NJ - CAMDEN COUNTY
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to our communal affairs. If we had, we would certainly not have the systems of taxation that we do. If we had, we would certainly not have the waste that we do. If we had, we would certainly not have nincompoops occupying positions of enormous responsibility and power in the field of politics:-)
Dorothy Thompson, Political Guide: A Study of American Liberalism and Its Relationship to Modern Totalitarian States, 1938
HPPT!! the imminent departure of our nincompoop in chief can not arrive one day too soon ;-)
rose, little theater rose garden, raleigh, north carolina
Wandering around the cobbled streets of Stemnitsa, our thoughts travel to the uninterrupted past, tangled between myths and history - as always happens in Greece.
Historians have identified Stemnitsa with the ancient Arcadian city Hypsous founded by a son of Lycaon. Already deserted by the 2nd century AD, when Pausanias visited the area and wrote about her ruins near Thyraion (present Pavlia), Zoetia and Paroria.
In the 7th and 8th century, Slavs settled in the Peloponnese. The name Stemnitsa has Slavic roots and means "woodland". After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman Empire occupied the Peloponnese. Because of its remote location, Stemnitsa served as a relatively safe haven from the Ottomans, and it became a centre of Greek culture and religion. The first mention, some say, of the word Stemnitsa, was found in Ottoman taxation documents dated 1512-1515, where the number of families appeared to be about 120.
Just over this sand dune is the Atlantic Ocean
Assateague's wild horses are well known, even to many people who have never been to the island. The "wild" horses on Assateague are actually feral animals, meaning that they are descendants of domestic animals that have reverted to a wild state. Horses tough enough to survive the scorching heat, abundant mosquitoes, stormy weather and poor quality food found on this remote, windswept barrier island have formed a unique wild horse society. Enjoy their beauty from a distance, and you can help make sure these extraordinary wild horses will continue to thrive on Assateague Island.
Local folklore describes the Assateague horses as survivors of a shipwreck off the Virginia coast. While this dramatic tale of struggle and survival is popular, there are no records yet that confirm it. The most plausible explanation is that they are the descendants of horses that were brought to barrier islands like Assateague in the late 17th century by mainland owners to avoid fencing laws and taxation of livestock.
The horses are split into two main herds, one on the Virginia side and one on the Maryland side of Assateague. They are separated by a fence at the Virginia/Maryland State line. These herds have divided themselves into bands of two to twelve animals and each band occupies a home range. The National Park Service manages the Maryland herd. The Chincoteague Volunteer Fire Company owns and manages the Virginia herd, which is allowed to graze on Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, through a special use permit issued by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The permit restricts the size of the herd to approximately 150 adult animals in order to protect the other natural resources of the wildlife refuge. It is the Virginia herd which is often referred to as the "Chincoteague" ponies.
Assateague's horses are beautiful, tough, and wild. They have learned to survive in a harsh environment. Feeding and/or petting them is detrimental to both visitors and horses. Horses can get sick from human food. Those that learn to come up to the road to beg for food are often hit and killed by cars. Visitors are kicked, bitten and knocked down every year as a direct result of getting too close to the wild horses. Treating wild horses like tame animals takes away the wildness that makes them special. Protect your family by respecting theirs. Give the horses the space they need to be wild.
There are few places in the United States where you can view wild horses. Due to their complex social structure the Assateague horses display a wide range of unique behaviors. Take advantage of the opportunity to view these horses in a natural habitat. With careful management, the wild horses will continue to thrive on Assateague Island and provide enjoyment to thousands of nature enthusiasts, photographers, and people who just love horses!
Information from the National Park Service
View from the gondola ride
Between autumn and early spring, the city is often threatened by flood tides pushing in from the Adriatic. Six hundred years ago, Venetians protected themselves from land-based attacks by diverting all the major rivers flowing into the lagoon and thus preventing sediment from filling the area around the city.] This created an ever-deeper lagoon environment.
In 1604, to defray the cost of flood relief, Venice introduced what could be considered the first example of a "stamp tax".[citation needed] When the revenue fell short of expectations in 1608, Venice introduced paper, with the superscription "AQ" and imprinted instructions, which was to be used for "letters to officials". At first, this was to be a temporary tax, but it remained in effect until the fall of the Republic in 1797. Shortly after the introduction of the tax, Spain produced similar paper for general taxation purposes, and the practice spread to other countries.
During the 20th century, when many artesian wells were sunk into the periphery of the lagoon to draw water for local industry, Venice began to subside. It was realized that extraction of water from the aquifer was the cause. The sinking has slowed markedly since artesian wells were banned in the 1960s. However, the city is still threatened by more frequent low-level floods—the Acqua alta, that rise to a height of several centimetres over its quays—regularly following certain tides. In many old houses, staircases once used to unload goods are now flooded, rendering the former ground floor uninhabitable.[citation needed]
The Italian 1929 OM 665 SSMM Superba race car. The firm OM, which stands for Officine Meccaniche, was founded in 1899 in Milan. It came into being as a result of the merger of two firms that were active in the production of railway locomotives and rolling stock. OM's involvement with car manufacturing began in 1917 when it purchased the Roberto Zust factory in Brescia. (A Zust 28/45 HP participated in the 1908 New York to Paris Race, won by a Thomas Flyer, and finished third.) Their first car appeared in 1918, and it had a close resemblance to the Zust. The punitive taxation system on Italian manufacturing was based on engine capacity, which dictated the need to get the most power out of 'nominal' engine sizes.
This famous OM factory team car is the supercharged 665 SS MM model with the larger 2.3-liter 6 cylinder engine, finned cylinder heads and dual water manifold pipes. It was driven in its racing debut to first in class and fifth overall in the 1930 Mille Miglia by Aldo Bassi and Carlo Gazzabini. The Mille Miglia was a thousand-mile race first held in December 1926. The event began and finished in Brescia and ran a 'figure of eight' course down to Rome and back. It was won with a 1-2-3 finish by Brescia-based car manufacturer, OM.
The racing events with which these cars competed required four-seater sports touring bodies. It is believed that this car, and others, would have been sent to Milan, where local coachbuilders Carrozzeria Sport modified its existing coachwork or else replaced it with the four-seater lightweight touring bodywork that it needed to be eligible for the race.
