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Popular snack from Bandung, West Java: steamed fish dumplings with potatoes, eggs, and cabbage rolls served with peanut sauce, chili, soy sauce, and lime.
A popular street food dish of meatballs, wontons and beancurd in rich beef broth. A culinary treat commonly found in Malang and Surabaya, East Java.
MOC for "Foodcember 2015" event. In my country, Indonesia, steamed dumpling often shaped like this and filled with fish, prawn, and/or pork.
Dumplings are a food that consists of small pieces of dough wrapped around a filling. They can be based on flour, potatoes or bread, and may include meat, fish, vegetables, or sweets. They may be cooked by boiling, steaming, simmering, frying. They may have a filling, or there may be other ingredients mixed into the dough. Dumplings may be sweet or savoury. They can be eaten by themselves, in soups or stews, with gravy, or in any other way. While some dumplings resemble solid water-boiled doughs, such as gnocchi, others such as wontons or ravioli feature a wrapping of dough around a filling.
AFRICAN CUISINE
Banku and kenkey fit the definition of a dumpling in that they are starchy balls of dough that are steamed. They are formed from fermented cornmeal dough. Banku are boiled while kenkey are partly boiled then finished by steaming in banana leaves.
Fufu may be described as a dumpling although in actual sense, it is not. Fufu is made by pounding boiled cassava (common in Ghana) or yam (common in Nigeria) in a wooden mortar with a wooden pestle. Plantain or cocoyam may be added. There are several other versions of fufu in Africa and the Caribbean. There have been other versions of fufu which will fit better into the definition of dumplings. These are mostly common outside Africa where they originate. It is made by steaming cassava and plantain/cocoyam flour into thick starchy balls.
Tihlo - prepared from roasted barley flour - originated in the Tigray region of Ethiopia and is now very popular in Amhara as well and spreading further south.
Souskluitjies are dumplings found in South Africa. They are a steamed sweet dumpling, sometimes made with plain flour and sometimes with the addition of dried fruits or other flavors. They are often served with a syrup flavored with cinnamon or a custard sauce.
South Africa has another kind of dumpling known as melkkos. These dumplings are formed by putting milk, one teaspoon at a time, into a dry flour mixture. The flour clings to the milk and forms dumplings, which are then boiled in a mixture of milk and butter. They are served hot and sprinkled with cinnamon sugar.
AMERICAN CUISINE
Several types of dumplings are popular in the United States. Bite-sized, hand-torn pieces of dough are cooked in boiling chicken broth along with a variety of vegetables to make the dish chicken and dumplings which is served as a thick soup. Chicken and dumplings is a popular comfort food in the Southern and Midwestern U.S.
Dumplings are often used as part of the regionally popular Burgoo stew.
The baked dumpling is popular in American cuisine. These sweet dumplings are made by wrapping fruit, frequently a whole tart apple, in pastry, then baking until the pastry is browned and the filling is tender. As an alternative to simply baking them, these dumplings are surrounded by a sweet sauce in the baking dish, and may be basted during cooking. Popular flavours for apple dumplings include brown sugar, caramel, or cinnamon sauces.
Boiled dumplings are made from flour to form a dough. A pot of boiling chicken or turkey broth is used to cook this dough. The thickness and the size of the dumplings is at the cook's discretion. The size does not affect the taste but the thickness does. It is optional to serve with the meat in the dish or on the side.
Dumplings can be made with eggs, milk, baking powder or even yeast, or just from flour and water. Rolled dumplings are rolled thin and cut into small pieces for cooking, while dropped dumplings are formed into small balls.
Tortilla dumplings are made by adding tortillas and fillings to a boiling pot of stock. Popular varieties of Southern dumplings include chicken dumplings, turkey dumplings, strawberry dumplings, apple dumplings, ham dumplings, and even butter-bean dumplings.
ASIAN CUISINE
CENTRAL ASIAN CUISINE
Manti (also manty or mantu) is a steamed dumpling in Central Asian and Chinese Islamic cuisine. It contains a mixture of ground lamb (or beef) spiced with black pepper, enclosed in a dough wrapper. Manti are cooked in a multi-level steamer (mantovarka) and served topped with butter, yogurt, sour cream, or onion sauce. These dumplings are popular throughout Central Asia, including Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Xinjiang region of China and India.
Chuchvara is a very small boiled dumpling typical of Uzbek and Tajik cuisine. Made of unleavened dough squares filled with meat, it is similar to the Russian pelmeni and the Chinese wonton, but in observance of the Islamic dietary rules, the meat filling is without pork. Chuchvara can be served in a clear soup or on their own, with vinegar or sauce based on finely chopped greens, tomatoes and hot peppers. Another popular way of serving chuchvara is topped with suzma (strained qatiq) or with smetana (sour cream), Russian-style.
CHINESE CUISINE
A common legend goes that dumplings were first invented in the era of the Three Kingdoms, around 225 AD. Zhuge Liang, a general and minister of Shu Han, dammed up a poison marsh on his southern campaign against the Nanman with dumplings instead of the heads that the Nanman used.The jiaozi (Chinese: 餃子/饺子) is a common Chinese dumpling which generally consists of minced meat and finely chopped vegetables wrapped into a piece of dough skin. The skin can be either thin and elastic or thicker. Popular meat fillings include ground meat (usually pork, but can instead be beef or chicken), shrimp, and even fish. Popular mixtures include pork with Chinese cabbage, pork with garlic chives, pork and shrimp with vegetables, pork with spring onion, garlic chives with scrambled eggs. Filling mixtures vary depending on personal tastes and region. Jiaozi are usually boiled, steamed or fried and continue to be a traditional dish eaten on Chinese New Year's Eve, the evening before Chinese New Year, and special family reunions. Particularly, in Northern China, people generally eat dumpling on the Winter Solstice (December 22 of each year), a custom signifying a warm winter. Extended family members may gather together to make dumplings, and it is also eaten for farewell to family members or friends. In Northern China, dumplings are commonly eaten with a dipping sauce made of vinegar and chili oil or paste, and occasionally with some soy sauce added in.
If dumplings are laid flatly on a pan, first steamed with a lid on and with a thin layer of water, then fried in oil after the water has been evaporated, they are called guotie (鍋貼/锅贴, sometimes called "potstickers"), as the Maillard reaction occurring on the bottom of the dumplings makes the skin crispy and brown. The same dumplings are called jiaozi if they are just steamed.
The wonton (雲呑/餛飩) is another kind of dumpling. It is typically boiled in a light broth or soup and made with a meatier filling. The skin wrapping for wontons is different—thinner and less elastic—than that used for jiaozi[citation needed]. Wontons are more popular in Southern China (Shanghai, Guangdong, Hong Kong etc.) whereas in Northern China, jiaozi are more popular. Jiaozi, wonton and potstickers are all wrapped differently.
Another type of Chinese dumpling is made with glutinous rice. Usually, the glutinous rice dumplings zongzi (粽子) are triangle or cone shaped, can be filled with red bean paste, Chinese dates or cured meat depending on region. Glutinous rice dumplings are traditionally eaten during the Duanwu Festival. Other types of dumplings would be soup dumplings, commonly referred to as xiaolongbao (小籠包/小笼包).
Chinese cuisine includes sweet dumplings. Tangyuan are smaller dumplings made with glutinous rice flour and filled with sweet sesame, peanut, red bean paste. Tangyuan may also be served without a filling. Tangyuan are eaten on the 15th day of Chinese New Year, or the Lantern Festival.
See also: dim sum (點心) for descriptions of several other kinds of dumplings such as har gow, fun guo, siew mai, Cha siu bao, lo mai gai and crystal dumplings.
INDIAN CUISINE
Indian cuisine features several dishes which could be characterised as dumplings:
Gujhia (Hindi) is a sweet dumpling made with wheat flour, stuffed with khoya. Bhajia are also dumplings sometimes stuffed with veggies and fruits.
Fara (Hindi) is also famous in North India which is very similar to dumplings. It is made of wheat flour with stuffing of lentils and similar delicacy.
Kachori (Hindi) is a round flattened ball made of fine flour filled with a stuffing of baked mixture of yellow moong dal or Urad Dal (crushed and washed horse beans), besan (crushed and washed gram flour), black pepper, red chili powder, salt and other spices.
Karanji (Marathi, Oriya) or Kajjikayi (Kannada, Telugu) or Kanoli are fried sweet dumplings made of wheat flour and stuffed with dry or moist coconut delicacies. They are a popular dish among Maharastrians, Oriyas and South Indians.
Pitha (Bihari, Oriya, Bengali, Assamese) are stuffed savouries either made by steam or deep frying. A wide range of pithas are available in eastern and north eastern India.
Another dumpling popular in Western India and South India is the Modak (Marathi, Oriya) or Modhaka (Kannada) or Modagam (Tamil) or Sugiyan (Malayalam), Kudumu (Telugu) where the filling is made of fresh coconut and jaggery or sugar while the covering is steamed rice dough. It is eaten hot with ghee.
Kozhakkattai (Tamil) or Kadabu (Kannada), is another South Indian dish that can be sweet, salty or spicy. The outer shell is always steamed sticky rice dough. In the sweet version, a form of sweet filling made with coconuts, boiled lentils and jaggery is used, whereas in the salty version, a mixture of steamed cracked lentils, chillies and some mild spices is used.
Ada (Malayalam) is another South Indian dish from Kerala that is sweet. Scrapped coconut mixed with sugar or jaggery is enveloped between the spread rice-dough and steamed. Sweet version of Kozhakkattai is equally famous in Kerala.
Pidi (Malayalam) is another South Indian dish from Kerala that is usually eaten with chicken curry.
Samosa is another popular savoury snack eaten in the Indian Subcontinent and Iranian Plateau. It is a fried dumpling usually stuffed with mince, vegetables (mainly potatoes) and various other spices. Vegetarian variants of samosas, without the added mince stuffing, are also popular and are sold at most eateries or roadside stalls throughout the country.
INDONESIAN CUISINE
Indonesian fish dumplings served in peanut sauce is called Siomay. Other types of dumplings are called Pangsit (wonton), steamed, boiled, or fried, and often is used as complement of bakmi ayam or chicken noodle. Indonesian dumplings were influenced and brought by Chinese immigrants to Indonesia.
FILIPINO CUISINE
Similar to Indonesia, the Chinese have brought dumplings to the Philippines since Pre-colonial times. It is also called Siomai which is made from ground pork, beef, shrimp, among others, combined with extenders like green peas, carrots and the like which is then wrapped in wonton wrappers. It is either steamed or fried and is usually dipped in soy sauce with calamansi juice.
JAPANESE CUISINE
Dango (団子) is a sweet dumpling made from rice flour, similar to mochi. Dango is eaten year-round, but the different varieties are traditionally eaten in given seasons. Three to four dango are often served on a skewer.
Gyōza (ギョーザ/餃子) is the Japanese version of the Chinese jiaozi.
KOREAN CUISINE
Korean dumplings are called "mandu" (만두). They are typically filled with a mixture of ingredients, including ground pork, kimchi, vegetables, cellophane noodles, but there are very many variations. Mandu can be steamed, fried, or boiled. The dumplings can also be used to make a soup called mandu guk (soup)(만둣국).
MONGOLIAN CUISINE
Buuz
Khuushuur
NEPALI CUISINE
In Nepal, steamed dumplings known as momos (or momo-cha) are a popular snack, often eaten as a full meal as well. They are similar to the Chinese jiaozi or the Central Asian manti. The dish is native to Tibet and was brought to Nepal by the Newar traders of Kathmandu who were trading goods with Tibet before the 1930s. Many different fillings, both meat based and vegetarian are common. Kathmandu Valley, a popular destination for momos, has with time developed its own essence for this food that differentiates it from its Tibetan counterpart.
Momos can be both fried and steamed. Momos are usually served with a dipping sauce normally consisting of tomatoes and chillies as the base ingredient, from which numerous variations can be made. Momo soup is a dish that has steamed momos immersed in a meat broth. Momos that are pan fried after steaming first are known as kothey momo, and steamed momos served in a hot sauce are called C-Momo in Nepal. Momos can also be prepared by directly deep frying without steaming first. Momos are one of the most items on the menus of Nepalese restaurants not only in Nepal but also around the world with significant Nepali populations like India, USA, UK, Australia and some Middle Eastern and European countries.
CARIBBEAN AND LATIN AMERICAN CUISINE
GENERAL
Empanadas, whose stuffing, manufacture and types are numerous and varied, differ from traditional dumplings in that they are deep fried or steamed and excess dough is not cut off.
CARIBBEAN CUISINE
Dumplings are either pan fried using a simple recipe including all-purpose flour, water, and salt made into a thick dough before frying on a pan until golden brown, or boiled in a soup. The fried version is usually served with breakfast codfish as a side.
BARBADIAN CUISINE
In Barbados, dumplings differ from those in other Caribbean islands in that they are slightly sweetened. The dumplings may either be of the flour or cornmeal variety. The dough is flavoured with spice, cinnamon and nutmeg. Dumplings are often added with Bajan soup where they are boiled. When found in Stew food, they dumplings are steamed along with ground provision, salted meat, plantain and other ingredients which is served with gravy.
JAMAICAN CUISINE
Dumplings come in three forms in Jamaica, fried, boiled, and roasted. All are made with flour, white or wheat, and the white-floured dumplings are often mixed with a bit of cornmeal. These foods are often served with a variety of dishes like ackee and saltfish, kidneys, liver salt mackerel, etc. and often taste better when refried. A refried dumpling is an already boiled dumpling left over from previous cooking that is fried, which gives it a slightly crispy outer layer and a tender middle. A purely fried white flour dumpling (also known as a "Johnny Cake") is golden brown and looks a lot like buñuelos, often substituting the boiled dumpling, but it is mostly consumed as part of breakfast. Fried dumplings can be made with or without sugar. When mixed with sugar, cornmeal and baking powder and fried, this variation is called festival. This delicious variation goes well when served with fried fish, or any other traditional Jamaican home food.
It derived from the Akan cuisine of Bofrot, with the exclusion of vanilla and yeast. For Jamaican dumplings, however, sugar and butter is optional as there are various ways to make it in Jamaica.
BRAZILIAN CUISINE
In Brazil, there are pastels, coxinhas, and bolinhas de carne which are fried dumplings filled with chicken, pork or beef mixed with olives, onions and spices. It is common to eat these on the beach or after work with fruit smoothies, beer, or fruity alcoholic drinks known as batidas.
CHILEAN CUISINE
In Chile, there are pantrucas, a type of flat, elongated irregular dumplings flavoured with fresh parsley and served in soup.
PERUVIAN CUISINE
"Papas Rellenas" or stuffed potatoes consist of a handful of mashed potatoes (without the milk and butter) flattened in the palm of the hand and stuffed with a savoury combination of ingredients. The stuffing usually consists of sautéed meat (could be beef, pork or chicken), onions and garlic. They are all seasoned with cumin, aji, raisins, peanuts, olives and sliced or chopped hard boiled eggs. After stuffing a ball is formed, rolled over flour and deep fried in hot oil. The stuffed potatoes are usually accompanied by onion sauce consisting of sliced onions, lime juice, olive oil, salt, pepper and slices of fresh peppers. The same dish may also be made with seafood. In some countries, yuca purée is used as the starch component of these Latin American dumplings.
PUERTO RICAN CUISINE
In Puerto Rico, dumplings are made of grated tubers such as yuca and malanga with added calabaza, unripe bananas and plantains mixed with flour. This dumplings are a traditional part in Puerto Rican style pigeon pea soup. Olive oil and annatto are usually added and help the mix from turning brown. The dumplings are formed into small balls and are first cooked in olive oil before boiling. Once the dumplings are crispy on the outside, they are then boiled with added ingredients.
Another dumpling that originated in Puerto Rico is the pasteles, a dumpling made of grated root vegetables, squash, plantains, and unripe bananas. The masa is then mixed with milk and annatto oil, and they are stuffed with stewed pork, chick peas, olives, capers and raisins. They are then placed on a banana leaf, tied and then boiled. The origin of pasteles leads back to Natives on the island of Borikén. Pasteles are popular in the Dominican Republic, Hawaii, Trinidad and lately seen in Cuban cuisine.
EUROPEAN CUISINE
BRITISH AND IRISH CUISINE
Savoury dumplings made from balls of dough are part of traditional British and Irish cuisine. Traditionally dumplings are made from twice the weight of self raising flour to suet, bound together by cold water to form a dough and seasoned with salt and pepper. Balls of this dough are dropped into a bubbling pot of stew or soup, or into a casserole. They sit, partly submerged in the stew, and expand as they are half-boiled half-steamed for ten minutes or so. The cooked dumplings are airy on the inside and moist on the outside. The dough may be flavoured with herbs, or it may have cheese pressed into its centre.
After beef stew is finished, a pudding can be created by topping the dumplings and gravy with sugar.[citation needed]
The Norfolk dumpling is not made with fat, but from flour and a raising agent.[8] Cotswold dumplings call for the addition of breadcrumbs and cheese, and the balls of dough may be rolled in breadcrumbs and fried, rather than cooked in a soup or stew.[9] Vegetarian dumplings can be made with vegetable suet, a type of shredded vegetable fat. When sweetened with dried fruit and spices, dumplings can be boiled in water to make a dessert. In Scotland, this is called a clootie dumpling, after the cloth.
CENTRAL EUROPEAN CUISINE
Germany, Hungary, Austria, Czech Republic and Slovakia boast a large variety of dumplings, both sweet and savoury. A dumpling is called Kloß in Northern Germany, Knödel, Nockerl or Knöpfle in Southern Germany and Austria. These are flour dumplings, the most common dumplings, thin or thick, made with eggs and semolina flour, boiled in water. Meat dumplings (called Klopse or Klöpse in North-Eastern Germany, Knöpfle and Nocken in Southern Germany) contain meat or liver. Liver dumplings are frequent additions to soup. Thüringer Klöße are made from raw or boiled potatoes, or a mixture of both, and are often filled with croutons. Bread dumplings are made with white bread and are sometimes shaped like a loaf of bread, and boiled in a napkin, in which case they are known as napkin dumplings (Serviettenknödel).
Maultaschen are a Swabian (Baden-Württemberg) specialty food, consisting of an outer layer of pasta dough with a filling traditionally made of sausage meat, spinach, bread crumbs and onions and flavored with various spices. Similar in appearance to Italian ravioli, Maultaschen are usually larger, however, each Maultasche being about 8–12 cm across.
he only potato dumpling museum in the world, the Thüringer Kloßmuseum, is located in Germany, in the municipality of Heichelheim near Weimar.Halušky are a traditional variety of dumplings cooked in the Central and Eastern European cuisines (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Ukraine). These aresmall lumps cut from a thick flour and egg batter and dropped into boiling water, similar to the German Spätzle, Knöpfle, or Knödel.
In Hungary, these dumplings are called galuska or nokedli. Sweet varieties called gombóc are made with flour and potato dough, which is wrapped around whole plums or apricots, and then boiled and rolled in hot buttered bread crumbs. Shlishkes or "Krumplinudli" are small boiled potato dumplings made from the same potato dough as the sweet plum dumplings, also rolled in hot buttered bread crumbs.
Bryndzové halušky, considered the Slovak national dish, are small potato dumplings without a filling, served with salty sheep's cheese on top. The same dumplings are also used to create a similar dish, strapačky. Also available are their related stuffed version called pirohy, usually filled with bryndza (bryndzové pirohy), quark cheese, potatoes, onions, cabbage, mushrooms, or meat.
In Czech cuisine dumplings have two main forms:
Knödel is called in Czech knedlík and in Slovakia knedliček. It can be either houskový (bread) or bramborový (potato) knödel. These dumplings are boiled in loaf shape and then cut in slices and are part of many Czech national dishes such as Vepřo knedlo zelo or Svíčková na smetaně.
Ovocné knedlíky (ball-shaped knedle) filled in with fruit: plums, strawberry, blueberry etc. Meal is completed on plate with grated quark, melted butter and powder sugar.
Idrijski žlikrofi are Slovenian dumplings, regionally located in the town of Idrija. They are made from dough with potato filling and have a characteristic form of a hat. Žlikrofi are made by a traditional recipe from the 19th century, but the source of the recipe is unknown due to lack of historical sources. The dish may be served as a starter or a side dish to meat based dishes. Žlikrofi were the first Slovenian food to be classified as a Traditional speciality guaranteed dish.
EASTERN EUROPEAN CUISINE
Pierogi of Poland and varenyky of Ukraine, Russia and Belarus are ravioli-like crescent-shaped dumplings filled with savoury or sweet filling. Varenyky are usually boiled or steamed. Pierogi are often fried after boiling.
"Little ears", variously called uszka in Poland, ushki (ушки) in Russia, vushka (вушка) in Ukraine, and vushki (вушкі) in Belarus, are folded ring-shaped dumplings similar in shape to Italian tortellini or Jewish kreplach. They are stuffed with meat or mushrooms and traditionally served in borshch or clear soup. In Romania, "little ears" (Romanian: urechiuşe) are also served in dumpling soup (supă de găluşte)
Kluski are a different variety of Polish dumplings.
Lithuanian dough dumplings are called koldūnai and virtiniai. Usually they are filled with meat or curd. One of the varieties is called Šaltanosiai and is made with blueberry filling. There are also potato dumplings called cepelinai or didžkukuliai, filled with meat or curd inside, served with soured cream. A similar dish exists in Belarus that is called klyocki (клёцкi).
Russian pelmeni are smaller than varenyky and made only of minced meat with addition of onions and spices. Sometimes the meat used is only beef, in other recipes is a mixture of beef with pork and/or mutton. Pelmeni should be juicy inside. They are unrelated to the pasta with which they are sometimes compared as it is a savoury main dish. They are usually boiled in water with spices and salt, or in meat bouillon, sometimes fried before serving. They are often served with plenty of sour cream.
An important difference between pelmeni, varenyky, and pierogi is the thickness of the dough shell—in pelmeni this is as thin as possible, and the proportion of filling to dough is usually higher.[11] Pelmeni are never served with a sweet filling, which distinguishes them from varenyky and pierogi, which sometimes are. Also, the fillings in pelmeni are usually raw, while the fillings of vareniki and pierogi are typically precooked.
The word pelmeni is derived from pel'n'an' (пельнянь) – literally "ear bread" in the native Finno-Ugric Komi, Udmurt, and Mansi languages. It is unclear when pelmeni entered the cuisines of the indigenous Siberian people and when they first appeared in Russian cuisine. One theory suggests pelmeni, or stuffed boiled dumplings in general, originated in Siberia, possibly a simplified adaptation of the Chinese Wonton (in some dialect is called Bāomiàn "包面"). Pelmeni are particularly good means of quickly preserving meat during long Siberian winter, especially eliminating the need to feed livestock during the long winter months.
The main difference between pelmeni and momos is their size—a typical pelmeni is about 2 to 3 centimetres (0.79 to 1.18 in) in diameter, whereas momos are often at least twice that size.
In Siberia, especially popular with the Buryat peoples are steamed dumplings called pozi (buuz in Mongolian, from Chinese: 包子; pinyin: bāozi). They are usually made with an unleavened dough, but are often encountered leavened. The traditional filling is meat, but the kind of meat and how it is processed varies. In Mongolia, mutton is favored, and is chopped rather than ground; pork and beef mixes are more popular in Russia.
Manti, samsa, chiburekki, and belyashi are all popular imported dumplings.
ITALIAN CUISINE
Ravioli and tortellini fit the basic definition of a dumpling: these are pockets of pasta enclosing various fillings (cheese, mushrooms, spinach, seafood, or meat). Instead of being made from a ball of dough, the dough is rolled flat, cut into a shape, filled with other ingredients, and then the dough is closed around the filling.
Gnocchi (Spanish: ñoquis, widely adopted in Argentina, Portuguese: nhoque, Slovene: Njoki) is a different kind of Italian dumpling. The word gnocchi literally means "lumps", and they are rolled and shaped from a mixture of egg with potato, semolina, flour, or ricotta cheese (with or without spinach). The lumps are boiled in water and served with melted butter, grated cheese, or other pasta sauces.
SCANDINAVIAN CUISINE
NORWAY
In Norway, dumplings have a vast variety of names, as the dialects differ substantially. Names include potetball, klubb, kløbb, raspeball, komle, kumle, kompe, kumpe, kodla, kudle, klot, kams, ball, baill, komperdøse, kumperdøse, kompadøs, ruter, ruta, raskekako, risk, klotremat, krumme and kromme. They are usually made from potatoes and various types of flour, and then boiled. Occasionally they are filled with bacon. In some areas it is common to serve the dumplings with syrup.
SWEDEN
In Sweden, potato dumplings of originally German origin[14] have several regional names, mainly depending on the type of flour used. When the potato is mixed with wheat flour, which is more common in southern Sweden, it is called kroppkaka. In Blekinge[15] and parts of the island of Öland, it is traditionally made from grated raw potato, which makes it greyish in colour, while on Gotland and in Småland it is predominantly made from mashed boiled potato, and is thus whiter in colour. The kroppkaka is usually filled with diced, smoked bacon and chopped, raw onion, and is often spiced with allspice.
When the potato is mixed with barley flour, which is traditional in northern Sweden, it is known as palt in Lapland, Västerbotten and Norrbotten, and as kams in Jämtland, Ångermanland and Medelpad. Originally, palt was eaten all over Sweden and was made from barley or rye flour alone, but during the 19th century, when potato was added and wheat became more common and inexpensive, the northern recipes retained the original name, while kroppkaka, which had always been the name used on Öland for the flour dumpling, became the name for the variant in southern Sweden.
Palt and kams is usually filled with diced, unsmoked bacon. However, sometimes fried bacon is served on the side of unfilled palt or kams, which then is known as flatpalt or flatkams, as the lack of filling makes it flatter. The most well-known palt variant is the Pitepalt from Piteå. In Dalarna, where the dish is known as klabbe, it is still made without potatoes and is never filled. Klabbe is instead served with diced bacon on the side.
A variant of palt is blodpalt, where pig, beef or reindeer blood is mixed into the dough. Other palt variants are leverpalt, with minced liver added to the dough, and njurpalt, with diced kidney mixed into the bacon filling. Blodpalt also existed across the country originally, and has been found in iron age graves in Halland.
The filled kroppkaka, palt or kams ball - as well as the flatter, unfilled flatpalt, flatkams and klabbe - is dropped into boiling salted water and cooked until it floats. It is traditionally served warm with melted butter and lingonberry jam, although in some parts of southern Sweden the melted butter is replaced by half cream (a mix of milk and cream) or a warm milk sauce, and in parts of northern Sweden the butter is replaced by a warm milk sauce spiced with messmör. Leftover kroppkaka is often served halved and fried.
Unfilled flour dumplings for use in soup are called klimp if the flour is wheat, but mjölpalt if the flour is barley or rye.
MIDDLE EASTERN CUISINE
ARABIC CUISINE
Asida
Kibbeh
Qatayef
Shishbarak
CAUCASIAN CUISINE
Meat-filled manti in Armenia are typically served with yogurt or sour cream, accompanied by clear soup. Mantapour is an Armenian beef soup with manta.
