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Our homebuilt titanium sublimation pump needs lots of current at low voltage: the direct ohmic heating makes the titanium filament slowly spray itself onto the surrounding metal walls, creating a chemical trap for gas at ultra-high vacuum.
The literature suggested that 48A at about 3-6V would do the trick. Some companies wanted 1000 GBP or more for a suitable supply. Well, you know me... why not build it?!
Alternating current is your friend here. Who wants to build a regulated dc supply at low voltage but high current: that's got to be the hardest sort of supply to engineer correctly, amirite?
So, instead, I bought a 700 Watt microwave oven off a departing Oxford student for 10 GBP and gutted it for the high voltage transformer. A student and I aggressively drilled out the secondary, a stiff epoxied mass of 100 trillion or so turns of thin wire. We replaced it with a few (later nine) turns of thick copper wire.
The primary can take 240V, but by feeding it the output of a small 3A variac (an autotransformer), we can tune down the output voltage and current all the way to zero if we wish. Add a calibrated current transformer for output measurment, spiffy panel meter, and of course a big honkin' switch, and we're good to go!
The finished product gets the Ti:sublimation filaments glowing nice and orange at about 40A at 4.5V, or a variac setting of about 200 out of 270. So there is room to dial up the voltage as the filament ages. Bonus!
And the pump? Works good. I've been pulsing it on for one minute at a time; each successive pulse lowers the final pressure a bit more, with less outgassing during the pulse. The enclosing tube gets to 80-100 degrees C, but that's just life, I guess. We're currently at 0.5 nTorr with more stuff in the vacuum system to degass, mainly the calcium atomic source.
is the ego a window to the soul
Id, ego and super-ego are the three parts of the psychic apparatus defined in Sigmund Freud's structural model of the psyche; they are the three theoretical constructs in terms of whose activity and interaction mental life is described. According to this model of the psyche, the id is the set of uncoordinated instinctual trends; the ego is the organized, realistic part; and the super-ego plays the critical and moralising role.
Even though the model is "structural" and makes reference to an "apparatus", the id, ego and super-ego are functions of the mind rather than parts of the brain and do not correspond one-to-one with actual somatic structures of the kind dealt with by neuroscience.
The concepts themselves arose at a late stage in the development of Freud's thought: the 'structural model' (which succeeded his 'economic model' and 'topographical model') was first discussed in his 1920 essay "Beyond the Pleasure Principle" and was formalised and elaborated upon three years later in his "The Ego and the Id". Freud's proposal was influenced by the ambiguity of the term "unconscious" and its many conflicting uses.
IdThe id comprises the disorganised part of the personality structure that contains the basic drives. The id acts according to the "pleasure principle", seeking to avoid pain or displeasure aroused by increases in instinctual tension.
The id is unconscious by definition:
'It is the dark, inaccessible part of our personality, what little we know of it we have learned from our study of the dream-work and of the construction of neurotic symptoms, and most of that is of a negative character and can be described only as a contrast to the ego. We approach the id with analogies: we call it a chaos, a cauldron full of seething excitations... It is filled with energy reaching it from the instincts, but it has no organisation, produces no collective will, but only a striving to bring about the satisfaction of the instinctual needs subject to the observance of the pleasure principle'.
In the id,
'contrary impulses exist side by side, without cancelling each other out....There is nothing in the id that could be compared with negation...nothing in the id which corresponds to the idea of time'.
Developmentally, the id is anterior to the ego; i.e. the psychic apparatus begins, at birth, as an undifferentiated id, part of which then develops into a structured ego. Thus, the id:
". . contains everything that is inherited, that is present at birth, is laid down in the constitution -- above all, therefore, the instincts, which originate from the somatic organisation, and which find a first psychical expression here (in the id) in forms unknown to us."
The mind of a newborn child is regarded as completely "id-ridden", in the sense that it is a mass of instinctive drives and impulses, and needs immediate satisfaction, a view which equates a newborn child with an id-ridden individual—often humorously—with this analogy: an alimentary tract with no sense of responsibility at either end.
The id is responsible for our basic drives, 'knows no judgements of value: no good and evil, no morality...Instinctual cathexes seeking discharge - that, in our view, is all there is in the id'. It is regarded as 'the great reservoir of libido', the instinctive drive to create - the life instincts that are crucial to pleasurable survival. Alongside the life instincts came the death instincts — the death drive which Freud articulated relatively late in his career in 'the hypothesis of a death instinct, the task of which is to lead organic life back into the inanimate state'. For Freud, 'the death instinct would thus seem to express itself - though probably only in part - as an instinct of destruction directed against the external world and other organisms': through aggression. Freud considered that 'the id, the whole person...originally includes all the instinctual impulses...the destructive instinct as well' as Eros or the life instincts.
The Ego acts according to the reality principle; i.e. it seeks to please the id’s drive in realistic ways that will benefit in the long term rather than bringing grief. At the same time, Freud concedes that as the ego 'attempts to mediate between id and reality, it is often obliged to cloak the Ucs. [Unconscious] commands of the id with its own Pcs. [Preconscious] rationalizations, to conceal the id's conflicts with reality, to profess...to be taking notice of reality even when the id has remained rigid and unyielding'.