This important race car sold at auction in 2014 at auction for just under $2 mil!!!!
OM was taken over by the Fiat Group in 1938 and in the following year passenger car production ceased, and OM became a commercial vehicle and train part manufacturer.
Double click on image to enlarge for details.
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Part of Boulder's Open Space which hopes to maintain the surrounding countryside as rural by buying up farms and leasing them back to farmers to avoid heavy taxation on valuable land. It's wonderful!
Manz'sche Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung GmbH is a specialist publishing house for law, taxation and economics founded in 1849 and based in Vienna. The company headquarters and bookshop are located at Kohlmarkt 16 in the 1st district of Innere Stadt.
In 1912, the famous architect and architecture critic Adolf Loos designed the bookshop's portal, which is still preserved today.
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manz%E2%80%99sche_Verlags-_und_Univ... en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Loos
This Town Gatehouse and Medieval Bridge of two arches was built in the late 14th century in the village of Warkworth, It crosses the River Coquet adjacent to the new wide road bridge.
The two storey gatehouse was built on the town side of the bridge. Its main function would have been to throttle traffic through a single gateway for taxation purposes but could also have prevented a significant force from crossing the bridge
The village of Warkworth is situated in a loop of the River Coquet, about 1 mile from the Northumberland coast
Hue, Vietnam
Emperor Tu Duc enjoyed the longest reign of any monarch of the Nguyen dynasty, ruling from 1848-83.
Tu Duc began planning his tomb long before his death in 1883. The major portions of the tomb complex were completed from 1864-67, along with future temple buildings that served as a palatial retreat for Tu Duc and his many wives during his lifetime. Construction of the tomb demanded so much corvee labor and extra taxation that there was an abortive coup against Tu Duc in 1866. This was put down, and for the remainder of his life, Tu Duc continued to use the tomb's palace buildings as his place of residence.
A lot of pyramids.
Djoser was the first or second king of the 3rd Dynasty (ca. 2667 to 2648 BC) of the Egyptian Old Kingdom (ca. 2686 to 2125 BC). He is believed to have ruled for 19 years or, if the 19 years were biennial taxation years, 38 years. He reigned long enough to allow the grandiose plan for his pyramid to be realized in his lifetime.
Djoser is best known for his innovative tomb, which dominates the Saqqara landscape. In this tomb he is referred to by his Horus name Netjeriykhet; Djoser is a name given by New Kingdom visitors thousands of years later. Djoser’s step pyramid is astounding in its departure from previous architecture. It sets several important precedents, perhaps the most important of which is its status as the first monumental structure made of stone. The social implications of such a large and carefully sculpted stone structure are staggering. The process of building such a structure would be far more labor-intensive than previous monuments of mud-brick. This suggests that the state, and therefore the royal government had a new level of control of resources, both material and human. Also, from this point on, kings of the Old Kingdom are buried in the North, rather than at Abydos. Furthermore, although the plan of Djoser’s pyramid complex is different than later complexes, many elements persist and the step pyramid sets the stage for later pyramids of the 4th, 5th, and 6th Dynasties, including the great pyramids of Giza. Finally, another intriguing first is the identification of the architect Imhotep, who is credited with the design and construction of the complex.
Luke 2:1-3
2 Now in those days a decree went out from [the emperor] Caesar Augustus, that all the inhabited world (the Roman Empire) should be registered [in a census]. 2 This was the first census taken while Quirinius was governor of Syria. 3 And everyone went to register for the census, each to his own city.
About 10 minutes away from where I was staying were the remains of Croxden Abbey. Amazing to see all the intricate details and workmanship that was built all those centuries ago. Here's some back history taken from wikipedia:
(In 1176, Bertram de Verdun, the lord of the manor of Croxden, endowed a site for a new abbey near Alton, Staffordshire, to a group of 12 Cistercian monks from Normandy. Bertram founded the abbey, like many noblemen of his time, for the souls of his family and on the condition that the monks would celebrate mass.
The abbey continued to expand into the 13th century, with King John awarding the monks an annuity of £5 from the Exchequer of Ireland in 1200, before exchanging it for land in Adeney, Shropshire, in 1206. Croxden was relatively prosperous at this time, drawing the majority of its wealth from sheep farming. By 1315, the monks were supplying more wool to the continent than any other religious house in the county, with transactions being recorded with Florentine merchants well into the 1420s.
By the 14th century, Croxden's financial situation had worsened. The strains of royal taxation and the repayment of loans combined with bad harvests and plague were a drain on the abbey's resources. In 1537 the abbey was surrendered and the land and property sold off to later be converted into a farm.)
Bill's Gate
Traitor's Gate at the Tower of London as set up by William the Conqueror, or 'Guillaume Le Batard' (fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_le_Bâtard,_conquérant) or 'Bill the Bastard' .
He sailed over to Britain, luckily found an inexperienced and exhausted British army and public who had been fighting on several fronts, allowing him to overcome the disadvantage of having the lower ground.
He set up his multiple homes, which he called castles and initiated the Domesday Book allowing him to catalogue every asset in the land as a precursor to tighter taxation. A bit like a Ye Olde Internete of Thingse.
Bit of a fan of spikes too.
It's a good job history never repeats itself.
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One of the bands of wild horses found on Assateague Island, feeding in the salt marsh. Assateague Island is famous for these herds of wild horses; legend has it that they are descendants of horses that swam to shore after a shipwreck off of the Virginia coast. But a more likely explanation is that they are descended from horses that were kept on the barrier islands in the17th century by mainland landowners in order to avoid livestock taxation. The herds are divided into two main groups, the Assateague wild horses found on the northern (Maryland) end of the island, and the Chincoteague ponies found on the southern (Virginia) end of the island. Assateague Island National Seashore, Maryland..
Assateague's wild horses are well known, even to many people who have never been to the island. The "wild" horses on Assateague are actually feral animals, meaning that they are descendants of domestic animals that have reverted to a wild state. Horses tough enough to survive the scorching heat, abundant mosquitoes, stormy weather and poor quality food found on this remote, windswept barrier island have formed a unique wild horse society.