Boraki (Armenian: Բորակի) are a kind of Armenian fried dumplings. The main distinction of boraki is that the minced meat is pre-fried, the boraki are formed as small cylinders with an open top, the cylinders are lightly boiled in broth and then fried. Boraki are served garnished with yogurt and chopped garlic.
Dushbara (Azerbaijan: Düşbərə) is an Azeri soup with tiny lamb-filled dumplings.
Khinkali (Georgian: ხინკალი) are Georgian dumplings usually filled with spiced meat. herbs (usually coriander), onions, and garlic. Mushrooms, potatoes, or cheese may be used in place of meat. The khinkali is typically consumed first by sucking the juices while taking the first bite, in order to prevent the dumpling from bursting. The towns of Dusheti, Pasanauri and Mtskheta are particularly famous for their khinkali.
Mataz are dumplings in Circassian and some other Caucasian cuisines, closely related to manti. They typically consist of a spiced meat mixture, usually lamb or ground beef, with greens and onions, put in a dough wrapper, either boiled or steamed. Mushrooms, potatoes, or cheese may be used in place of meat.
JEWISH CUISINE
Kreplach
Kubbeh
Matzah ball
Knish
TURKISH CUISINE
Manti
WIKIPEDIA
Tofu, also known as bean curd, is a food made by coagulating soy milk and then pressing the resulting curds into soft white blocks. It is a component in East Asian and Southeast Asian cuisines. There are many different varieties of tofu, including fresh tofu and tofu that has been processed in some way. Tofu is bought or made to be soft, firm, or extra firm. Tofu has a subtle flavor and can be used in savory and sweet dishes. It is often seasoned or marinated to suit the dish.
Tofu originated in Han dynasty China some 2,000 years ago. Chinese legend ascribes its invention to prince Liu An (179–122 BC). Tofu and its production technique were introduced into Korea and then Japan during the Nara period (710–794). Some scholars believe tofu arrived in Vietnam during the 10th and 11th century. It spread into other parts of Southeast Asia as well. This spread probably coincided with the spread of Buddhism because it is an important source of protein in the vegetarian diet of East Asian Buddhism. Li Shizhen in the Ming Dynasty described a method of making tofu in the Compendium of Materia Medica.
Tofu has a low calorie count and relatively large amounts of protein. It is high in iron, and depending on the coagulants used in manufacturing (e.g. calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate), it can have higher calcium or magnesium content.
The term tofu by extension can be used in similarly textured curdled dishes that do not use soy products at all, such as "almond tofu" (almond jelly), tamago-dōfu (ja) (egg), goma-dōfu (ja) (sesame), or peanut tofu (Chinese 落花生豆腐 luòhuāshēng dòufu and Okinawan jīmāmi-dōfu (ja)).
ETYMOLOGY
The English term comes from Japanese tōfu (豆腐), borrowed from the original Chinese equivalent (豆腐 or 荳腐) transcribed tou4-fu3 (Wade-Giles) or dòufu (pinyin), literally "bean" (豆) + "curdled" or "fermented" (腐).
A reference to the word "towfu" exists in a letter dated 1770 from English merchant James Flint to United States statesman and scientist Benjamin Franklin. This is believed to be the first documented usage of the word in English.
The term "bean curd(s)" for tofu has been used in the United States since at least 1840. It is not frequently used, however, in the United Kingdom, Australia or New Zealand.
PRODUCTION
Tofu is made by coagulating soy milk and pressing the resulting curds. Although pre-made soy milk may be used, some tofu producers begin by making their own soy milk, which is produced by soaking, grinding, boiling and straining dried (or, less commonly, fresh) soybeans.
Coagulation of the protein and oil (emulsion) suspended in the boiled soy milk is the most important step in the production of tofu. This process is accomplished with the aid of coagulants. Two types of coagulants (salts and acids) are used commercially.
SALT COAGULANTS
Calcium sulfate (gypsum): The traditional and most widely used coagulant to produce Chinese-style tofu. It produces a tofu that is tender but slightly brittle in texture. The coagulant itself has no perceivable taste. Use of this coagulant also makes a tofu that is rich in calcium. As such, many tofu manufacturers choose to use this coagulant to be able to market their tofu as a good source of dietary calcium.
Chloride-type Nigari salts or Lushui ( Traditional: 鹵水, 滷水; Simplified: 卤水, lǔshuǐ) - Magnesium chloride and calcium chloride: Both of these salts have a high solubility in water and affect soy protein in the same way, whereas gypsum is only very slightly soluble in water and acts differently in soy protein precipitation, the basis for tofu formation. These are the coagulants used to make tofu with a smooth and tender texture. In Japan, a white powder called nigari, which consists primarily of magnesium chloride, is produced from seawater after the sodium chloride is removed and the water evaporated. Depending on its production method, nigari/Lushui may also contain small quantities of magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt), potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and trace amounts of other naturally occurring salts. Although the term nigari is derived from nigai, the Japanese word for "bitter," neither nigari nor pure magnesium chloride imparts a perceivable taste to the finished tofu. Calcium chloride is a common coagulant for tofu in North America. Fresh clean sea water itself can also be used as a coagulant.
ACID COAGULANTS
Glucono delta-lactone (GDL): A naturally occurring organic acid also used in cheese making, which produces a very fine textured tofu that is almost jelly-like. This coagulant is used especially for "silken" and softer tofus, and confers an almost imperceptible sour taste to the finished product. Commonly used together with calcium sulfate to give soft tofu a smooth tender texture.
Other edible acids: Though they can affect the taste of the tofu more, and vary in efficacy and texture, acids such as acetic acid (vinegar) and citric acid (such as lemon juice), can also be used to coagulate soy milk and produce tofu.
ENZYME COAGULANTS
Among enzymes that have been shown to produce tofu are papain, and alkaline and neutral proteases from microorganisms. In the case of papain, the enzyme to substrate ratio, by weight, was held constant at 1:400. An aliquot of 1% crude papain was added to "uncooked" soy milk at room temperature and heated to 90–100 °C. Papain, moreover, has been studied as a gelling agent to produce "instant tofu" from soy protein isolate and soy glycinin (11S) protein.
Contemporary tofu manufacturers may choose to use one or more of these coagulants, since they each play a role in producing a desired texture in the finished tofu.Different textures result from different pore sizes and other microscopic features in tofus produced using each coagulant. The coagulant mixture is dissolved into water, and the solution is then stirred into boiled soy milk until the mixture curdles into a soft gel.
The curds are processed differently depending on the form of tofu that is being manufactured. For soft silken tofu (嫩豆腐; nèn dòufu) or tofu flower (豆花, dòuhuā) the soy milk is curdled directly in the tofu's selling package. For standard firm Asian tofu, the soy curd is cut and strained of excess liquid using cheese cloth or muslin and then lightly pressed to produce a soft cake. Firmer tofus, such as Asian dry tofu (豆干) or Western types of tofu, are further pressed to remove even more liquid. In Vietnam, the curd is strained and molded in a square mold and the end product is called đậu khuôn (molded bean) or đậu phụ (one of the Vietnamese ways to pronounce the Chinese dòufu). The tofu curds are allowed to cool and become firm. The finished tofu can then be cut into pieces, flavored or further processed.
Although tartness is sometimes desired in dessert tofu, the acid used in flavoring is usually not the primary coagulant since it is not desirable to the flavor or texture of the resulting tofu to add it in a sufficiently high concentration so as to induce coagulation. A sour taste in tofu and a slight cloudiness in its storing liquid is also usually an indication of bacterial growth and, hence, spoilage.
VARIETIES
There is a wide variety of tofu available in both Western and Eastern markets. Despite the large variety, tofu products can be split into two main categories: fresh tofu, which is produced directly from soy milk, and processed tofu, which is produced from fresh tofu. Tofu production also creates important side products which are often used in various cuisines.
FRESH TOFU
Depending on the amount of water that is extracted from the tofu curds, fresh tofu can be divided into three main varieties. Fresh tofu is usually sold completely immersed in water to maintain its moisture content.
SOFT OR SILKEN TOFU
Soft/silken tofu (嫩豆腐 or 滑豆腐, nèn dòufu or huá dòufu, in Chinese, lit. "soft tofu" or "smooth tofu"; 絹漉し豆腐, kinugoshi tōfu in Japanese, lit. "silk-filtered tofu"; 순두부, 純豆腐, sundubu in Korean, lit. "pure tofu") is undrained, unpressed tofu that contains the highest moisture content of all fresh tofus. Silken tofu is produced by coagulating soy milk without curdling it. Silken tofu is available in several consistencies, including "soft" and "firm", but all silken tofu is more delicate than regular firm tofu (pressed tofu) and has different culinary uses. In Japan and Korea, traditional soft tofu is made with seawater. Silken tofu is a versatile, reliable substitute for dairy and eggs, especially for smoothies and baked desserts.
Douhua (豆花, dòuhuā or 豆腐花, dòufuhuā in Chinese), or tofu brain (豆腐腦 or 豆腐脑, dòufunaǒ in Chinese) is often eaten as a dessert, but sometimes salty pickles or hot sauce are added instead. This is a type of soft tofu with an even higher moisture content. Because it is very difficult to pick up with chopsticks, it is generally eaten with a spoon. With the addition of flavorings such as finely chopped spring onions, dried shrimp, soy sauce, chilli sauce, douhua is a popular breakfast dish across China. In Malaysia, douhua is usually served warm with white or dark (palm) sugar syrup, or served cold with longans.
Some variation exists among soft tofus. Black douhua (黑豆花, hēidòuhuā) is a type of silken tofu made from black soybeans, which is usually made into dòuhuā (豆花) rather than firm or dry tofu. The texture of black bean tofu is slightly more gelatinous than regular douhua and the color is greyish in tone. This type of tofu is eaten for the earthy "black bean taste." Edamame tofu is a Japanese variety of kinugoshi tōfu made from edamame (fresh green soybeans); it is pale green in color and often studded with whole edamame.
FIRM TOFU
Firm tofu (called 老豆腐 lǎo dòufu in Chinese; 木綿豆腐, momen-dōfu in Japanese, lit. "cotton tofu"; 단단한두부, dandanhan dubu in Korean): Although drained and pressed, this form of fresh tofu still contains a great amount of moisture. It has the firmness of raw meat but bounces back readily when pressed. The texture of the inside of the tofu is similar to that of a firm custard. The skin of this form of tofu has the pattern of the muslin used to drain it and is slightly more resilient to damage than its inside. It can be picked up easily with chopsticks.
In some places in Japan, a very firm type of momen-dōfu is eaten, called ishi-dōfu (石豆腐; literally stone tofu) in parts of Ishikawa, or iwa-dōfu (岩豆腐; literally rock tofu) in Gokayama in the Toyama prefecture and in Iya in the prefecture of Tokushima. Due to their firmness, some of these types of tofu can be tied by rope and carried.[citation needed] These types of firm tofu are produced with seawater instead of nigari (magnesium chloride), or using concentrated soy milk. Some of them are squeezed of excess moisture using heavy weights. These products are produced in areas where travelling is inconvenient, such as remote islands, mountain villages, heavy snowfall areas, and so on.
EXTRA FIRM TOFU
Dòu gān (豆干, literally "dry tofu" in Chinese) is an extra firm variety of tofu where a large amount of liquid has been pressed out of the tofu. Dòu gān contains the least amount of moisture of all fresh tofu and has the firmness of fully cooked meat and a somewhat rubbery feel similar to that of paneer. When sliced thinly, this tofu can be crumbled easily. The skin of this form of tofu has the pattern of the muslin used to drain and press it. Western firm tofu is milled and reformed after the pressing and sometimes lacks the skin with its cloth patterning. One variety of dried tofu is pressed especially flat and sliced into long strings with a cross section smaller than 2 mm × 2 mm. Shredded dried tofu (豆干絲, dòugānsī in Chinese, or simply 干絲, gānsī), which looks like loose cooked noodles, can be served cold, stir-fried, or similar in style to Japanese aburaage.
PROCESSED TOFU
Many forms of processed tofu exist, due to the varied ways in which fresh tofu can be used. Some of these techniques probably[citation needed] originate from the need to preserve tofu before the days of refrigeration, or to increase its shelf life and longevity. Other production techniques are employed to create tofus with unique textures and flavors.
FERMENTED
Pickled tofu (豆腐乳 in Chinese, pinyin: dòufurǔ, lit. "tofu dairy," or 腐乳 fŭrŭ; chao in Vietnamese): Also called "preserved tofu" or "fermented tofu," this food consists of cubes of dried tofu that have been allowed to fully air-dry under hay and slowly ferment from aerial bacteria. The dry fermented tofu is then soaked in salt water, Chinese wine, vinegar, and minced chiles, or a unique mixture of whole rice, bean paste, and soybeans. In the case of red pickled tofu (紅豆腐乳 in Chinese, Pinyin: hóng dòufurǔ), red yeast rice (cultivated with Monascus purpureus) is added for color. And in Japan, pickled tofu with miso paste is called "tofu no misodzuke," which is a traditional preserved food in Kumamoto. In Okinawa, there is a pickled and fermented tofu called "tofuyo"(豆腐餻). It is made from "Shima-doufu" (an Okinawan variety of large and firm tofu). It is fermented, and matured with koji mold, red koji mold, and awamori.
Stinky tofu (臭豆腐 in Chinese, Pinyin: chòudòufu): A soft tofu that has been fermented in a unique vegetable and fish brine. The blocks of tofu smell strongly of certain pungent cheeses, and are described by many as rotten and fecal.[citation needed] Despite its strong odor, the flavor and texture of stinky tofu is appreciated by aficionados, who describe it as delightful. The texture of this tofu is similar to the soft Asian tofu from which it is made. The rind that stinky tofu develops from frying is said to be especially crisp, and is usually served with soy sauce, sweet sauce, or hot sauce.
DRIED TOFU
Two kinds of dried tofu are produced in Japan. They are usually rehydrated (by being soaked in water) prior to consumption. In their dehydrated state they do not require refrigeration.
FRIED
With the exception of the softest tofus, all forms of tofu can be fried. Thin and soft varieties of tofu are deep fried in oil until they are light and airy in their core 豆泡 dòupào, 豆腐泡 dòufupào, 油豆腐 yóudòufu, or 豆卜 dòubǔ in Chinese, literally "bean bubble," describing the shape of the fried tofu as a bubble).
Tofus such as firm Asian and dòu gān (Chinese dry tofu), with their lower moisture content, are cut into bite-sized cubes or triangles and deep fried until they develop a golden-brown, crispy surface (炸豆腐 in Chinese, zhádòufu, lit. "fried tofu"). These may be eaten on their own or with a light sauce, or further cooked in liquids; they are also added to hot pot dishes or included as part of the vegetarian dish called luohan zhai. This deep fried tofu is also called Atsuage (厚揚げ) or Namaage (生揚げ) in Japan. The thinner variety is called Aburaage (油揚げ) which develops a tofu pouch when fried that is often used for Inari-sushi.
FROZEN
Thousand layer tofu (千葉豆腐, 凍豆腐 dòngdòufu or 冰豆腐 bīngdòufu in Chinese, literally "thousand layer tofu" or "frozen tofu"): By freezing tofu, the large ice crystals that develop within the tofu result in the formation of large cavities that appear to be layered. The frozen tofu takes on a yellowish hue in the freezing process. Thousand layer tofu is commonly made at home from Asian soft tofu though it is also commercially sold as a specialty in parts of Taiwan. This tofu is defrosted, and sometimes pressed to remove moisture, prior to use.
Koya-dofu (kōya-dōfu, 高野豆腐 in Japanese): The name comes from Mount Koya, a center of Japanese Buddhism famed for its shōjin ryōri, or traditional Buddhist vegetarian cuisine. It is sold in freeze-dried blocks or cubes in Japanese markets. Since it is dried, it can be preserved for long term. It must be soaked in water before eating, and is typically simmered in dashi, sake or mirin and soy sauce. In shōjin ryōri, vegetarian kombu dashi, made from seaweed, is used. When prepared in the usual manner, it has a spongy texture and mild sweet and savory flavor (the taste and flavor depend on what soup or cooking stock it was simmered in). A similar form of freeze-dried tofu, in smaller pieces, is found in instant soups (such as miso soup), in which the toppings are freeze-dried and stored in sealed pouches.
BYPRODUCTS OF TOFU PRODUCTION
Tofu production creates some edible byproducts. Food products are made from the protein-oil film, or "skin," which forms over the surface of boiling soy milk in an open shallow pan. The leftover solids from pressing soy milk are called okara.
TOFU SKIN
Tofu skin is produced through the boiling of soy milk, in an open shallow pan, thus producing a film or skin composed primarily of a soy protein-lipid complex on the liquid surface. The films are collected and dried into yellowish sheets known as soy milk skin (腐皮, fǔpí in Chinese; 湯葉, yuba in Japanese). Its approximate composition is : 50–55% protein, 24–26% lipids (fat), 12% carbohydrate, 3% ash, and 9% moisture.
The skin can also be bunched up to stick form and dried into something known as "tofu bamboo" (腐竹, fǔ zhú in Chinese; phù trúc in Vietnamese; kusatake, Japanese), or myriad other forms. Since tofu skin has a soft yet rubbery texture, it is folded or shaped into different forms and cooked further to imitate meat in vegan cuisine.
Some factories dedicate production to tofu skin and other soy membrane products.
OKARA
Okara (from the Japanese, おから, okara; known as 雪花菜, xuěhuācài, in Chinese, lit. "snowflake vegetable"; 豆腐渣, dòufuzhā, also Chinese, lit. "tofu sediment/residue"; and 콩비지, kongbiji, in Korean), is a tofu by-product, sometimes known in the west as "soy pulp" or "tofu lees", consisting of the fiber, protein, and starch left over when soy milk has been extracted from ground soaked soybeans. Although it is mainly used as animal feed in most tofu producing cultures, it is sometimes used in Japanese and Korean cuisines, such as in the Korean stew kongbiji jjigae (콩비지찌개). It is also an ingredient for vegetarian burgers produced in many western nations.
NON-TOFU "TOFUS"
Due to their Asian origins and their textures, many food items are called "tofu" even though their production processes are not technically similar. For instance, many sweet almond tofus are actually gelatinous desserts hardened using agar or gelatin. As well, some foods such as Burmese tofu are not coagulated from the "milk" of the legume but rather set in a manner similar to soft polenta, Korean muk, or the jidou liangfen of Yunnan province of Southwest China.
NON-TOFU SWEETS
The "almond tofu" (Chinese: 杏仁豆腐 xìngrén dòufu; Japanese: annindōfu) is a milky white and gelatinous resembling tofu, but does not use soy products or soy milk and is hardened with agar. A similar dessert made with coconut milk or mango juices might occasionally be referred to as "coconut tofu" or "mango tofu", though such names are also given to hot dishes that use soy tofu and coconut or mango in the recipe.
EGG TOFU
Egg tofu (ja) (Japanese: 玉子豆腐, 卵豆腐, tamagodōfu) (Chinese: 蛋豆腐, dàn dòufu; often called 日本豆腐, rìbĕn dòufu, lit. "Japan bean curd") is the main type of savory flavored tofu. Whole beaten eggs are combined with dashi, poured into molds, and steamed in a steamer (cf. chawanmushi). The tofu has a pale golden color that can be attributed to the addition of egg and, occasionally, food coloring. This tofu has a fuller texture and flavor than silken tofu, which can be attributed to the presence of egg fat and protein. Plain "dried tofu" can be flavored by stewing in soysauce (滷) to make soy-sauce tofu. It is quite common to see tofu sold in market in this soy-sauce stewed form.
SESAME TOFU
The goma-dōfu (ja) is made by grinding sesame into a smooth paste, combining with liquid and kudzu starch, and heating until curdling occurs. It is often served chilled as hiyayakko.
PEANUT TOFU
In Okinawa, Japan, the jīmāmi-dōfu (ja) is made in a process similar to the sesame tofu. A peanut milk (made by crushing raw peanuts, adding water and straining) is combined with starch (usually sweet potato starch known locally as umukuji or umukashi (芋澱粉?)) and heating until curdling occurs.
The Chinese equivalent is the 落花生豆腐 luòhuāshēng dòufu.
BURMESE TOFU
Burmese tofu (to hpu in Burmese) is a type of legume product made from besan (chana dal) flour; the Shan variety uses yellow split pea flour instead. Both types are yellow in color and generally found only in Myanmar, though the Burman variety is also available in some overseas restaurants serving Burmese cuisine.
Burmese tofu may be fried as fritters cut in rectangular or triangular shapes. Rice tofu, called hsan to hpu (or hsan ta hpo in Shan regions) is made from rice flour (called hsan hmont or mont hmont) and is white in color, with the same consistency as yellow Burmese tofu when set. It is eaten as a salad in the same manner as yellow tofu.
PREPARATION
Tofu has very little flavor or smell on its own. Consequently, tofu can be prepared either in savory or sweet dishes, acting as a bland background for presenting the flavors of the other ingredients used. As a method of flavoring it is often marinated in soy sauce, chilis, sesame oil, etc.
EASTERN METHODS
In Asian cooking, tofu is eaten in myriad ways, including raw, stewed, stir-fried, in soup, cooked in sauce, or stuffed with fillings. The idea of using tofu as a meat substitute is not common in East Asia. Many Chinese tofu dishes such as jiācháng dòufu (家常豆腐) and mápó dòufú (麻婆豆腐) include meat.
LIGHTLY FLVORED
In Japan, a common lunch in the summer months is hiyayakko (冷奴), silken or firm Asian tofu served with freshly grated ginger, green onions, or katsuobushi shavings with soy sauce. In the winter, tofu is frequently eaten as "yudofu," which is simmered in a claypot with some vegetables (ex:chinese cabbage, green onion etc.) using konbu dashi.
In Chinese cuisine, Dòuhuā (豆花) is served with toppings such as boiled peanuts, azuki beans, cooked oatmeal, tapioca, mung beans and a syrup flavored with ginger or almond. During the summer, "dòuhuā" is served with crushed ice; in the winter, it is served warm. And also, in many parts of China, fresh tofu is similarly eaten with soy sauce or further flavored with katsuobushi shavings, century eggs (皮蛋 pídàn), and sesame seed oil.
In Korean cuisine, dubu gui (두부구이) consists of pan fried cubes of firm tofu, seasoned with soy sauce, garlic, and other ingredients. Cubes of cold, uncooked firm tofu seasoned with soy sauce, scallions, and ginger, prepared in a manner similar to the Japanese hiyayakko, are also enjoyed. The popular bar food, or anju (안주), called dubu kimchi (두부김치), features boiled, firm tofu served in rectangular slices around the edges of a plate with pan fried, sautéed or freshly mixed kimchi (김치) in the middle.
In the Philippines, the sweet delicacy taho is made of fresh tofu with brown sugar syrup and sago. The Malaysian version of taho or douhua is called tofufa. Warm soft tofu is served in "slices" (due to being scooped using a flat spoon from a wooden bucket) in a bowl with either pandan-flavored sugar syrup or palm sugar syrup.
In Vietnam, dòuhuā is pronounced đậu hủ. This variety of soft tofu is made and carried around in an earthenware jar. It is served by being scooped into a bowl with a very shallow and flat spoon, and eaten with either powdered sugar and lime juice or with a ginger-flavored syrup. It is generally eaten hot, even during summer.
FRIED
A common cooking technique in many parts of East and Southeast Asia involves deep frying tofu in vegetable oil, sunflower oil, or canola oil with varied results. In Indonesia, it is usually fried in palm oil. Although tofu is often sold preprocessed into fried items, pre-fried tofu is seldom eaten directly and requires additional cooking. Depending on the type of tofu used, the texture of deep fried tofu may range from crispy on the outside and custardy on the inside, to puffed up like a plain doughnut. The former is usually eaten plain in Chinese cuisine with garlic soy sauce, while the latter is either stuffed with fish paste to make Yong Tau Foo or cooked in soups. In Taiwan, fried tofu is made into a dish called "A-gei", which consists of a fried aburage tofu package stuffed with noodles and capped with surimi.
In Japan, cubes of lightly coated and fried tofu topped with a kombu dashi-based sauce are called agedashi-dofu (揚げ出し豆腐). Soft tofu that has been thinly sliced and deep fried, known as aburage in Japan and yubu (유부) in Korea, is commonly blanched, seasoned with soy sauce and mirin and served in dishes such as kitsune udon. Aburage is sometimes also cut open to form a pocket and stuffed with sushi rice; this dish is called inarizushi (稲荷寿司) and is also popular in Korea, where it is called yubu chobap (유부초밥). In Indonesia, tofu is called tahu, and the popular fried tofu is tahu goreng, tahu isi and tahu sumedang.
SOUPS, STEWS, AND BRAISED DISHES
A spicy Sichuan preparation using firm Asian tofu is mápó dòufu (麻婆豆腐). This involves braised tofu in a beef, chili, and a fermented bean paste sauce. A vegetarian version is known as málà dòufu (麻辣豆腐)[citation needed].
Dried tofu is usually not eaten raw but first stewed in a mixture of soy sauce and spices.[citation needed] Some types of dried tofu are pre-seasoned with special blends of spices, so that the tofu may either be called "five spice tofu" (五香豆腐 wǔxiāng dòufu) or "soy sauce stewed tofu" (鹵水豆腐 lǔshuǐ dòufu). Dried tofu is typically served thinly sliced with chopped green onions or with slices of meat for added flavor. Most dried tofu is sold after it has been fried or pre-stewed by tofu vendors.
Soft tofu can also be broken up or mashed and mixed with raw ingredients prior to being cooked. For example, Japanese ganmodoki is a mixture of chopped vegetables and mashed tofu. The mixture is bound together with starch and deep fried. Chinese families sometimes make a steamed meatloaf or meatball dish from equal parts of coarsely mashed tofu and ground pork. In India, tofu is also used as a low fat replacement for paneer providing the same texture with similar taste.
Tofu bamboos are often used in lamb stew or in a dessert soup. Tofu skins are often used as wrappers in dim sum. Freeze-dried tofu and frozen tofu are rehydrated and enjoyed in savory soups. These products are often taken along on camping trips since a small bag of these dried tofu can provide protein for many days.
Japanese 'miso soup', stocks with miso paste, is frequently made with tofu.
In Korean cuisine, soft tofu, called sundubu (순두부), is used to make a thick stew called sundubu jjigae (순두부 찌개). Firm, diced tofu often features in the staple stews doenjang jjigae (된장 찌개) and kimchi jjigae (김치
찌개).
SMOKED
At Qufu, the home town of Confucius, smoked tofu is a popular dish.
BACEM
Bacem is a method of cooking tofu originating from Java, Indonesia. The tofu is boiled in coconut water, mixed with lengkuas (galangal), Indonesian bay leaves, coriander, shallot, garlic, tamarind and palm sugar. After the spicy coconut water has completely evaporated, the tofu is fried until it is golden brown. The result is sweet, spicy, and crisp. This cooked tofu variant is commonly known as tahu bacem in Indonesian. Tahu bacem is commonly prepared along with tempeh and chicken.
AS FLAVORING
Pickled tofu is commonly used in small amounts together with its soaking liquid to flavor stir-fried or braised vegetable dishes (particularly leafy green vegetables like water spinach). It is often eaten directly as a condiment with rice or congee.
WESTERN METHODS
Generally, the firmer styles of tofu are used for kebabs, mock meats, and dishes requiring a consistency that holds together, while the softer styles can be used for desserts, soups, shakes, and sauces.
