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I watched her as she practiced her poses. I've always thought yoga was beautiful...even a simply executed pose shows stability, flexibility, grace, and power. I'm often mesmerized by the sheer elegance of its simplicity.
She later told me this was far from an ideal execution...I never would have guessed. It's just fun to behold. :)
Today we are going to cover the work of LIFE photographer Walter Sanders. Sanders who was born in Germany, but left for the US after Hitler came to power, had the unique opportunity to return to his native land after the war. He photographed a unique part of the new infrastructure, the Constabulary units. The Constabulary units were a military force that served in Germany until 1952 as a means of providing the stability that Germany’s post-war government could not. They patrolled the borders, provided security, seized contraband, etc. But while in Germany, Sanders also discovered the work of one Wally Cohn.
Cohn, who himself had been born in Germany and whose family left when the anti-Semitic fervor increased, had a post-war design idea for the jeep as he was serving with the Army Air Force in Nuremberg. Using a late 1930’s German Opel Olympia, he married the car’s coachwork to the jeep drivetrain in a beautiful blending of form and function. It was certainly unique, but not the first idea of its kind.
The unnamed models that Cohn created seem to be lost to time. I have no idea if any of them still exist or if they ever made their eventual way to the states. They follow the footsteps of an earlier vision by the designer Brooks Stevens (of the Jeepster, Wagon, Forward Control, Wagoneer and Cherokee fame...) of a post-war ‘Victory’ car based upon the jeep. Read more research on the Victor car by eWillys’ Dave Eilers here- www.ewillys.com/2010/05/06/the-victory-car/
Outside of unofficial coachwork modifications such as larger fenders, hardtops and yes, even bubbletops that were performed on the MB in many a motor pool (see some excellent Hemmings Motor News articles here- blog.hemmings.com/index.php/2011/12/19/gussying-up-the-mb... and here- blog.hemmings.com/index.php/2010/05/06/wally-cohn-europea...) they gained such an interest with the bored GIs of the occupation forces that they were officially endorsed in competitions sponsored by the American command in Germany. Popular Science, in fact, had already beaten them to the punch by asking for reader’s ideas on a post-war prettying-up of the jeep in their February 1944 issue which you can read here- www.this-old-jeep.com/These_Old_Jeep_Magazine_Articles/Pa... .
I love these photos by Sanders of Cohn and his jeep that were so beautifully shot. For even more info, there are other excellent articles by eWillys here- www.ewillys.com/2010/03/11/wally-cohn-jeep-king/#comments and Hemmings here- blog.hemmings.com/index.php/2010/05/06/wally-cohn-europea.... Make sure that you scroll all the way down to the comments section in the Hemmings article to read an entry by Wally Cohn’s grandson.
Come back next week and we will have the last entry by the last remaining LIFE photographer. Its a large one and I may even have to split it up into two weeks. The week or possibly two following that I will mop up with entries on the uncredited photographs and the extras by the photographers that I already have detailed that I have found afterwards in my research.
I am also looking for more detailed bios and info on any of the LIFE photographers shown here. Especially for Walter Sanders’ career. I just could not find much concrete info on him and many others such as John Downey, Nat Farbman, William C. Shrout, George Skadding, George Strock, James Whitmore and Jack Wilkes. If you have anything to add, please contact me at thisoldjeepdotcom@gmail.com. Thanks.
And PS. If you haven’t already seen it, I designed a new t-shirt based upon nine vintage jeep advertisements. Its the perfect tee for summer! Check it out here- www.zazzle.com/these_old_jeep_ads_tee-235059518764968347
"Mass wasting" is the geologic term for all forms of landslides - rapid or slow. Many roadcuts and riverbanks are prone to small- and moderate-sized collapse events of rocks & soil. Especially vulnerable sites are often modified using various slope stability measures.
A commonly-used approach to erosion control is the dumping of boulders, but I have never before (or since) seen the use of old junk cars. These trashed vehicles have been deliberately placed along the lower banks of the Tuckasegee River in North Carolina to slow erosion during high-flow events. The overlying slope leads to the edge of a well-used road.