Local folklore describes the Assateague horses as survivors of a shipwreck off the Virginia coast. While this dramatic tale of struggle and survival is popular, there are no records yet that confirm it. The most plausible explanation is that they are the descendants of horses that were brought to barrier islands like Assateague in the late 17th century by mainland owners to avoid fencing laws and taxation of livestock.
Assateague's wild horses are well known, even to many people who have never been to the island. The "wild" horses on Assateague are actually feral animals, meaning that they are descendants of domestic animals that have reverted to a wild state. Horses tough enough to survive the scorching heat, abundant mosquitoes, stormy weather and poor quality food found on this remote, windswept barrier island have formed a unique wild horse society.
Local folklore describes the Assateague horses as survivors of a shipwreck off the Virginia coast. While this dramatic tale of struggle and survival is popular, there are no records yet that confirm it. The most plausible explanation is that they are the descendants of horses that were brought to barrier islands like Assateague in the late 17th century by mainland owners to avoid fencing laws and taxation of livestock.
Newark Priory was before its reconstruction run by the Canons Regular of St Augustine and the register of Bishop Woodlock (1312) states that the priory was first founded by a Bishop of Winchester.[3]
The Priory was granted substantial lands "to the canons there serving God" in the late 12th Century by Rauld de Calva and his wife Beatrice de Sandes for the Augustinian canons "to build a church" when Richard I reigned (1189–99) so according with its Early English Gothic architecture, the present priory dates to then.[4][5] It was dedicated to the Virgin Mary and Saint Thomas Becket[5] in contemporary documents "Thomas the Martyr"[3] and originally, the land where the church was built was called Aldbury. This gradually changed its name from Aldbury to Newark or the New Place (novo loco) of St Thomas near Guildford,[3] at one point being called Newstead.[5]
The taxation roll of 1291 shows considerable non-ecclesiastic assets (temporalities). The priory held tenements or rents in ten London parishes, producing an income of £5 16s 3d; in the wider Diocese of London; in the Diocese of Rochester £1 6s was produced annually; and in Diocese of Winchester income of £27 10s 3½d.[3]
During Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries Newark Priory was dissolved. The prior himself was pensioned off, all valuables sent to the Tower of London and the land given to the Master of the King's Horse. It has been said that a cannon was employed from the top of Church Hill to bombard or demolish what were the then extensive buildings. This incident is portrayed in one of a series of paintings made by artist Tessa Kewen.[5] The last known prior of Newark Priory was Richard Lipscombe, appointed just before the surrender of the establishment and lands in 1538.[3] The building, falling into ruin, was said to have been further destroyed by locals using the stones for road mending until Lord Onslow, the owner in the 1730s, decided to preserve what remained.
(Photo: Independence Day firework over Freeman Lake)
They wanted to dictate our taxes and lives without even giving American colonialists a vote for representatives in the British parliament. They should have understood us well enough to know that we would not be a member of any club that has any say over us where we do not have a seat at the decision table.
It was just a matter of time. “No taxation without representation,” came the call.
Who did they think we were? We thought of ourselves as British, but a strain of pioneering Britons who were highly individualistic, spoiled, demanding, and accustomed to getting our way. That's who. Pouring salt into that unrepresentative legislative wound, the overlords had a system in which a crazy king at the helm, a vestige of a long worn-out and archaic legacy, had way too much power to dictate.
See what happened?
Hallelujah!
Assateague's wild horses are well known, even to many people who have never been to the island. The "wild" horses on Assateague are actually feral animals, meaning that they are descendants of domestic animals that have reverted to a wild state. Horses tough enough to survive the scorching heat, abundant mosquitoes, stormy weather and poor quality food found on this remote, windswept barrier island have formed a unique wild horse society.
Local folklore describes the Assateague horses as survivors of a shipwreck off the Virginia coast. While this dramatic tale of struggle and survival is popular, there are no records yet that confirm it. The most plausible explanation is that they are the descendants of horses that were brought to barrier islands like Assateague in the late 17th century by mainland owners to avoid fencing laws and taxation of livestock.
Ornate surviving Victorian gem.
Note the stucco flowers on the roof, the window shades and blanked window (window tax) provision.
Window tax, the taxation of light, imposed by William III in 1696 in England & Wales until it was repealed 155 years later in 1851.
Daylight robbery !!!
LR3449
Dean's Yard, Westminster, comprises most of the remaining precincts of the historically greater scope of the monastery or abbey of Westminster, not occupied by its buildings. It is known to members of Westminster School as Green (referred to without an article). It is a large gated quadrangle, closed to public traffic, chiefly a green upon which the pupils have the long-use acquired exclusive rights to sit, read and to play games such as football (they have some claim to have invented the modern game). For some centuries until a point in the early seventeenth century it was a third of its present size, since to the south stood the Queen's Scholars' dormitory, which was in monastic times the granary. Its stones support Church House.
Adjoining buildings
East: school buildings
South: Church House, a conference centre and offices of the Church of England
West: school buildings and Westminster Abbey Choir School
North: flanking archway to the Great Sanctuary: Abbey offices and part of the Deanery.
Historically the Abbey was one of the last ecclesiastical sanctuaries to surrender ancient rights such as sanctuary. Over centuries, residents included many politically disfavoured and dangerous inhabitants. They were held in check by the Abbot's own penal jurisdiction, and by the knowledge that the Abbot could instantly expel them to meet their fate at the hands of common law. The Abbey Gatehouse was split into two prisons: one belonging to the Abbot and one for the constables outside. Westminster School displays a royal pardon from Charles II of England and Scotland to the King's Scholars, whose actions killed a bailiff harassing the mistress of one of them in Dean's Yard, accused by his fellow authorities of murder. Whether he was excused for reacting to the breach of some vestigial sanctuary, in stark contrast to the English Commonwealth where such rights were undeniably defunct, or for a moderate degree of violence that may have been used, such as might have resulted in a manslaughter charge were the victim not a bailiff, is unrecorded. The Abbey's Sanctuary extended beyond, as far as the north side of Parliament Square to a short approach, Thieving Lane, through which thieves were taken to the prison (see Richard II's gatehouse, Old Palace Yard) without entering sanctuary and being able to claim its immunity, but in the tenements of which prostitution took hold. HM Treasury is built upon its site, leading to accusations that thieving still continues there, especially at times of higher taxation or departmental cuts
It is past time to make the District of Columbia the 51st State. No taxation without representation.
