfest, aber viel gesünder.
Der botanische Name der Goji-Beeren ist Lycium barbarum, zu deutsch: Gemeine Bocksdorn. Der Gemeine Bocksdorn Lycium barbarum ist ein bis zu 3 m hoher Strauch mit bedornten Trieben und eiförmig-lanzettlichen Blättern. Er blüht violett. Seine Blätter sind ein beliebtes Grüngemüse in der chinesischen Küche. Aber auch die bis zu 20 mm großen Beeren werden in Ostasien gern verzehrt.
Die Beeren des Lycium-Strauches sind reich an antioxidativen Stoffen wie Vitamin C und Carotinoide wie Zeaxanthin und Cryptoxanthin), Polysaccchariden (Proteoglycane: LBP1, LBP2, LBP3 und LBP4), Aminosäuren (z.B. Isoleucin, Methionin), Mineralstoffen und Spurenelementen (Zink, Calcium, Germanium, Selen, Eisen u.a.) und anderen ernährungsphysiologisch wertvollen sekundären Pflanzenstoffen (Flavonoide, Terpene).
Goji-Beeren werden im nordasiatischen Raum traditionell zur Herstellung von Extrakten und Beerenweinen eingesetzt, die vor allem der Nahrungsergänzung dienen.
Ursprünglich kommt der Gemeine Bocksdorn aus Ostasien. In China nennt man ihn "Gou Qi Zi" oder auch "Goji". Innerhalb der letzten hundert Jahre hat sich der Lycium-Strauch aber auch in Nordamerika ("WolfBerry") und Europa verbreitet.
Goji Saft aus den Beeren des Lycium-Strauches (Lycium barbarum, Bocksdorn, WolfBerry) versorgt Ihren Körper bereits in geringen Mengen und ganz bequem mit wertvollen pflanzlichen Substanzen mit einem hohen antioxidativen Potential. Er ist hilfreich bei der Vitalisierung, Anregung und der Regeneration Ihres Körpers.
Goji Saft ist ein kaltgepresster Direktsaft aus reifen Goji-Beeren, die in der hochgelegenen und sonnenreichen chinesischen Provinz Ningxia unter natürlichen Bedingungen wachsen. Bei der aufwändigen Herstellung wird darauf geachtet, dass alle wichtigen Vitalstoffe der Lycium-Beeren erhalten bleiben. Modernste Analysenmethoden (Spektralanalysen) garantieren eine absolut hohe Qualität.
Goji Saft schmeckt süß, ähnlich wie Pfirsich-Saft. Kinder mögen Goji-Saft in aller Regel sehr.
Verzehrsempfehlung: Erwachsene trinken täglich 30 bis 90 ml Goji-Saft, Kinder 15 bis 30 ml.
Zusammensetzung: Direktsaft aus Lycium barbarum Beeren, Birnensaftkonzentrat, Apfelsaftkonzentrat, Natürliche Aromen, Zitronensäure, Kaliumsorbat
American larch (also known as tamarack) is the only New England conifer to drop its needles in the autumn and grow new ones in the spring. This hardy tree ranges far north into the tundra regions of Canada. Native Americans of northern New England and Canada used the roots of tamarack for stitching together birch-bark canoes, as the terpenes in tamarack wood make it very durable when wet.
Frankincense is made from dried tree sap. It's been used since ancient times to increase one's mental clarity and cleanses a room. It purifies air by reducing its microbial count. It may also help with depression and anxiety.
The traditional way of burning this incense is to heat it over a hot charcoal disc as see here.
82% of the product comes from Somalia, with some frankincense also gathered in adjacent Southern Arabia and Ethiopia, Sudan, and other central African countries. Though it is better known as "frankincense" to westerners, the resin is also known as olibanum, or in Arabic al-lubān (لبان, roughly translated: "that which results from milking"), a reference to the milky sap tapped from the Boswellia tree.