The Ego comprises that organised part of the personality structure that includes defensive, perceptual, intellectual-cognitive, and executive functions. Conscious awareness resides in the ego, although not all of the operations of the ego are conscious. Originally, Freud used the word ego to mean a sense of self, but later revised it to mean a set of psychic functions such as judgement, tolerance, reality-testing, control, planning, defence, synthesis of information, intellectual functioning, and memory. The ego separates out what is real. It helps us to organize our thoughts and make sense of them and the world around us. "The ego is that part of the id which has been modified by the direct influence of the external world ... The ego represents what may be called reason and common sense, in contrast to the id, which contains the passions ... in its relation to the id it is like a man on horseback, who has to hold in check the superior strength of the horse; with this difference, that the rider tries to do so with his own strength, while the ego uses borrowed forces". Still worse, "it serves three severe masters...the external world, the super-ego and the id". Its task is to find a balance between primitive drives and reality while satisfying the id and super-ego. Its main concern is with the individual's safety and allows some of the id's desires to be expressed, but only when consequences of these actions are marginal. "Thus the ego, driven by the id, confined by the super-ego, repulsed by reality, struggles...[in] bringing about harmony among the forces and influences working in and upon it", and readily "breaks out in anxiety - realistic anxiety regarding the external world, moral anxiety regarding the super-ego, and neurotic anxiety regarding the strength of the passions in the id". It has to do its best to suit all three, thus is constantly feeling hemmed by the danger of causing discontent on two other sides. It is said, however, that the ego seems to be more loyal to the id, preferring to gloss over the finer details of reality to minimize conflicts while pretending to have a regard for reality. But the super-ego is constantly watching every one of the ego's moves and punishes it with feelings of guilt, anxiety, and inferiority.
To overcome this the ego employs defense mechanisms. The defense mechanisms are not done so directly or consciously. They lessen the tension by covering up our impulses that are threatening. Ego defense mechanisms are often used by the ego when id behavior conflicts with reality and either society's morals, norms, and taboos or the individual's expectations as a result of the internalisation of these morals, norms, and their taboos.
Denial, displacement, intellectualisation, fantasy, compensation, projection, rationalisation, reaction formation, regression, repression, and sublimation were the defense mechanisms Freud identified. However, his daughter Anna Freud clarified and identified the concepts of undoing, suppression, dissociation, idealisation, identification, introjection, inversion, somatisation, splitting, and substitution.
"The ego is not sharply separated from the id; its lower portion merges into it... But the repressed merges into the id as well, and is merely a part of it. The repressed is only cut off sharply from the ego by the resistances of repression; it can communicate with the ego through the id." (Sigmund Freud, 1923)In a diagram of the Structural and Topographical Models of Mind, the ego is depicted to be half in the consciousness, while a quarter is in the preconscious and the other quarter lies in the unconscious.
In modern English, ego has many meanings. It could mean one’s self-esteem, an inflated sense of self-worth, or in philosophical terms, one’s self. Ego development is known as the development of multiple processes, cognitive function, defenses, and interpersonal skills or to early adolescence when ego processes are emerged.
Check it out i have a few extras of each garment from this order. First to post comment gets dibs on the sizes i have left. MMA Shorts $50
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Double attachment for balanced hanging for your ID cards or badge holder at both ends
Print your graphics or message full digital color, edge-to-edge on both sides. Buy this product at wholesale price range Double Ended Lanyards with Dye Sublimation
The 2017 SkillsUSA National Leadership and Skills Conference Competition Medalists were announced Friday, June 23, 2017 at Freedom Hall in Louisville.
Graphics Imaging-Sublimation
Jacob Barber
High School Harris County High School
Gold Hamilton, GA
Graphics Imaging-SublimationKalani Ferguson
High School Waynesville Career Center
Silver Waynesville, MO
Graphics Imaging-SublimationMattie Egly
High School Lawrence County High School
Bronze Lawrenceburg, TN
Graphics Imaging-SublimationMegan Moore
College Riverside Community College
Gold Riverside, CA
Graphics Imaging-SublimationKatelyn Logsdon
College Illinois Central College
Silver East Peoria, IL
Taken in response to Dan Wright's Things I thought were not what I thought at all for our Palimpsest:Sublimation project
Repressed aggressive impulses can be channeled into socially productive activities, such as art. Psychoanalytic theory calls this type of defense mechanism “sublimation."
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Front row L to R: High School medalists—Silver-Selena Quevedo, Kearns High School (Utah); Gold-Colby Henson, Sikeston Career and Technology Center (Mo.); and Bronze-Mckinnon Colburn, Harris County High School (Ga.). Back row L to R: College/Postsecondary medalists—Silver-Phuong Vu, Riverside Community College (Calif.); Gold-Samantha Killen, Illinois Central College (Ill.); and Bronze-Sandra Castaneda, Salt Lake Community College (Utah).