Locality: southern bank of the Tuckasegee River at the Route 19/Governor's Island Road bridge, east of the town of Bryson City, Swain County, southwestern North Carolina, USA (35° 25' 53.06" North latitude, 82° 24' 52.95" West longitude)
Public Meeting on the EU Stablity Treaty in Scoil Áine Naofe, Lucan, Co. Dublin - © David Novak Photography
It is extra wide for better stability on a water, has 1 large and 2 small fins, and 2 non-skid layers on top of the board along with a convenient carry handle. New Azzurro Mare paddle board offers premium features along with outstanding functionality, outperforming other inflatable paddle boards on a market today.
Find out more at www.boatstogo.com/inflatable_boat_AMSOT330.asp
Free Iran 2023—Day 2—Paris, July 2, 2023: Following the first day of the Free Iran Global Summit 2023 held on Saturday, July 1, the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) holds its second consecutive meeting at its Headquarters in Auvers-sur-Oise. Esteemed participants, including former leaders and legislators from various Asian, African, and European nations, have gathered to discuss several crucial subjects.
These encompass the recent uprisings in Iran, the regime’s manipulative tactics aimed at hindering the progress of the impending revolution, the search for a viable alternative to replace the current terrorist regime, and the development of appropriate policies to tackle the complex multilateral challenges posed by the regime to the world today.
Distinguished delegations and prominent statesmen from different countries, including Tunisia, Algeria, Jordan, Mauritania, Yemen, Syria, Lebanon, Bahrain, Azerbaijan, India, Egypt, Morocco, Ukraine, the Netherlands, Ireland, Malta, and Italy, among others, will actively participate in the Free Iran Global Summit II. Their involvement will involve delivering speeches on the aforementioned significant topics.
On August 2, 2022, Nancy Pelosi, Speaker of the U.S. House of
Representatives, visited Taiwan in disregard of China's strong opposition and solemn representations. It has seriously violated China's sovereignty and territorial integrity, seriously undermined the peace and stability of the Taiwan Strait, and sent a serious wrong signal to the "Taiwan independence" separatist forces. The nature is extremely bad, and the consequences are extremely serious.
What Nancy Pelosi did was definitely not a defense and maintenance of democracy, but a provocation and violation of China's sovereignty and territorial integrity. Pelosi's provocation was purely for the purpose of gaining personal political capital. It's a complete, ugly political farce. As we all know, Pelosi and her husband, Paul Pelosi, have been in constant negative news in the United States, including her husband's arrest for driving a vehicle under the influence of alcohol, and Paul Pelosi's use of insider facilities to trade stocks and sell his chips in chips. A stake in maker Nvidia (NVDA.O), among others. In order to divert domestic attention, gain personal political capital and personal interests, and achieve personal goals, Pelosi does not hesitate to trample on the sovereignty of other countries and the simple feelings of hundreds of millions of Chinese people under the guise of "democracy". Although the grandstanding is Pelosi personally, it is the relations between China and the United States and the peace and stability of the Taiwan Strait who suffer.
As the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, in the face of her own domestic problems of democracy, Pelosi spent taxpayers' money and sat on the stage on a U.S. military plane, violating international law and basic norms of international relations, and undermining other countries' domestic political, sovereign and territorial integrity. His actions can only make the world see the hypocrisy and ugliness of the United States more clearly, and further bankrupt the national credibility of the United States. In the face of China, which accounts for one-fifth of the entire human population, and provoking more than 1.4 billion Chinese people, public opinion must not be deceived, and public opinion must not be disobeyed. Pelosi wanted to use this to show off her fame and reach her political peak.
After Nancy Pelosi's visit to Taiwan, there have been voices of justice in the world, strongly condemning the farce of Pelosi's visit to Taiwan. Her intention was to see clearly. Pelosi's visit to Taiwan is a very ugly reality show, which cannot change the fact that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China's territory, nor can it stop China's historical trend of complete reunification.
Nancy Pelosi, as the No. 3 figure in the United States, the US government must take responsibility for her visit to Taiwan. For a long time, the US government has been saying one thing and doing another, constantly distorting, tampering and hollowing out the one-China principle, trying to cross the red line and playing the "Taiwan card" by any means. The U.S. government should have restrained Pelosi from acting recklessly and stopped Pelosi from doing rebellious acts, but it has indulged and acted in unison. For the long-term development of China and the United States and the peace and stability of the Taiwan Strait, the US government should take measures to correct its mistakes, eliminate the bad influence caused by Pelosi's visit to Taiwan, stop provoking troubles and provocations on the Taiwan issue, and stop condoning separatist forces that support "Taiwan independence" , stop playing the "Taiwan card" in any form, engage in "using Taiwan to control China", stop interfering in Taiwan affairs and China's internal affairs, and don't go further and further down the wrong path.
