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Fort Jefferson, built on Garden Key of the Dry Tortugas, was constructed in the mid-19th century to protect the shipping lanes accessing the Gulf Coast of the United States. The deep-water anchorage nearby was critical for resupply and refit of vessels and shelter from seasonal Caribbean storms.
Although never actually completed, Fort Jefferson was the largest and most sophisticated in a chain of coastal forts situated along the U.S. coast from Maine to California, becoming a critical enabler to the Union Navy successfully blockading Confederate shipping during the Civil War. In addition to protecting the harbor, it became a prison for Union Army deserters and, for a time, Dr. Samuel Mudd - the physician who was convicted of aiding and abetting John Wilkes Booth.
A remote location, even today, it's hard to fathom the amount of labor and logistics involved in building and provisioning such a formidable structure with the level of precision and durability that allow us to continue to visit it in exceptional condition 175 years after the first bricks were emplaced.
Recognition:
Accepted for Display - MAR 2021 Darkroomers Photographic Club (Affiliate of Southern California Association of Camera Clubs {SCACC} and Photographic Society of America {PSA}).
Kanga just looks like her mother. It's incredible. She climbed on this dead branch to use it like an outlook post (Squirrels-2020-9761.jpg)
Ibises are a group of long-legged wading birds in the family Threskiornithidae, that inhabit wetlands, forests and plains. Ibises usually feed as a group, probing mud for food items, usually crustaceans. It is widespread across much of Australia. It has a predominantly white plumage with a bare, black head, long down curved bill and black legs. They are monogamous and highly territorial while nesting and feeding. Most nest in trees, often with spoonbills or herons. Due to its increasing presence in the urban environment and its habit of rummaging in garbage, the species has acquired a variety of colloquial names such as tip turkey; and bin chicken, and in recent years has become an icon of popular culture, being regarded with passion, wit, and, in equal measure, affection and disgust. 28543
An uninhabited South Atlantic island dry and empty except for fauna, Ascension Island and little interest to the world until Napoleon was exiled to the island of Santa Helena. The British fearing that the French would try to liberate Napoleon, established a naval presence aimed at blocking any such attempt.
The strategic importance of the island became apparent and has continued to be the case until today. In WW II, it served to counter Germany's actions in the South Atlantic. Subsequently, it has played an important role in NASA's Apollo and subsequent space programs and also plays an important role as a communications station today.
Ergänzungen ...
was bedürfen sie
was bedürfen sie offensichtlich nicht
was bewirken sie
was macht der Zwischenraum
???? ;-) ...
_NYC4125_28_pa2
Several coyotes having a late morning hunting spree. The female was doing the hunting and the male would supervise.
Strategically favorable landing site ... good visibility in all directions.
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Nashville and Western Railroad B23-7 4245 pulls a cut of loads from Strategic Materials, the line's northern most customer, in Ashland City, TN. 4245 is one of three Dash 7s on the NWR roster and one of two still wearing their Santa Fe colors. The third unit is in Conrail paint still and sits in Nashville along with the other unit. Unfortunately the crew would not make a run to Nashville this day thanks to a truck damaging one of the trestles on the line. The line has a number of neat wooden trestles, so I hope to return to shoot this operation again. RJ Corman has just taken over this operation, so who knows how much longer the Dash 7s will stick around. For now, business continues with the same power under different ownership.
66192 (?) with 4 empty bogie hoppers in tow, makes its way past Tunstead, the largest limestone quarrying operation in the UK, extracting between five and six million tonnes of limestone per annum. Owned by Tarmac, it is the largest supplier of lime and lime-based products in the UK and as such is acknowledged to be of national strategic importance. The train is on its way to Dowlow, another quarrying operation south of Buxton, originating from Peak Forest.
photo rights reserved by B℮n
Xàtiva is a city in the Spanish province of Valencia and is the birthplace of two popes. Xàtiva is the Valencian name for this city, but in Castellano this city is called 'Jativa'. This city is located in a beautiful area of hills, vineyards, orange groves and cypress trees on the northern slopes of Monte Vernissa, a two-peaked hill topped by the castle of Xativa. Ermita de Sant Josep is a very picturesque church half way up the mountain road to Xativa Castle. This castle consists of a double fortification divided between the older "Castillo Menor" small castle, built on the Iberian and Roman remains of the site, and the more recent "Castillo Mayor" main castle, built during the Middle Ages. It is located at an altitude of 310 meters above the modern city. The walls mainly date from the period during the Arab occupation. The fortress is strategically located on the ancient Via Augusta road that leads from Rome over the Pyrenees and along the Mediterranean coast to Cartagena and Cádiz. Although the town has expanded in recent years, there are still many old quarters and beautiful medieval monuments to be found. It really is such a small town that you can enjoy as a Spain lover!