Firm western tofus can be barbecued since they will hold together on a barbecue grill. These types of tofu are usually marinated overnight as the marinade does not easily penetrate the entire block of tofu (techniques to increase penetration of marinades are stabbing repeatedly with a fork or freezing and thawing prior to marinating). Grated firm western tofu is sometimes used in conjunction with TVP as a meat substitute. Softer tofus are sometimes used as a dairy-free or low-calorie filler. Silken tofu may be used to replace cheese in certain dishes (such as lasagna).
Tofu has also been fused into other cuisines in the west, for instance used in Indian-style curries.
Tofu and soy protein can be industrially processed to match the textures and flavors to the likes of cheese, pudding, eggs, bacon, etc. Tofu's texture can also be altered by freezing, pureeing, and cooking. In the Americas, Europe, Australia and New Zealand, tofu is frequently associated with vegetarianism and veganism as it is a source of non-animal protein.
THREE THEORIES OF ORIGIN
The most commonly held of the three theories of tofu's origin maintains that tofu was invented in northern China around 164 BC by Lord Liu An, a Han Dynasty prince. Although this is possible, the paucity of concrete information about this period makes it difficult to conclusively determine whether Liu An invented the method for making tofu. Furthermore, in Chinese history, important inventions were often attributed to important leaders and figures of the time. In 1960, a stone mural unearthed from an Eastern Han dynasty tomb provided support for the theory of Han origin of tofu, however some scholars maintained that the tofu in Han dynasty was rudimentary, and lacked the firmness and taste of real tofu.
Another theory states that the production method for tofu was discovered accidentally when a slurry of boiled, ground soybeans was mixed with impure sea salt. Such sea salt would probably have contained calcium and magnesium salts, allowing the soy mixture to curdle and produce a tofu-like gel. This may have possibly been the way that tofu was discovered, since soy milk has been eaten as a savory soup in ancient as well as modern times. Its technical plausibility notwithstanding, there is little evidence to prove or disprove that tofu production originated in this way.
The last group of theories maintains that the ancient Chinese learned the method for the curdling of soy milk by emulating the milk curdling techniques of the Mongolians or East Indians. For, despite their advancement, no technology or knowledge of culturing and processing milk products existed within ancient Chinese society. (They did not seek such technology, probably because of the Confucian taboo on fermented dairy products and other so-called "barbarian foodstuffs".) The primary evidence for this theory lies with the etymological similarity between the Chinese term for Mongolian fermented milk (rufu, which literally means "milk curdled") and the term doufu ("beans curdled") or tofu. Although intriguing and possible, there is no evidence to substantiate this theory beyond the point of academic speculation.
HISTORY
IN ASIA
Tofu originated in ancient China, although little else is known about the exact historic origins of tofu and of its method of production.
The theory that tofu was invented by Lord Liu An of Huainan in about 164 BC (early Han dynasty) has steadily lost favor among most scholars in China and abroad since the 1970s. The claim concerning Liu An was first made by Zhu Xi during the Song dynasty (960-1127 AD) - roughly 1,000 years after the supposed invention.
The theory that tofu-making is shown in a mural incised on a stone slab in Han Tomb No. 1, at Da-hu-ting, Mixian, Henan province attracted much attention after about 1990. Yet it too has lost favor because (1) no step of cooking the soy puree is shown in the mural, and (2) when Chinese food historians tried to make tofu without cooking the puree, the result was a tiny amount of unpalatable material.
Thus, while there are many theories regarding tofu's origins, historical information is scarce enough as to relegate the status of most theories to either speculation or legend. Like the origins of cheese and butter, the exact origin of tofu production may never be known or proven. The historical era starts in the year 965 AD (early Song dynasty) with the Qing Yilu by Tao Ku.
What is known is that tofu production is an ancient technique. Tofu was widely consumed in ancient China, and techniques for its production and preparation were eventually spread to many other parts of Asia.
Its development likely preceded Liu An, as tofu is known to have been a commonly produced and consumed food item in China by the 2nd century BC. Although the varieties of tofu produced in ancient times may not have been identical to those of today, descriptions from writings and poetry of the Song and Yuan Dynasty show that the production technique for tofu had already been standardized by then, to the extent that they would be similar to tofu of contemporary times.
In China, tofu is traditionally used as a food offering when visiting the graves of deceased relatives. It is claimed that the spirits (or ghosts) have long lost their chins and jaws, and that only tofu is soft enough for them to eat. Before refrigeration was available in China, tofu was often only sold during the winter time, due to the tofu not spoiling in the colder weather. During the warmer months, any leftover tofu would be spoiled if left for more than a day. Chinese war hero Guan Yu used to be a tofu maker before he enlisted in the army. Chinese martial arts expert and hero, Yim Wing-chun, was a celebrated tofu maker in her village. (Tofu as such plays a part in the 1994 movie about her life, Wing Chun.)
Tofu and its production technique were subsequently introduced into Korea and then Japan in the Nara period (late 8th century) as well as other parts of East Asia. The earliest document of tofu in Japan shows that the dish was served as an offering at the Kasuga Shrine in Nara in 1183. The book Tofu Hyakuchin (豆腐百珍 Dòufu Bǎizhēn), published in the Edo period, lists 100 recipes for cooking tofu.
The rise in acceptance of tofu likely coincided with that of Buddhism as it is an important source of proteins in the religion's vegetarian diet. Since then, tofu has become a staple in many countries, including Vietnam, Thailand, and Korea, with subtle regional variations in production methods, texture, flavor, and usage.
In Southeast Asia, tofu was introduced to the region by Chinese immigrants from sea-faring Fujian province, evident from the fact that many countries in Southeast Asia refer to tofu by the Min Nan Chinese pronunciations for either soft and firm tofu, or "tāu-hū" and "tāu-goan" respectively. In Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines, tofu is widely available and used in many local dishes. Tofu is called tahu in Indonesia, Indonesian dishes such as, tahu sumbat, taoge tahu, asinan, siomay and some curries, are often add slices of tofu as ingredients. In addition, tahu goreng, tahu isi and tahu sumedang are the popular fried tofu snacks. Tofu is called tauhu in Malaysia and Singapore. The Malaysian and Singaporean Indians use tofu in their cuisine such as Indian mee goreng, rojak pasembor. The strait peranakan cuisine often uses tofu, such as mee kari Penang, and laksa. The makers of tofu in these countries were originally the Chinese but tofu now is made by non-Chinese as well. Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines are major producers of tofu and have plants located within many municipalities. However, Singapore imports its tofu from its neighboring country, Malaysia.
Tofu in the Philippines is essential to the daily diet, as taho, widely eaten as breakfast, or tokwa (a dry fried variation), which is a staple or alternative to meat in main meals, and in numerous regional dishes. Tofu was introduced to the archipelago in the 10th to 13th centuries by Song Chinese mariners and merchants, along with many different foods which had become staples of the Philippine diet. The use and production of tofu were first limited to urban centers with influential Chinese minorities, such as Cebu or Tondo, but were quickly spread to even remote native villages and islands, long before the Spanish arrival in the 17th century.
IN THE WEST
Benjamin Franklin was the first American to mention tofu in a 1770 letter to John Bartram. Franklin, who discovered it during a trip to London, included a few soybeans and referred to it as "cheese" from China. The first tofu company in the United States was established in 1878. In 1908 Li Yuying, a Chinese anarchist and a vegetarian with a French degree in agriculture and biology, opened a soy factory, the Usine de la Caséo-Sojaïne, which was the world's first soy dairy and the first factory in France to manufacture and sell beancurd. However tofu was not well known to most Westerners before the middle of the 20th century. With increased cultural contact between the West and East Asia and growing interest in vegetarianism, knowledge of tofu has become widespread. Numerous types of pre-flavored tofu can be found in many supermarket chains throughout the West. It is also used by many vegans and vegetarians as a means to gain protein without the consumption of meat products.
NUTRITION AND CHINESE MEDICINE CLAIMS
TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE CLAIMS
Tofu is considered a cool agent in Traditional Chinese medicine. It is claimed to invigorate the spleen, replenish qi, moisture and cool off Yang vacuity, and to detoxify the body. However, there is no scientific evidence supporting neither such claims, nor their implied notions.
FUNCTIONS
In Chinese traditional medicine, tofu is suitable for those who are weak, malnourished, deficient in blood and qi; is suitable for old, slim or otherwise; suitable for those with high fat content in blood, high cholesterol, overweight, and with hardened blood vessels; suitable for people with diabetes; for mothers with low breast milk supply; for children and young adults; for those with inflamed respiratory tract, with phlegm, coughing and asthma. Tofu is also suited for people of old age; it is recommended to eat with liquor, since tofu contains cysteine, which can speed up the detoxification of alcohol in the body, and lessen the harm done to the liver, protecting the liver.
PROTEIN
Tofu is relatively high in protein, about 10.7% for firm tofu and 5.3% for soft "silken" tofu with about 5% and 2% fat respectively as a percentage of weight.
In 1995, a report from the University of Kentucky, financed by Solae, concluded that soy protein is correlated with significant decreases in serum cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein LDL (″bad cholesterol″) and triglyceride concentrations. However, High Density Lipoprotein HDL (″good cholesterol″) did not increase. Soy phytoestrogens (isoflavones: genistein and daidzein) absorbed onto the soy protein were suggested as the agent reducing serum cholesterol levels. On the basis of this research, PTI, in 1998, filed a petition with Food and Drug Administration for a health claim that soy protein may reduce cholesterol and the risk of heart disease.
The FDA granted this health claim for soy: "25 grams of soy protein a day, as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart disease." For reference, 100 grams of firm tofu coagulated with calcium sulfate contains 8.19 grams of soy protein. In January 2006, an American Heart Association review (in the journal Circulation) of a decade-long study of soy protein benefits showed only a minimal decrease in cholesterol levels, but it compared favorably against animal protein sources.
ALLERGIES
Because it is made of soy, individuals with allergies, particularly those allergic to legumes, should not consume tofu.
WIKIPEDIA
Dumplings are a food that consists of small pieces of dough wrapped around a filling. They can be based on flour, potatoes or bread, and may include meat, fish, vegetables, or sweets. They may be cooked by boiling, steaming, simmering, frying. They may have a filling, or there may be other ingredients mixed into the dough. Dumplings may be sweet or savoury. They can be eaten by themselves, in soups or stews, with gravy, or in any other way. While some dumplings resemble solid water-boiled doughs, such as gnocchi, others such as wontons or ravioli feature a wrapping of dough around a filling.
AFRICAN CUISINE
Banku and kenkey fit the definition of a dumpling in that they are starchy balls of dough that are steamed. They are formed from fermented cornmeal dough. Banku are boiled while kenkey are partly boiled then finished by steaming in banana leaves.
Fufu may be described as a dumpling although in actual sense, it is not. Fufu is made by pounding boiled cassava (common in Ghana) or yam (common in Nigeria) in a wooden mortar with a wooden pestle. Plantain or cocoyam may be added. There are several other versions of fufu in Africa and the Caribbean. There have been other versions of fufu which will fit better into the definition of dumplings. These are mostly common outside Africa where they originate. It is made by steaming cassava and plantain/cocoyam flour into thick starchy balls.
Tihlo - prepared from roasted barley flour - originated in the Tigray region of Ethiopia and is now very popular in Amhara as well and spreading further south.
Souskluitjies are dumplings found in South Africa. They are a steamed sweet dumpling, sometimes made with plain flour and sometimes with the addition of dried fruits or other flavors. They are often served with a syrup flavored with cinnamon or a custard sauce.
South Africa has another kind of dumpling known as melkkos. These dumplings are formed by putting milk, one teaspoon at a time, into a dry flour mixture. The flour clings to the milk and forms dumplings, which are then boiled in a mixture of milk and butter. They are served hot and sprinkled with cinnamon sugar.
AMERICAN CUISINE
Several types of dumplings are popular in the United States. Bite-sized, hand-torn pieces of dough are cooked in boiling chicken broth along with a variety of vegetables to make the dish chicken and dumplings which is served as a thick soup. Chicken and dumplings is a popular comfort food in the Southern and Midwestern U.S.
Dumplings are often used as part of the regionally popular Burgoo stew.
The baked dumpling is popular in American cuisine. These sweet dumplings are made by wrapping fruit, frequently a whole tart apple, in pastry, then baking until the pastry is browned and the filling is tender. As an alternative to simply baking them, these dumplings are surrounded by a sweet sauce in the baking dish, and may be basted during cooking. Popular flavours for apple dumplings include brown sugar, caramel, or cinnamon sauces.
Boiled dumplings are made from flour to form a dough. A pot of boiling chicken or turkey broth is used to cook this dough. The thickness and the size of the dumplings is at the cook's discretion. The size does not affect the taste but the thickness does. It is optional to serve with the meat in the dish or on the side.
Dumplings can be made with eggs, milk, baking powder or even yeast, or just from flour and water. Rolled dumplings are rolled thin and cut into small pieces for cooking, while dropped dumplings are formed into small balls.
Tortilla dumplings are made by adding tortillas and fillings to a boiling pot of stock. Popular varieties of Southern dumplings include chicken dumplings, turkey dumplings, strawberry dumplings, apple dumplings, ham dumplings, and even butter-bean dumplings.
ASIAN CUISINE
CENTRAL ASIAN CUISINE
Manti (also manty or mantu) is a steamed dumpling in Central Asian and Chinese Islamic cuisine. It contains a mixture of ground lamb (or beef) spiced with black pepper, enclosed in a dough wrapper. Manti are cooked in a multi-level steamer (mantovarka) and served topped with butter, yogurt, sour cream, or onion sauce. These dumplings are popular throughout Central Asia, including Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Xinjiang region of China and India.
Chuchvara is a very small boiled dumpling typical of Uzbek and Tajik cuisine. Made of unleavened dough squares filled with meat, it is similar to the Russian pelmeni and the Chinese wonton, but in observance of the Islamic dietary rules, the meat filling is without pork. Chuchvara can be served in a clear soup or on their own, with vinegar or sauce based on finely chopped greens, tomatoes and hot peppers. Another popular way of serving chuchvara is topped with suzma (strained qatiq) or with smetana (sour cream), Russian-style.
CHINESE CUISINE
A common legend goes that dumplings were first invented in the era of the Three Kingdoms, around 225 AD. Zhuge Liang, a general and minister of Shu Han, dammed up a poison marsh on his southern campaign against the Nanman with dumplings instead of the heads that the Nanman used.The jiaozi (Chinese: 餃子/饺子) is a common Chinese dumpling which generally consists of minced meat and finely chopped vegetables wrapped into a piece of dough skin. The skin can be either thin and elastic or thicker. Popular meat fillings include ground meat (usually pork, but can instead be beef or chicken), shrimp, and even fish. Popular mixtures include pork with Chinese cabbage, pork with garlic chives, pork and shrimp with vegetables, pork with spring onion, garlic chives with scrambled eggs. Filling mixtures vary depending on personal tastes and region. Jiaozi are usually boiled, steamed or fried and continue to be a traditional dish eaten on Chinese New Year's Eve, the evening before Chinese New Year, and special family reunions. Particularly, in Northern China, people generally eat dumpling on the Winter Solstice (December 22 of each year), a custom signifying a warm winter. Extended family members may gather together to make dumplings, and it is also eaten for farewell to family members or friends. In Northern China, dumplings are commonly eaten with a dipping sauce made of vinegar and chili oil or paste, and occasionally with some soy sauce added in.
If dumplings are laid flatly on a pan, first steamed with a lid on and with a thin layer of water, then fried in oil after the water has been evaporated, they are called guotie (鍋貼/锅贴, sometimes called "potstickers"), as the Maillard reaction occurring on the bottom of the dumplings makes the skin crispy and brown. The same dumplings are called jiaozi if they are just steamed.
The wonton (雲呑/餛飩) is another kind of dumpling. It is typically boiled in a light broth or soup and made with a meatier filling. The skin wrapping for wontons is different—thinner and less elastic—than that used for jiaozi[citation needed]. Wontons are more popular in Southern China (Shanghai, Guangdong, Hong Kong etc.) whereas in Northern China, jiaozi are more popular. Jiaozi, wonton and potstickers are all wrapped differently.
Another type of Chinese dumpling is made with glutinous rice. Usually, the glutinous rice dumplings zongzi (粽子) are triangle or cone shaped, can be filled with red bean paste, Chinese dates or cured meat depending on region. Glutinous rice dumplings are traditionally eaten during the Duanwu Festival. Other types of dumplings would be soup dumplings, commonly referred to as xiaolongbao (小籠包/小笼包).
Chinese cuisine includes sweet dumplings. Tangyuan are smaller dumplings made with glutinous rice flour and filled with sweet sesame, peanut, red bean paste. Tangyuan may also be served without a filling. Tangyuan are eaten on the 15th day of Chinese New Year, or the Lantern Festival.
See also: dim sum (點心) for descriptions of several other kinds of dumplings such as har gow, fun guo, siew mai, Cha siu bao, lo mai gai and crystal dumplings.
INDIAN CUISINE
Indian cuisine features several dishes which could be characterised as dumplings:
Gujhia (Hindi) is a sweet dumpling made with wheat flour, stuffed with khoya. Bhajia are also dumplings sometimes stuffed with veggies and fruits.
Fara (Hindi) is also famous in North India which is very similar to dumplings. It is made of wheat flour with stuffing of lentils and similar delicacy.
Kachori (Hindi) is a round flattened ball made of fine flour filled with a stuffing of baked mixture of yellow moong dal or Urad Dal (crushed and washed horse beans), besan (crushed and washed gram flour), black pepper, red chili powder, salt and other spices.
Karanji (Marathi, Oriya) or Kajjikayi (Kannada, Telugu) or Kanoli are fried sweet dumplings made of wheat flour and stuffed with dry or moist coconut delicacies. They are a popular dish among Maharastrians, Oriyas and South Indians.
Pitha (Bihari, Oriya, Bengali, Assamese) are stuffed savouries either made by steam or deep frying. A wide range of pithas are available in eastern and north eastern India.
Another dumpling popular in Western India and South India is the Modak (Marathi, Oriya) or Modhaka (Kannada) or Modagam (Tamil) or Sugiyan (Malayalam), Kudumu (Telugu) where the filling is made of fresh coconut and jaggery or sugar while the covering is steamed rice dough. It is eaten hot with ghee.
Kozhakkattai (Tamil) or Kadabu (Kannada), is another South Indian dish that can be sweet, salty or spicy. The outer shell is always steamed sticky rice dough. In the sweet version, a form of sweet filling made with coconuts, boiled lentils and jaggery is used, whereas in the salty version, a mixture of steamed cracked lentils, chillies and some mild spices is used.
Ada (Malayalam) is another South Indian dish from Kerala that is sweet. Scrapped coconut mixed with sugar or jaggery is enveloped between the spread rice-dough and steamed. Sweet version of Kozhakkattai is equally famous in Kerala.
Pidi (Malayalam) is another South Indian dish from Kerala that is usually eaten with chicken curry.
Samosa is another popular savoury snack eaten in the Indian Subcontinent and Iranian Plateau. It is a fried dumpling usually stuffed with mince, vegetables (mainly potatoes) and various other spices. Vegetarian variants of samosas, without the added mince stuffing, are also popular and are sold at most eateries or roadside stalls throughout the country.
INDONESIAN CUISINE
Indonesian fish dumplings served in peanut sauce is called Siomay. Other types of dumplings are called Pangsit (wonton), steamed, boiled, or fried, and often is used as complement of bakmi ayam or chicken noodle. Indonesian dumplings were influenced and brought by Chinese immigrants to Indonesia.
FILIPINO CUISINE
Similar to Indonesia, the Chinese have brought dumplings to the Philippines since Pre-colonial times. It is also called Siomai which is made from ground pork, beef, shrimp, among others, combined with extenders like green peas, carrots and the like which is then wrapped in wonton wrappers. It is either steamed or fried and is usually dipped in soy sauce with calamansi juice.
JAPANESE CUISINE
Dango (団子) is a sweet dumpling made from rice flour, similar to mochi. Dango is eaten year-round, but the different varieties are traditionally eaten in given seasons. Three to four dango are often served on a skewer.
Gyōza (ギョーザ/餃子) is the Japanese version of the Chinese jiaozi.
KOREAN CUISINE
Korean dumplings are called "mandu" (만두). They are typically filled with a mixture of ingredients, including ground pork, kimchi, vegetables, cellophane noodles, but there are very many variations. Mandu can be steamed, fried, or boiled. The dumplings can also be used to make a soup called mandu guk (soup)(만둣국).
MONGOLIAN CUISINE
Buuz
Khuushuur
NEPALI CUISINE
In Nepal, steamed dumplings known as momos (or momo-cha) are a popular snack, often eaten as a full meal as well. They are similar to the Chinese jiaozi or the Central Asian manti. The dish is native to Tibet and was brought to Nepal by the Newar traders of Kathmandu who were trading goods with Tibet before the 1930s. Many different fillings, both meat based and vegetarian are common. Kathmandu Valley, a popular destination for momos, has with time developed its own essence for this food that differentiates it from its Tibetan counterpart.
Momos can be both fried and steamed. Momos are usually served with a dipping sauce normally consisting of tomatoes and chillies as the base ingredient, from which numerous variations can be made. Momo soup is a dish that has steamed momos immersed in a meat broth. Momos that are pan fried after steaming first are known as kothey momo, and steamed momos served in a hot sauce are called C-Momo in Nepal. Momos can also be prepared by directly deep frying without steaming first. Momos are one of the most items on the menus of Nepalese restaurants not only in Nepal but also around the world with significant Nepali populations like India, USA, UK, Australia and some Middle Eastern and European countries.
CARIBBEAN AND LATIN AMERICAN CUISINE
GENERAL
Empanadas, whose stuffing, manufacture and types are numerous and varied, differ from traditional dumplings in that they are deep fried or steamed and excess dough is not cut off.
CARIBBEAN CUISINE
Dumplings are either pan fried using a simple recipe including all-purpose flour, water, and salt made into a thick dough before frying on a pan until golden brown, or boiled in a soup. The fried version is usually served with breakfast codfish as a side.
BARBADIAN CUISINE
In Barbados, dumplings differ from those in other Caribbean islands in that they are slightly sweetened. The dumplings may either be of the flour or cornmeal variety. The dough is flavoured with spice, cinnamon and nutmeg. Dumplings are often added with Bajan soup where they are boiled. When found in Stew food, they dumplings are steamed along with ground provision, salted meat, plantain and other ingredients which is served with gravy.
JAMAICAN CUISINE
Dumplings come in three forms in Jamaica, fried, boiled, and roasted. All are made with flour, white or wheat, and the white-floured dumplings are often mixed with a bit of cornmeal. These foods are often served with a variety of dishes like ackee and saltfish, kidneys, liver salt mackerel, etc. and often taste better when refried. A refried dumpling is an already boiled dumpling left over from previous cooking that is fried, which gives it a slightly crispy outer layer and a tender middle. A purely fried white flour dumpling (also known as a "Johnny Cake") is golden brown and looks a lot like buñuelos, often substituting the boiled dumpling, but it is mostly consumed as part of breakfast. Fried dumplings can be made with or without sugar. When mixed with sugar, cornmeal and baking powder and fried, this variation is called festival. This delicious variation goes well when served with fried fish, or any other traditional Jamaican home food.
It derived from the Akan cuisine of Bofrot, with the exclusion of vanilla and yeast. For Jamaican dumplings, however, sugar and butter is optional as there are various ways to make it in Jamaica.
BRAZILIAN CUISINE
In Brazil, there are pastels, coxinhas, and bolinhas de carne which are fried dumplings filled with chicken, pork or beef mixed with olives, onions and spices. It is common to eat these on the beach or after work with fruit smoothies, beer, or fruity alcoholic drinks known as batidas.
CHILEAN CUISINE
In Chile, there are pantrucas, a type of flat, elongated irregular dumplings flavoured with fresh parsley and served in soup.
PERUVIAN CUISINE
"Papas Rellenas" or stuffed potatoes consist of a handful of mashed potatoes (without the milk and butter) flattened in the palm of the hand and stuffed with a savoury combination of ingredients. The stuffing usually consists of sautéed meat (could be beef, pork or chicken), onions and garlic. They are all seasoned with cumin, aji, raisins, peanuts, olives and sliced or chopped hard boiled eggs. After stuffing a ball is formed, rolled over flour and deep fried in hot oil. The stuffed potatoes are usually accompanied by onion sauce consisting of sliced onions, lime juice, olive oil, salt, pepper and slices of fresh peppers. The same dish may also be made with seafood. In some countries, yuca purée is used as the starch component of these Latin American dumplings.
PUERTO RICAN CUISINE
In Puerto Rico, dumplings are made of grated tubers such as yuca and malanga with added calabaza, unripe bananas and plantains mixed with flour. This dumplings are a traditional part in Puerto Rican style pigeon pea soup. Olive oil and annatto are usually added and help the mix from turning brown. The dumplings are formed into small balls and are first cooked in olive oil before boiling. Once the dumplings are crispy on the outside, they are then boiled with added ingredients.
Another dumpling that originated in Puerto Rico is the pasteles, a dumpling made of grated root vegetables, squash, plantains, and unripe bananas. The masa is then mixed with milk and annatto oil, and they are stuffed with stewed pork, chick peas, olives, capers and raisins. They are then placed on a banana leaf, tied and then boiled. The origin of pasteles leads back to Natives on the island of Borikén. Pasteles are popular in the Dominican Republic, Hawaii, Trinidad and lately seen in Cuban cuisine.
EUROPEAN CUISINE
BRITISH AND IRISH CUISINE
Savoury dumplings made from balls of dough are part of traditional British and Irish cuisine. Traditionally dumplings are made from twice the weight of self raising flour to suet, bound together by cold water to form a dough and seasoned with salt and pepper. Balls of this dough are dropped into a bubbling pot of stew or soup, or into a casserole. They sit, partly submerged in the stew, and expand as they are half-boiled half-steamed for ten minutes or so. The cooked dumplings are airy on the inside and moist on the outside. The dough may be flavoured with herbs, or it may have cheese pressed into its centre.
After beef stew is finished, a pudding can be created by topping the dumplings and gravy with sugar.[citation needed]
The Norfolk dumpling is not made with fat, but from flour and a raising agent.[8] Cotswold dumplings call for the addition of breadcrumbs and cheese, and the balls of dough may be rolled in breadcrumbs and fried, rather than cooked in a soup or stew.[9] Vegetarian dumplings can be made with vegetable suet, a type of shredded vegetable fat. When sweetened with dried fruit and spices, dumplings can be boiled in water to make a dessert. In Scotland, this is called a clootie dumpling, after the cloth.
CENTRAL EUROPEAN CUISINE
Germany, Hungary, Austria, Czech Republic and Slovakia boast a large variety of dumplings, both sweet and savoury. A dumpling is called Kloß in Northern Germany, Knödel, Nockerl or Knöpfle in Southern Germany and Austria. These are flour dumplings, the most common dumplings, thin or thick, made with eggs and semolina flour, boiled in water. Meat dumplings (called Klopse or Klöpse in North-Eastern Germany, Knöpfle and Nocken in Southern Germany) contain meat or liver. Liver dumplings are frequent additions to soup. Thüringer Klöße are made from raw or boiled potatoes, or a mixture of both, and are often filled with croutons. Bread dumplings are made with white bread and are sometimes shaped like a loaf of bread, and boiled in a napkin, in which case they are known as napkin dumplings (Serviettenknödel).