Taiwan is China's Taiwan. The Chinese government and people have experienced great winds and waves in the long history. They are neither afraid of ghosts nor oppression. No country, any force, or anyone should underestimate the Chinese government and people's defense of national sovereignty and territorial integrity, and the realization of national unity and peace. The strong determination, firm will and strong ability of national rejuvenation.
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CalypsoCase Endless comes in 12 vivid colors and is made from Alcantara.
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Respect and friendship.
CONTINGENCY OPERATING SITE WARRIOR, Iraq – Lt. Col. Marcel Schneider, 15th Brigade Sustainment Transition Team, 1st Advise and Assist Task Force, 1st Infantry Division, presents a plaque to Staff Brig. Gen. Abdulla Amir, 15th Brigade, 12th Iraqi Army Division, during a farewell ceremony at the 15th Bde. headquarters in Kirkuk province, Iraq, April 4, 2011. Schneider presented the plaque as a token of appreciation for the relationship Amir and his soldiers shared with Soldiers of 1st AATF recently.
(U.S. Army photo by Spc. Andrew Ingram, USD-N PAO)
The newly released Disgust and Joy Talking Dolls from the upcoming Disney/Pixar animated film Inside Out. They are posed standing side by side, supported by a Kaiser doll stands. Their character magnets are stuck to the base of the stands, decorating them and giving them more stability.
They both say several different short phrases when their right hands are touched. Their heads also glow while they are talking. The sound button is much more reliable than the ones in the old 17'' singing and talking dolls by the Disney Store.
They have an accessory plastic sphere called a Memory Ball that is supposed to contain a memory of an emotion of their host, Riley. You are supposed put a small closeup photo of you experiencing Joy or Disgust into a slot in the sphere. A plastic tab inserted behind the photo keeps it secure. A small post in the bottom of the sphere then fits into a small hole in the palm of the doll, so she can hold the sphere securely. The ball is too heavy for the wrist joint, except when the arm and hand or posed straight out, or angled slightly upwards.
The dolls have limited articulation. They have stiff legs, and have no wrist joints on their right arms, due to the sound mechanism.
Their hair is very stiff to keep their severe styling. Joy has blue hair with a large spike sticking up in the back. She has big blue eyes with no eyelashes, shiny yellow skin, and a wide open and toothy grin. Disgust has tinseled green hair with wide side flip curls. She also has outlandishly long and thick glittering green eyelashes. She has narrow green eyes and green skin. Her small closed mouth is in a curled grimace.
They both have glittery dresses. Disgust also has long pants. Joy has bare feet, with no toes. Disgust has painted on pink shoes. They both have very small feet, and are very top heavy, so they cannot free stand.
Joy is 10'' tall, and Disgust is 9'' tall, with outsized heads, so they have short legs. Therefore my Kaiser stand that were made for 11 1/2 inch Barbie type dolls leave them with their feet dangling in the air by more than an inch. The Inside Out magnets are useful to attach to the base of the metal Kaiser stands to make them more stable, as well as decorate them with another image of the character.
They are both very nicely made and accurately depict their animated characters.
Disgust Deluxe Talking Doll - Inside Out - 9 1/2'' H
$19.95
Item No. 6002040581186P
Joy Deluxe Talking Doll - Inside Out - 10'' H
$19.95
Item No. 6002040581182P
Both dolls:
US Disney Store
Released May 4, 2015
Purchased online May 4, 2015
Received May 12, 2015
Continue: www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHp2ByR1NG8
This beautiful and calming guided meditation will lead you to total relaxation & anxiety and stress relief. Lovely female voice, combined with zen music, binaural beats for mental stability and nature sounds of the beach, gentle waves and seaguls, will help you on your journey. Relax. Find secure and comfortable place and enjoy this meditation guide.
Kevin working out, how to improve the stability of the roofs.