One of the most beautiful towns in Spain, Xàtiva is defined by its delicious gastronomy, fascinating history and beautiful naturescapes. Sant Josep is a very picturesque church half way up the mountain road to Xativa Castle, you find this little terras, with a wonderful view, where you can have something to eat and drink The Hermitage of Sant Josep, beautiful, elegant, slender, stands out from all the cardinal points of Xàtiva. Located in an elevated place, on the slopes of the Castell, the Hermitage of Sant Josep becomes a luminous focus of the city, bright by day, illuminated at night. It is an symbolic building.
Xàtiva is een stad in de Spaanse provincie Valencia en is de geboorteplaats van twee pausen. Xàtiva is de Valenciaanse benaming voor deze stad, maar in Castellano wordt deze stad ‘Jativa’ genoemd. Dit stadje is gelegen in een mooie omgeving van heuvels, wijngaarden, sinaasappelbomen en cipressen op de noordelijke hellingen van de Monte Vernissa, een heuvel met twee toppen die wordt bekroond door het kasteel van Xativa. Het kasteel bestaat uit een dubbele fortificatie die is verdeeld tussen het oudere "Castillo Menor" klein kasteel, gebouwd op de Iberische en Romeinse overblijfselen van de site, en het meer recente "Castillo Mayor" hoofdkasteel, gebouwd tijdens de middeleeuwen. Het bevindt zich op een hoogte van 310 meter boven de moderne stad. De ommuring dateert vooral uit de periode ten tijde van de Arabische bezetting. Het fort is strategisch gelegen aan de oude weg Via Augusta die van Rome over de Pyreneeën en langs de Middellandse Zeekust naar Cartagena en Cádiz leidt. Het stadje is afgelopen jaren weliswaar uitgebreid maar er zijn nog heel wat oude wijken en mooie middeleeuwse monumenten te vinden. Het is echt zo'n klein stadje waar je als Spanjeliefhebber van kan genieten! De kathedraal van Xàtiva, ook bekend als La Seu, is de belangrijkste kerk van de de omgeving. De bouw begon in 1596. De bouw werd ontelbare keren onderbroken door vele fasen en heeft bijna driehonderdvijftig jaar geduurd.
A strategically placed patch of heather on the Roaches. The heather bloom has been very patchy this year, with some good patches and some not so good.
Last Saturday I had to collect my wife from Crewe station late in the evening. My plans evolved all day as the cloud stubbornly refused to clear, so a late clearance gave me a small window of light on the Roaches, a slight detour off my route from Ashbourne to Crewe. I had been here 2 days earlier and suffered badly from the midges, so I was prepared for chemical warfare with some industrial-grade repellant, which wasn't in the end needed as the strong winds kept the nibbley things at bay.
18th February 2018 - Bulk Carrier 'Strategic Equity' fresh into the Seaforth Grain Terminal after her month long run from Argentina. Its quite intimidating to see what the Atlantic can do to a 4 year old ship...
The mating display of the male Little Bustard involves a combination of vocalizations, wing movements, and jumping. They perform "snort calls," stamp their feet, and whistle while flapping their wings, creating a "wing-flash" display, particularly when females are present. A distinct "jump display" is also used, involving sudden, rapid leaps to catch a female's attention.
Little Bustard (Tetrax tetrax) male Extremadura Spring Spain_7257_
As I was standing on top of this Indian grinding rock all by myself, I pondered whether it was chosen for its strategic location. In the distance, I could see Mission Peak and San Jose downtown. To my right, I could see the South Bay. The Bay Miwoks must have built a observation station here. Those outcroppings in front look just like a man made wall for defense, and this grinding rock must be the kitchen. However, the location is too windy and has no shade. I doubt the Miwoks were actually living here. My theory is that this could be an outpost set up by them to watch out for invaders.
One from the archives.
So iconic sitting up high above the surrounding land.