Maultaschen are a Swabian (Baden-Württemberg) specialty food, consisting of an outer layer of pasta dough with a filling traditionally made of sausage meat, spinach, bread crumbs and onions and flavored with various spices. Similar in appearance to Italian ravioli, Maultaschen are usually larger, however, each Maultasche being about 8–12 cm across.
he only potato dumpling museum in the world, the Thüringer Kloßmuseum, is located in Germany, in the municipality of Heichelheim near Weimar.Halušky are a traditional variety of dumplings cooked in the Central and Eastern European cuisines (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Ukraine). These aresmall lumps cut from a thick flour and egg batter and dropped into boiling water, similar to the German Spätzle, Knöpfle, or Knödel.
In Hungary, these dumplings are called galuska or nokedli. Sweet varieties called gombóc are made with flour and potato dough, which is wrapped around whole plums or apricots, and then boiled and rolled in hot buttered bread crumbs. Shlishkes or "Krumplinudli" are small boiled potato dumplings made from the same potato dough as the sweet plum dumplings, also rolled in hot buttered bread crumbs.
Bryndzové halušky, considered the Slovak national dish, are small potato dumplings without a filling, served with salty sheep's cheese on top. The same dumplings are also used to create a similar dish, strapačky. Also available are their related stuffed version called pirohy, usually filled with bryndza (bryndzové pirohy), quark cheese, potatoes, onions, cabbage, mushrooms, or meat.
In Czech cuisine dumplings have two main forms:
Knödel is called in Czech knedlík and in Slovakia knedliček. It can be either houskový (bread) or bramborový (potato) knödel. These dumplings are boiled in loaf shape and then cut in slices and are part of many Czech national dishes such as Vepřo knedlo zelo or Svíčková na smetaně.
Ovocné knedlíky (ball-shaped knedle) filled in with fruit: plums, strawberry, blueberry etc. Meal is completed on plate with grated quark, melted butter and powder sugar.
Idrijski žlikrofi are Slovenian dumplings, regionally located in the town of Idrija. They are made from dough with potato filling and have a characteristic form of a hat. Žlikrofi are made by a traditional recipe from the 19th century, but the source of the recipe is unknown due to lack of historical sources. The dish may be served as a starter or a side dish to meat based dishes. Žlikrofi were the first Slovenian food to be classified as a Traditional speciality guaranteed dish.
EASTERN EUROPEAN CUISINE
Pierogi of Poland and varenyky of Ukraine, Russia and Belarus are ravioli-like crescent-shaped dumplings filled with savoury or sweet filling. Varenyky are usually boiled or steamed. Pierogi are often fried after boiling.
"Little ears", variously called uszka in Poland, ushki (ушки) in Russia, vushka (вушка) in Ukraine, and vushki (вушкі) in Belarus, are folded ring-shaped dumplings similar in shape to Italian tortellini or Jewish kreplach. They are stuffed with meat or mushrooms and traditionally served in borshch or clear soup. In Romania, "little ears" (Romanian: urechiuşe) are also served in dumpling soup (supă de găluşte)
Kluski are a different variety of Polish dumplings.
Lithuanian dough dumplings are called koldūnai and virtiniai. Usually they are filled with meat or curd. One of the varieties is called Šaltanosiai and is made with blueberry filling. There are also potato dumplings called cepelinai or didžkukuliai, filled with meat or curd inside, served with soured cream. A similar dish exists in Belarus that is called klyocki (клёцкi).
Russian pelmeni are smaller than varenyky and made only of minced meat with addition of onions and spices. Sometimes the meat used is only beef, in other recipes is a mixture of beef with pork and/or mutton. Pelmeni should be juicy inside. They are unrelated to the pasta with which they are sometimes compared as it is a savoury main dish. They are usually boiled in water with spices and salt, or in meat bouillon, sometimes fried before serving. They are often served with plenty of sour cream.
An important difference between pelmeni, varenyky, and pierogi is the thickness of the dough shell—in pelmeni this is as thin as possible, and the proportion of filling to dough is usually higher.[11] Pelmeni are never served with a sweet filling, which distinguishes them from varenyky and pierogi, which sometimes are. Also, the fillings in pelmeni are usually raw, while the fillings of vareniki and pierogi are typically precooked.
The word pelmeni is derived from pel'n'an' (пельнянь) – literally "ear bread" in the native Finno-Ugric Komi, Udmurt, and Mansi languages. It is unclear when pelmeni entered the cuisines of the indigenous Siberian people and when they first appeared in Russian cuisine. One theory suggests pelmeni, or stuffed boiled dumplings in general, originated in Siberia, possibly a simplified adaptation of the Chinese Wonton (in some dialect is called Bāomiàn "包面"). Pelmeni are particularly good means of quickly preserving meat during long Siberian winter, especially eliminating the need to feed livestock during the long winter months.
The main difference between pelmeni and momos is their size—a typical pelmeni is about 2 to 3 centimetres (0.79 to 1.18 in) in diameter, whereas momos are often at least twice that size.
In Siberia, especially popular with the Buryat peoples are steamed dumplings called pozi (buuz in Mongolian, from Chinese: 包子; pinyin: bāozi). They are usually made with an unleavened dough, but are often encountered leavened. The traditional filling is meat, but the kind of meat and how it is processed varies. In Mongolia, mutton is favored, and is chopped rather than ground; pork and beef mixes are more popular in Russia.
Manti, samsa, chiburekki, and belyashi are all popular imported dumplings.
ITALIAN CUISINE
Ravioli and tortellini fit the basic definition of a dumpling: these are pockets of pasta enclosing various fillings (cheese, mushrooms, spinach, seafood, or meat). Instead of being made from a ball of dough, the dough is rolled flat, cut into a shape, filled with other ingredients, and then the dough is closed around the filling.
Gnocchi (Spanish: ñoquis, widely adopted in Argentina, Portuguese: nhoque, Slovene: Njoki) is a different kind of Italian dumpling. The word gnocchi literally means "lumps", and they are rolled and shaped from a mixture of egg with potato, semolina, flour, or ricotta cheese (with or without spinach). The lumps are boiled in water and served with melted butter, grated cheese, or other pasta sauces.
SCANDINAVIAN CUISINE
NORWAY
In Norway, dumplings have a vast variety of names, as the dialects differ substantially. Names include potetball, klubb, kløbb, raspeball, komle, kumle, kompe, kumpe, kodla, kudle, klot, kams, ball, baill, komperdøse, kumperdøse, kompadøs, ruter, ruta, raskekako, risk, klotremat, krumme and kromme. They are usually made from potatoes and various types of flour, and then boiled. Occasionally they are filled with bacon. In some areas it is common to serve the dumplings with syrup.
SWEDEN
In Sweden, potato dumplings of originally German origin[14] have several regional names, mainly depending on the type of flour used. When the potato is mixed with wheat flour, which is more common in southern Sweden, it is called kroppkaka. In Blekinge[15] and parts of the island of Öland, it is traditionally made from grated raw potato, which makes it greyish in colour, while on Gotland and in Småland it is predominantly made from mashed boiled potato, and is thus whiter in colour. The kroppkaka is usually filled with diced, smoked bacon and chopped, raw onion, and is often spiced with allspice.
When the potato is mixed with barley flour, which is traditional in northern Sweden, it is known as palt in Lapland, Västerbotten and Norrbotten, and as kams in Jämtland, Ångermanland and Medelpad. Originally, palt was eaten all over Sweden and was made from barley or rye flour alone, but during the 19th century, when potato was added and wheat became more common and inexpensive, the northern recipes retained the original name, while kroppkaka, which had always been the name used on Öland for the flour dumpling, became the name for the variant in southern Sweden.
Palt and kams is usually filled with diced, unsmoked bacon. However, sometimes fried bacon is served on the side of unfilled palt or kams, which then is known as flatpalt or flatkams, as the lack of filling makes it flatter. The most well-known palt variant is the Pitepalt from Piteå. In Dalarna, where the dish is known as klabbe, it is still made without potatoes and is never filled. Klabbe is instead served with diced bacon on the side.
A variant of palt is blodpalt, where pig, beef or reindeer blood is mixed into the dough. Other palt variants are leverpalt, with minced liver added to the dough, and njurpalt, with diced kidney mixed into the bacon filling. Blodpalt also existed across the country originally, and has been found in iron age graves in Halland.
The filled kroppkaka, palt or kams ball - as well as the flatter, unfilled flatpalt, flatkams and klabbe - is dropped into boiling salted water and cooked until it floats. It is traditionally served warm with melted butter and lingonberry jam, although in some parts of southern Sweden the melted butter is replaced by half cream (a mix of milk and cream) or a warm milk sauce, and in parts of northern Sweden the butter is replaced by a warm milk sauce spiced with messmör. Leftover kroppkaka is often served halved and fried.
Unfilled flour dumplings for use in soup are called klimp if the flour is wheat, but mjölpalt if the flour is barley or rye.
MIDDLE EASTERN CUISINE
ARABIC CUISINE
Asida
Kibbeh
Qatayef
Shishbarak
CAUCASIAN CUISINE
Meat-filled manti in Armenia are typically served with yogurt or sour cream, accompanied by clear soup. Mantapour is an Armenian beef soup with manta.
Boraki (Armenian: Բորակի) are a kind of Armenian fried dumplings. The main distinction of boraki is that the minced meat is pre-fried, the boraki are formed as small cylinders with an open top, the cylinders are lightly boiled in broth and then fried. Boraki are served garnished with yogurt and chopped garlic.
Dushbara (Azerbaijan: Düşbərə) is an Azeri soup with tiny lamb-filled dumplings.
Khinkali (Georgian: ხინკალი) are Georgian dumplings usually filled with spiced meat. herbs (usually coriander), onions, and garlic. Mushrooms, potatoes, or cheese may be used in place of meat. The khinkali is typically consumed first by sucking the juices while taking the first bite, in order to prevent the dumpling from bursting. The towns of Dusheti, Pasanauri and Mtskheta are particularly famous for their khinkali.
Mataz are dumplings in Circassian and some other Caucasian cuisines, closely related to manti. They typically consist of a spiced meat mixture, usually lamb or ground beef, with greens and onions, put in a dough wrapper, either boiled or steamed. Mushrooms, potatoes, or cheese may be used in place of meat.
JEWISH CUISINE
Kreplach
Kubbeh
Matzah ball
Knish
TURKISH CUISINE
Manti
WIKIPEDIA
Dumplings are a food that consists of small pieces of dough wrapped around a filling. They can be based on flour, potatoes or bread, and may include meat, fish, vegetables, or sweets. They may be cooked by boiling, steaming, simmering, frying. They may have a filling, or there may be other ingredients mixed into the dough. Dumplings may be sweet or savoury. They can be eaten by themselves, in soups or stews, with gravy, or in any other way. While some dumplings resemble solid water-boiled doughs, such as gnocchi, others such as wontons or ravioli feature a wrapping of dough around a filling.
AFRICAN CUISINE
Banku and kenkey fit the definition of a dumpling in that they are starchy balls of dough that are steamed. They are formed from fermented cornmeal dough. Banku are boiled while kenkey are partly boiled then finished by steaming in banana leaves.
Fufu may be described as a dumpling although in actual sense, it is not. Fufu is made by pounding boiled cassava (common in Ghana) or yam (common in Nigeria) in a wooden mortar with a wooden pestle. Plantain or cocoyam may be added. There are several other versions of fufu in Africa and the Caribbean. There have been other versions of fufu which will fit better into the definition of dumplings. These are mostly common outside Africa where they originate. It is made by steaming cassava and plantain/cocoyam flour into thick starchy balls.
Tihlo - prepared from roasted barley flour - originated in the Tigray region of Ethiopia and is now very popular in Amhara as well and spreading further south.
Souskluitjies are dumplings found in South Africa. They are a steamed sweet dumpling, sometimes made with plain flour and sometimes with the addition of dried fruits or other flavors. They are often served with a syrup flavored with cinnamon or a custard sauce.
South Africa has another kind of dumpling known as melkkos. These dumplings are formed by putting milk, one teaspoon at a time, into a dry flour mixture. The flour clings to the milk and forms dumplings, which are then boiled in a mixture of milk and butter. They are served hot and sprinkled with cinnamon sugar.
AMERICAN CUISINE
Several types of dumplings are popular in the United States. Bite-sized, hand-torn pieces of dough are cooked in boiling chicken broth along with a variety of vegetables to make the dish chicken and dumplings which is served as a thick soup. Chicken and dumplings is a popular comfort food in the Southern and Midwestern U.S.
Dumplings are often used as part of the regionally popular Burgoo stew.
The baked dumpling is popular in American cuisine. These sweet dumplings are made by wrapping fruit, frequently a whole tart apple, in pastry, then baking until the pastry is browned and the filling is tender. As an alternative to simply baking them, these dumplings are surrounded by a sweet sauce in the baking dish, and may be basted during cooking. Popular flavours for apple dumplings include brown sugar, caramel, or cinnamon sauces.
Boiled dumplings are made from flour to form a dough. A pot of boiling chicken or turkey broth is used to cook this dough. The thickness and the size of the dumplings is at the cook's discretion. The size does not affect the taste but the thickness does. It is optional to serve with the meat in the dish or on the side.
Dumplings can be made with eggs, milk, baking powder or even yeast, or just from flour and water. Rolled dumplings are rolled thin and cut into small pieces for cooking, while dropped dumplings are formed into small balls.
Tortilla dumplings are made by adding tortillas and fillings to a boiling pot of stock. Popular varieties of Southern dumplings include chicken dumplings, turkey dumplings, strawberry dumplings, apple dumplings, ham dumplings, and even butter-bean dumplings.
ASIAN CUISINE
CENTRAL ASIAN CUISINE
Manti (also manty or mantu) is a steamed dumpling in Central Asian and Chinese Islamic cuisine. It contains a mixture of ground lamb (or beef) spiced with black pepper, enclosed in a dough wrapper. Manti are cooked in a multi-level steamer (mantovarka) and served topped with butter, yogurt, sour cream, or onion sauce. These dumplings are popular throughout Central Asia, including Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Xinjiang region of China and India.
Chuchvara is a very small boiled dumpling typical of Uzbek and Tajik cuisine. Made of unleavened dough squares filled with meat, it is similar to the Russian pelmeni and the Chinese wonton, but in observance of the Islamic dietary rules, the meat filling is without pork. Chuchvara can be served in a clear soup or on their own, with vinegar or sauce based on finely chopped greens, tomatoes and hot peppers. Another popular way of serving chuchvara is topped with suzma (strained qatiq) or with smetana (sour cream), Russian-style.
CHINESE CUISINE
A common legend goes that dumplings were first invented in the era of the Three Kingdoms, around 225 AD. Zhuge Liang, a general and minister of Shu Han, dammed up a poison marsh on his southern campaign against the Nanman with dumplings instead of the heads that the Nanman used.The jiaozi (Chinese: 餃子/饺子) is a common Chinese dumpling which generally consists of minced meat and finely chopped vegetables wrapped into a piece of dough skin. The skin can be either thin and elastic or thicker. Popular meat fillings include ground meat (usually pork, but can instead be beef or chicken), shrimp, and even fish. Popular mixtures include pork with Chinese cabbage, pork with garlic chives, pork and shrimp with vegetables, pork with spring onion, garlic chives with scrambled eggs. Filling mixtures vary depending on personal tastes and region. Jiaozi are usually boiled, steamed or fried and continue to be a traditional dish eaten on Chinese New Year's Eve, the evening before Chinese New Year, and special family reunions. Particularly, in Northern China, people generally eat dumpling on the Winter Solstice (December 22 of each year), a custom signifying a warm winter. Extended family members may gather together to make dumplings, and it is also eaten for farewell to family members or friends. In Northern China, dumplings are commonly eaten with a dipping sauce made of vinegar and chili oil or paste, and occasionally with some soy sauce added in.
If dumplings are laid flatly on a pan, first steamed with a lid on and with a thin layer of water, then fried in oil after the water has been evaporated, they are called guotie (鍋貼/锅贴, sometimes called "potstickers"), as the Maillard reaction occurring on the bottom of the dumplings makes the skin crispy and brown. The same dumplings are called jiaozi if they are just steamed.
The wonton (雲呑/餛飩) is another kind of dumpling. It is typically boiled in a light broth or soup and made with a meatier filling. The skin wrapping for wontons is different—thinner and less elastic—than that used for jiaozi[citation needed]. Wontons are more popular in Southern China (Shanghai, Guangdong, Hong Kong etc.) whereas in Northern China, jiaozi are more popular. Jiaozi, wonton and potstickers are all wrapped differently.
Another type of Chinese dumpling is made with glutinous rice. Usually, the glutinous rice dumplings zongzi (粽子) are triangle or cone shaped, can be filled with red bean paste, Chinese dates or cured meat depending on region. Glutinous rice dumplings are traditionally eaten during the Duanwu Festival. Other types of dumplings would be soup dumplings, commonly referred to as xiaolongbao (小籠包/小笼包).
Chinese cuisine includes sweet dumplings. Tangyuan are smaller dumplings made with glutinous rice flour and filled with sweet sesame, peanut, red bean paste. Tangyuan may also be served without a filling. Tangyuan are eaten on the 15th day of Chinese New Year, or the Lantern Festival.
See also: dim sum (點心) for descriptions of several other kinds of dumplings such as har gow, fun guo, siew mai, Cha siu bao, lo mai gai and crystal dumplings.
INDIAN CUISINE
Indian cuisine features several dishes which could be characterised as dumplings:
Gujhia (Hindi) is a sweet dumpling made with wheat flour, stuffed with khoya. Bhajia are also dumplings sometimes stuffed with veggies and fruits.
Fara (Hindi) is also famous in North India which is very similar to dumplings. It is made of wheat flour with stuffing of lentils and similar delicacy.
Kachori (Hindi) is a round flattened ball made of fine flour filled with a stuffing of baked mixture of yellow moong dal or Urad Dal (crushed and washed horse beans), besan (crushed and washed gram flour), black pepper, red chili powder, salt and other spices.
Karanji (Marathi, Oriya) or Kajjikayi (Kannada, Telugu) or Kanoli are fried sweet dumplings made of wheat flour and stuffed with dry or moist coconut delicacies. They are a popular dish among Maharastrians, Oriyas and South Indians.
Pitha (Bihari, Oriya, Bengali, Assamese) are stuffed savouries either made by steam or deep frying. A wide range of pithas are available in eastern and north eastern India.
Another dumpling popular in Western India and South India is the Modak (Marathi, Oriya) or Modhaka (Kannada) or Modagam (Tamil) or Sugiyan (Malayalam), Kudumu (Telugu) where the filling is made of fresh coconut and jaggery or sugar while the covering is steamed rice dough. It is eaten hot with ghee.
Kozhakkattai (Tamil) or Kadabu (Kannada), is another South Indian dish that can be sweet, salty or spicy. The outer shell is always steamed sticky rice dough. In the sweet version, a form of sweet filling made with coconuts, boiled lentils and jaggery is used, whereas in the salty version, a mixture of steamed cracked lentils, chillies and some mild spices is used.
Ada (Malayalam) is another South Indian dish from Kerala that is sweet. Scrapped coconut mixed with sugar or jaggery is enveloped between the spread rice-dough and steamed. Sweet version of Kozhakkattai is equally famous in Kerala.
Pidi (Malayalam) is another South Indian dish from Kerala that is usually eaten with chicken curry.
Samosa is another popular savoury snack eaten in the Indian Subcontinent and Iranian Plateau. It is a fried dumpling usually stuffed with mince, vegetables (mainly potatoes) and various other spices. Vegetarian variants of samosas, without the added mince stuffing, are also popular and are sold at most eateries or roadside stalls throughout the country.
INDONESIAN CUISINE
Indonesian fish dumplings served in peanut sauce is called Siomay. Other types of dumplings are called Pangsit (wonton), steamed, boiled, or fried, and often is used as complement of bakmi ayam or chicken noodle. Indonesian dumplings were influenced and brought by Chinese immigrants to Indonesia.
FILIPINO CUISINE
Similar to Indonesia, the Chinese have brought dumplings to the Philippines since Pre-colonial times. It is also called Siomai which is made from ground pork, beef, shrimp, among others, combined with extenders like green peas, carrots and the like which is then wrapped in wonton wrappers. It is either steamed or fried and is usually dipped in soy sauce with calamansi juice.
JAPANESE CUISINE
Dango (団子) is a sweet dumpling made from rice flour, similar to mochi. Dango is eaten year-round, but the different varieties are traditionally eaten in given seasons. Three to four dango are often served on a skewer.
Gyōza (ギョーザ/餃子) is the Japanese version of the Chinese jiaozi.
KOREAN CUISINE
Korean dumplings are called "mandu" (만두). They are typically filled with a mixture of ingredients, including ground pork, kimchi, vegetables, cellophane noodles, but there are very many variations. Mandu can be steamed, fried, or boiled. The dumplings can also be used to make a soup called mandu guk (soup)(만둣국).
MONGOLIAN CUISINE
Buuz
Khuushuur
NEPALI CUISINE
In Nepal, steamed dumplings known as momos (or momo-cha) are a popular snack, often eaten as a full meal as well. They are similar to the Chinese jiaozi or the Central Asian manti. The dish is native to Tibet and was brought to Nepal by the Newar traders of Kathmandu who were trading goods with Tibet before the 1930s. Many different fillings, both meat based and vegetarian are common. Kathmandu Valley, a popular destination for momos, has with time developed its own essence for this food that differentiates it from its Tibetan counterpart.
Momos can be both fried and steamed. Momos are usually served with a dipping sauce normally consisting of tomatoes and chillies as the base ingredient, from which numerous variations can be made. Momo soup is a dish that has steamed momos immersed in a meat broth. Momos that are pan fried after steaming first are known as kothey momo, and steamed momos served in a hot sauce are called C-Momo in Nepal. Momos can also be prepared by directly deep frying without steaming first. Momos are one of the most items on the menus of Nepalese restaurants not only in Nepal but also around the world with significant Nepali populations like India, USA, UK, Australia and some Middle Eastern and European countries.
CARIBBEAN AND LATIN AMERICAN CUISINE
GENERAL
Empanadas, whose stuffing, manufacture and types are numerous and varied, differ from traditional dumplings in that they are deep fried or steamed and excess dough is not cut off.
CARIBBEAN CUISINE
Dumplings are either pan fried using a simple recipe including all-purpose flour, water, and salt made into a thick dough before frying on a pan until golden brown, or boiled in a soup. The fried version is usually served with breakfast codfish as a side.
BARBADIAN CUISINE
In Barbados, dumplings differ from those in other Caribbean islands in that they are slightly sweetened. The dumplings may either be of the flour or cornmeal variety. The dough is flavoured with spice, cinnamon and nutmeg. Dumplings are often added with Bajan soup where they are boiled. When found in Stew food, they dumplings are steamed along with ground provision, salted meat, plantain and other ingredients which is served with gravy.
JAMAICAN CUISINE
Dumplings come in three forms in Jamaica, fried, boiled, and roasted. All are made with flour, white or wheat, and the white-floured dumplings are often mixed with a bit of cornmeal. These foods are often served with a variety of dishes like ackee and saltfish, kidneys, liver salt mackerel, etc. and often taste better when refried. A refried dumpling is an already boiled dumpling left over from previous cooking that is fried, which gives it a slightly crispy outer layer and a tender middle. A purely fried white flour dumpling (also known as a "Johnny Cake") is golden brown and looks a lot like buñuelos, often substituting the boiled dumpling, but it is mostly consumed as part of breakfast. Fried dumplings can be made with or without sugar. When mixed with sugar, cornmeal and baking powder and fried, this variation is called festival. This delicious variation goes well when served with fried fish, or any other traditional Jamaican home food.
It derived from the Akan cuisine of Bofrot, with the exclusion of vanilla and yeast. For Jamaican dumplings, however, sugar and butter is optional as there are various ways to make it in Jamaica.
BRAZILIAN CUISINE
In Brazil, there are pastels, coxinhas, and bolinhas de carne which are fried dumplings filled with chicken, pork or beef mixed with olives, onions and spices. It is common to eat these on the beach or after work with fruit smoothies, beer, or fruity alcoholic drinks known as batidas.
CHILEAN CUISINE
In Chile, there are pantrucas, a type of flat, elongated irregular dumplings flavoured with fresh parsley and served in soup.
PERUVIAN CUISINE
"Papas Rellenas" or stuffed potatoes consist of a handful of mashed potatoes (without the milk and butter) flattened in the palm of the hand and stuffed with a savoury combination of ingredients. The stuffing usually consists of sautéed meat (could be beef, pork or chicken), onions and garlic. They are all seasoned with cumin, aji, raisins, peanuts, olives and sliced or chopped hard boiled eggs. After stuffing a ball is formed, rolled over flour and deep fried in hot oil. The stuffed potatoes are usually accompanied by onion sauce consisting of sliced onions, lime juice, olive oil, salt, pepper and slices of fresh peppers. The same dish may also be made with seafood. In some countries, yuca purée is used as the starch component of these Latin American dumplings.
PUERTO RICAN CUISINE
In Puerto Rico, dumplings are made of grated tubers such as yuca and malanga with added calabaza, unripe bananas and plantains mixed with flour. This dumplings are a traditional part in Puerto Rican style pigeon pea soup. Olive oil and annatto are usually added and help the mix from turning brown. The dumplings are formed into small balls and are first cooked in olive oil before boiling. Once the dumplings are crispy on the outside, they are then boiled with added ingredients.
Another dumpling that originated in Puerto Rico is the pasteles, a dumpling made of grated root vegetables, squash, plantains, and unripe bananas. The masa is then mixed with milk and annatto oil, and they are stuffed with stewed pork, chick peas, olives, capers and raisins. They are then placed on a banana leaf, tied and then boiled. The origin of pasteles leads back to Natives on the island of Borikén. Pasteles are popular in the Dominican Republic, Hawaii, Trinidad and lately seen in Cuban cuisine.
EUROPEAN CUISINE
BRITISH AND IRISH CUISINE
Savoury dumplings made from balls of dough are part of traditional British and Irish cuisine. Traditionally dumplings are made from twice the weight of self raising flour to suet, bound together by cold water to form a dough and seasoned with salt and pepper. Balls of this dough are dropped into a bubbling pot of stew or soup, or into a casserole. They sit, partly submerged in the stew, and expand as they are half-boiled half-steamed for ten minutes or so. The cooked dumplings are airy on the inside and moist on the outside. The dough may be flavoured with herbs, or it may have cheese pressed into its centre.
After beef stew is finished, a pudding can be created by topping the dumplings and gravy with sugar.[citation needed]
The Norfolk dumpling is not made with fat, but from flour and a raising agent.[8] Cotswold dumplings call for the addition of breadcrumbs and cheese, and the balls of dough may be rolled in breadcrumbs and fried, rather than cooked in a soup or stew.[9] Vegetarian dumplings can be made with vegetable suet, a type of shredded vegetable fat. When sweetened with dried fruit and spices, dumplings can be boiled in water to make a dessert. In Scotland, this is called a clootie dumpling, after the cloth.