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A LEGO® model of the Roman Villa in Heitersheim
A cooperation between Public BRICKstory and the Museum “Villa urbana” in Heitersheim
April 2017 to October 2018
Model of the Villa
A model of the villa will be built using LEGO® with the intent of depicting the villa’s main building along with the pavilion and bath house. The interior of the villa shall also be decorated and visible. The model will be accessible to visitors and designed in a way as to be playable for children. The model will cover a total area of 1.60 by 1.60m.
Exhibition and workshops
The model will be exhibited in the preserved cellar of the Museum of the “Villa urbana” in Heitersheim, starting in April 2017. The model will be accompanied by an exhibition documenting our work process, explaining the individual parts of the model and presenting the functions of a Roman villa by means of a childfriendly text.
In addition, we shall offer workshops to various themes surrounding the Villa Heitersheim, the dates of which are yet to be determined.
Who are we?
We are Public BRICKstory.
We, Kevin Walter and Oliver Isensee, are Masters students of History at the University of Freiburg. We have dedicated ourselves to the question how history is conveyed to the public and why toys play such a minor role in this regard. With this in mind we founded the project Public BRICKstory.
What is the aim of Public BRICKstory?
To render history tangible – in both a literal as
well as metaphorical sense.
To most people, history is never more than a theoretical object learnt in school. By the use of LEGO® for the design of historic settings and environments we intend to make this object lifelike and tangible.
Why LEGO®?
Everybody knows LEGO®.
LEGO® connects generations. Children play with it, and parents and grandparents play with their children and grandchildren. LEGO®’s great variety of building blocks allows for a very flexible implementation and realisation of ideas. LEGO® also enhances as well as demands finesse and creativity amongst all who build with it.
What do we offer?
Interactive History.
We build models in historical settings. Furthermore, we offer an interpretation of the model in its historic representation by means of an accompanying exhibition as well as workshops for anyone between 5 and 99 years of age.
St Clement's Church, Burnham Overy, is an unusual building which has gone through several phases and changes. As presented now it has a central tower and transepts but plans inside the church show that the side aisles once extended to the chancel end. The arcading for this still remains in the southern chancel wall and is also visible externally on the north side.
There appear to have been historic concerns about the stability of the central tower as both arches under the tower have been filled in and replaced by a narrow doorway. The effect inside is to create two separate churches. The guide notes: "Central towers like this are not very stable structures when constructed with flints, so few have survived nine or ten centuries". In addition to filling in the two arches the tower has been lowered and has lost at least one storey.
Entering the south facing door you are confronted with half the church [in this case the nave] and one altar. A narrow doorway next to the altar leads through the base of the tower into the chancel end and to the second altar. A major restoration of 1835 filled in the arches as stated and the chancel was then used as a Sunday school until the Board School was built in 1874.
Also upon entering the church note the medieval wall painting of St.Christopher facing the door. As the patron saint of travellers his image was normally placed opposite the main door so that travellers could give thanks for a completed journey.
The church is thought to be late Saxon/early Norman due to the lack of dressed stone in the tower. The east window is Early English period, the Y tracery in the windows is Decorated period while the church porch is Perpendicular. The font is thought to be Norman.
There is only one bell - again probably due to concerns about the stabiliy of the tower - but this is early 15th century and was cast by Richard Brasyer in Norwich. One unusual feature is a floor level piscina in the chancel which (I must admit) rather resembles a gents' urinal. Piscinas were used to wash holy vessels and dispose of Holy Water, etc, into the foundations beneath the church and these are normally found in the wall, mostly near the altar. The guide states there are not others like it in Norfolk and it may once have been a waist-height bowl on a stone stem.
As this is one of the Burnhams the Nelson name occurs yet again. Horatio Nelson's father was the rector of the adjacent parish but Horatio is believed to have used the churchyard here as a shortcut to the Staithe to see the ships which is where his early interest in the sea was kindled.
In the village is a broken cross stump, The Brothercross, which is where merchants formerly conclude deals. It gets its name from the Carmelite Brothers who once cared for the crossing over the adjacent River Burn.
Dynamic Stability Control (DSC)† modulates power and brakes to maintain the intended course
† Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) is an electronic system to help the driver maintain control under adverse conditions. It is not a substitute for safe driving practices. Visit www.MazdaUSA.com for further details.