T-shirts and other stuff available at www.redbubble.com/people/thadz/works/76319462-make-d-c-th...
The elegant 1948 Talbot Lago T26 Record Cabriolet, exquisitely restored and detailed to perfection to show off its pre-war Art Deco origins. The shine was blinding.
As part of the backwash from the bankruptcy and break-up of the Anglo-French Sunbeam-Talbot-Darracq combine in 1935, the French part of the business was purchased by Tony Lago, an auto-industry entrepreneur and engineer born in Venice, but who had built much of his auto-industry career during the 1920s in England. The registered name of the company Lago now owned was "Automobiles Talbot-Darracq S.A.", but in the English speaking world it is generally known as "Talbot-Lago". The cars themselves were badged in their home market simply as Talbots, using the badge worn by products of the predecessor company since 1922 (when the "-Darracq" suffix had been dropped from the names used for the cars in France). Nevertheless, after 1945, sources even in France frequently used some form the "Talbot-Lago" name combination.
After acquiring the company in 1935, Lago rapidly developed a range of executive and sporting cars with engine sizes ranging from 2.3 to 4.0 litres. The passenger car range was complemented by racing cars and a high profile motor racing programme. The Talbot Lago-Record Type T26 launched in 1946, relatively quickly after the end of the war, closely resembled models from the 1930s such as the Talbot Major and Talbot Baby and benefited from the reputation Talbots had built up in the prewar years, though the economic conditions made it unrealistic to produce the range of standard and special-bodied Talbots that had been a feature of the previous decade. Tony Lago was joined in 1942 by an exceptional engineering talent, Carlo Machetti, and from then the two of them were working on the twin-camshaft 4483 cc six-cylinder unit that would lie at the heart of the Talbot T26.
The French government that came to power in 1945 had a strong belief in political control of the economy. In addition to creating a taxation regime which savagely penalised cars with engine sizes above 2 litres, the government also introduced in January 1946 the so-called Pons Plan, under which different French auto-makers were told by government what car types they might build. Since government also controlled materials supplies – notably steel supplies – the Pons Plan could not be ignored. Talbot were not forbidden to build cars, but they, along with Hotchkiss and Delahaye-Deage were restricted to a class entitled by the bureaucrats "véhicules de classe exceptionnelle" – high-class vehicles. Plan implementation was at its most rigid in 1946, and in that year Talbot received government authorisation for the construction of an initial batch of 125 cars, provided the cars were exported.
The Talbot Lago-Record Type T26 was first presented in public in 1946. In October of 1946, following World War II, Talbot-Lago had a small stand behind Peugeot at the Paris Salon. It was there that they introduced the brand-new T26 Record, offering in four body styles, including a convertible. It used the trademark pre-selector Wilson-type gearbox, had a fully independent front suspension with transverse leaf spring, and a new 4.5-liter six-cylinder twin-cam Hemi engine that Anthony Lago had developed during the War with Carlo Marchetti, his chief engineer. Lago increased the displacement of the engine to 4.5-liters, and added yet another new Hemispherical combustion chamber head, this time with twin camshafts operating the valve gear and positioned near the top of the new seven main bearing block. The long-stroke (93mm bore by 110mm stroke) six gave Talbot-Lago's new grand Prix racer, designated the Type 26 Course or T26C They were, however, immensely powerful machines, which often enjoyed a much better fuel economy than the competition. The combined strategy of precise sports car handling, durability, fuel economy, and power continued to earn the company class and overall victories culminating in the overall win in 1950 of the grueling 24 hours of LeMans!
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ISOLA D'ELBA is a Mediterranean island in Tuscany, Italy, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the coastal town of Piombino. Elba is the largest island of the Tuscan Archipelago. Elba is also part of the Arcipelago Toscano National Park,[2] and the third largest island in Italy, after Sicily and Sardinia. It is located in the Tyrrhenian Sea, about 50 kilometres (30 mi) east of the French island of Corsica.
Following the Treaty of Fontainebleau, French Emperor Napoleon I was exiled to Elba after his forced abdication in 1814, and he arrived at Portoferraio on May 30, 1814. He was allowed to keep a personal guard of six hundred men. He was nominally sovereign of Elba, although the nearby sea was patrolled by the French and British navies. During the months that Napoleon stayed on the island, he carried out a series of economic and social reforms to improve the quality of life, partly to pass the time and partly out of a genuine concern for the well-being of the islanders. The restored Bourbons quickly reneged on the payments promised to Napoleon by Fontainebleau, however, and he was forced to make economies, raise taxation, and even attempt forced corvées. Napoleon stayed on Elba for 300 days. Hearing that the Congress of Vienna planned to remove him further from Europe and that the more popular and reformist Duke of Orleans was planning to replace his relatives, ruining any chance of Napoleon's popular recall, the former emperor escaped on a ship under British colors to France on February 26, 1815, for the Hundred Days. After his defeat at Waterloo, he was subsequently exiled again, this time to the barren and isolated South Atlantic island of Saint Helena.
Source: Wikipedia
The "wild" horses on Assateague Island are feral animals, meaning that they are descendants of domesticated horses that were brought to the island by 17th century mainland colonists, in order to avoid taxation of livestock. Over the centuries the horses adapted to the harsh environment on Assateague Island and have established their own "community". Assateague Island belongs to the horses and humans are the intruders. These signs appear throughout Assateague Island National Seashore as a reminder to leave the horses alone as they wander around their island home. I took this photo from the car window as a trio of these horses strolled down a walkway next to the road. Assateague Island National Seashore, Maryland.
Please don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit permission. © All rights reserved Contact: nejdet_2005@hotmail.com
The ruins of the Carian city lie south of Aydin, in the village of Doganyurt (former Araphisar village). Take the highway running between Aydin and Mugla. The ruins of Alabanda are located 7 kilometers west of Cine, south of the Meander river, west of Marsias or the Turkish Cine cayi (river).