According to the National Trust website "Lindisfarne Castle’s origins go back to the old borderlands, and a time of religious and political upheaval.
From the 1550s up until 1893 the castle was garrisoned by the government, at one point mounting 21 cannons.
The castle was strategically vital during the Scottish Wars of the mid-1500s and later saw action in the Civil Wars and the Jacobite Rebellion of 1715."
Now the seagull may have thought this was a wily squirrel out to pillage the supply of Wonder Bread but I found him to be quite friendly and almost tame. Living in the park by the beach I imagine this little guy had become accustomed to the rewards of cute behaviour. Jack Darling Park is often filled with people packing picnic lunches who are more than willing to share bits with squirrels and seagulls--it's half the fun of going there and a smart squirrel learns how to work the crowd.
This was taken as he was apparently contemplating how to gain access to the bread-filled bag I'd brought with me and was just waiting until I'd turned my back in order to plunder the goods.
It's all about strategy when you're a squirrel surrounded by greedy gulls.
:-)
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My portfolio: www.hollycawfieldphotography.net/
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Dilmun is associated with ancient sites on the islands of Bahrain in the Persian Gulf, the Cradle of Civilization.
Dilmun (sometimes transliterated Telmun) is associated with ancient sites on the islands of Bahrain in the Persian Gulf. Because of its location along the sea trade routes linking Mesopotamia with the Indus Valley Civilization, Dilmun developed in the Bronze Age, from ca. 3000 BC, into one of the greatest entrepots of trade of the ancient world.
There is both literary and archaeological evidence for the trade between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley (probably correctly identified with the land called Meluhha in Akkadian). Impressions of clay seals from the Indus Valley city of Harappa were evidently used to seal bundles of merchandise, as clay seal impressions with cord or sack marks on the reverse side testify.
A number of these Indus Valley seals have turned up at Ur and other Mesopotamian sites. "Persian Gulf" types of circular stamped rather than rolled seals, known from Dilmun, that appear at Lothal in Gujarat, India, and Faylahkah, as well as in Mesopotamia, are convincing corroboration of the long-distance sea trade. What the commerce consisted of is less sure: timber and precious woods, ivory, lapis lazuli, gold, and luxury goods such as carnelian and glazed stone beads, pearls from the Persian Gulf, shell and bone inlays, were among the goods sent to Mesopotamia in exchange for silver, tin, woolen textiles, olive oil and grains. Copper ingots, certainly, bitumen, which occurred naturally in Mesopotamia, may have been exchanged for cotton textiles and domestic fowl, major products of the Indus region that are not native to Mesopotamia - all these have been instanced.
Mesopotamian trade documents, lists of goods, and official inscriptions mentioning Meluhha supplement Harappan seals and archaeological finds. Literary references to Meluhhan trade date from the Akkadian, the Third Dynasty of Ur, and Isin - Larsa Periods (ca. 2350 - 1800 BC), but the trade probably started in the Early Dynastic Period (ca. 2600 BC). Some Meluhhan vessels may have sailed directly to Mesopotamian ports, but by the Isin - Larsa Period, Dilmun monopolized the trade. By the subsequent Old Babylonian period, trade between the two cultures evidently had ceased entirely.
The Bahrain National Museum assesses that its "Golden Age" lasted ca. 2200 - 1600 BC. Its decline dates from the time the Indus Valley civilization suddenly and mysteriously collapsed, in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. This would of course have stripped Dilmun of its importance as a trading center between Mesopotamia and India. The decay of the great sea trade with the east may have affected the power shift northwards observed in Mesopotamia itself.
Evidence about Neolithic human cultures in Dilmun comes from flint tools and weapons. From later periods, cuneiform tablets, cylinder seals, pottery and even correspondence between rulers throw light on Dilmun. Written records mentioning the archipelago exist in Sumerian, Akkadian, Persian, Greek, and Latin sources.
Dilmun, sometimes described as "the place where the sun rises" and "the Land of the Living" is the scene of a Sumerian creation myth and the place where the deified Sumerian hero of the flood, Ziusudra (Utnapishtim), was taken by the gods to live for ever.
There is mention of Dilmun as a vassal of Assyria in the 8th century BC and by about 600 BC, it had been fully incorporated into the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Dilmun then falls into deep eclipse marked by the decline of the copper trade, so long controlled by Dilmun, and the switch to a less important role in the new trade of frankincense and spices. The discovery of an impressive palace at the Ras al Qalah site in Bahrain is promising to increase knowledge of this late period.