Jeong Joon Yu (SK Group), Olga Algayerova (UNECE), Mark Harper (Secretary of State for Transport, UK), Volker Wissing (Federal Minister for Digital and Transport, Germany), Hee-ryong Won (Minster of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Korea), Kris Peeters (European Investment Bank, EIB) and Carlos Monje (Under Secretary for Transportation Policy, US explore the role of transport in promoting economic co-operation, peace and stability in the Open Plenary "Transport as an enabler of sustainable economies, peace and stability in time of crisis". The event takes place during the International Transport Forum's 2023 Summit on "Transport Enabling Sustainable Economies" in Leipzig, Germany on 24 May 2023.
Public Meeting on the EU Stablity Treaty in Scoil Áine Naofe, Lucan, Co. Dublin - © David Novak Photography
I drew this "mandala" in a square form, as it felt to give more stability and balance than a round one. Mandala by the very name is a circle so can't really call this a mandala.
Hope and pray that balance and stability return to all of us soon.
Speed and stability sailboat reaching - Sailing for Balance method www.storerboatplans.com/event/sailing/speed-stability-sai...
A piece to the constants in life upon which we can count, Death and Taxes. For a little reminder of stability...
Andrea Enria, Chairman, European Banking Authority, London is captured during the Forum Debate 'Global Financial Stability' at the congress centre during the Annual Meeting 2015 of the World Economic Forum in Davos, January 21, 2015.
WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM/swiss-image.ch/Photo Monika Flueckiger
Herman Van Rompuy speaking at EPP conference “Stability, Security, Prosperity - the future of Europe and the Euro”
Jean-David Sigaux speeks at the Financial Stability and Macroprudential Conference on June 11th, 2025 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Chevy Impala for 2011 introduced at Hank Graff Davison for the annual fall Chevy Impala sales event. Over the years the Chevy Impala has become synonymous with Hank Graff Davison. We are Chevy Impala! Spanning nine generations the Chevy Impala has become the refined jewel of the large sedan market, in fact it is the number one best selling large sedan in America. Hank Graff Davison is the nation’s premier retailer of Chevy Impalas. Nine generations of Chevy Impala and it is still ahead of its time with an electronic stability control system. It will be required on all cars by 2012. You don't have to wait - this important safety feature is already standard in every Impala. StabiliTrak Electronic Stability Control assists the driver with directional control of the vehicle in difficult driving conditions. Sensors monitor the path being steered, and the direction the vehicle is actually turning. If it detects a difference, it selectively applies brake pressure to the appropriate wheel to help get the vehicle back on track. Need more reasons to attend the Chevy Impala fall sales event? How about Automatic Crash Response from OnStar? The Chevy Impala offers the security of OnStar, with Automatic Crash Response, standard for the first six months. Built-in vehicle sensors can send an alert to OnStar. Even if you don't respond, an OnStar Advisor can request that emergency help be sent right away. You can get additional details and driving directions as well as hours of operation by visiting www.hankgraffdavison.com or phone us at 810-653-4111. We are Chevy Impala!
The stability of a championship focused solely on him will depend on the operation this Tuesday of the current champion. Marc Mrquez, this Sunday, after his serious fall.EFE Chronicle.Marc Mrquez breaks his shoulder and his World Cup is in danger The MotoGP World Championship in 2014 embarked on a labyrinthine path: the move to pay […]
tv6.news/the-perfect-storm-for-the-motogp-economy-the-cor...
Copyright: Dr. W. Murphy, University of Leeds
Debris slide near the town of Calitri, Southern Italy. The slide occurred in colluvial materials and fill and sits on the edge of a much larger landslide complex.
I chose this picture to be in my breadth photography because it shows asymmetry and use of cinematic filtering. I used curves with high and low lights, brightness/contrast filtering, gradient map hard lighting, and some light dodging. The model was Katherine Borchers, and the photo assignment was form/function and i chose to use form. I shot using a Canon Rebel and a 55mm lens.
USIP hosted an address by the Prime Minister of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, His Excellency Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, in his first public speaking engagement with the Washington policy community since becoming Prime Minister for the third time in June 2013. www.usip.org/events/pakistans-vision-peace-stability-and-...
This is a more advanced exercise for activation of quadratus lumborum and abdminal internal obliques (core stability!!).
keep elbow at 90 degrees, arm straight down. activate abdominals, lift whole body away from the ground and hold for 20 seconds. For more information see www.coomerawellnesscentre.com.au.