The earliest founding of Alabanda is attributed to the mythological King Kar who won a decisive cavalry battle on this plain. The name of the city is derived from the combination of two Carian words, 'ala', horse and 'banda', victory.
During the rule of the Seleucids, in the end of 3C BC, the city's name was changed to Antiocheia. This was a way of showing gratitude to the Seleucid king, Antiochus III, who protected the city's peaceful administration. City's name was restored to Alabanda when, in 190 BC, the Seleucid domination was put to an end during the battle of Magnesia, and together with the other Carian cities it came under the rule of Rhodes.
During the Roman control, Alabanda enjoyed a considerable degree of freedom and sustained good relations with the Empire. The city was immune from taxation with the status of "convectus", a special rank from the provincial governor. During Byzantine period city became a bishopric center.
Heptonstall main street.
The place-name 'Heptonstall' is first recorded as Heptonstall in the 1274 Wakefield Court Rolls, and in 1316 in the Feudal Aids. The name means "the stall or stable in Hebden". The name 'Hebden' means "rose-hip dene or valley".
Heptonstall initially formed part of the manor of Halifax-cum-Heptonstall, itself subinfeudatory to the manor of Wakefield, and so does not explicitly appear in early taxation records, such as those for the 1379 Poll Tax. In 1626 the manor was spun-off and sold and was extinguished in the late 19th century.
Heptonstall was the site of a battle during the early part of the English Civil War in 1643.
Historically a centre for hand-loom weaving, Heptonstall's cottages and terraced houses are characterised by large first-floor windows to maximise the light for weaving.
The older churchyard claims "King" David Hartley amongst notable graves there. Hartley was founder of the Cragg Coiners and lived as a rogue in the Calderdale area until he was hanged at Knavesmire (Tyburn) near York in 1770.
The foundation stone of its octagonal Methodist chapel, the oldest still in continued use, was laid following the visit of John Wesley in 1764.
In the mid-1980s the paving on a road through Heptonstall was removed, revealing the original stone setts. Although there was a plan to remove the setts, local protests convinced the council to restore them. At the same time the existing concrete street lights were replaced with late 19th-century cast-iron gas lamps. Both developments acted as a traffic calming measure.
The streets of Williamsburg, capitol of 18th Century Virginia. Turmoil fills the streets . . . some proclaim "taxation without representation", others continue to support the king.
When the American spirit was in its youth, the language of America was different: Liberty, sir, was the primary object.
Patrick Henry
Rum-running, or bootlegging, is the illegal business of smuggling alcoholic beverages where such transportation is forbidden by law. The term rum-running is more commonly applied to smuggling over water; bootlegging is applied to smuggling over land.
Smuggling usually takes place to circumvent taxation or prohibition laws within a particular jurisdiction.
126/365 "Sleepyhead" Passion Pit
Named as such as I was listening to this song when I was finishing the editing.... and I though it fit :)
Taxation exam was just.... blah, nevermind. 2 down, 3 to go!
Explored: Highest position: 128 on Friday, May 7, 2010
Waymouth Street in the Adelaide City. This is a reflection of the Australian Taxation Office from another building. Some may say its a true reflection of our tax system too.
Local folklore describes the Assateague horses as survivors of a shipwreck off the Virginia coast. While this dramatic tale of struggle and survival is popular, there are no records yet that confirm it. The most plausible explanation is that they are the descendants of horses that were brought to barrier islands like Assateague in the late 17th century by mainland owners to avoid fencing laws and taxation of livestock.
nps.gov
This church is of 14th century date but appears to have Saxon origins; at the taxation of Pope Nicholas in 1291 the church was rated at £5.
St. Mary's has a 17th century square embattled turret with a low roof and two small aisles. The aisles of the west end are windowless and the south aisle has been blocked. There is an early 14th century south arcade and a Tudor archway can be found to the west. A plain piscina can be found on the south wall of the chancel and another on the east wall of the north aisle. This has late 14th century ogee detail. The nave has a four bay arched brace tie beam roof.
Alberobello, Italy, is best known for its trulli or rustic whitewashed houses with round conical pointed roofs. Around 1,400 trullo remain in the town dating back to the 17th century when local farmers were obliged to built houses to avoid taxation.
at the harbor of Ouranoupolis, Macedonia, Greece
From the XI century and until recently the area where the tower of Prosphorion is situated belonged to the Athonite monastery of Vatopedi. The main symbol of Ouranoupoli was built on the seashore in 1344. At least, the first mention of the tower was found in the sources of this period. The Prosphorion was built on the foundation of another ancient building. Immediately after the construction was finished, the monks who managed the Athos metochion settled in the tower.
Prosphorion is known as the only inhabited tower in Halkidiki. According to a legend, John Palaeologus stayed here. He liked the tower so much that he ordered to grant it a remission of taxation. But at the end of the XVI century, the Prosphorion Tower suffered from the earthquake. At the beginning of the XIX century, during the events of the revolution, the tower was destroyed by fire. In the sources of 1858, it is mentioned as "empty and uninhabited" one.
An extensive work on the restoration of the Prosphorion Tower began in the second half of the XIX century. Then it got its modern look. As the time passed, experts managed to determine all the historical layers of this structure:
The entire lower part of the structure remained from the Byzantine tower. There are only a few buildings of this type, which have survived in Greece, dating back to the XI-XII centuries.
The two upper floors had been lost — they were dating back to the Ottoman era and were probably destroyed by an earthquake in 1585.
The wooden interior of the tower and its modern roof appeared during the XIX century’ reconstruction, which was finished in 1862.
After the earthquake, an inclined support wall was built.
Next to the tower of Prosphorion the farm buildings, workers' houses and storage area of boats were located. In the early 20s, they became a refuge for newcomers from Asia Minor. The married couple of Locks strongly helped to save the tower — they were an Anglo-Australian couple from the philanthropic community. They provided support to refugees and helped to build their social life. Together, the Lock family traveled across Europe and spent time in different parts of the world, aspiring to provide humanitarian aid. For one of their trips, the Locks went to Thessaloniki and then reached Ouranoupolis. In 1928, they decided to settle first on the island of Ammouliani, and later in the tower of Prosphorion, which captivated them. For many years, the tower had been their home.