Otherwise, there is virtually no information until the passage of Nearchus, the admiral in charge of Alexander the Great's fleet on the return from the Indus Valley. Nearchus kept to the Iranian coast of the Gulf, however, and cannot have stopped at Dilmun. Nearchus established a colony on the island of Falaika off the coast of Kuwait in the late 4th century BC, and explored the Gulf perhaps least as far south as Dilmun/Bahrain.
From the time of Nearchus until the coming of Islam in the 7th century AD Dilmun/Bahrain was known by its Greek name of Tylos. The political history for this period is little known, but Tylos was at one point part of the Seleucid Empire, and of Characene and perhaps part of the Parthian Empire. Shapur II annexed it, together with eastern Arabia, into the Persian Sassanian empire in the 4th century.
Unlike Egyptian and Mesopotamian tablets and cylinders, the Dilmun legacy has been discovered on circular seals. The primitive forms of images carved on the seal indicate they were used as charms or talisman. Carved on wood, soapstone shells or metal, these images clearly define a complex society. Temples in the center of the agrarian village, towns, city-states, religious, and economic cultural life. All facets of the emergence of an evolutionary society are reflected in the inscriptions about the seals.
Impressions found on pottery and property is a probable usage of the seals. Burying them with the dead was probably to avoid misuse. Tiny fragments found impressed, suggest identifying property. Clearly there was an intrinsic value; each seal tells a story, has an identity.
Seals depict Enki, God of wisdom and sweet water. Gilgamesh as a massive and heroic figure, the 'Bull of heaven' hat. Ladies of the mountains 'Inanas' servants wearing her triangle signs depicting space for her power. 'Nana' is the moon god who was also named 'sin'. Symbol was the bull of heaven head. Inana, goddess of immortality.
From the dreams of Gilgamesh, to the philosophy of life. Seals depicting a harmonious life with nature and god are painted here in the colors and form I hope you enjoy. The colors naturally excite and stimulate, often sexually. Indisputably the ancient myths of immortality and resurrection influenced Dilmun beliefs and are abundantly supported in the seal designs, represented by gods of the sun and moon.
The Mesopotamian texts described Tilmun as situated at the 'mouth' of two bodies of water. The Sinai peninsula, shaped as an inverted triangle indeed begins where the Red Sea separates into two arms - the gulf of Suez on the west, and the Gulf of Elat (Gulf of Aqaba) on the east.
The texts spoke of mountainous Tilmun. The Sinai peninsula is indeed made up of a high mountainous southern part, a mountainous central plateau, and a northern plain (surrounded by mountains), which levels off via sandy hills to the Mediterranean coastline. Sargon of Akkad claimed that he reached as 'washed his weapons' in the Mediterranean; 'the sea lands' - the lands along the Mediterranean coast - 'three times I encircled; Tilmun my hand captured'. Sargon II, king of Assyria in the eighth century BC, asserted that he had conquered the area stretching 'from Bit-Yahkin on the shore of the salt Sea as far as the border of Tilmun'. The name 'Salt Sea' has survived to this day as a Hebrew name for the Dead Sea - another confirmation that Tilmun lay in proximity to the Dead Sea.
The cradle of civilization is sometimes referenced by the name Dilmun, or Tilmun. Here, it was said, the god Ea and his wife were placed to institute 'a sinless age of complete happiness'.
Here too animals lived in peace and harmony, man had no rival and the god Enlil `in one tongue gave praise'. It is also described as a pure, clean and `bright' `abode of the immortals' where death, disease and sorrow are unknown and some mortals have been given `life like a god', words reminiscent of the Airyana Vaejah, the realm of the immortals in Iranian myth and legend, and the Eden of Hebraic tradition
Although Dilmun is equated by most scholars with the island of Bahrain in the Persian Gulf, there is evidence to suggest that a much earlier mythical Dilmun was located in a mountainous region beyond the plains of Sumer.
But where exactly was it located Mesopotamian inscriptions do not say; however, the Zoroastrian Bundahishn text and the Christian records of Arbela in Iraqi Kurdistan both refer to a location named Dilamƒn as having existed around the head waters of the Tigris, south-west of Lake Van - the very area in which the biblical Eden is said to have been located.