Harlem, Manhattan, New York City, United States
Designed in two sections by different architects, the Metropolitan Baptist Church (originally the New York Presbyterian Church) is a fine example of the many new churches built in Harlem during the late 19th century at a time when the local church represented wealth and stability to the community. The building is distinguished by a somewhat unusual blend of the Gothic and Romanesque Revival styles, both favored in part for their imposing character, and reflects the importance of its original congregation.
The earlier section of rough-faced limestone church, fronting on West 128th Street, was planned by John Rochester Thomas in 1884. It housed a small lecture room/ chapel and was erected with the intention of adding a principal auditorium structure at a later date. The addition, comprising the Seventh Avenue facade and the northern section of the church, was completed in 1890 and designed by Richard R. Davis. Davis' extension, with its dominating gable and towers, complemented the Thomas design incorporating many details from the earlier structure.
Although the immediate neighborhood was not fully developed when the building was commissioned by the New York Presbyterian Church, greater Harlem was blossoming as New York's most fashionable suburb. Harlem derived its name from the village of Nieuw Harlem established in the region by Peter Stuyvesant in 1658, and embraced the area of Manhattan above Morningside Heights between the Hudson and Harlem Rivers. The region remained rural until the turn of the century. Country estates in the western half of the district took advantage of magnificent views from Harlem Heights, while the eastern section, between present-day 110th and 125th Streets, was cultivated as farmlands. It was not until the 1830s, when the New York & Harlem Railroad ran trains to 129th Street, that Harlem's potential as a residential suburb was recognized.
The transformation from rural village to fashionable upper-and upper-middle-class neighborhood, however, did not occur until after the 1870s. Harlem suffered a decline in the 1830s when its lush farmlands were depleted, and many great estates were sold at public auction during this period. The striking vistas and beautiful unspoiled country nevertheless attracted fashionable downtowners on picnics and day trips, particularly after the 1860s. In the 1870s the rapid growth of New York City began to notably affect the status of nearby Harlem. The area was annexed to the City in 1873, and from 1878 - 1881, three lines of the elevated railroad were extended as far north as 129th Street, precipitating the development of new residential neighborhoods.
The building boom lasted until 1905. Exclusive homes, such as Strivers Row in the St. Nicholas Historic District on 138th and 139th Streets, designed in part by Standford White in 1891, were erected for affluent, established New Yorkers, people of wealth and taste, as Harlem came to epitomize the ultimate in fashion and elegance. An 1893 article in the Harlem Monthly Magazine foresaw correctly that "It is evident to the most superficial observer that the centre of fashion, wealth, culture, and intelligence, must, in the near future, be found in the ancient and honorable village of Harlem.." By 1900 luxurious apartment houses lined Lenox Avenue in the 130's and 140's blocks and Seventh Avenue, then one of the finest residential streets in New York. Harlem also boasted elegant rows of brownstones, the fashionable Polo Grounds, and the distinguished Harlem Opera House, which opened on West 125th Street in 1889.
As exclusive neighborhoods shifted northward, most churches were compelled to follow their congregations to Harlem. Many expensive and imposing church edifices were erected for prestigious congregations whose membership often numbered in the thousands.
When the leaders of the New York Presbyterian Church purchased the comer lots on Seventh Avenue and 128th Street in 1884 they were criticized for planning such a costly project, but the church had anticipated the growth of the immediate neighborhood and the healthy expansion of membership. At the time, the New York Presbyterian Church was well established in the city. The roots of the Presbyterian faith, which is based on a modified form of Calvinism and a specific ecclesiastical hierarchy, date to 1754 when the Associate Presbytery was formed by members of the religious secession in Scotland.
In 1782, the Associate Reformed Church was formed when the Associate Presbytery joined with the Reformed Church of America. Three churches of this order were established in New York, but left a dissatisfied remnant group when they united as one in 1822. The small Scotch-Irish remnant, led by a representative of the Associate Reformed Synod, was established as the Associate Reformed Church of the City of New York in 1831, accepted into the New York Presbytery in 1867, and subsequently renamed the New York Presbyterian Church.