Today the tower of Prosphorion is owned by the Greek Ministry of culture. It is considered to be the largest and best preserved in Halkidiki. Inside it, there is a museum exhibition. Here you can see things related to the Lock family, ancient archaeological finds from different parts of the Athos peninsula (including bronze helmets, ceramic vessels and coins). Sometimes, temporary exhibitions are held. Getting up to the tower balcony you can enjoy the views of the Ouranoupoli coast. The Prosphorion tower is open to the public only during the summer season.
Next to the tower, there is a small pier. Small ships leave from it to Mount Athos. It is also the first thing that passengers of the vessels see when approaching Ouranoupoli. Thx to Wikipedia
Sorry for a double post on a Sunday but I guess if people are still out looking for Easter eggs...
**All photos are copyrighted. Please don't use without permission**
In remembrance on Memorial Day 2014 of those that paid the ultimate price while on active duty for their country.
The Luxembourg American Cemetery and Memorial is located in Hamm, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. The cemetery can be found 2.5 kilometers southwest of Findel Airport. It is administered by the American Battle Monuments Commission. Under a US-Luxembourg treaty signed in 1951 the US government was granted free use in perpetuity of the land covered by the cemetery, without taxation.
The cemetery, which is 50.5 acres (20.4 ha) in extent contains the remains of 5,076 American service members. On 22 occasions two brothers rest side-by-side in adjacent graves. Most of the interred died during the Battle of the Bulge which was fought nearby in winter 1944/1945. The 5,076 headstones are set in 9 plots of fine grass, lettered A to I. Separating the plots are two malls radiating from the memorial and two transverse paths. Two flagpoles overlook the graves area. Situated between the two flagpoles lies the grave of General George S. Patton Jr.
May they all rest in peace.
I have taken lots of shots of Bookham Si. Nicolas Church , however , I think this is the first time I have taken the church from this angle .
Now a small few snippets of info about Great Bookham .
According to a charter c.675, the original of which is lost but which exists in a later form, there were granted to the Abbey twenty dwellings at Bocham cum Effingham. This was confirmed by four Saxon kings; King Offa of Mercia and of the nations roundabout in 787; King Athelstan who was "King and ruler of the whole island of Britain" in 933 confirmed the privileges to the monastery; King Edgar, "Emperor of all Britain" in 967 confirmed "twelve mansiones" in Bocham, and King Edward the Confessor, King of the English, in 1062 confirmed twenty mansae at Bocham cum Effingham, Driteham and Pechingeorde.
Great Bookham lay within the Anglo-Saxon administrative district of Effingham half hundred.
The Domesday Book 1086, which was a survey for taxation purposes, makes the first known distinction between the parishes of Great and Little Bookham, if it is assumed that there was no separate parish at the time of the charter of Edward the Confessor in 1062. Driteham and Pechingeorde are both referred to in the Domesday Book and appear to have been absorbed into the manors of Effingham and Effingham East Court. Great Bookham appears in Domesday Book as Bocheham. It was held by St Peter's Abbey, Chertsey. Its Domesday Assets were: 13 hides; 1 church, 1 mill worth 10s, 20 ploughs, 6 acres (2.4 ha) of meadow, woodland and herbage worth 110 hogs. It rendered (in total): £15.
It seems probable, as the number of cottages in Bocham cum Effingham remained constant, that the later charters must have been copies of earlier charters which were not revised to accord with the actual number of cottages at any one time.
Jane Austen, whose godfather and cousin Rev. Samuel Cooke was vicar of Great Bookham (1769-1820), is said to have spent time in Bookham whilst writing several of her novels in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Its location is consistent with the geographical details in Emma.
C. S. Lewis studied privately with William T. Kirkpatrick in Great Bookham between September 1914 and April 1917.
Pink Floyd bass player and singer, Roger Waters, was born in Great Bookham in 1943.
Wikipedia failed to mention though that I managed the dry cleaners in the village .
Over on the left of the image is a very large tomb , it can be seen in a shot in the first comment box - please click on the photo to read about the tomb .
Fountains Abbey ~ Rippon ~ Yorkshire ~ England ~ Thursday August 21st 2014.
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Have a Fabulous Sunday Y'all..:)
Fountains Abbey ~ From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ~
Fountains Abbey is one of the largest and best preserved ruined Cistercian monasteries in England. It is located approximately three miles south-west of Ripon in North Yorkshire, near to the village of Aldfield. Founded in 1132, the abbey operated for over 400 years, until 1539, when Henry VIII ordered the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
The abbey is a Grade I listed building owned by the National Trust and part of the designated Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey UNESCO World Heritage Site.
History ~ After a dispute and riot in 1132 at the Benedictine house of St Mary's Abbey, in York, 13 monks were expelled (among them Saint Robert of Newminster) and, after unsuccessfully attempting to return to the early 6th-century Rule of St Benedict, were taken into the protection of Thurstan, Archbishop of York. He provided them with land in the valley of the River Skell, a tributary of the Ure. The enclosed valley had all the natural features needed for the creation of a monastery, providing shelter from the weather, stone and timber for building, and a supply of running water. After enduring a harsh winter in 1133, the monks applied to join the Cistercian order and in 1135 became the second house of that order in northern England, after Rievaulx. The monks subjected themselves to Clairvaux Abbey, in Burgundy which was under the rule of St Bernard. Under the guidance of Geoffrey of Ainai, a monk sent from Clairvaux, the group learned how to celebrate the seven Canonical Hours and were shown how to construct wooden buildings in accordance with Cistercian practice.