antimicrobia, anti-fungi,anti-bateria, anti-depression, anti-anxiety,meditation, relaxation, soothe,clean your mind, clear mind, burner, resin, foil, smoke, charcoal, incense,incense burner, dried tree sap, mental clarity, cleansing, terpene, sesquiterpene, diterpene, sudan, somalia, ethiopia, woodlands, acid resin, gum, levona, לבונה, fragrant, perfumery, aromatherapy, balsamic-spicy, lemon fragrance, conifer, eastern orthodox, torah, testament, arabia, antiquity
Selam Vegan is a 100% vegan Eritrean/Ethiopian restaurant at 812b Bloor St, a 4 min walk east of Ossington Subway/Green P in Toronto. 647-344-7225. Learn more: selamvegan.com
The HUF demo at the Active Park was one for the books to start off 2015. HUF brought the squad out along with the hammers. Austyn Gillette, Sammy Winter, Keith Hufnagel, Peter Ramondetta, Dan Plunkett, Kevin Terpening, Josh Matthews, & Brad Cromer were all out here, Dylan Rieder was out sick last minute, & Joey Pepper was outta town. The HUF flow rippers Matt Gottwig, Lui Elliott, & Austin Calvello cruised on as well. It's not everyday that we get to watch these dudes shred in person!:
people.activerideshop.com/huf-demo-photos
Photos: @morgnar
The European spindle (Euonymus europaeus), Better viewed On Black also known as the common spindle, is a deciduous shrub or small tree in the family Celastraceae, native to much of Europe, particularly in the centre, but is to be found in locations from Ireland and southern Scandinavia in the north, to northern Spain and Sicily in the south, and as far east as Lithuania. It is also to be found in Asia Minor and up to the Caucasus.
It grows to 3 to 6 m tall, rarely up to 10 m, with a stem up to 20 cm diameter. The leaves are opposite, and are lanceolate to elliptical, 3 to 8 cm long and 1-3 cm broad, with a finely serrated edge. In autumn they often show a beautiful bright red colour.
The hermaphrodite flowers are produced in late spring and are insect-pollinated; they are rather inconspicuous, small, yellowish green and grow in cymes of 3-8 together. The capsular fruit ripens in autumn, and is red to purple or pink in colour and approximately 1 to 1.5 cm wide. When ripe, the four lobes split open to reveal the orange seeds.
The fruit is poisonous, containing amongst other substances, the alkaloids theobromine and caffeine, as well as an extremely bitter terpene.
Poisonings are more common in young children, who are enticed by the brightly-coloured fruits. Ingestion can result in liver and kidney damage and even death.
The European spindle prefers the edges of forest, hedges and gentle slopes, tending to thrive on nutrient-rich, chalky and salt-poor soils.
Other names include Fusoria, Fusanum, Ananbeam, Shemshad Rasmi (Iran), Pfaffenhütchen (German).
Cultivation and uses
European Spindle wood is very hard, and can be cut to a very sharp point; it was used in the past for making spindles for spinning wool.
It is a popular ornamental plant in gardens and parks due to its bright pink or purple fruits and attractive autumn colouring, in addition to its resistance to frost and wind. It has been introduced to North America where it has become an invasive species in some areas.
Der Gewöhnliche Spindelstrauch (Euonymus europaeus), auch Europäisches oder Gewöhnliches Pfaffenhütchen, Pfaffenkäppchen, Pfaffenkapperl, Spillbaum oder Spindelbaum genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Spindelbaumgewächse (Celastraceae). Das Pfaffenhütchen wurde 2006 zur Giftpflanze des Jahres gewählt.(Wikipedia)
Euonymus europaeus (spindle, European spindle, common spindle) is a species of flowering plant in the family Celastraceae, native to much of Europe, where it inhabits the edges of forest, hedges and gentle slopes, tending to thrive on nutrient-rich, chalky and salt-poor soils. It is a deciduous shrub or small tree.The fruit is poisonous, containing, amongst other substances, the alkaloids theobromine and caffeine, as well as an extremely bitter terpene. Poisonings are more common in young children, who are enticed by the brightly coloured fruits. Ingestion can result in liver and kidney damage and even death.
(Wikipedia)
This is a tin type that was found in a suitcase full of old family photographs. I think the woman on the ground is my great grandmother's aunt, May Terpening Cloyd who lived from 1867-1948 in Vermilion County, IL. I'm curious what they are doing and why does the other person look like a man wearing a dress.
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Fitness_Trainers_And_Bodybuilders
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