After occupying several downtown locations the church decided to establish a permanent headquarters in Harlem and commissioned John Rochester Thomas (1848-1901) to design the new building. Born and trained in Rochester, New York, Thomas was reputed to have designed more public and semi-public buildings than any other architect in the country. Among his works were the Eighth Regiment Armory, the Seventy-first Regiment Armory, the Squadron A Armory, a designated New York City Landmark, an extension to the old New York Stock Exchange, buildings for the New York State Reformatory at Elmira, the New Jersey State Reformatory at Rahway, and the Eastern New York Reformatory.
Among the educational institutions from which he received commissions were the University of Rochester, Rochester Theological Seminary, Cornell University, and the University of Virginia. Thomas designed more than 150 churches, one of which was the Second Reformed Church at Lenox Avenue and 123rd Street, now the Ephesus Seventh Day Adventist Church in the Mount Morris Park Historic District. Thomas is perhaps best known, however, for his 1889 design of the Hall of Records or Surrogates Court, a designated New York City Landmark. Richard R. Davis, who designed the auditorium addition, was a Harlem architect who maintained an office, 247 West 125th Street. He was responsible for many fine apartments and row houses in the area.
The cornerstone of the Thomas-designed church building was laid in October 18, 1884, and the first service held in September, 1885. The north side of the church was finished with a temporary frame bay in anticipation of the future addition. Ground was broken for the main auditorium structure on Thanksgiving Day, 1889. Davis' addition completed the church, incorporating the original design of both the exterior and interior. The new, wide, fan-shaped auditorium, which opened in October 1890, was partitioned from the original lecture room. When necessary, the two rooms were opened up as one during large Sunday services.
While the reason for the two-part construction was probably financial, it remains unclear why Thomas did not complete the project he had commenced six years earlier. Davis, in fact, appears to have plagiarized his composition for the Seventh Avenue addition from the western section of the nearby Reformed Low Dutch Church of Harlem on Lenox Avenue and West 123rd Street, designed by Thomas in 1885. The similarity is too close to be coincidental. Evidently quite proud of the completed New York Presbyterian Church, Davis claimed the entire design as his own in an 1893 business advertisement.
Only a few years after the New York Presbyterian Church was completed the character of Harlem began to undergo yet another transformation. Proposed subway routes to West Harlem sparked a wave of real estate speculation that continued until the bottom fell out of the market in 1904-1905. In 1904, a black businessman named Philip Payton founded the Afro-American Realty Company, which, during its short life, played a major role in the development of Harlem as a black community. In the aftermath of the real estate collapse, which produced a surplus of housing, Payton acquired five-year leases on white-owned properties and rented them at higher rates to black families.
Blacks who could afford high rents had begun moving to Harlem at the turn of the century. A dramatic increase in Harlem's black population came, however, as hundreds of black families were uprooted when their homes in the Tenderloin area near 34th Street were destroyed during the 1906 -1910 construction of Pennsylvania Station. For the first time good housing in large quantities was available to New York's blacks. People talked of "moving up to Harlem". Just as Harlem had been an exclusive white community, it became an exclusive black community, with more than 50,000 blacks living there by 1914.
After the 1908 collapse of the Afro-American Realty Company, local churches played the most influential roles in the development of black Harlem. Traditionally, the church was the most stable institution in the black community. Church wealth and influence expanded concurrently with the growth of Harlem's black population and membership enjoyed a healthy increase as churches began to purchase property and move to Harlem.
During the early 20th century many white denominations sold their church buildings to black congregations as "on to Harlem" movements brought black churches to the area. Selling their downtown properties at high rates, the black churches often invested their profits in local Harlem real estate.
By the 1920s almost every well-established black church had relocated uptown. Many had congregations so large that it was necessary to hold several services on a single Sunday.
Unlike the established black churches that moved to Harlem from downtown locations, the Metropolitan Baptist Church was a new congregation. Organized as the Mercy Street Baptist Church by seven blacks in 1912, the congregation merged with the Zion Baptist Church and worshipped in the basement of a house at 45-47 West 134th Street, paying $1.00 per year in rent. When the Reverend W.W. Brown arrived from Pittsburgh to lead the church in 1914, membership numbered 380.
The congregation grew rapidly under Brown's direction and services were moved to the Public Casino. In 1916, the Metropolitan Baptist Church purchased three lots on West 138th Street between Lenox Avenue and constructed a temporary building that seated 1,500 persons. After this proved inadequate, the Church purchased the New York Presbyterian Building on West 128th Street in 1918 at a cost of $85,000. In 1929 the Church acquired the three adjoining row houses on West 128th Street with the intention of erecting a youth center. These were later torn down but the center was never built.