CENTRAL EUROPEAN CUISINE
Germany, Hungary, Austria, Czech Republic and Slovakia boast a large variety of dumplings, both sweet and savoury. A dumpling is called Kloß in Northern Germany, Knödel, Nockerl or Knöpfle in Southern Germany and Austria. These are flour dumplings, the most common dumplings, thin or thick, made with eggs and semolina flour, boiled in water. Meat dumplings (called Klopse or Klöpse in North-Eastern Germany, Knöpfle and Nocken in Southern Germany) contain meat or liver. Liver dumplings are frequent additions to soup. Thüringer Klöße are made from raw or boiled potatoes, or a mixture of both, and are often filled with croutons. Bread dumplings are made with white bread and are sometimes shaped like a loaf of bread, and boiled in a napkin, in which case they are known as napkin dumplings (Serviettenknödel).
Maultaschen are a Swabian (Baden-Württemberg) specialty food, consisting of an outer layer of pasta dough with a filling traditionally made of sausage meat, spinach, bread crumbs and onions and flavored with various spices. Similar in appearance to Italian ravioli, Maultaschen are usually larger, however, each Maultasche being about 8–12 cm across.
he only potato dumpling museum in the world, the Thüringer Kloßmuseum, is located in Germany, in the municipality of Heichelheim near Weimar.Halušky are a traditional variety of dumplings cooked in the Central and Eastern European cuisines (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Ukraine). These aresmall lumps cut from a thick flour and egg batter and dropped into boiling water, similar to the German Spätzle, Knöpfle, or Knödel.
In Hungary, these dumplings are called galuska or nokedli. Sweet varieties called gombóc are made with flour and potato dough, which is wrapped around whole plums or apricots, and then boiled and rolled in hot buttered bread crumbs. Shlishkes or "Krumplinudli" are small boiled potato dumplings made from the same potato dough as the sweet plum dumplings, also rolled in hot buttered bread crumbs.
Bryndzové halušky, considered the Slovak national dish, are small potato dumplings without a filling, served with salty sheep's cheese on top. The same dumplings are also used to create a similar dish, strapačky. Also available are their related stuffed version called pirohy, usually filled with bryndza (bryndzové pirohy), quark cheese, potatoes, onions, cabbage, mushrooms, or meat.
In Czech cuisine dumplings have two main forms:
Knödel is called in Czech knedlík and in Slovakia knedliček. It can be either houskový (bread) or bramborový (potato) knödel. These dumplings are boiled in loaf shape and then cut in slices and are part of many Czech national dishes such as Vepřo knedlo zelo or Svíčková na smetaně.
Ovocné knedlíky (ball-shaped knedle) filled in with fruit: plums, strawberry, blueberry etc. Meal is completed on plate with grated quark, melted butter and powder sugar.
Idrijski žlikrofi are Slovenian dumplings, regionally located in the town of Idrija. They are made from dough with potato filling and have a characteristic form of a hat. Žlikrofi are made by a traditional recipe from the 19th century, but the source of the recipe is unknown due to lack of historical sources. The dish may be served as a starter or a side dish to meat based dishes. Žlikrofi were the first Slovenian food to be classified as a Traditional speciality guaranteed dish.
EASTERN EUROPEAN CUISINE
Pierogi of Poland and varenyky of Ukraine, Russia and Belarus are ravioli-like crescent-shaped dumplings filled with savoury or sweet filling. Varenyky are usually boiled or steamed. Pierogi are often fried after boiling.
"Little ears", variously called uszka in Poland, ushki (ушки) in Russia, vushka (вушка) in Ukraine, and vushki (вушкі) in Belarus, are folded ring-shaped dumplings similar in shape to Italian tortellini or Jewish kreplach. They are stuffed with meat or mushrooms and traditionally served in borshch or clear soup. In Romania, "little ears" (Romanian: urechiuşe) are also served in dumpling soup (supă de găluşte)
Kluski are a different variety of Polish dumplings.
Lithuanian dough dumplings are called koldūnai and virtiniai. Usually they are filled with meat or curd. One of the varieties is called Šaltanosiai and is made with blueberry filling. There are also potato dumplings called cepelinai or didžkukuliai, filled with meat or curd inside, served with soured cream. A similar dish exists in Belarus that is called klyocki (клёцкi).
Russian pelmeni are smaller than varenyky and made only of minced meat with addition of onions and spices. Sometimes the meat used is only beef, in other recipes is a mixture of beef with pork and/or mutton. Pelmeni should be juicy inside. They are unrelated to the pasta with which they are sometimes compared as it is a savoury main dish. They are usually boiled in water with spices and salt, or in meat bouillon, sometimes fried before serving. They are often served with plenty of sour cream.
An important difference between pelmeni, varenyky, and pierogi is the thickness of the dough shell—in pelmeni this is as thin as possible, and the proportion of filling to dough is usually higher.[11] Pelmeni are never served with a sweet filling, which distinguishes them from varenyky and pierogi, which sometimes are. Also, the fillings in pelmeni are usually raw, while the fillings of vareniki and pierogi are typically precooked.
The word pelmeni is derived from pel'n'an' (пельнянь) – literally "ear bread" in the native Finno-Ugric Komi, Udmurt, and Mansi languages. It is unclear when pelmeni entered the cuisines of the indigenous Siberian people and when they first appeared in Russian cuisine. One theory suggests pelmeni, or stuffed boiled dumplings in general, originated in Siberia, possibly a simplified adaptation of the Chinese Wonton (in some dialect is called Bāomiàn "包面"). Pelmeni are particularly good means of quickly preserving meat during long Siberian winter, especially eliminating the need to feed livestock during the long winter months.
The main difference between pelmeni and momos is their size—a typical pelmeni is about 2 to 3 centimetres (0.79 to 1.18 in) in diameter, whereas momos are often at least twice that size.
In Siberia, especially popular with the Buryat peoples are steamed dumplings called pozi (buuz in Mongolian, from Chinese: 包子; pinyin: bāozi). They are usually made with an unleavened dough, but are often encountered leavened. The traditional filling is meat, but the kind of meat and how it is processed varies. In Mongolia, mutton is favored, and is chopped rather than ground; pork and beef mixes are more popular in Russia.
Manti, samsa, chiburekki, and belyashi are all popular imported dumplings.
ITALIAN CUISINE
Ravioli and tortellini fit the basic definition of a dumpling: these are pockets of pasta enclosing various fillings (cheese, mushrooms, spinach, seafood, or meat). Instead of being made from a ball of dough, the dough is rolled flat, cut into a shape, filled with other ingredients, and then the dough is closed around the filling.
Gnocchi (Spanish: ñoquis, widely adopted in Argentina, Portuguese: nhoque, Slovene: Njoki) is a different kind of Italian dumpling. The word gnocchi literally means "lumps", and they are rolled and shaped from a mixture of egg with potato, semolina, flour, or ricotta cheese (with or without spinach). The lumps are boiled in water and served with melted butter, grated cheese, or other pasta sauces.
SCANDINAVIAN CUISINE
NORWAY
In Norway, dumplings have a vast variety of names, as the dialects differ substantially. Names include potetball, klubb, kløbb, raspeball, komle, kumle, kompe, kumpe, kodla, kudle, klot, kams, ball, baill, komperdøse, kumperdøse, kompadøs, ruter, ruta, raskekako, risk, klotremat, krumme and kromme. They are usually made from potatoes and various types of flour, and then boiled. Occasionally they are filled with bacon. In some areas it is common to serve the dumplings with syrup.
SWEDEN
In Sweden, potato dumplings of originally German origin[14] have several regional names, mainly depending on the type of flour used. When the potato is mixed with wheat flour, which is more common in southern Sweden, it is called kroppkaka. In Blekinge[15] and parts of the island of Öland, it is traditionally made from grated raw potato, which makes it greyish in colour, while on Gotland and in Småland it is predominantly made from mashed boiled potato, and is thus whiter in colour. The kroppkaka is usually filled with diced, smoked bacon and chopped, raw onion, and is often spiced with allspice.
When the potato is mixed with barley flour, which is traditional in northern Sweden, it is known as palt in Lapland, Västerbotten and Norrbotten, and as kams in Jämtland, Ångermanland and Medelpad. Originally, palt was eaten all over Sweden and was made from barley or rye flour alone, but during the 19th century, when potato was added and wheat became more common and inexpensive, the northern recipes retained the original name, while kroppkaka, which had always been the name used on Öland for the flour dumpling, became the name for the variant in southern Sweden.
Palt and kams is usually filled with diced, unsmoked bacon. However, sometimes fried bacon is served on the side of unfilled palt or kams, which then is known as flatpalt or flatkams, as the lack of filling makes it flatter. The most well-known palt variant is the Pitepalt from Piteå. In Dalarna, where the dish is known as klabbe, it is still made without potatoes and is never filled. Klabbe is instead served with diced bacon on the side.
A variant of palt is blodpalt, where pig, beef or reindeer blood is mixed into the dough. Other palt variants are leverpalt, with minced liver added to the dough, and njurpalt, with diced kidney mixed into the bacon filling. Blodpalt also existed across the country originally, and has been found in iron age graves in Halland.
The filled kroppkaka, palt or kams ball - as well as the flatter, unfilled flatpalt, flatkams and klabbe - is dropped into boiling salted water and cooked until it floats. It is traditionally served warm with melted butter and lingonberry jam, although in some parts of southern Sweden the melted butter is replaced by half cream (a mix of milk and cream) or a warm milk sauce, and in parts of northern Sweden the butter is replaced by a warm milk sauce spiced with messmör. Leftover kroppkaka is often served halved and fried.
Unfilled flour dumplings for use in soup are called klimp if the flour is wheat, but mjölpalt if the flour is barley or rye.
MIDDLE EASTERN CUISINE
ARABIC CUISINE
Asida
Kibbeh
Qatayef
Shishbarak
CAUCASIAN CUISINE
Meat-filled manti in Armenia are typically served with yogurt or sour cream, accompanied by clear soup. Mantapour is an Armenian beef soup with manta.
Boraki (Armenian: Բորակի) are a kind of Armenian fried dumplings. The main distinction of boraki is that the minced meat is pre-fried, the boraki are formed as small cylinders with an open top, the cylinders are lightly boiled in broth and then fried. Boraki are served garnished with yogurt and chopped garlic.
Dushbara (Azerbaijan: Düşbərə) is an Azeri soup with tiny lamb-filled dumplings.
Khinkali (Georgian: ხინკალი) are Georgian dumplings usually filled with spiced meat. herbs (usually coriander), onions, and garlic. Mushrooms, potatoes, or cheese may be used in place of meat. The khinkali is typically consumed first by sucking the juices while taking the first bite, in order to prevent the dumpling from bursting. The towns of Dusheti, Pasanauri and Mtskheta are particularly famous for their khinkali.
Mataz are dumplings in Circassian and some other Caucasian cuisines, closely related to manti. They typically consist of a spiced meat mixture, usually lamb or ground beef, with greens and onions, put in a dough wrapper, either boiled or steamed. Mushrooms, potatoes, or cheese may be used in place of meat.
JEWISH CUISINE
Kreplach
Kubbeh
Matzah ball
Knish
TURKISH CUISINE
Manti
WIKIPEDIA
Around Lovina, eating bakso
Bakso is Indonesian meatball or meat paste made from beef surimi and is similar in texture to the Chinese beef ball, fish ball, or pork ball. Bakso is commonly made from beef with a small quantity of tapioca flour. However, bakso can also be made from other ingredients, such as chicken, fish, or shrimp. Bakso are usually served in a bowl of beef broth, with yellow noodles, bihun (rice vermicelli), salted vegetables, tofu, egg (wrapped within bakso), Chinese green cabbage, bean sprout, siomay or steamed meat dumpling, and crisp wonton, sprinkled with fried shallots and celery. Bakso can be found all across Indonesia; from the traveling cart street vendors to restaurants.
(source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakso)
Dumplings are a food that consists of small pieces of dough wrapped around a filling. They can be based on flour, potatoes or bread, and may include meat, fish, vegetables, or sweets. They may be cooked by boiling, steaming, simmering, frying. They may have a filling, or there may be other ingredients mixed into the dough. Dumplings may be sweet or savoury. They can be eaten by themselves, in soups or stews, with gravy, or in any other way. While some dumplings resemble solid water-boiled doughs, such as gnocchi, others such as wontons or ravioli feature a wrapping of dough around a filling.
AFRICAN CUISINE
Banku and kenkey fit the definition of a dumpling in that they are starchy balls of dough that are steamed. They are formed from fermented cornmeal dough. Banku are boiled while kenkey are partly boiled then finished by steaming in banana leaves.
Fufu may be described as a dumpling although in actual sense, it is not. Fufu is made by pounding boiled cassava (common in Ghana) or yam (common in Nigeria) in a wooden mortar with a wooden pestle. Plantain or cocoyam may be added. There are several other versions of fufu in Africa and the Caribbean. There have been other versions of fufu which will fit better into the definition of dumplings. These are mostly common outside Africa where they originate. It is made by steaming cassava and plantain/cocoyam flour into thick starchy balls.
Tihlo - prepared from roasted barley flour - originated in the Tigray region of Ethiopia and is now very popular in Amhara as well and spreading further south.
Souskluitjies are dumplings found in South Africa. They are a steamed sweet dumpling, sometimes made with plain flour and sometimes with the addition of dried fruits or other flavors. They are often served with a syrup flavored with cinnamon or a custard sauce.
South Africa has another kind of dumpling known as melkkos. These dumplings are formed by putting milk, one teaspoon at a time, into a dry flour mixture. The flour clings to the milk and forms dumplings, which are then boiled in a mixture of milk and butter. They are served hot and sprinkled with cinnamon sugar.
AMERICAN CUISINE
Several types of dumplings are popular in the United States. Bite-sized, hand-torn pieces of dough are cooked in boiling chicken broth along with a variety of vegetables to make the dish chicken and dumplings which is served as a thick soup. Chicken and dumplings is a popular comfort food in the Southern and Midwestern U.S.
Dumplings are often used as part of the regionally popular Burgoo stew.
The baked dumpling is popular in American cuisine. These sweet dumplings are made by wrapping fruit, frequently a whole tart apple, in pastry, then baking until the pastry is browned and the filling is tender. As an alternative to simply baking them, these dumplings are surrounded by a sweet sauce in the baking dish, and may be basted during cooking. Popular flavours for apple dumplings include brown sugar, caramel, or cinnamon sauces.
Boiled dumplings are made from flour to form a dough. A pot of boiling chicken or turkey broth is used to cook this dough. The thickness and the size of the dumplings is at the cook's discretion. The size does not affect the taste but the thickness does. It is optional to serve with the meat in the dish or on the side.
Dumplings can be made with eggs, milk, baking powder or even yeast, or just from flour and water. Rolled dumplings are rolled thin and cut into small pieces for cooking, while dropped dumplings are formed into small balls.
Tortilla dumplings are made by adding tortillas and fillings to a boiling pot of stock. Popular varieties of Southern dumplings include chicken dumplings, turkey dumplings, strawberry dumplings, apple dumplings, ham dumplings, and even butter-bean dumplings.
ASIAN CUISINE
CENTRAL ASIAN CUISINE
Manti (also manty or mantu) is a steamed dumpling in Central Asian and Chinese Islamic cuisine. It contains a mixture of ground lamb (or beef) spiced with black pepper, enclosed in a dough wrapper. Manti are cooked in a multi-level steamer (mantovarka) and served topped with butter, yogurt, sour cream, or onion sauce. These dumplings are popular throughout Central Asia, including Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Xinjiang region of China and India.
Chuchvara is a very small boiled dumpling typical of Uzbek and Tajik cuisine. Made of unleavened dough squares filled with meat, it is similar to the Russian pelmeni and the Chinese wonton, but in observance of the Islamic dietary rules, the meat filling is without pork. Chuchvara can be served in a clear soup or on their own, with vinegar or sauce based on finely chopped greens, tomatoes and hot peppers. Another popular way of serving chuchvara is topped with suzma (strained qatiq) or with smetana (sour cream), Russian-style.
CHINESE CUISINE
A common legend goes that dumplings were first invented in the era of the Three Kingdoms, around 225 AD. Zhuge Liang, a general and minister of Shu Han, dammed up a poison marsh on his southern campaign against the Nanman with dumplings instead of the heads that the Nanman used.The jiaozi (Chinese: 餃子/饺子) is a common Chinese dumpling which generally consists of minced meat and finely chopped vegetables wrapped into a piece of dough skin. The skin can be either thin and elastic or thicker. Popular meat fillings include ground meat (usually pork, but can instead be beef or chicken), shrimp, and even fish. Popular mixtures include pork with Chinese cabbage, pork with garlic chives, pork and shrimp with vegetables, pork with spring onion, garlic chives with scrambled eggs. Filling mixtures vary depending on personal tastes and region. Jiaozi are usually boiled, steamed or fried and continue to be a traditional dish eaten on Chinese New Year's Eve, the evening before Chinese New Year, and special family reunions. Particularly, in Northern China, people generally eat dumpling on the Winter Solstice (December 22 of each year), a custom signifying a warm winter. Extended family members may gather together to make dumplings, and it is also eaten for farewell to family members or friends. In Northern China, dumplings are commonly eaten with a dipping sauce made of vinegar and chili oil or paste, and occasionally with some soy sauce added in.
If dumplings are laid flatly on a pan, first steamed with a lid on and with a thin layer of water, then fried in oil after the water has been evaporated, they are called guotie (鍋貼/锅贴, sometimes called "potstickers"), as the Maillard reaction occurring on the bottom of the dumplings makes the skin crispy and brown. The same dumplings are called jiaozi if they are just steamed.
The wonton (雲呑/餛飩) is another kind of dumpling. It is typically boiled in a light broth or soup and made with a meatier filling. The skin wrapping for wontons is different—thinner and less elastic—than that used for jiaozi[citation needed]. Wontons are more popular in Southern China (Shanghai, Guangdong, Hong Kong etc.) whereas in Northern China, jiaozi are more popular. Jiaozi, wonton and potstickers are all wrapped differently.
Another type of Chinese dumpling is made with glutinous rice. Usually, the glutinous rice dumplings zongzi (粽子) are triangle or cone shaped, can be filled with red bean paste, Chinese dates or cured meat depending on region. Glutinous rice dumplings are traditionally eaten during the Duanwu Festival. Other types of dumplings would be soup dumplings, commonly referred to as xiaolongbao (小籠包/小笼包).
Chinese cuisine includes sweet dumplings. Tangyuan are smaller dumplings made with glutinous rice flour and filled with sweet sesame, peanut, red bean paste. Tangyuan may also be served without a filling. Tangyuan are eaten on the 15th day of Chinese New Year, or the Lantern Festival.
See also: dim sum (點心) for descriptions of several other kinds of dumplings such as har gow, fun guo, siew mai, Cha siu bao, lo mai gai and crystal dumplings.
INDIAN CUISINE
Indian cuisine features several dishes which could be characterised as dumplings:
Gujhia (Hindi) is a sweet dumpling made with wheat flour, stuffed with khoya. Bhajia are also dumplings sometimes stuffed with veggies and fruits.
Fara (Hindi) is also famous in North India which is very similar to dumplings. It is made of wheat flour with stuffing of lentils and similar delicacy.
Kachori (Hindi) is a round flattened ball made of fine flour filled with a stuffing of baked mixture of yellow moong dal or Urad Dal (crushed and washed horse beans), besan (crushed and washed gram flour), black pepper, red chili powder, salt and other spices.
Karanji (Marathi, Oriya) or Kajjikayi (Kannada, Telugu) or Kanoli are fried sweet dumplings made of wheat flour and stuffed with dry or moist coconut delicacies. They are a popular dish among Maharastrians, Oriyas and South Indians.
Pitha (Bihari, Oriya, Bengali, Assamese) are stuffed savouries either made by steam or deep frying. A wide range of pithas are available in eastern and north eastern India.
Another dumpling popular in Western India and South India is the Modak (Marathi, Oriya) or Modhaka (Kannada) or Modagam (Tamil) or Sugiyan (Malayalam), Kudumu (Telugu) where the filling is made of fresh coconut and jaggery or sugar while the covering is steamed rice dough. It is eaten hot with ghee.
Kozhakkattai (Tamil) or Kadabu (Kannada), is another South Indian dish that can be sweet, salty or spicy. The outer shell is always steamed sticky rice dough. In the sweet version, a form of sweet filling made with coconuts, boiled lentils and jaggery is used, whereas in the salty version, a mixture of steamed cracked lentils, chillies and some mild spices is used.
Ada (Malayalam) is another South Indian dish from Kerala that is sweet. Scrapped coconut mixed with sugar or jaggery is enveloped between the spread rice-dough and steamed. Sweet version of Kozhakkattai is equally famous in Kerala.
Pidi (Malayalam) is another South Indian dish from Kerala that is usually eaten with chicken curry.
Samosa is another popular savoury snack eaten in the Indian Subcontinent and Iranian Plateau. It is a fried dumpling usually stuffed with mince, vegetables (mainly potatoes) and various other spices. Vegetarian variants of samosas, without the added mince stuffing, are also popular and are sold at most eateries or roadside stalls throughout the country.
INDONESIAN CUISINE
Indonesian fish dumplings served in peanut sauce is called Siomay. Other types of dumplings are called Pangsit (wonton), steamed, boiled, or fried, and often is used as complement of bakmi ayam or chicken noodle. Indonesian dumplings were influenced and brought by Chinese immigrants to Indonesia.
FILIPINO CUISINE
Similar to Indonesia, the Chinese have brought dumplings to the Philippines since Pre-colonial times. It is also called Siomai which is made from ground pork, beef, shrimp, among others, combined with extenders like green peas, carrots and the like which is then wrapped in wonton wrappers. It is either steamed or fried and is usually dipped in soy sauce with calamansi juice.
JAPANESE CUISINE
Dango (団子) is a sweet dumpling made from rice flour, similar to mochi. Dango is eaten year-round, but the different varieties are traditionally eaten in given seasons. Three to four dango are often served on a skewer.
Gyōza (ギョーザ/餃子) is the Japanese version of the Chinese jiaozi.
KOREAN CUISINE
Korean dumplings are called "mandu" (만두). They are typically filled with a mixture of ingredients, including ground pork, kimchi, vegetables, cellophane noodles, but there are very many variations. Mandu can be steamed, fried, or boiled. The dumplings can also be used to make a soup called mandu guk (soup)(만둣국).
MONGOLIAN CUISINE
Buuz
Khuushuur
NEPALI CUISINE
In Nepal, steamed dumplings known as momos (or momo-cha) are a popular snack, often eaten as a full meal as well. They are similar to the Chinese jiaozi or the Central Asian manti. The dish is native to Tibet and was brought to Nepal by the Newar traders of Kathmandu who were trading goods with Tibet before the 1930s. Many different fillings, both meat based and vegetarian are common. Kathmandu Valley, a popular destination for momos, has with time developed its own essence for this food that differentiates it from its Tibetan counterpart.
Momos can be both fried and steamed. Momos are usually served with a dipping sauce normally consisting of tomatoes and chillies as the base ingredient, from which numerous variations can be made. Momo soup is a dish that has steamed momos immersed in a meat broth. Momos that are pan fried after steaming first are known as kothey momo, and steamed momos served in a hot sauce are called C-Momo in Nepal. Momos can also be prepared by directly deep frying without steaming first. Momos are one of the most items on the menus of Nepalese restaurants not only in Nepal but also around the world with significant Nepali populations like India, USA, UK, Australia and some Middle Eastern and European countries.
CARIBBEAN AND LATIN AMERICAN CUISINE
GENERAL
Empanadas, whose stuffing, manufacture and types are numerous and varied, differ from traditional dumplings in that they are deep fried or steamed and excess dough is not cut off.
CARIBBEAN CUISINE
Dumplings are either pan fried using a simple recipe including all-purpose flour, water, and salt made into a thick dough before frying on a pan until golden brown, or boiled in a soup. The fried version is usually served with breakfast codfish as a side.
BARBADIAN CUISINE
In Barbados, dumplings differ from those in other Caribbean islands in that they are slightly sweetened. The dumplings may either be of the flour or cornmeal variety. The dough is flavoured with spice, cinnamon and nutmeg. Dumplings are often added with Bajan soup where they are boiled. When found in Stew food, they dumplings are steamed along with ground provision, salted meat, plantain and other ingredients which is served with gravy.
JAMAICAN CUISINE
Dumplings come in three forms in Jamaica, fried, boiled, and roasted. All are made with flour, white or wheat, and the white-floured dumplings are often mixed with a bit of cornmeal. These foods are often served with a variety of dishes like ackee and saltfish, kidneys, liver salt mackerel, etc. and often taste better when refried. A refried dumpling is an already boiled dumpling left over from previous cooking that is fried, which gives it a slightly crispy outer layer and a tender middle. A purely fried white flour dumpling (also known as a "Johnny Cake") is golden brown and looks a lot like buñuelos, often substituting the boiled dumpling, but it is mostly consumed as part of breakfast. Fried dumplings can be made with or without sugar. When mixed with sugar, cornmeal and baking powder and fried, this variation is called festival. This delicious variation goes well when served with fried fish, or any other traditional Jamaican home food.
It derived from the Akan cuisine of Bofrot, with the exclusion of vanilla and yeast. For Jamaican dumplings, however, sugar and butter is optional as there are various ways to make it in Jamaica.
BRAZILIAN CUISINE
In Brazil, there are pastels, coxinhas, and bolinhas de carne which are fried dumplings filled with chicken, pork or beef mixed with olives, onions and spices. It is common to eat these on the beach or after work with fruit smoothies, beer, or fruity alcoholic drinks known as batidas.
CHILEAN CUISINE
In Chile, there are pantrucas, a type of flat, elongated irregular dumplings flavoured with fresh parsley and served in soup.
PERUVIAN CUISINE
"Papas Rellenas" or stuffed potatoes consist of a handful of mashed potatoes (without the milk and butter) flattened in the palm of the hand and stuffed with a savoury combination of ingredients. The stuffing usually consists of sautéed meat (could be beef, pork or chicken), onions and garlic. They are all seasoned with cumin, aji, raisins, peanuts, olives and sliced or chopped hard boiled eggs. After stuffing a ball is formed, rolled over flour and deep fried in hot oil. The stuffed potatoes are usually accompanied by onion sauce consisting of sliced onions, lime juice, olive oil, salt, pepper and slices of fresh peppers. The same dish may also be made with seafood. In some countries, yuca purée is used as the starch component of these Latin American dumplings.
PUERTO RICAN CUISINE
In Puerto Rico, dumplings are made of grated tubers such as yuca and malanga with added calabaza, unripe bananas and plantains mixed with flour. This dumplings are a traditional part in Puerto Rican style pigeon pea soup. Olive oil and annatto are usually added and help the mix from turning brown. The dumplings are formed into small balls and are first cooked in olive oil before boiling. Once the dumplings are crispy on the outside, they are then boiled with added ingredients.