After Henry Murdac was elected to the abbacy in 1143, the small stone church and timber claustral buildings were replaced. Within three years, an aisled nave had been added to the stone church, and the first permanent claustral buildings built in stone and roofed in tile had been completed.[citation needed]
In 1146 an angry mob, displeased with Murdac's role in opposing the election of William FitzHerbert to the archbishopric of York, attacked the abbey and burnt down all but the church and some surrounding buildings.[7] The community recovered swiftly from the attack and founded four daughter houses. Henry Murdac resigned the abbacy in 1147 to become the Archbishop of York and was replaced first by Maurice, Abbot of Rievaulx then, on the resignation of Maurice, by Thorald. Thorald was forced by Henry Murdac to resign after two years in office. The next abbot, Richard, held the post until his death in 1170 and restored the abbey's stability and prosperity. In 20 years as abbot, he supervised a huge building programme which involved completing repairs to the damaged church and building more accommodation for the increasing number of recruits. Only the chapter house was completed before he died and the work was ably continued by his successor, Robert of Pipewell, under whose rule the abbey gained a reputation for caring for the needy.
The next abbot was William who presided over the abbey from 1180 to 1190 and he was succeeded by Ralph Haget, who had entered Fountains at the age of 30 as a novice, after pursuing a military career. During the European famine of 1194 Haget ordered the construction of shelters in the vicinity of the abbey and provided daily food rations to the poor enhancing the abbey's reputation for caring for the poor and attracting more grants from wealthy benefactors.[citation needed]
In the first half of the 13th century Fountains increased in reputation and prosperity under the next three abbots, John of York (1203–1211), John of Hessle (1211–1220) and John of Kent (1220–1247). They were burdened with an inordinate amount of administrative duties and increasing demands for money in taxation and levies but managed to complete another massive expansion of the abbey's buildings. This included enlarging the church and building an infirmary. In the second half of the 13th century the abbey was in more straitened circumstances. It was presided over by eleven abbots, and became financially unstable largely due to forward selling its wool crop, and the abbey was criticised for its dire material and physical state when it was visited by Archbishop John Romeyn in 1294. The run of disasters that befell the community continued into the early 14th century when northern England was invaded by the Scots and there were further demands for taxes. The culmination of these misfortunes was the Black Death of 1349–1349. The loss of manpower and income due to the ravages of the plague was almost ruinous.
A further complication arose as a result of the Papal Schism of 1378–1409. Fountains Abbey along with other English Cistercian houses was told to break off any contact with the mother house of Citeaux, which supported a rival pope. This resulted in the abbots forming their own chapter to rule the order in England and consequently they became increasingly involved in internecine politics. In 1410, following the death of Abbott Burley of Fountains, the community was riven by several years of turmoil over the election of his successor. Contending candidates John Ripon, Abbot of Meaux, and Roger Frank, a monk of Fountains were locked in discord until 1415 when Ripon was finally appointed and presided until his death in 1434. Under abbots John Greenwell (1442–1471), Thomas Swinton (1471–8), John Darnton (1478–95), who undertook some much needed restoration of the fabric of the abbey including notable work on the church, and Marmaduke Huby (1495–1526) Fountains regained stability and prosperity.
When Marmaduke Huby died he was succeeded by William Thirsk who was accused by the royal commissioners of immorality and inadequacy and dismissed from the abbacy and replaced by Marmaduke Bradley, a monk of the abbey who had reported Thirsk's supposed offences, testified against him and offered the authorities six hundred marks for the abbacy. In 1539 Bradley surrendered the abbey when Henry VIII ordered the Dissolution of the Monasteries.....
Shot in Turenne - Corrèze - Limousin - France -
Turenne is a commune in the Corrèze department in the Limousin region in central France. It is characterised by its height and unique position on top of a cliff.It is one of the most beautiful villages of France (along with 148 others, including neighbouring Loubressac, Autoire, Curemonte and Carennac). It also has a well-known castle.
Turenne sits atop the Martel Causse, a limestone formation which now supports rich forests as well as intricate caves. The region is quite hilly, and is cut through by the Dordogne and Vézère rivers, which provide nearby activities like canoeing.
The first lords of Turenne appeared in the 9th century. The town became a veritable feudal state after the Crusades and one of the great fiefs of France in the 14th century. From the Middle Ages to the 18th century, the viscount of Turenne had complete autonomy. Until 1738 the sheriffs, despite honoring the French king with simple tributes, were free of taxation and acted as true sovereigns; convening the Estates General, raising taxes, coining money, and ennobling. The Viscounty formed a state within a state. Thus, when the king banned tobacco (introduced in Aquitaine in 1560), the measure did not apply in the viscounty.
The fiefdom of Turenne occupied a territory bounded by three provinces and three bishoprics. Part of the Périgord Noir (Black Périgord), the fiefdom was adjacent to Lower Limousin and Quercy. It controlled the transfer of livestock between the plateaus of Quercy and Limousin, At its largest in the 15th century, it spanned from around Meymac or Lapleau to the north-east, Terrasson to the west, and Gramat to the south. At that time, the major fortified cities of the Viscount were Argentat, Servieres, Beaulieu, Gagnac, Martel, Saint-Cere, and Turenne; other walled cities included the bastides of Bretenoux and Puybrun, the cities of Carennac, Vayrac, Curemonte, Meyssac, and Collonges. There are now about 100,000 inhabitants in the entire region, divided into 18,500 "feux", 111 parishes, 1200 villages, and many monasteries.
Turenne has seen a succession of four families of Viscounts. From the 9th century to the thirteenth, the Comborn, from the valley of the Vézère (and who had actively participated in the Crusades and Anglo-French wars) obtained extensive privileges from the kings of France. Then, during the first half of the 14th century, the Viscounty was taken over by the Comminges, Pyrenées feudal lords, before being transferred for 94 years to Roger de Beaufort from which came two Popes of Avignon, Clement VI and Gregory XI. This family had two Viscounts: Roger William III of Beaufort and Raymond de Turenne XIII, and two viscountesses names Antoinette de Turenne and Eleonore de Beaujeu. Then, from 1444 to 1738, the Viscounty became the possession of the family of La Tour d'Auvergne. In their heyday, Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, co-religionist and companion-at-arms of King Henry IV, became Duke of Bouillion and prince of Sedan. His son Henry, Marshal of France, received the nickname "The Great Turenne."
Under La Tour d'Auvergne, the Viscounty lasted until the Reformation. Calvinism was spread by the boatmen of the Dordogne throughout the region. In 1575, after St. Bartholomew, Henri de la Tour engaged with Henri of Navarre and Turenne became a hotbed of religious wars and disorders of the Fronde.