Furthermore, Ea (the Akkadian Enki) was said to have presided over the concourse of Mesopotamia's two greatest rivers - the Tigris and Euphrates - which are shown in depictions as flowing from each of his shoulders.
This would have undoubtedly have meant that the head-waters, or sources, of these rivers would have been looked upon as sacred to Ea by the cultures of Mesopotamia's Fertile Crescent.
- Zecharia Sitchin The Stairway to Heaven
Dilmun was allegedly a magical land, the birthplace of the gods and the place where the arts of civilization where said first to have been transmitted to men. It was the subject of many legends told by the Sumerians, the people of southern Iraq; it was famed as a land where death and disease were unknown and men and animals lived at peace together.
It was the home of the Sumerian king who was the origin of the myth of Noah, the immortal survivor of the Great Flood, a story retold in the Qu'ran and the Bible.
The first great hero of world literature, Gilgamesh the king of Uruk, journeyed to Dilmun in search of the secret of eternal youth.
He found it deep in the waters of the Persian Gulf, off Bahrain, but lost it when the flower which restored the youth of those who sought it, was stolen by a snake, lurking in a pool as Gilgamesh returned to his kingdom; this is the reason why the snake sloughs his skin.
Symbolism - All is Myth and Metaphor in our reality
* water: flow of consciousness - creation
* restore to youth: move out of the physical body and return to higher frequency forms of sound, light, and color
* snake: DNA - the human bio-genetic experiment in time and emotion
* kingdom - Leo - Lion - King - Omega - closure
Dilmun was also the center of the most important trade routes of the third and second millennia BC. The most important commodity was copper for which Dilmun was famous and the dates for which Bahrain was always celebrated, from ancient times until the present day.
Because Dilmun was so sacred a land, there were many temples built there, the impressive remains of which can be seen today. The largest and most splendid temple surviving in Western Asia is at Barbar on Bahrain's northern shore.
The most famous of all Bahrain's rich archaeological heritage are the 200,000 grave mounds which are a feature of the landscape in the northern half of the island and which, by their size and quality of construction, show how prosperous Bahrain must have been in ancient times.
Dilmun continued to be the most important center of trade in the Gulf region throughout its history.
After the Sumerians, the Babylonians, Assyrians, even the Greeks, settled on the islands, because of their strategic importance in the movement of merchandise, north and south, east and west, by sea and by the land routes to which the seas gave access.
The records of their diplomatic relations with the kings of Dilmun, some of whose names are known from the records, testify to the importance of the islands throughout antiquity.
All left evidence of their presence, preserved today in the Bahrain National Museum and in the immense archaeological sites in which Bahrain is particularly rich.
Bahrain is an open-air treasure house of the past, a unique heritage from the earliest times when men first began to keep records of their hopes, fears and achievements.
It is the contemporary of ancient Egypt with Sumer and the peoples who succeeded them, of the great cities of the Indus Valley.
Source: www.crystalinks.com/dilmun.html
Six Pratt & Whitney R-4360-53 Wasp Major 28-cylinder 4-row 71.489-litre radials, 3800-hp each
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Four General Electric J47-GE-19 turbojets, 5,200-lbf each
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Markings: USAF Strategic Air Command (SAC) 95th Bombardment Wing, Biggs AFB, El Paso, Texas (1953-59), 'City of Ft. Worth'
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Background: USAF Boeing EB-47E Stratojet ELINT six-jet bomber, 1953
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Pima Air & Space Museum, Tucson, Arizona
DSC_0186 Anx2 1800h Q90 1.5k f25
Strategic VH-YQA 'The Kimberley’ Airbus A320-212 c/n 190. Previous Registrations: F-OHFU, PH-DVR, (SE-DVH), G-UKLJ, G-BWKN, N484GX & F-WWDD.
This aircraft was ordered new by GATX Aircraft Leasing Pty Ltd. Powered by CFMI CFM56-5A3 engines. 15 March 1991 first flown at Toulouse as F-WWDD. 14 June 1991 accepted by GATX at Toulouse and entered onto the United States Aircraft Register as N484GX.
Leased to LACSA (Lineas Aereas Costarricenses S.A.) as the registered operator. 1 December 1994 sub-leased to LADECO in basic LACSA livery. LADECO merged with Lan Chile when it was bought out in 1994. Repossessed and returned to LACSA in Costa Rica 1 February 1995.