Another dumpling that originated in Puerto Rico is the pasteles, a dumpling made of grated root vegetables, squash, plantains, and unripe bananas. The masa is then mixed with milk and annatto oil, and they are stuffed with stewed pork, chick peas, olives, capers and raisins. They are then placed on a banana leaf, tied and then boiled. The origin of pasteles leads back to Natives on the island of Borikén. Pasteles are popular in the Dominican Republic, Hawaii, Trinidad and lately seen in Cuban cuisine.
EUROPEAN CUISINE
BRITISH AND IRISH CUISINE
Savoury dumplings made from balls of dough are part of traditional British and Irish cuisine. Traditionally dumplings are made from twice the weight of self raising flour to suet, bound together by cold water to form a dough and seasoned with salt and pepper. Balls of this dough are dropped into a bubbling pot of stew or soup, or into a casserole. They sit, partly submerged in the stew, and expand as they are half-boiled half-steamed for ten minutes or so. The cooked dumplings are airy on the inside and moist on the outside. The dough may be flavoured with herbs, or it may have cheese pressed into its centre.
After beef stew is finished, a pudding can be created by topping the dumplings and gravy with sugar.[citation needed]
The Norfolk dumpling is not made with fat, but from flour and a raising agent.[8] Cotswold dumplings call for the addition of breadcrumbs and cheese, and the balls of dough may be rolled in breadcrumbs and fried, rather than cooked in a soup or stew.[9] Vegetarian dumplings can be made with vegetable suet, a type of shredded vegetable fat. When sweetened with dried fruit and spices, dumplings can be boiled in water to make a dessert. In Scotland, this is called a clootie dumpling, after the cloth.
CENTRAL EUROPEAN CUISINE
Germany, Hungary, Austria, Czech Republic and Slovakia boast a large variety of dumplings, both sweet and savoury. A dumpling is called Kloß in Northern Germany, Knödel, Nockerl or Knöpfle in Southern Germany and Austria. These are flour dumplings, the most common dumplings, thin or thick, made with eggs and semolina flour, boiled in water. Meat dumplings (called Klopse or Klöpse in North-Eastern Germany, Knöpfle and Nocken in Southern Germany) contain meat or liver. Liver dumplings are frequent additions to soup. Thüringer Klöße are made from raw or boiled potatoes, or a mixture of both, and are often filled with croutons. Bread dumplings are made with white bread and are sometimes shaped like a loaf of bread, and boiled in a napkin, in which case they are known as napkin dumplings (Serviettenknödel).
Maultaschen are a Swabian (Baden-Württemberg) specialty food, consisting of an outer layer of pasta dough with a filling traditionally made of sausage meat, spinach, bread crumbs and onions and flavored with various spices. Similar in appearance to Italian ravioli, Maultaschen are usually larger, however, each Maultasche being about 8–12 cm across.
he only potato dumpling museum in the world, the Thüringer Kloßmuseum, is located in Germany, in the municipality of Heichelheim near Weimar.Halušky are a traditional variety of dumplings cooked in the Central and Eastern European cuisines (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Ukraine). These aresmall lumps cut from a thick flour and egg batter and dropped into boiling water, similar to the German Spätzle, Knöpfle, or Knödel.
In Hungary, these dumplings are called galuska or nokedli. Sweet varieties called gombóc are made with flour and potato dough, which is wrapped around whole plums or apricots, and then boiled and rolled in hot buttered bread crumbs. Shlishkes or "Krumplinudli" are small boiled potato dumplings made from the same potato dough as the sweet plum dumplings, also rolled in hot buttered bread crumbs.
Bryndzové halušky, considered the Slovak national dish, are small potato dumplings without a filling, served with salty sheep's cheese on top. The same dumplings are also used to create a similar dish, strapačky. Also available are their related stuffed version called pirohy, usually filled with bryndza (bryndzové pirohy), quark cheese, potatoes, onions, cabbage, mushrooms, or meat.
In Czech cuisine dumplings have two main forms:
Knödel is called in Czech knedlík and in Slovakia knedliček. It can be either houskový (bread) or bramborový (potato) knödel. These dumplings are boiled in loaf shape and then cut in slices and are part of many Czech national dishes such as Vepřo knedlo zelo or Svíčková na smetaně.
Ovocné knedlíky (ball-shaped knedle) filled in with fruit: plums, strawberry, blueberry etc. Meal is completed on plate with grated quark, melted butter and powder sugar.
Idrijski žlikrofi are Slovenian dumplings, regionally located in the town of Idrija. They are made from dough with potato filling and have a characteristic form of a hat. Žlikrofi are made by a traditional recipe from the 19th century, but the source of the recipe is unknown due to lack of historical sources. The dish may be served as a starter or a side dish to meat based dishes. Žlikrofi were the first Slovenian food to be classified as a Traditional speciality guaranteed dish.
EASTERN EUROPEAN CUISINE
Pierogi of Poland and varenyky of Ukraine, Russia and Belarus are ravioli-like crescent-shaped dumplings filled with savoury or sweet filling. Varenyky are usually boiled or steamed. Pierogi are often fried after boiling.
"Little ears", variously called uszka in Poland, ushki (ушки) in Russia, vushka (вушка) in Ukraine, and vushki (вушкі) in Belarus, are folded ring-shaped dumplings similar in shape to Italian tortellini or Jewish kreplach. They are stuffed with meat or mushrooms and traditionally served in borshch or clear soup. In Romania, "little ears" (Romanian: urechiuşe) are also served in dumpling soup (supă de găluşte)
Kluski are a different variety of Polish dumplings.
Lithuanian dough dumplings are called koldūnai and virtiniai. Usually they are filled with meat or curd. One of the varieties is called Šaltanosiai and is made with blueberry filling. There are also potato dumplings called cepelinai or didžkukuliai, filled with meat or curd inside, served with soured cream. A similar dish exists in Belarus that is called klyocki (клёцкi).
Russian pelmeni are smaller than varenyky and made only of minced meat with addition of onions and spices. Sometimes the meat used is only beef, in other recipes is a mixture of beef with pork and/or mutton. Pelmeni should be juicy inside. They are unrelated to the pasta with which they are sometimes compared as it is a savoury main dish. They are usually boiled in water with spices and salt, or in meat bouillon, sometimes fried before serving. They are often served with plenty of sour cream.
An important difference between pelmeni, varenyky, and pierogi is the thickness of the dough shell—in pelmeni this is as thin as possible, and the proportion of filling to dough is usually higher.[11] Pelmeni are never served with a sweet filling, which distinguishes them from varenyky and pierogi, which sometimes are. Also, the fillings in pelmeni are usually raw, while the fillings of vareniki and pierogi are typically precooked.
The word pelmeni is derived from pel'n'an' (пельнянь) – literally "ear bread" in the native Finno-Ugric Komi, Udmurt, and Mansi languages. It is unclear when pelmeni entered the cuisines of the indigenous Siberian people and when they first appeared in Russian cuisine. One theory suggests pelmeni, or stuffed boiled dumplings in general, originated in Siberia, possibly a simplified adaptation of the Chinese Wonton (in some dialect is called Bāomiàn "包面"). Pelmeni are particularly good means of quickly preserving meat during long Siberian winter, especially eliminating the need to feed livestock during the long winter months.
The main difference between pelmeni and momos is their size—a typical pelmeni is about 2 to 3 centimetres (0.79 to 1.18 in) in diameter, whereas momos are often at least twice that size.
In Siberia, especially popular with the Buryat peoples are steamed dumplings called pozi (buuz in Mongolian, from Chinese: 包子; pinyin: bāozi). They are usually made with an unleavened dough, but are often encountered leavened. The traditional filling is meat, but the kind of meat and how it is processed varies. In Mongolia, mutton is favored, and is chopped rather than ground; pork and beef mixes are more popular in Russia.
Manti, samsa, chiburekki, and belyashi are all popular imported dumplings.
ITALIAN CUISINE
Ravioli and tortellini fit the basic definition of a dumpling: these are pockets of pasta enclosing various fillings (cheese, mushrooms, spinach, seafood, or meat). Instead of being made from a ball of dough, the dough is rolled flat, cut into a shape, filled with other ingredients, and then the dough is closed around the filling.
Gnocchi (Spanish: ñoquis, widely adopted in Argentina, Portuguese: nhoque, Slovene: Njoki) is a different kind of Italian dumpling. The word gnocchi literally means "lumps", and they are rolled and shaped from a mixture of egg with potato, semolina, flour, or ricotta cheese (with or without spinach). The lumps are boiled in water and served with melted butter, grated cheese, or other pasta sauces.
SCANDINAVIAN CUISINE
NORWAY
In Norway, dumplings have a vast variety of names, as the dialects differ substantially. Names include potetball, klubb, kløbb, raspeball, komle, kumle, kompe, kumpe, kodla, kudle, klot, kams, ball, baill, komperdøse, kumperdøse, kompadøs, ruter, ruta, raskekako, risk, klotremat, krumme and kromme. They are usually made from potatoes and various types of flour, and then boiled. Occasionally they are filled with bacon. In some areas it is common to serve the dumplings with syrup.
SWEDEN
In Sweden, potato dumplings of originally German origin[14] have several regional names, mainly depending on the type of flour used. When the potato is mixed with wheat flour, which is more common in southern Sweden, it is called kroppkaka. In Blekinge[15] and parts of the island of Öland, it is traditionally made from grated raw potato, which makes it greyish in colour, while on Gotland and in Småland it is predominantly made from mashed boiled potato, and is thus whiter in colour. The kroppkaka is usually filled with diced, smoked bacon and chopped, raw onion, and is often spiced with allspice.
When the potato is mixed with barley flour, which is traditional in northern Sweden, it is known as palt in Lapland, Västerbotten and Norrbotten, and as kams in Jämtland, Ångermanland and Medelpad. Originally, palt was eaten all over Sweden and was made from barley or rye flour alone, but during the 19th century, when potato was added and wheat became more common and inexpensive, the northern recipes retained the original name, while kroppkaka, which had always been the name used on Öland for the flour dumpling, became the name for the variant in southern Sweden.
Palt and kams is usually filled with diced, unsmoked bacon. However, sometimes fried bacon is served on the side of unfilled palt or kams, which then is known as flatpalt or flatkams, as the lack of filling makes it flatter. The most well-known palt variant is the Pitepalt from Piteå. In Dalarna, where the dish is known as klabbe, it is still made without potatoes and is never filled. Klabbe is instead served with diced bacon on the side.
A variant of palt is blodpalt, where pig, beef or reindeer blood is mixed into the dough. Other palt variants are leverpalt, with minced liver added to the dough, and njurpalt, with diced kidney mixed into the bacon filling. Blodpalt also existed across the country originally, and has been found in iron age graves in Halland.
The filled kroppkaka, palt or kams ball - as well as the flatter, unfilled flatpalt, flatkams and klabbe - is dropped into boiling salted water and cooked until it floats. It is traditionally served warm with melted butter and lingonberry jam, although in some parts of southern Sweden the melted butter is replaced by half cream (a mix of milk and cream) or a warm milk sauce, and in parts of northern Sweden the butter is replaced by a warm milk sauce spiced with messmör. Leftover kroppkaka is often served halved and fried.
Unfilled flour dumplings for use in soup are called klimp if the flour is wheat, but mjölpalt if the flour is barley or rye.
MIDDLE EASTERN CUISINE
ARABIC CUISINE
Asida
Kibbeh
Qatayef
Shishbarak
CAUCASIAN CUISINE
Meat-filled manti in Armenia are typically served with yogurt or sour cream, accompanied by clear soup. Mantapour is an Armenian beef soup with manta.
Boraki (Armenian: Բորակի) are a kind of Armenian fried dumplings. The main distinction of boraki is that the minced meat is pre-fried, the boraki are formed as small cylinders with an open top, the cylinders are lightly boiled in broth and then fried. Boraki are served garnished with yogurt and chopped garlic.
Dushbara (Azerbaijan: Düşbərə) is an Azeri soup with tiny lamb-filled dumplings.
Khinkali (Georgian: ხინკალი) are Georgian dumplings usually filled with spiced meat. herbs (usually coriander), onions, and garlic. Mushrooms, potatoes, or cheese may be used in place of meat. The khinkali is typically consumed first by sucking the juices while taking the first bite, in order to prevent the dumpling from bursting. The towns of Dusheti, Pasanauri and Mtskheta are particularly famous for their khinkali.
Mataz are dumplings in Circassian and some other Caucasian cuisines, closely related to manti. They typically consist of a spiced meat mixture, usually lamb or ground beef, with greens and onions, put in a dough wrapper, either boiled or steamed. Mushrooms, potatoes, or cheese may be used in place of meat.
JEWISH CUISINE
Kreplach
Kubbeh
Matzah ball
Knish
TURKISH CUISINE
Manti
WIKIPEDIA
Tofu, also known as bean curd, is a food made by coagulating soy milk and then pressing the resulting curds into soft white blocks. It is a component in East Asian and Southeast Asian cuisines. There are many different varieties of tofu, including fresh tofu and tofu that has been processed in some way. Tofu is bought or made to be soft, firm, or extra firm. Tofu has a subtle flavor and can be used in savory and sweet dishes. It is often seasoned or marinated to suit the dish.
Tofu originated in Han dynasty China some 2,000 years ago.[5] Chinese legend ascribes its invention to prince Liu An (179–122 BC). Tofu and its production technique were introduced into Korea and then Japan during the Nara period (710–794). Some scholars believe tofu arrived in Vietnam during the 10th and 11th century. It spread into other parts of Southeast Asia as well. This spread probably coincided with the spread of Buddhism because it is an important source of protein in the vegetarian diet of East Asian Buddhism. Li Shizhen in the Ming Dynasty described a method of making tofu in the Compendium of Materia Medica.
Tofu has a low calorie count and relatively large amounts of protein. It is high in iron, and depending on the coagulants used in manufacturing (e.g. calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate), it can have higher calcium or magnesium content.
The term tofu by extension can be used in similarly textured curdled dishes that do not use soy products at all, such as "almond tofu" (almond jelly), tamago-dōfu (ja) (egg), goma-dōfu (ja) (sesame), or peanut tofu (Chinese 落花生豆腐 luòhuāshēng dòufu and Okinawan jīmāmi-dōfu (ja)).
ETYMOLOGY
The English term comes from Japanese tōfu (豆腐), borrowed from the original Chinese equivalent (豆腐 or 荳腐) transcribed tou4-fu3 (Wade-Giles) or dòufu (pinyin), literally "bean" (豆) + "curdled" or "fermented" (腐).
A reference to the word "towfu" exists in a letter dated 1770 from English merchant James Flint to United States statesman and scientist Benjamin Franklin. This is believed to be the first documented usage of the word in English.
The term "bean curd(s)" for tofu has been used in the United States since at least 1840. It is not frequently used, however, in the United Kingdom, Australia or New Zealand.
PRODUCTION
Tofu is made by coagulating soy milk and pressing the resulting curds. Although pre-made soy milk may be used, some tofu producers begin by making their own soy milk, which is produced by soaking, grinding, boiling and straining dried (or, less commonly, fresh) soybeans.
Coagulation of the protein and oil (emulsion) suspended in the boiled soy milk is the most important step in the production of tofu. This process is accomplished with the aid of coagulants. Two types of coagulants (salts and acids) are used commercially.
SALT COAGULANTS
Calcium sulfate (gypsum): The traditional and most widely used coagulant to produce Chinese-style tofu. It produces a tofu that is tender but slightly brittle in texture. The coagulant itself has no perceivable taste. Use of this coagulant also makes a tofu that is rich in calcium. As such, many tofu manufacturers choose to use this coagulant to be able to market their tofu as a good source of dietary calcium.
Chloride-type Nigari salts or Lushui ( Traditional: 鹵水, 滷水; Simplified: 卤水, lǔshuǐ) - Magnesium chloride and calcium chloride: Both of these salts have a high solubility in water and affect soy protein in the same way, whereas gypsum is only very slightly soluble in water and acts differently in soy protein precipitation, the basis for tofu formation. These are the coagulants used to make tofu with a smooth and tender texture. In Japan, a white powder called nigari, which consists primarily of magnesium chloride, is produced from seawater after the sodium chloride is removed and the water evaporated. Depending on its production method, nigari/Lushui may also contain small quantities of magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt), potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and trace amounts of other naturally occurring salts. Although the term nigari is derived from nigai, the Japanese word for "bitter," neither nigari nor pure magnesium chloride imparts a perceivable taste to the finished tofu. Calcium chloride is a common coagulant for tofu in North America. Fresh clean sea water itself can also be used as a coagulant.
ACID COAGULANTS
Glucono delta-lactone (GDL): A naturally occurring organic acid also used in cheese making, which produces a very fine textured tofu that is almost jelly-like. This coagulant is used especially for "silken" and softer tofus, and confers an almost imperceptible sour taste to the finished product. Commonly used together with calcium sulfate to give soft tofu a smooth tender texture.
Other edible acids: Though they can affect the taste of the tofu more, and vary in efficacy and texture, acids such as acetic acid (vinegar) and citric acid (such as lemon juice), can also be used to coagulate soy milk and produce tofu.
ENZYME COAGULANTS
Among enzymes that have been shown to produce tofu are papain, and alkaline and neutral proteases from microorganisms. In the case of papain, the enzyme to substrate ratio, by weight, was held constant at 1:400. An aliquot of 1% crude papain was added to "uncooked" soy milk at room temperature and heated to 90–100 °C. Papain, moreover, has been studied as a gelling agent to produce "instant tofu" from soy protein isolate and soy glycinin (11S) protein.
Contemporary tofu manufacturers may choose to use one or more of these coagulants, since they each play a role in producing a desired texture in the finished tofu.Different textures result from different pore sizes and other microscopic features in tofus produced using each coagulant. The coagulant mixture is dissolved into water, and the solution is then stirred into boiled soy milk until the mixture curdles into a soft gel.
The curds are processed differently depending on the form of tofu that is being manufactured. For soft silken tofu (嫩豆腐; nèn dòufu) or tofu flower (豆花, dòuhuā) the soy milk is curdled directly in the tofu's selling package. For standard firm Asian tofu, the soy curd is cut and strained of excess liquid using cheese cloth or muslin and then lightly pressed to produce a soft cake. Firmer tofus, such as Asian dry tofu (豆干) or Western types of tofu, are further pressed to remove even more liquid. In Vietnam, the curd is strained and molded in a square mold and the end product is called đậu khuôn (molded bean) or đậu phụ (one of the Vietnamese ways to pronounce the Chinese dòufu). The tofu curds are allowed to cool and become firm. The finished tofu can then be cut into pieces, flavored or further processed.
Although tartness is sometimes desired in dessert tofu, the acid used in flavoring is usually not the primary coagulant since it is not desirable to the flavor or texture of the resulting tofu to add it in a sufficiently high concentration so as to induce coagulation. A sour taste in tofu and a slight cloudiness in its storing liquid is also usually an indication of bacterial growth and, hence, spoilage.
VARIETIES
There is a wide variety of tofu available in both Western and Eastern markets. Despite the large variety, tofu products can be split into two main categories: fresh tofu, which is produced directly from soy milk, and processed tofu, which is produced from fresh tofu. Tofu production also creates important side products which are often used in various cuisines.
FRESH TOFU
Depending on the amount of water that is extracted from the tofu curds, fresh tofu can be divided into three main varieties. Fresh tofu is usually sold completely immersed in water to maintain its moisture content.
SOFT OR SILKEN TOFU
Soft/silken tofu (嫩豆腐 or 滑豆腐, nèn dòufu or huá dòufu, in Chinese, lit. "soft tofu" or "smooth tofu"; 絹漉し豆腐, kinugoshi tōfu in Japanese, lit. "silk-filtered tofu"; 순두부, 純豆腐, sundubu in Korean, lit. "pure tofu") is undrained, unpressed tofu that contains the highest moisture content of all fresh tofus. Silken tofu is produced by coagulating soy milk without curdling it. Silken tofu is available in several consistencies, including "soft" and "firm", but all silken tofu is more delicate than regular firm tofu (pressed tofu) and has different culinary uses. In Japan and Korea, traditional soft tofu is made with seawater. Silken tofu is a versatile, reliable substitute for dairy and eggs, especially for smoothies and baked desserts.
Douhua (豆花, dòuhuā or 豆腐花, dòufuhuā in Chinese), or tofu brain (豆腐腦 or 豆腐脑, dòufunaǒ in Chinese) is often eaten as a dessert, but sometimes salty pickles or hot sauce are added instead. This is a type of soft tofu with an even higher moisture content. Because it is very difficult to pick up with chopsticks, it is generally eaten with a spoon. With the addition of flavorings such as finely chopped spring onions, dried shrimp, soy sauce, chilli sauce, douhua is a popular breakfast dish across China. In Malaysia, douhua is usually served warm with white or dark (palm) sugar syrup, or served cold with longans.
Some variation exists among soft tofus. Black douhua (黑豆花, hēidòuhuā) is a type of silken tofu made from black soybeans, which is usually made into dòuhuā (豆花) rather than firm or dry tofu. The texture of black bean tofu is slightly more gelatinous than regular douhua and the color is greyish in tone. This type of tofu is eaten for the earthy "black bean taste." Edamame tofu is a Japanese variety of kinugoshi tōfu made from edamame (fresh green soybeans); it is pale green in color and often studded with whole edamame.
FIRM TOFU
Firm tofu (called 老豆腐 lǎo dòufu in Chinese; 木綿豆腐, momen-dōfu in Japanese, lit. "cotton tofu"; 단단한두부, dandanhan dubu in Korean): Although drained and pressed, this form of fresh tofu still contains a great amount of moisture. It has the firmness of raw meat but bounces back readily when pressed. The texture of the inside of the tofu is similar to that of a firm custard. The skin of this form of tofu has the pattern of the muslin used to drain it and is slightly more resilient to damage than its inside. It can be picked up easily with chopsticks.
In some places in Japan, a very firm type of momen-dōfu is eaten, called ishi-dōfu (石豆腐; literally stone tofu) in parts of Ishikawa, or iwa-dōfu (岩豆腐; literally rock tofu) in Gokayama in the Toyama prefecture and in Iya in the prefecture of Tokushima. Due to their firmness, some of these types of tofu can be tied by rope and carried.[citation needed] These types of firm tofu are produced with seawater instead of nigari (magnesium chloride), or using concentrated soy milk. Some of them are squeezed of excess moisture using heavy weights. These products are produced in areas where travelling is inconvenient, such as remote islands, mountain villages, heavy snowfall areas, and so on.
EXTRA FIRM TOFU
Dòu gān (豆干, literally "dry tofu" in Chinese) is an extra firm variety of tofu where a large amount of liquid has been pressed out of the tofu. Dòu gān contains the least amount of moisture of all fresh tofu and has the firmness of fully cooked meat and a somewhat rubbery feel similar to that of paneer. When sliced thinly, this tofu can be crumbled easily. The skin of this form of tofu has the pattern of the muslin used to drain and press it. Western firm tofu is milled and reformed after the pressing and sometimes lacks the skin with its cloth patterning. One variety of dried tofu is pressed especially flat and sliced into long strings with a cross section smaller than 2 mm × 2 mm. Shredded dried tofu (豆干絲, dòugānsī in Chinese, or simply 干絲, gānsī), which looks like loose cooked noodles, can be served cold, stir-fried, or similar in style to Japanese aburaage.
PROCESSED TOFU
Many forms of processed tofu exist, due to the varied ways in which fresh tofu can be used. Some of these techniques probably[citation needed] originate from the need to preserve tofu before the days of refrigeration, or to increase its shelf life and longevity. Other production techniques are employed to create tofus with unique textures and flavors.
FERMENTED
Pickled tofu (豆腐乳 in Chinese, pinyin: dòufurǔ, lit. "tofu dairy," or 腐乳 fŭrŭ; chao in Vietnamese): Also called "preserved tofu" or "fermented tofu," this food consists of cubes of dried tofu that have been allowed to fully air-dry under hay and slowly ferment from aerial bacteria. The dry fermented tofu is then soaked in salt water, Chinese wine, vinegar, and minced chiles, or a unique mixture of whole rice, bean paste, and soybeans. In the case of red pickled tofu (紅豆腐乳 in Chinese, Pinyin: hóng dòufurǔ), red yeast rice (cultivated with Monascus purpureus) is added for color. And in Japan, pickled tofu with miso paste is called "tofu no misodzuke," which is a traditional preserved food in Kumamoto. In Okinawa, there is a pickled and fermented tofu called "tofuyo"(豆腐餻). It is made from "Shima-doufu" (an Okinawan variety of large and firm tofu). It is fermented, and matured with koji mold, red koji mold, and awamori.
Stinky tofu (臭豆腐 in Chinese, Pinyin: chòudòufu): A soft tofu that has been fermented in a unique vegetable and fish brine. The blocks of tofu smell strongly of certain pungent cheeses, and are described by many as rotten and fecal.[citation needed] Despite its strong odor, the flavor and texture of stinky tofu is appreciated by aficionados, who describe it as delightful. The texture of this tofu is similar to the soft Asian tofu from which it is made. The rind that stinky tofu develops from frying is said to be especially crisp, and is usually served with soy sauce, sweet sauce, or hot sauce.
DRIED TOFU
Two kinds of dried tofu are produced in Japan. They are usually rehydrated (by being soaked in water) prior to consumption. In their dehydrated state they do not require refrigeration.
FRIED
With the exception of the softest tofus, all forms of tofu can be fried. Thin and soft varieties of tofu are deep fried in oil until they are light and airy in their core 豆泡 dòupào, 豆腐泡 dòufupào, 油豆腐 yóudòufu, or 豆卜 dòubǔ in Chinese, literally "bean bubble," describing the shape of the fried tofu as a bubble).
Tofus such as firm Asian and dòu gān (Chinese dry tofu), with their lower moisture content, are cut into bite-sized cubes or triangles and deep fried until they develop a golden-brown, crispy surface (炸豆腐 in Chinese, zhádòufu, lit. "fried tofu"). These may be eaten on their own or with a light sauce, or further cooked in liquids; they are also added to hot pot dishes or included as part of the vegetarian dish called luohan zhai. This deep fried tofu is also called Atsuage (厚揚げ) or Namaage (生揚げ) in Japan. The thinner variety is called Aburaage (油揚げ) which develops a tofu pouch when fried that is often used for Inari-sushi.
FROZEN
Thousand layer tofu (千葉豆腐, 凍豆腐 dòngdòufu or 冰豆腐 bīngdòufu in Chinese, literally "thousand layer tofu" or "frozen tofu"): By freezing tofu, the large ice crystals that develop within the tofu result in the formation of large cavities that appear to be layered. The frozen tofu takes on a yellowish hue in the freezing process. Thousand layer tofu is commonly made at home from Asian soft tofu though it is also commercially sold as a specialty in parts of Taiwan. This tofu is defrosted, and sometimes pressed to remove moisture, prior to use.
Koya-dofu (kōya-dōfu, 高野豆腐 in Japanese): The name comes from Mount Koya, a center of Japanese Buddhism famed for its shōjin ryōri, or traditional Buddhist vegetarian cuisine. It is sold in freeze-dried blocks or cubes in Japanese markets. Since it is dried, it can be preserved for long term. It must be soaked in water before eating, and is typically simmered in dashi, sake or mirin and soy sauce. In shōjin ryōri, vegetarian kombu dashi, made from seaweed, is used. When prepared in the usual manner, it has a spongy texture and mild sweet and savory flavor (the taste and flavor depend on what soup or cooking stock it was simmered in). A similar form of freeze-dried tofu, in smaller pieces, is found in instant soups (such as miso soup), in which the toppings are freeze-dried and stored in sealed pouches.