On 8 June 1738, Turenne was sold to Louis XV to pay the gambling debts of Charles Godfrey, the last of the Viscounts of La Tour d'Auvergne family. Thus ended the quasi-independence of this last French stronghold. The Viscounty's subjects became subjects of Louis XV and were forced to pay
taxes. The king also ordered the dismantling of the fortress of Turenne. As of the Revolution, Turenne was more like a seat of a royal provost.
Under the French Revolution, to follow a decree of the Convention, the town changed its name to Mount Franc (the name was restored to Turenne in ??).
en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=Turenne%2C+Corr%C3%A8...
Large or zoom is better.
A trullo (plural, trulli) is a traditional Apulian dry stone hut with a conical roof. Their style of construction is specific to the Itria Valley, in the Murge area of the Italian region of Apulia. Trulli were generally constructed as temporary field shelters and storehouses or as permanent dwellings by small proprietors or agricultural labourers. Due to high taxation on property, the people of Apulia built dry stone wall constructions so that they could be dismantled quickly when tax inspectors were in the area.
Window tax, the taxation of light, was enforced in England and Wales from 1696 before being repealed 155 years later in 1851.
Daylight robbery !
LR3399
Assateague Island Wildlife Loop
A quick search reveals that the horses at Assateague Island are thought to be the descendants of horses that survived a shipwreck off the coast of Virginia in the olden times.
The more likely explanation is that mainlanders seeking to evade taxation and ownership laws brought their domesticated horses to barrier islands like Assateague and the neighboring Chincoteague Island, and the remaining feral horse populations are their descendants. Personally, I like the shipwreck story more.
These horses (true horses, not ponies) have adapted to unusual conditions on their island and are very tough for it. They withstand temperature extremes: summer island heat can be intense, not to mention the mosquitoes, and they form thick coats in the winter to stave off the cold winds and storms.
Assateague horses feed primarily on nutrient-poor marsh and dune grasses, whereas domesticated horses enjoy a more varied diet including fruit and grains. To combat their high-salt diet, they drink around twice the amount of water of domesticated horses—this combination results in a rotund, bloated appearance.
Here's a link to the full Picasso statue: www.flickr.com/photos/kirstiecat/3787880977/in/photolist-...
**All photos are copyrighted. Please don't use without permission**
How could I better pay homage to my dear deceased friends Michael (Майкл) and Pleshick (Плешик), but share with you my treaty about absolutely essential new rules of war (and drink’n’smoke meantime)? So, here they’re:
I think it's time to rewrite the rules of war. Enemy troops should be strictly prohibited from entering populated areas, from the last old granny village to the capital cities. As well as their shelling, from small arms to nuclear weapons (flamethrowers and grenades included). The only military formations that can be allowed and charged with deployment in populated areas larger than a granny village should be air defense (to shoot down accidentally flying drones, shells, bombs, missiles, leaflets and planes, but not balloons) and military police (for recording, fixation, taxation and prevention any conceivable and inconceivable war crimes), as well as peacekeeping troops (with the same mission). The same applies to arable land, energy and infrastructure, air and sea civil and business routes, places of mineral extraction, tourism zones (including medical), recreation, shopping, parks, nature reserves, paved roads and the only roads connecting populated areas. The entire war must be conducted in zones free of people, businesses, including crypto farms and solar farms, tourists, rare animals and plants. Mine-laying in all of the above zones must also be strictly prohibited. Compliance with the new rules of war must be monitored by UN peacekeepers (their presence in zones of military conflicts must be mandatory, but at a safe distance; monitoring must be carried out using drones and satellites), military police, territorial defense and border units of the territories (the latter – along the perimeter of populated areas, but not entering them). These structures must primarily prevent the penetration of looters, saboteurs, sutlers, drug dealers, speculators, black marketeers and pimps from among the military, spies, partisans and deserters into populated areas. If a populated area is completely surrounded by enemy troops, it is considered occupied by the opposing side by default, its authorities and population leave in an organized manner through humanitarian corridors under the supervision of peacekeepers and the Red Cross and under their personal responsibility, pre-insured by the opposing side, which must pay damages in all insurance cases in the occupied territories, places of residence and work, filmed and described in detail, receiving new passports, visas, bank cards, housing certificates, relocation allowances and brochures from their own authorities and compensation for the inconvenience caused by the enemy authorities, who enter the city together with the new population, prostitutes, drug dealers, currency speculators and other shadow and gray businessmen and change flags, signs, graffiti advertising, banners, monuments, memorial plaques, and, if desired, the names of streets (but not territorial entities; the latter should be impossible without agreement with the opposing side and a civil referendum in person without the presence of the military and police). The enemy's business can be bought from its previous owners by the structures of the occupying party or other countries (they can be put up for auction on special platforms and/or marketplaces like Amazon, eBay and Taobao), after which they can headhunter new employees. The same applies to the capitals, but the country's authorities have the right to continue resistance, including partisan forest resistance and underground urban and hacker resistance, for as long as they deem necessary and as long as their troops, population and partisans, resistance members and hackers agree to tolerate. When territories are liberated, their previous owners bear full responsibility for all damage and losses (including lost profits) caused during their management. The Strasbourg Court can monitor the compensation of such losses, which will have to create a special department for such claims. In general, the Strasbourg Court will have to be significantly expanded and a special item of expenditure and grants from all countries waging military conflicts will have to be introduced. Killing civilians, animals, birds and fish, except for fishing with rods, causing damage to civilian real estate, movable property and infrastructure, rendering arable land, roads and especially protected, resort and tourist areas unusable should become the most serious international crimes and be punishable by life imprisonment (in especially serious cases – in the penitentiary institutions of the affected country) and compensation in the amount of all the property of the criminal. New sanctions are imposed on the country that has committed such crimes, and its head is put on the international wanted list and a case is opened against him in the Strasbourg court, and the country itself is downgraded in the UN, up to expulsion, and is obliged to make a one-time five-year contribution to the UN and the military-defense alliance to which it belongs (if in several – then in all of them).
Suggestions for this project are accepted in the comments, in TG and in private messages.
Someone please forward this message of peace and deep understanding to Musk, Trump, Greta and Ursula von der Leyen.