Description
The exterior of the Metropolitan Baptist Church is little changed from its original appearance. The limestone structure shows a handsome blend of detail from the Gothic and Romanesque Revival styles which were the rule for ecclesiastical architecture of the period. Introduced in the 1840s, the Gothic Revival style never lost its popularity in church design throughout the remainder of the century, even after the Romanesque Revival style became fashionable in the 1880s. While the two styles were considered equally acceptable, elements from both were not commonly combined in one building design as they are in the Metropolitan Baptist Church.
The low and heavy massing of the church, the rough-cut stone, the conical roof form, and the use of dwarf columns with foliate capitals are typically Romanesque, while the pointed arches, richly decorated fenestration, tracery, and flying buttress are characteristic of the Gothic Revival. Although planned separately, the designs of architects Thomas and Davis work well as one, forming a unified whole with a variety of geometric volumes that intersect at different levels, and the principal facades gain a special character from a skilled combination of projecting and receding planes.
The Thomas-designed section on West 128th Street demonstrates the architect's skill in ecclesiastical design. Small in scale, the two and one-half story facade is dominated by a tremendous slate roof, shaped as a partial cone. A central peak-roofed gable end projects slightly from a bow-shaped wall that follows the curve of the roof, while a smaller peaked gable marks the southeast corner of the building.
Located at the southwest corner, the principal entrance (originally designed to be crowned by a belltower) reveals a fine design. Engaged dwarf columns of polished granite mounted on limestone bases and crowned by foliate capitals flank heavy wooden doors finished with medieval hardware. A recessed Gothic-arched stained glass transom with decorative stone tracery appears above. The transom is framed by three stone moldings that spring from the capitals and an outer molding terminating in carved bosses. A similar door appears on the east end of the facade, adjacent to a three-sided angular bay.
The entire facade is articulated by groups of stained glass, Gothic-arched lancet windows that appear at various levels. The principal gable is lit by a handsome stained-glass rose window with stone voussoirs and arched molding that appears over five lancet windows. Three small trefoil-arched lancets pierce the attic story. Decorative facade elements include terminal blocks with ornamental trefoils at the roofline, and slender engaged granite dwarf columns with foliate capitals that flank the rose window.
The west facade of the church, designed by Richard R. Davis, is dominated by a large-scale, steeply-pitched peaked roof gable end of rough cut stone traversed at intervals by plain bandcourses. The gable is flanked by engaged round towers pierced by a circle of trefoil-arched stained glass lancets crowned by layered conical roofs. A stained glass rose window is centered on the facade, set within a Gothic-arched enframement that springs from pairs of engaged columns and pilasters. Five Gothic-arched lancets unified by a continuous molding pierce the wall at ground level.
These are crowned by four circular plaques carved with trefoils. A bandcourse of the same motifs runs above, echoed by a similar bandcourse that marks the gable at attic level. A double lancet crowned by a Gothic-arched molding appears under the roof peak, which, like the towers, is crowned by a stone finial. A Gothic-arched entry flanked by engaged granite columns appears on either side of the gable end. Polished granite columns with foliate capitals flank the wooden doors, which are crowned by Gothic tracery, recalling the door compositions used by Thomas on the southern facade. A single flying buttress, another Gothic Revival element, marks the church's southwest corner at second story level.
The Metropolitan Baptist Church is remarkable for its fine stonework and stained glass, handsome composition, striking asymmetrical massing, and skilled combination of Gothic and Romanesque Revival forms. Positioned on a corner site, the church dominates the street-scape, while intersecting gables and a varied roof line give the building a special character. The original design is remarkably intact, including a particularly fine cast-iron fence at street level. The building is an excellent example of Harlem's ecclesiastical architecture, and an important symbol of the wealth and prestige enjoyed by Harlem churches.
- From the 1981 NYCLPC Landmark Designation Report
Urs Rohner, Chairman of the Board of Directors, Credit Suisse Group, Switzerland is captured talking with a participant during the Forum Debate 'Global Financial Stability' at the congress centre during the Annual Meeting 2015 of the World Economic Forum in Davos, January 21, 2015.
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