BYPRODUCTS OF TOFU PRODUCTION
Tofu production creates some edible byproducts. Food products are made from the protein-oil film, or "skin," which forms over the surface of boiling soy milk in an open shallow pan. The leftover solids from pressing soy milk are called okara.
TOFU SKIN
Tofu skin is produced through the boiling of soy milk, in an open shallow pan, thus producing a film or skin composed primarily of a soy protein-lipid complex on the liquid surface. The films are collected and dried into yellowish sheets known as soy milk skin (腐皮, fǔpí in Chinese; 湯葉, yuba in Japanese). Its approximate composition is : 50–55% protein, 24–26% lipids (fat), 12% carbohydrate, 3% ash, and 9% moisture.
The skin can also be bunched up to stick form and dried into something known as "tofu bamboo" (腐竹, fǔ zhú in Chinese; phù trúc in Vietnamese; kusatake, Japanese), or myriad other forms. Since tofu skin has a soft yet rubbery texture, it is folded or shaped into different forms and cooked further to imitate meat in vegan cuisine.
Some factories dedicate production to tofu skin and other soy membrane products.
OKARA
Okara (from the Japanese, おから, okara; known as 雪花菜, xuěhuācài, in Chinese, lit. "snowflake vegetable"; 豆腐渣, dòufuzhā, also Chinese, lit. "tofu sediment/residue"; and 콩비지, kongbiji, in Korean), is a tofu by-product, sometimes known in the west as "soy pulp" or "tofu lees",[40] consisting of the fiber, protein, and starch left over when soy milk has been extracted from ground soaked soybeans. Although it is mainly used as animal feed in most tofu producing cultures, it is sometimes used in Japanese and Korean cuisines, such as in the Korean stew kongbiji jjigae (콩비지찌개). It is also an ingredient for vegetarian burgers produced in many western nations.
NON-TOFU "TOFUS"
Due to their Asian origins and their textures, many food items are called "tofu" even though their production processes are not technically similar. For instance, many sweet almond tofus are actually gelatinous desserts hardened using agar or gelatin. As well, some foods such as Burmese tofu are not coagulated from the "milk" of the legume but rather set in a manner similar to soft polenta, Korean muk, or the jidou liangfen of Yunnan province of Southwest China.
NON-TOFU SWEETS
The "almond tofu" (Chinese: 杏仁豆腐 xìngrén dòufu; Japanese: annindōfu) is a milky white and gelatinous resembling tofu, but does not use soy products or soy milk and is hardened with agar. A similar dessert made with coconut milk or mango juices might occasionally be referred to as "coconut tofu" or "mango tofu", though such names are also given to hot dishes that use soy tofu and coconut or mango in the recipe.
EGG TOFU
Egg tofu (ja) (Japanese: 玉子豆腐, 卵豆腐, tamagodōfu) (Chinese: 蛋豆腐, dàn dòufu; often called 日本豆腐, rìbĕn dòufu, lit. "Japan bean curd") is the main type of savory flavored tofu. Whole beaten eggs are combined with dashi, poured into molds, and steamed in a steamer (cf. chawanmushi). The tofu has a pale golden color that can be attributed to the addition of egg and, occasionally, food coloring. This tofu has a fuller texture and flavor than silken tofu, which can be attributed to the presence of egg fat and protein. Plain "dried tofu" can be flavored by stewing in soysauce (滷) to make soy-sauce tofu. It is quite common to see tofu sold in market in this soy-sauce stewed form.
SESAME TOFU
The goma-dōfu (ja) is made by grinding sesame into a smooth paste, combining with liquid and kudzu starch, and heating until curdling occurs. It is often served chilled as hiyayakko.
PEANUT TOFU
In Okinawa, Japan, the jīmāmi-dōfu (ja) is made in a process similar to the sesame tofu. A peanut milk (made by crushing raw peanuts, adding water and straining) is combined with starch (usually sweet potato starch known locally as umukuji or umukashi (芋澱粉?)) and heating until curdling occurs.
The Chinese equivalent is the 落花生豆腐 luòhuāshēng dòufu.
BURMESE TOFU
Burmese tofu (to hpu in Burmese) is a type of legume product made from besan (chana dal) flour; the Shan variety uses yellow split pea flour instead. Both types are yellow in color and generally found only in Myanmar, though the Burman variety is also available in some overseas restaurants serving Burmese cuisine.
Burmese tofu may be fried as fritters cut in rectangular or triangular shapes. Rice tofu, called hsan to hpu (or hsan ta hpo in Shan regions) is made from rice flour (called hsan hmont or mont hmont) and is white in color, with the same consistency as yellow Burmese tofu when set. It is eaten as a salad in the same manner as yellow tofu.
PREPARATION
Tofu has very little flavor or smell on its own. Consequently, tofu can be prepared either in savory or sweet dishes, acting as a bland background for presenting the flavors of the other ingredients used. As a method of flavoring it is often marinated in soy sauce, chilis, sesame oil, etc.
EASTERN METHODS
In Asian cooking, tofu is eaten in myriad ways, including raw, stewed, stir-fried, in soup, cooked in sauce, or stuffed with fillings. The idea of using tofu as a meat substitute is not common in East Asia. Many Chinese tofu dishes such as jiācháng dòufu (家常豆腐) and mápó dòufú (麻婆豆腐) include meat.
LIGHTLY FLVORED
In Japan, a common lunch in the summer months is hiyayakko (冷奴), silken or firm Asian tofu served with freshly grated ginger, green onions, or katsuobushi shavings with soy sauce. In the winter, tofu is frequently eaten as "yudofu," which is simmered in a claypot with some vegetables (ex:chinese cabbage, green onion etc.) using konbu dashi.
In Chinese cuisine, Dòuhuā (豆花) is served with toppings such as boiled peanuts, azuki beans, cooked oatmeal, tapioca, mung beans and a syrup flavored with ginger or almond. During the summer, "dòuhuā" is served with crushed ice; in the winter, it is served warm.[43] And also, in many parts of China, fresh tofu is similarly eaten with soy sauce or further flavored with katsuobushi shavings, century eggs (皮蛋 pídàn), and sesame seed oil.
In Korean cuisine, dubu gui (두부구이) consists of pan fried cubes of firm tofu, seasoned with soy sauce, garlic, and other ingredients. Cubes of cold, uncooked firm tofu seasoned with soy sauce, scallions, and ginger, prepared in a manner similar to the Japanese hiyayakko, are also enjoyed. The popular bar food, or anju (안주), called dubu kimchi (두부김치), features boiled, firm tofu served in rectangular slices around the edges of a plate with pan fried, sautéed or freshly mixed kimchi (김치) in the middle.
In the Philippines, the sweet delicacy taho is made of fresh tofu with brown sugar syrup and sago. The Malaysian version of taho or douhua is called tofufa. Warm soft tofu is served in "slices" (due to being scooped using a flat spoon from a wooden bucket) in a bowl with either pandan-flavored sugar syrup or palm sugar syrup.
In Vietnam, dòuhuā is pronounced đậu hủ. This variety of soft tofu is made and carried around in an earthenware jar. It is served by being scooped into a bowl with a very shallow and flat spoon, and eaten with either powdered sugar and lime juice or with a ginger-flavored syrup. It is generally eaten hot, even during summer.
FRIED
A common cooking technique in many parts of East and Southeast Asia involves deep frying tofu in vegetable oil, sunflower oil, or canola oil with varied results. In Indonesia, it is usually fried in palm oil. Although tofu is often sold preprocessed into fried items, pre-fried tofu is seldom eaten directly and requires additional cooking. Depending on the type of tofu used, the texture of deep fried tofu may range from crispy on the outside and custardy on the inside, to puffed up like a plain doughnut. The former is usually eaten plain in Chinese cuisine with garlic soy sauce, while the latter is either stuffed with fish paste to make Yong Tau Foo or cooked in soups. In Taiwan, fried tofu is made into a dish called "A-gei", which consists of a fried aburage tofu package stuffed with noodles and capped with surimi.
In Japan, cubes of lightly coated and fried tofu topped with a kombu dashi-based sauce are called agedashi-dofu (揚げ出し豆腐). Soft tofu that has been thinly sliced and deep fried, known as aburage in Japan and yubu (유부) in Korea, is commonly blanched, seasoned with soy sauce and mirin and served in dishes such as kitsune udon. Aburage is sometimes also cut open to form a pocket and stuffed with sushi rice; this dish is called inarizushi (稲荷寿司) and is also popular in Korea, where it is called yubu chobap (유부초밥). In Indonesia, tofu is called tahu, and the popular fried tofu is tahu goreng, tahu isi and tahu sumedang.
SOUPS, STEWS, AND BRAISED DISHES
A spicy Sichuan preparation using firm Asian tofu is mápó dòufu (麻婆豆腐). This involves braised tofu in a beef, chili, and a fermented bean paste sauce. A vegetarian version is known as málà dòufu (麻辣豆腐)[citation needed].
Dried tofu is usually not eaten raw but first stewed in a mixture of soy sauce and spices.[citation needed] Some types of dried tofu are pre-seasoned with special blends of spices, so that the tofu may either be called "five spice tofu" (五香豆腐 wǔxiāng dòufu) or "soy sauce stewed tofu" (鹵水豆腐 lǔshuǐ dòufu). Dried tofu is typically served thinly sliced with chopped green onions or with slices of meat for added flavor. Most dried tofu is sold after it has been fried or pre-stewed by tofu vendors.
Soft tofu can also be broken up or mashed and mixed with raw ingredients prior to being cooked. For example, Japanese ganmodoki is a mixture of chopped vegetables and mashed tofu. The mixture is bound together with starch and deep fried. Chinese families sometimes make a steamed meatloaf or meatball dish from equal parts of coarsely mashed tofu and ground pork. In India, tofu is also used as a low fat replacement for paneer providing the same texture with similar taste.
Tofu bamboos are often used in lamb stew or in a dessert soup. Tofu skins are often used as wrappers in dim sum. Freeze-dried tofu and frozen tofu are rehydrated and enjoyed in savory soups. These products are often taken along on camping trips since a small bag of these dried tofu can provide protein for many days.
Japanese 'miso soup', stocks with miso paste, is frequently made with tofu.
In Korean cuisine, soft tofu, called sundubu (순두부), is used to make a thick stew called sundubu jjigae (순두부 찌개). Firm, diced tofu often features in the staple stews doenjang jjigae (된장 찌개) and kimchi jjigae (김치
찌개).
SMOKED
At Qufu, the home town of Confucius, smoked tofu is a popular dish.
BACEM
Bacem is a method of cooking tofu originating from Java, Indonesia. The tofu is boiled in coconut water, mixed with lengkuas (galangal), Indonesian bay leaves, coriander, shallot, garlic, tamarind and palm sugar. After the spicy coconut water has completely evaporated, the tofu is fried until it is golden brown. The result is sweet, spicy, and crisp. This cooked tofu variant is commonly known as tahu bacem in Indonesian. Tahu bacem is commonly prepared along with tempeh and chicken.
AS FLAVORING
Pickled tofu is commonly used in small amounts together with its soaking liquid to flavor stir-fried or braised vegetable dishes (particularly leafy green vegetables like water spinach). It is often eaten directly as a condiment with rice or congee.
WESTERN METHODS
Generally, the firmer styles of tofu are used for kebabs, mock meats, and dishes requiring a consistency that holds together, while the softer styles can be used for desserts, soups, shakes, and sauces.
Firm western tofus can be barbecued since they will hold together on a barbecue grill. These types of tofu are usually marinated overnight as the marinade does not easily penetrate the entire block of tofu (techniques to increase penetration of marinades are stabbing repeatedly with a fork or freezing and thawing prior to marinating). Grated firm western tofu is sometimes used in conjunction with TVP as a meat substitute. Softer tofus are sometimes used as a dairy-free or low-calorie filler. Silken tofu may be used to replace cheese in certain dishes (such as lasagna).
Tofu has also been fused into other cuisines in the west, for instance used in Indian-style curries.
Tofu and soy protein can be industrially processed to match the textures and flavors to the likes of cheese, pudding, eggs, bacon, etc. Tofu's texture can also be altered by freezing, pureeing, and cooking. In the Americas, Europe, Australia and New Zealand, tofu is frequently associated with vegetarianism and veganism as it is a source of non-animal protein.
THREE THEORIES OF ORIGIN
The most commonly held of the three theories of tofu's origin maintains that tofu was invented in northern China around 164 BC by Lord Liu An, a Han Dynasty prince. Although this is possible, the paucity of concrete information about this period makes it difficult to conclusively determine whether Liu An invented the method for making tofu. Furthermore, in Chinese history, important inventions were often attributed to important leaders and figures of the time. In 1960, a stone mural unearthed from an Eastern Han dynasty tomb provided support for the theory of Han origin of tofu, however some scholars maintained that the tofu in Han dynasty was rudimentary, and lacked the firmness and taste of real tofu.
Another theory states that the production method for tofu was discovered accidentally when a slurry of boiled, ground soybeans was mixed with impure sea salt. Such sea salt would probably have contained calcium and magnesium salts, allowing the soy mixture to curdle and produce a tofu-like gel. This may have possibly been the way that tofu was discovered, since soy milk has been eaten as a savory soup in ancient as well as modern times. Its technical plausibility notwithstanding, there is little evidence to prove or disprove that tofu production originated in this way.
The last group of theories maintains that the ancient Chinese learned the method for the curdling of soy milk by emulating the milk curdling techniques of the Mongolians or East Indians. For, despite their advancement, no technology or knowledge of culturing and processing milk products existed within ancient Chinese society. (They did not seek such technology, probably because of the Confucian taboo on fermented dairy products and other so-called "barbarian foodstuffs".) The primary evidence for this theory lies with the etymological similarity between the Chinese term for Mongolian fermented milk (rufu, which literally means "milk curdled") and the term doufu ("beans curdled") or tofu. Although intriguing and possible, there is no evidence to substantiate this theory beyond the point of academic speculation.
HISTORY
IN ASIA
Tofu originated in ancient China,[5] although little else is known about the exact historic origins of tofu and of its method of production.
The theory that tofu was invented by Lord Liu An of Huainan in about 164 BC (early Han dynasty) has steadily lost favor among most scholars in China and abroad since the 1970s. The claim concerning Liu An was first made by Zhu Xi during the Song dynasty (960-1127 AD) - roughly 1,000 years after the supposed invention.
The theory that tofu-making is shown in a mural incised on a stone slab in Han Tomb No. 1, at Da-hu-ting, Mixian, Henan province attracted much attention after about 1990. Yet it too has lost favor because (1) no step of cooking the soy puree is shown in the mural, and (2) when Chinese food historians tried to make tofu without cooking the puree, the result was a tiny amount of unpalatable material.
Thus, while there are many theories regarding tofu's origins, historical information is scarce enough as to relegate the status of most theories to either speculation or legend. Like the origins of cheese and butter, the exact origin of tofu production may never be known or proven. The historical era starts in the year 965 AD (early Song dynasty) with the Qing Yilu by Tao Ku.
What is known is that tofu production is an ancient technique. Tofu was widely consumed in ancient China, and techniques for its production and preparation were eventually spread to many other parts of Asia.
Its development likely preceded Liu An, as tofu is known to have been a commonly produced and consumed food item in China by the 2nd century BC. Although the varieties of tofu produced in ancient times may not have been identical to those of today, descriptions from writings and poetry of the Song and Yuan Dynasty show that the production technique for tofu had already been standardized by then, to the extent that they would be similar to tofu of contemporary times.
In China, tofu is traditionally used as a food offering when visiting the graves of deceased relatives. It is claimed that the spirits (or ghosts) have long lost their chins and jaws, and that only tofu is soft enough for them to eat. Before refrigeration was available in China, tofu was often only sold during the winter time, due to the tofu not spoiling in the colder weather. During the warmer months, any leftover tofu would be spoiled if left for more than a day. Chinese war hero Guan Yu used to be a tofu maker before he enlisted in the army. Chinese martial arts expert and hero, Yim Wing-chun, was a celebrated tofu maker in her village. (Tofu as such plays a part in the 1994 movie about her life, Wing Chun.)
Tofu and its production technique were subsequently introduced into Korea and then Japan in the Nara period (late 8th century) as well as other parts of East Asia. The earliest document of tofu in Japan shows that the dish was served as an offering at the Kasuga Shrine in Nara in 1183. The book Tofu Hyakuchin (豆腐百珍 Dòufu Bǎizhēn), published in the Edo period, lists 100 recipes for cooking tofu.
The rise in acceptance of tofu likely coincided with that of Buddhism as it is an important source of proteins in the religion's vegetarian diet. Since then, tofu has become a staple in many countries, including Vietnam, Thailand, and Korea, with subtle regional variations in production methods, texture, flavor, and usage.
In Southeast Asia, tofu was introduced to the region by Chinese immigrants from sea-faring Fujian province, evident from the fact that many countries in Southeast Asia refer to tofu by the Min Nan Chinese pronunciations for either soft and firm tofu, or "tāu-hū" and "tāu-goan" respectively. In Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines, tofu is widely available and used in many local dishes. Tofu is called tahu in Indonesia, Indonesian dishes such as, tahu sumbat, taoge tahu, asinan, siomay and some curries, are often add slices of tofu as ingredients. In addition, tahu goreng, tahu isi and tahu sumedang are the popular fried tofu snacks. Tofu is called tauhu in Malaysia and Singapore. The Malaysian and Singaporean Indians use tofu in their cuisine such as Indian mee goreng, rojak pasembor. The strait peranakan cuisine often uses tofu, such as mee kari Penang, and laksa. The makers of tofu in these countries were originally the Chinese but tofu now is made by non-Chinese as well. Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines are major producers of tofu and have plants located within many municipalities. However, Singapore imports its tofu from its neighboring country, Malaysia.
Tofu in the Philippines is essential to the daily diet, as taho, widely eaten as breakfast, or tokwa (a dry fried variation), which is a staple or alternative to meat in main meals, and in numerous regional dishes. Tofu was introduced to the archipelago in the 10th to 13th centuries by Song Chinese mariners and merchants, along with many different foods which had become staples of the Philippine diet. The use and production of tofu were first limited to urban centers with influential Chinese minorities, such as Cebu or Tondo, but were quickly spread to even remote native villages and islands, long before the Spanish arrival in the 17th century.
IN THE WEST
Benjamin Franklin was the first American to mention tofu in a 1770 letter to John Bartram. Franklin, who discovered it during a trip to London, included a few soybeans and referred to it as "cheese" from China. The first tofu company in the United States was established in 1878. In 1908 Li Yuying, a Chinese anarchist and a vegetarian with a French degree in agriculture and biology, opened a soy factory, the Usine de la Caséo-Sojaïne, which was the world's first soy dairy and the first factory in France to manufacture and sell beancurd. However tofu was not well known to most Westerners before the middle of the 20th century. With increased cultural contact between the West and East Asia and growing interest in vegetarianism, knowledge of tofu has become widespread. Numerous types of pre-flavored tofu can be found in many supermarket chains throughout the West. It is also used by many vegans and vegetarians as a means to gain protein without the consumption of meat products.
NUTRITION AND CHINESE MEDICINE CLAIMS
TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE CLAIMS
Tofu is considered a cool agent in Traditional Chinese medicine. It is claimed to invigorate the spleen, replenish qi, moisture and cool off Yang vacuity, and to detoxify the body. However, there is no scientific evidence supporting neither such claims, nor their implied notions.
FUNCTIONS
In Chinese traditional medicine, tofu is suitable for those who are weak, malnourished, deficient in blood and qi; is suitable for old, slim or otherwise; suitable for those with high fat content in blood, high cholesterol, overweight, and with hardened blood vessels; suitable for people with diabetes; for mothers with low breast milk supply; for children and young adults; for those with inflamed respiratory tract, with phlegm, coughing and asthma. Tofu is also suited for people of old age; it is recommended to eat with liquor, since tofu contains cysteine, which can speed up the detoxification of alcohol in the body, and lessen the harm done to the liver, protecting the liver.
PROTEIN
Tofu is relatively high in protein, about 10.7% for firm tofu and 5.3% for soft "silken" tofu with about 5% and 2% fat respectively as a percentage of weight.
In 1995, a report from the University of Kentucky, financed by Solae, concluded that soy protein is correlated with significant decreases in serum cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein LDL (″bad cholesterol″) and triglyceride concentrations. However, High Density Lipoprotein HDL (″good cholesterol″) did not increase. Soy phytoestrogens (isoflavones: genistein and daidzein) absorbed onto the soy protein were suggested as the agent reducing serum cholesterol levels. On the basis of this research, PTI, in 1998, filed a petition with Food and Drug Administration for a health claim that soy protein may reduce cholesterol and the risk of heart disease.
The FDA granted this health claim for soy: "25 grams of soy protein a day, as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart disease." For reference, 100 grams of firm tofu coagulated with calcium sulfate contains 8.19 grams of soy protein. In January 2006, an American Heart Association review (in the journal Circulation) of a decade-long study of soy protein benefits showed only a minimal decrease in cholesterol levels, but it compared favorably against animal protein sources.
ALLERGIES
Because it is made of soy, individuals with allergies, particularly those allergic to legumes, should not consume tofu.
WIKIPEDIA
Tofu, also known as bean curd, is a food made by coagulating soy milk and then pressing the resulting curds into soft white blocks. It is a component in East Asian and Southeast Asian cuisines. There are many different varieties of tofu, including fresh tofu and tofu that has been processed in some way. Tofu is bought or made to be soft, firm, or extra firm. Tofu has a subtle flavor and can be used in savory and sweet dishes. It is often seasoned or marinated to suit the dish.
Tofu originated in Han dynasty China some 2,000 years ago. Chinese legend ascribes its invention to prince Liu An (179–122 BC). Tofu and its production technique were introduced into Korea and then Japan during the Nara period (710–794). Some scholars believe tofu arrived in Vietnam during the 10th and 11th century. It spread into other parts of Southeast Asia as well. This spread probably coincided with the spread of Buddhism because it is an important source of protein in the vegetarian diet of East Asian Buddhism. Li Shizhen in the Ming Dynasty described a method of making tofu in the Compendium of Materia Medica.
Tofu has a low calorie count and relatively large amounts of protein. It is high in iron, and depending on the coagulants used in manufacturing (e.g. calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate), it can have higher calcium or magnesium content.
The term tofu by extension can be used in similarly textured curdled dishes that do not use soy products at all, such as "almond tofu" (almond jelly), tamago-dōfu (ja) (egg), goma-dōfu (ja) (sesame), or peanut tofu (Chinese 落花生豆腐 luòhuāshēng dòufu and Okinawan jīmāmi-dōfu (ja)).
ETYMOLOGY
The English term comes from Japanese tōfu (豆腐), borrowed from the original Chinese equivalent (豆腐 or 荳腐) transcribed tou4-fu3 (Wade-Giles) or dòufu (pinyin), literally "bean" (豆) + "curdled" or "fermented" (腐).
A reference to the word "towfu" exists in a letter dated 1770 from English merchant James Flint to United States statesman and scientist Benjamin Franklin. This is believed to be the first documented usage of the word in English.
The term "bean curd(s)" for tofu has been used in the United States since at least 1840. It is not frequently used, however, in the United Kingdom, Australia or New Zealand.
PRODUCTION
Tofu is made by coagulating soy milk and pressing the resulting curds. Although pre-made soy milk may be used, some tofu producers begin by making their own soy milk, which is produced by soaking, grinding, boiling and straining dried (or, less commonly, fresh) soybeans.
Coagulation of the protein and oil (emulsion) suspended in the boiled soy milk is the most important step in the production of tofu. This process is accomplished with the aid of coagulants. Two types of coagulants (salts and acids) are used commercially.
SALT COAGULANTS
Calcium sulfate (gypsum): The traditional and most widely used coagulant to produce Chinese-style tofu. It produces a tofu that is tender but slightly brittle in texture. The coagulant itself has no perceivable taste. Use of this coagulant also makes a tofu that is rich in calcium. As such, many tofu manufacturers choose to use this coagulant to be able to market their tofu as a good source of dietary calcium.
Chloride-type Nigari salts or Lushui ( Traditional: 鹵水, 滷水; Simplified: 卤水, lǔshuǐ) - Magnesium chloride and calcium chloride: Both of these salts have a high solubility in water and affect soy protein in the same way, whereas gypsum is only very slightly soluble in water and acts differently in soy protein precipitation, the basis for tofu formation. These are the coagulants used to make tofu with a smooth and tender texture. In Japan, a white powder called nigari, which consists primarily of magnesium chloride, is produced from seawater after the sodium chloride is removed and the water evaporated. Depending on its production method, nigari/Lushui may also contain small quantities of magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt), potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and trace amounts of other naturally occurring salts. Although the term nigari is derived from nigai, the Japanese word for "bitter," neither nigari nor pure magnesium chloride imparts a perceivable taste to the finished tofu. Calcium chloride is a common coagulant for tofu in North America. Fresh clean sea water itself can also be used as a coagulant.
ACID COAGULANTS
Glucono delta-lactone (GDL): A naturally occurring organic acid also used in cheese making, which produces a very fine textured tofu that is almost jelly-like. This coagulant is used especially for "silken" and softer tofus, and confers an almost imperceptible sour taste to the finished product. Commonly used together with calcium sulfate to give soft tofu a smooth tender texture.
Other edible acids: Though they can affect the taste of the tofu more, and vary in efficacy and texture, acids such as acetic acid (vinegar) and citric acid (such as lemon juice), can also be used to coagulate soy milk and produce tofu.
ENZYME COAGULANTS
Among enzymes that have been shown to produce tofu are papain, and alkaline and neutral proteases from microorganisms. In the case of papain, the enzyme to substrate ratio, by weight, was held constant at 1:400. An aliquot of 1% crude papain was added to "uncooked" soy milk at room temperature and heated to 90–100 °C. Papain, moreover, has been studied as a gelling agent to produce "instant tofu" from soy protein isolate and soy glycinin (11S) protein.
Contemporary tofu manufacturers may choose to use one or more of these coagulants, since they each play a role in producing a desired texture in the finished tofu.Different textures result from different pore sizes and other microscopic features in tofus produced using each coagulant. The coagulant mixture is dissolved into water, and the solution is then stirred into boiled soy milk until the mixture curdles into a soft gel.
The curds are processed differently depending on the form of tofu that is being manufactured. For soft silken tofu (嫩豆腐; nèn dòufu) or tofu flower (豆花, dòuhuā) the soy milk is curdled directly in the tofu's selling package. For standard firm Asian tofu, the soy curd is cut and strained of excess liquid using cheese cloth or muslin and then lightly pressed to produce a soft cake. Firmer tofus, such as Asian dry tofu (豆干) or Western types of tofu, are further pressed to remove even more liquid. In Vietnam, the curd is strained and molded in a square mold and the end product is called đậu khuôn (molded bean) or đậu phụ (one of the Vietnamese ways to pronounce the Chinese dòufu). The tofu curds are allowed to cool and become firm. The finished tofu can then be cut into pieces, flavored or further processed.