27 December 1995 leased to Excalibur Airlines (UK). Entered onto the British Aircraft Register as G-BWKN 17 January 1996. Returned to GATX Aircraft Leasing Pty Ltd on termination of the lease. Leased to Leisure International Airways (U.K.) 25 March 1996. Aircraft was reregistered as G-UKLJ. Rolled out at Southend in all-white livery without titles and placed into storage at Southend 13 November 1997.
16 February 1998 cancelled from the British Aircraft Register and entered onto the Dutch Aircraft Register as PH-DVR. Leased to Novair, Sweden. Entered onto the Swedish Aircraft Register as SE-DVH 27 March 1998 and operated its first Novair revenue service. 21 February 1999 withdrawn from use and stored at Copenhagen. Returned to GATX Aircraft Leasing Pty Ltd six days later.
31 March 1999 entered onto the French Aircraft Register as F-OHFU and registered to GATX Aircraft Leasing Pty Ltd. Leased to Volare Airlines as the registered operator. 19 November 2004 Volare Airlines ceased operations and returned to GATX / CL Ireland 22 November 2004. Leased to Volare Airlines when it resumed operations on 16 December 2004. Cancelled from the French Aircraft Register in October 2009.
30 October 2009 entered onto the Australian Aircraft Register as VH-YQA and leased to Strategic Airlines Pty Ltd as the registered operator. The aircraft was named 'The Kimberley’. Operated its first revene service Perth - Derby as VC501 8 February 2010. Operated the Solomon Islands service Brisbane - Honiara - Brisbane as IE700/701 26 February 2010 and was observed with 'think.be.fly' titles on the fuselage. Operated the airline's inaugural Brisbane - Gladstone service as VC520 18 April 2011. Stategic Airlines was renamed Air Australia 15 November 2011 and operated its first Air Australia service Brisbane - Perth as VC501.
16 February 2012 operated its final Air Australia revenue service Melbourne (Tullamarine) - Brisbane as VC663 and ceased all operations on the following day. This aircraft was not painted into the striking Air Australia livery. 13 March 2012 cancelled from the Australian Aircraft Register .
13 March 2012 entered onto the French Aircraft Register as F-WTAU. 21 June 2012 ferried Montpeller - Kemble by Latecoere Aeroservices for scrapping. 25 October 2012 broken up at Kemble. All traces of airframe removed by 1 December 2012.
"Strategic Savannah" is a Singaporean cargo ship, seen here from a ferry between Port Townsend and Coupeville, WA.
@ USAF - US Air Force
Convair B-36J Peacemaker 52-2827 (cn 383) Named "City of Fort Worth" after the production plant's location. This was the last B-36 to be built (14.AUG.1954) and the last one in service when retired (12.FEB.1959) with sporting markings from the 95th BW, Biggs AFB TX. On display and Preserved at Pima Air and Space Museum. The B-36 "Peacemaker" was the largest strategic bomber and the last piston engine powered aircraft at the time. Capable of delivering any of the nuclear weapons in the U.S. arsenal. The Convair B-36 was the only aircraft designed to carry the T-12 Cloudmaker, a gravity bomb weighing 43,600 lb (19,800 kg). With a length of 49,4 m and a wingspan of 70,1 m the B-36 was flew first in 1946. Driven by 6 Pratt & Whitney propeller engines behind the wings and 4 General Electric jet engines it had a range of approximately 13.000 km.
The Sustainability Consortium, where I am Chief Scientist, is ten years old! We created and are stewards of the Walmart Sustainability Index, and we engage in projects with retailers and brands to make consumer products and their supply chains more sustainable. Here are some of my colleagues in a strategic planning exercise in ASU's Skysong building in Scottsdale.
Newcastle Emlyn Castle (Welsh: Castell Newydd Emlyn) is a ruined castle in the market town of Newcastle Emlyn in Carmarthenshire, Wales. It is strategically located on a steep-sided promontory overlooking the River Teifi and was probably built by the Welsh lord Maredudd ap Rhys in about 1240. It changed hands many times over the years in battles between the Welsh and English, and during the English Civil War. The remains of the gatehouse and adjacent towers, and some fragments of wall are all that remain visible now.