Although tartness is sometimes desired in dessert tofu, the acid used in flavoring is usually not the primary coagulant since it is not desirable to the flavor or texture of the resulting tofu to add it in a sufficiently high concentration so as to induce coagulation. A sour taste in tofu and a slight cloudiness in its storing liquid is also usually an indication of bacterial growth and, hence, spoilage.
VARIETIES
There is a wide variety of tofu available in both Western and Eastern markets. Despite the large variety, tofu products can be split into two main categories: fresh tofu, which is produced directly from soy milk, and processed tofu, which is produced from fresh tofu. Tofu production also creates important side products which are often used in various cuisines.
FRESH TOFU
Depending on the amount of water that is extracted from the tofu curds, fresh tofu can be divided into three main varieties. Fresh tofu is usually sold completely immersed in water to maintain its moisture content.
SOFT OR SILKEN TOFU
Soft/silken tofu (嫩豆腐 or 滑豆腐, nèn dòufu or huá dòufu, in Chinese, lit. "soft tofu" or "smooth tofu"; 絹漉し豆腐, kinugoshi tōfu in Japanese, lit. "silk-filtered tofu"; 순두부, 純豆腐, sundubu in Korean, lit. "pure tofu") is undrained, unpressed tofu that contains the highest moisture content of all fresh tofus. Silken tofu is produced by coagulating soy milk without curdling it. Silken tofu is available in several consistencies, including "soft" and "firm", but all silken tofu is more delicate than regular firm tofu (pressed tofu) and has different culinary uses. In Japan and Korea, traditional soft tofu is made with seawater. Silken tofu is a versatile, reliable substitute for dairy and eggs, especially for smoothies and baked desserts.
Douhua (豆花, dòuhuā or 豆腐花, dòufuhuā in Chinese), or tofu brain (豆腐腦 or 豆腐脑, dòufunaǒ in Chinese) is often eaten as a dessert, but sometimes salty pickles or hot sauce are added instead. This is a type of soft tofu with an even higher moisture content. Because it is very difficult to pick up with chopsticks, it is generally eaten with a spoon. With the addition of flavorings such as finely chopped spring onions, dried shrimp, soy sauce, chilli sauce, douhua is a popular breakfast dish across China. In Malaysia, douhua is usually served warm with white or dark (palm) sugar syrup, or served cold with longans.
Some variation exists among soft tofus. Black douhua (黑豆花, hēidòuhuā) is a type of silken tofu made from black soybeans, which is usually made into dòuhuā (豆花) rather than firm or dry tofu. The texture of black bean tofu is slightly more gelatinous than regular douhua and the color is greyish in tone. This type of tofu is eaten for the earthy "black bean taste." Edamame tofu is a Japanese variety of kinugoshi tōfu made from edamame (fresh green soybeans); it is pale green in color and often studded with whole edamame.
FIRM TOFU
Firm tofu (called 老豆腐 lǎo dòufu in Chinese; 木綿豆腐, momen-dōfu in Japanese, lit. "cotton tofu"; 단단한두부, dandanhan dubu in Korean): Although drained and pressed, this form of fresh tofu still contains a great amount of moisture. It has the firmness of raw meat but bounces back readily when pressed. The texture of the inside of the tofu is similar to that of a firm custard. The skin of this form of tofu has the pattern of the muslin used to drain it and is slightly more resilient to damage than its inside. It can be picked up easily with chopsticks.
In some places in Japan, a very firm type of momen-dōfu is eaten, called ishi-dōfu (石豆腐; literally stone tofu) in parts of Ishikawa, or iwa-dōfu (岩豆腐; literally rock tofu) in Gokayama in the Toyama prefecture and in Iya in the prefecture of Tokushima. Due to their firmness, some of these types of tofu can be tied by rope and carried.[citation needed] These types of firm tofu are produced with seawater instead of nigari (magnesium chloride), or using concentrated soy milk. Some of them are squeezed of excess moisture using heavy weights. These products are produced in areas where travelling is inconvenient, such as remote islands, mountain villages, heavy snowfall areas, and so on.
EXTRA FIRM TOFU
Dòu gān (豆干, literally "dry tofu" in Chinese) is an extra firm variety of tofu where a large amount of liquid has been pressed out of the tofu. Dòu gān contains the least amount of moisture of all fresh tofu and has the firmness of fully cooked meat and a somewhat rubbery feel similar to that of paneer. When sliced thinly, this tofu can be crumbled easily. The skin of this form of tofu has the pattern of the muslin used to drain and press it. Western firm tofu is milled and reformed after the pressing and sometimes lacks the skin with its cloth patterning. One variety of dried tofu is pressed especially flat and sliced into long strings with a cross section smaller than 2 mm × 2 mm. Shredded dried tofu (豆干絲, dòugānsī in Chinese, or simply 干絲, gānsī), which looks like loose cooked noodles, can be served cold, stir-fried, or similar in style to Japanese aburaage.
PROCESSED TOFU
Many forms of processed tofu exist, due to the varied ways in which fresh tofu can be used. Some of these techniques probably[citation needed] originate from the need to preserve tofu before the days of refrigeration, or to increase its shelf life and longevity. Other production techniques are employed to create tofus with unique textures and flavors.
FERMENTED
Pickled tofu (豆腐乳 in Chinese, pinyin: dòufurǔ, lit. "tofu dairy," or 腐乳 fŭrŭ; chao in Vietnamese): Also called "preserved tofu" or "fermented tofu," this food consists of cubes of dried tofu that have been allowed to fully air-dry under hay and slowly ferment from aerial bacteria. The dry fermented tofu is then soaked in salt water, Chinese wine, vinegar, and minced chiles, or a unique mixture of whole rice, bean paste, and soybeans. In the case of red pickled tofu (紅豆腐乳 in Chinese, Pinyin: hóng dòufurǔ), red yeast rice (cultivated with Monascus purpureus) is added for color. And in Japan, pickled tofu with miso paste is called "tofu no misodzuke," which is a traditional preserved food in Kumamoto. In Okinawa, there is a pickled and fermented tofu called "tofuyo"(豆腐餻). It is made from "Shima-doufu" (an Okinawan variety of large and firm tofu). It is fermented, and matured with koji mold, red koji mold, and awamori.
Stinky tofu (臭豆腐 in Chinese, Pinyin: chòudòufu): A soft tofu that has been fermented in a unique vegetable and fish brine. The blocks of tofu smell strongly of certain pungent cheeses, and are described by many as rotten and fecal.[citation needed] Despite its strong odor, the flavor and texture of stinky tofu is appreciated by aficionados, who describe it as delightful. The texture of this tofu is similar to the soft Asian tofu from which it is made. The rind that stinky tofu develops from frying is said to be especially crisp, and is usually served with soy sauce, sweet sauce, or hot sauce.
DRIED TOFU
Two kinds of dried tofu are produced in Japan. They are usually rehydrated (by being soaked in water) prior to consumption. In their dehydrated state they do not require refrigeration.
FRIED
With the exception of the softest tofus, all forms of tofu can be fried. Thin and soft varieties of tofu are deep fried in oil until they are light and airy in their core 豆泡 dòupào, 豆腐泡 dòufupào, 油豆腐 yóudòufu, or 豆卜 dòubǔ in Chinese, literally "bean bubble," describing the shape of the fried tofu as a bubble).
Tofus such as firm Asian and dòu gān (Chinese dry tofu), with their lower moisture content, are cut into bite-sized cubes or triangles and deep fried until they develop a golden-brown, crispy surface (炸豆腐 in Chinese, zhádòufu, lit. "fried tofu"). These may be eaten on their own or with a light sauce, or further cooked in liquids; they are also added to hot pot dishes or included as part of the vegetarian dish called luohan zhai. This deep fried tofu is also called Atsuage (厚揚げ) or Namaage (生揚げ) in Japan. The thinner variety is called Aburaage (油揚げ) which develops a tofu pouch when fried that is often used for Inari-sushi.
FROZEN
Thousand layer tofu (千葉豆腐, 凍豆腐 dòngdòufu or 冰豆腐 bīngdòufu in Chinese, literally "thousand layer tofu" or "frozen tofu"): By freezing tofu, the large ice crystals that develop within the tofu result in the formation of large cavities that appear to be layered. The frozen tofu takes on a yellowish hue in the freezing process. Thousand layer tofu is commonly made at home from Asian soft tofu though it is also commercially sold as a specialty in parts of Taiwan. This tofu is defrosted, and sometimes pressed to remove moisture, prior to use.
Koya-dofu (kōya-dōfu, 高野豆腐 in Japanese): The name comes from Mount Koya, a center of Japanese Buddhism famed for its shōjin ryōri, or traditional Buddhist vegetarian cuisine. It is sold in freeze-dried blocks or cubes in Japanese markets. Since it is dried, it can be preserved for long term. It must be soaked in water before eating, and is typically simmered in dashi, sake or mirin and soy sauce. In shōjin ryōri, vegetarian kombu dashi, made from seaweed, is used. When prepared in the usual manner, it has a spongy texture and mild sweet and savory flavor (the taste and flavor depend on what soup or cooking stock it was simmered in). A similar form of freeze-dried tofu, in smaller pieces, is found in instant soups (such as miso soup), in which the toppings are freeze-dried and stored in sealed pouches.
BYPRODUCTS OF TOFU PRODUCTION
Tofu production creates some edible byproducts. Food products are made from the protein-oil film, or "skin," which forms over the surface of boiling soy milk in an open shallow pan. The leftover solids from pressing soy milk are called okara.
TOFU SKIN
Tofu skin is produced through the boiling of soy milk, in an open shallow pan, thus producing a film or skin composed primarily of a soy protein-lipid complex on the liquid surface. The films are collected and dried into yellowish sheets known as soy milk skin (腐皮, fǔpí in Chinese; 湯葉, yuba in Japanese). Its approximate composition is : 50–55% protein, 24–26% lipids (fat), 12% carbohydrate, 3% ash, and 9% moisture.
The skin can also be bunched up to stick form and dried into something known as "tofu bamboo" (腐竹, fǔ zhú in Chinese; phù trúc in Vietnamese; kusatake, Japanese), or myriad other forms. Since tofu skin has a soft yet rubbery texture, it is folded or shaped into different forms and cooked further to imitate meat in vegan cuisine.
Some factories dedicate production to tofu skin and other soy membrane products.
OKARA
Okara (from the Japanese, おから, okara; known as 雪花菜, xuěhuācài, in Chinese, lit. "snowflake vegetable"; 豆腐渣, dòufuzhā, also Chinese, lit. "tofu sediment/residue"; and 콩비지, kongbiji, in Korean), is a tofu by-product, sometimes known in the west as "soy pulp" or "tofu lees", consisting of the fiber, protein, and starch left over when soy milk has been extracted from ground soaked soybeans. Although it is mainly used as animal feed in most tofu producing cultures, it is sometimes used in Japanese and Korean cuisines, such as in the Korean stew kongbiji jjigae (콩비지찌개). It is also an ingredient for vegetarian burgers produced in many western nations.
NON-TOFU "TOFUS"
Due to their Asian origins and their textures, many food items are called "tofu" even though their production processes are not technically similar. For instance, many sweet almond tofus are actually gelatinous desserts hardened using agar or gelatin. As well, some foods such as Burmese tofu are not coagulated from the "milk" of the legume but rather set in a manner similar to soft polenta, Korean muk, or the jidou liangfen of Yunnan province of Southwest China.
NON-TOFU SWEETS
The "almond tofu" (Chinese: 杏仁豆腐 xìngrén dòufu; Japanese: annindōfu) is a milky white and gelatinous resembling tofu, but does not use soy products or soy milk and is hardened with agar. A similar dessert made with coconut milk or mango juices might occasionally be referred to as "coconut tofu" or "mango tofu", though such names are also given to hot dishes that use soy tofu and coconut or mango in the recipe.
EGG TOFU
Egg tofu (ja) (Japanese: 玉子豆腐, 卵豆腐, tamagodōfu) (Chinese: 蛋豆腐, dàn dòufu; often called 日本豆腐, rìbĕn dòufu, lit. "Japan bean curd") is the main type of savory flavored tofu. Whole beaten eggs are combined with dashi, poured into molds, and steamed in a steamer (cf. chawanmushi). The tofu has a pale golden color that can be attributed to the addition of egg and, occasionally, food coloring. This tofu has a fuller texture and flavor than silken tofu, which can be attributed to the presence of egg fat and protein. Plain "dried tofu" can be flavored by stewing in soysauce (滷) to make soy-sauce tofu. It is quite common to see tofu sold in market in this soy-sauce stewed form.
SESAME TOFU
The goma-dōfu (ja) is made by grinding sesame into a smooth paste, combining with liquid and kudzu starch, and heating until curdling occurs. It is often served chilled as hiyayakko.
PEANUT TOFU
In Okinawa, Japan, the jīmāmi-dōfu (ja) is made in a process similar to the sesame tofu. A peanut milk (made by crushing raw peanuts, adding water and straining) is combined with starch (usually sweet potato starch known locally as umukuji or umukashi (芋澱粉?)) and heating until curdling occurs.
The Chinese equivalent is the 落花生豆腐 luòhuāshēng dòufu.
BURMESE TOFU
Burmese tofu (to hpu in Burmese) is a type of legume product made from besan (chana dal) flour; the Shan variety uses yellow split pea flour instead. Both types are yellow in color and generally found only in Myanmar, though the Burman variety is also available in some overseas restaurants serving Burmese cuisine.
Burmese tofu may be fried as fritters cut in rectangular or triangular shapes. Rice tofu, called hsan to hpu (or hsan ta hpo in Shan regions) is made from rice flour (called hsan hmont or mont hmont) and is white in color, with the same consistency as yellow Burmese tofu when set. It is eaten as a salad in the same manner as yellow tofu.
PREPARATION
Tofu has very little flavor or smell on its own. Consequently, tofu can be prepared either in savory or sweet dishes, acting as a bland background for presenting the flavors of the other ingredients used. As a method of flavoring it is often marinated in soy sauce, chilis, sesame oil, etc.
EASTERN METHODS
In Asian cooking, tofu is eaten in myriad ways, including raw, stewed, stir-fried, in soup, cooked in sauce, or stuffed with fillings. The idea of using tofu as a meat substitute is not common in East Asia. Many Chinese tofu dishes such as jiācháng dòufu (家常豆腐) and mápó dòufú (麻婆豆腐) include meat.
LIGHTLY FLVORED
In Japan, a common lunch in the summer months is hiyayakko (冷奴), silken or firm Asian tofu served with freshly grated ginger, green onions, or katsuobushi shavings with soy sauce. In the winter, tofu is frequently eaten as "yudofu," which is simmered in a claypot with some vegetables (ex:chinese cabbage, green onion etc.) using konbu dashi.
In Chinese cuisine, Dòuhuā (豆花) is served with toppings such as boiled peanuts, azuki beans, cooked oatmeal, tapioca, mung beans and a syrup flavored with ginger or almond. During the summer, "dòuhuā" is served with crushed ice; in the winter, it is served warm. And also, in many parts of China, fresh tofu is similarly eaten with soy sauce or further flavored with katsuobushi shavings, century eggs (皮蛋 pídàn), and sesame seed oil.
In Korean cuisine, dubu gui (두부구이) consists of pan fried cubes of firm tofu, seasoned with soy sauce, garlic, and other ingredients. Cubes of cold, uncooked firm tofu seasoned with soy sauce, scallions, and ginger, prepared in a manner similar to the Japanese hiyayakko, are also enjoyed. The popular bar food, or anju (안주), called dubu kimchi (두부김치), features boiled, firm tofu served in rectangular slices around the edges of a plate with pan fried, sautéed or freshly mixed kimchi (김치) in the middle.
In the Philippines, the sweet delicacy taho is made of fresh tofu with brown sugar syrup and sago. The Malaysian version of taho or douhua is called tofufa. Warm soft tofu is served in "slices" (due to being scooped using a flat spoon from a wooden bucket) in a bowl with either pandan-flavored sugar syrup or palm sugar syrup.
In Vietnam, dòuhuā is pronounced đậu hủ. This variety of soft tofu is made and carried around in an earthenware jar. It is served by being scooped into a bowl with a very shallow and flat spoon, and eaten with either powdered sugar and lime juice or with a ginger-flavored syrup. It is generally eaten hot, even during summer.
FRIED
A common cooking technique in many parts of East and Southeast Asia involves deep frying tofu in vegetable oil, sunflower oil, or canola oil with varied results. In Indonesia, it is usually fried in palm oil. Although tofu is often sold preprocessed into fried items, pre-fried tofu is seldom eaten directly and requires additional cooking. Depending on the type of tofu used, the texture of deep fried tofu may range from crispy on the outside and custardy on the inside, to puffed up like a plain doughnut. The former is usually eaten plain in Chinese cuisine with garlic soy sauce, while the latter is either stuffed with fish paste to make Yong Tau Foo or cooked in soups. In Taiwan, fried tofu is made into a dish called "A-gei", which consists of a fried aburage tofu package stuffed with noodles and capped with surimi.
In Japan, cubes of lightly coated and fried tofu topped with a kombu dashi-based sauce are called agedashi-dofu (揚げ出し豆腐). Soft tofu that has been thinly sliced and deep fried, known as aburage in Japan and yubu (유부) in Korea, is commonly blanched, seasoned with soy sauce and mirin and served in dishes such as kitsune udon. Aburage is sometimes also cut open to form a pocket and stuffed with sushi rice; this dish is called inarizushi (稲荷寿司) and is also popular in Korea, where it is called yubu chobap (유부초밥). In Indonesia, tofu is called tahu, and the popular fried tofu is tahu goreng, tahu isi and tahu sumedang.
SOUPS, STEWS, AND BRAISED DISHES
A spicy Sichuan preparation using firm Asian tofu is mápó dòufu (麻婆豆腐). This involves braised tofu in a beef, chili, and a fermented bean paste sauce. A vegetarian version is known as málà dòufu (麻辣豆腐)[citation needed].
Dried tofu is usually not eaten raw but first stewed in a mixture of soy sauce and spices.[citation needed] Some types of dried tofu are pre-seasoned with special blends of spices, so that the tofu may either be called "five spice tofu" (五香豆腐 wǔxiāng dòufu) or "soy sauce stewed tofu" (鹵水豆腐 lǔshuǐ dòufu). Dried tofu is typically served thinly sliced with chopped green onions or with slices of meat for added flavor. Most dried tofu is sold after it has been fried or pre-stewed by tofu vendors.
Soft tofu can also be broken up or mashed and mixed with raw ingredients prior to being cooked. For example, Japanese ganmodoki is a mixture of chopped vegetables and mashed tofu. The mixture is bound together with starch and deep fried. Chinese families sometimes make a steamed meatloaf or meatball dish from equal parts of coarsely mashed tofu and ground pork. In India, tofu is also used as a low fat replacement for paneer providing the same texture with similar taste.
Tofu bamboos are often used in lamb stew or in a dessert soup. Tofu skins are often used as wrappers in dim sum. Freeze-dried tofu and frozen tofu are rehydrated and enjoyed in savory soups. These products are often taken along on camping trips since a small bag of these dried tofu can provide protein for many days.
Japanese 'miso soup', stocks with miso paste, is frequently made with tofu.
In Korean cuisine, soft tofu, called sundubu (순두부), is used to make a thick stew called sundubu jjigae (순두부 찌개). Firm, diced tofu often features in the staple stews doenjang jjigae (된장 찌개) and kimchi jjigae (김치
찌개).
SMOKED
At Qufu, the home town of Confucius, smoked tofu is a popular dish.
BACEM
Bacem is a method of cooking tofu originating from Java, Indonesia. The tofu is boiled in coconut water, mixed with lengkuas (galangal), Indonesian bay leaves, coriander, shallot, garlic, tamarind and palm sugar. After the spicy coconut water has completely evaporated, the tofu is fried until it is golden brown. The result is sweet, spicy, and crisp. This cooked tofu variant is commonly known as tahu bacem in Indonesian. Tahu bacem is commonly prepared along with tempeh and chicken.
AS FLAVORING
Pickled tofu is commonly used in small amounts together with its soaking liquid to flavor stir-fried or braised vegetable dishes (particularly leafy green vegetables like water spinach). It is often eaten directly as a condiment with rice or congee.
WESTERN METHODS
Generally, the firmer styles of tofu are used for kebabs, mock meats, and dishes requiring a consistency that holds together, while the softer styles can be used for desserts, soups, shakes, and sauces.
Firm western tofus can be barbecued since they will hold together on a barbecue grill. These types of tofu are usually marinated overnight as the marinade does not easily penetrate the entire block of tofu (techniques to increase penetration of marinades are stabbing repeatedly with a fork or freezing and thawing prior to marinating). Grated firm western tofu is sometimes used in conjunction with TVP as a meat substitute. Softer tofus are sometimes used as a dairy-free or low-calorie filler. Silken tofu may be used to replace cheese in certain dishes (such as lasagna).
Tofu has also been fused into other cuisines in the west, for instance used in Indian-style curries.
Tofu and soy protein can be industrially processed to match the textures and flavors to the likes of cheese, pudding, eggs, bacon, etc. Tofu's texture can also be altered by freezing, pureeing, and cooking. In the Americas, Europe, Australia and New Zealand, tofu is frequently associated with vegetarianism and veganism as it is a source of non-animal protein.
THREE THEORIES OF ORIGIN
The most commonly held of the three theories of tofu's origin maintains that tofu was invented in northern China around 164 BC by Lord Liu An, a Han Dynasty prince. Although this is possible, the paucity of concrete information about this period makes it difficult to conclusively determine whether Liu An invented the method for making tofu. Furthermore, in Chinese history, important inventions were often attributed to important leaders and figures of the time. In 1960, a stone mural unearthed from an Eastern Han dynasty tomb provided support for the theory of Han origin of tofu, however some scholars maintained that the tofu in Han dynasty was rudimentary, and lacked the firmness and taste of real tofu.
Another theory states that the production method for tofu was discovered accidentally when a slurry of boiled, ground soybeans was mixed with impure sea salt. Such sea salt would probably have contained calcium and magnesium salts, allowing the soy mixture to curdle and produce a tofu-like gel. This may have possibly been the way that tofu was discovered, since soy milk has been eaten as a savory soup in ancient as well as modern times. Its technical plausibility notwithstanding, there is little evidence to prove or disprove that tofu production originated in this way.
The last group of theories maintains that the ancient Chinese learned the method for the curdling of soy milk by emulating the milk curdling techniques of the Mongolians or East Indians. For, despite their advancement, no technology or knowledge of culturing and processing milk products existed within ancient Chinese society. (They did not seek such technology, probably because of the Confucian taboo on fermented dairy products and other so-called "barbarian foodstuffs".) The primary evidence for this theory lies with the etymological similarity between the Chinese term for Mongolian fermented milk (rufu, which literally means "milk curdled") and the term doufu ("beans curdled") or tofu. Although intriguing and possible, there is no evidence to substantiate this theory beyond the point of academic speculation.
HISTORY
IN ASIA
Tofu originated in ancient China, although little else is known about the exact historic origins of tofu and of its method of production.
The theory that tofu was invented by Lord Liu An of Huainan in about 164 BC (early Han dynasty) has steadily lost favor among most scholars in China and abroad since the 1970s. The claim concerning Liu An was first made by Zhu Xi during the Song dynasty (960-1127 AD) - roughly 1,000 years after the supposed invention.
The theory that tofu-making is shown in a mural incised on a stone slab in Han Tomb No. 1, at Da-hu-ting, Mixian, Henan province attracted much attention after about 1990. Yet it too has lost favor because (1) no step of cooking the soy puree is shown in the mural, and (2) when Chinese food historians tried to make tofu without cooking the puree, the result was a tiny amount of unpalatable material.
Thus, while there are many theories regarding tofu's origins, historical information is scarce enough as to relegate the status of most theories to either speculation or legend. Like the origins of cheese and butter, the exact origin of tofu production may never be known or proven. The historical era starts in the year 965 AD (early Song dynasty) with the Qing Yilu by Tao Ku.
What is known is that tofu production is an ancient technique. Tofu was widely consumed in ancient China, and techniques for its production and preparation were eventually spread to many other parts of Asia.
Its development likely preceded Liu An, as tofu is known to have been a commonly produced and consumed food item in China by the 2nd century BC. Although the varieties of tofu produced in ancient times may not have been identical to those of today, descriptions from writings and poetry of the Song and Yuan Dynasty show that the production technique for tofu had already been standardized by then, to the extent that they would be similar to tofu of contemporary times.
In China, tofu is traditionally used as a food offering when visiting the graves of deceased relatives. It is claimed that the spirits (or ghosts) have long lost their chins and jaws, and that only tofu is soft enough for them to eat. Before refrigeration was available in China, tofu was often only sold during the winter time, due to the tofu not spoiling in the colder weather. During the warmer months, any leftover tofu would be spoiled if left for more than a day. Chinese war hero Guan Yu used to be a tofu maker before he enlisted in the army. Chinese martial arts expert and hero, Yim Wing-chun, was a celebrated tofu maker in her village. (Tofu as such plays a part in the 1994 movie about her life, Wing Chun.)
Tofu and its production technique were subsequently introduced into Korea and then Japan in the Nara period (late 8th century) as well as other parts of East Asia. The earliest document of tofu in Japan shows that the dish was served as an offering at the Kasuga Shrine in Nara in 1183. The book Tofu Hyakuchin (豆腐百珍 Dòufu Bǎizhēn), published in the Edo period, lists 100 recipes for cooking tofu.
The rise in acceptance of tofu likely coincided with that of Buddhism as it is an important source of proteins in the religion's vegetarian diet. Since then, tofu has become a staple in many countries, including Vietnam, Thailand, and Korea, with subtle regional variations in production methods, texture, flavor, and usage.
In Southeast Asia, tofu was introduced to the region by Chinese immigrants from sea-faring Fujian province, evident from the fact that many countries in Southeast Asia refer to tofu by the Min Nan Chinese pronunciations for either soft and firm tofu, or "tāu-hū" and "tāu-goan" respectively. In Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines, tofu is widely available and used in many local dishes. Tofu is called tahu in Indonesia, Indonesian dishes such as, tahu sumbat, taoge tahu, asinan, siomay and some curries, are often add slices of tofu as ingredients. In addition, tahu goreng, tahu isi and tahu sumedang are the popular fried tofu snacks. Tofu is called tauhu in Malaysia and Singapore. The Malaysian and Singaporean Indians use tofu in their cuisine such as Indian mee goreng, rojak pasembor. The strait peranakan cuisine often uses tofu, such as mee kari Penang, and laksa. The makers of tofu in these countries were originally the Chinese but tofu now is made by non-Chinese as well. Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines are major producers of tofu and have plants located within many municipalities. However, Singapore imports its tofu from its neighboring country, Malaysia.
Tofu in the Philippines is essential to the daily diet, as taho, widely eaten as breakfast, or tokwa (a dry fried variation), which is a staple or alternative to meat in main meals, and in numerous regional dishes. Tofu was introduced to the archipelago in the 10th to 13th centuries by Song Chinese mariners and merchants, along with many different foods which had become staples of the Philippine diet. The use and production of tofu were first limited to urban centers with influential Chinese minorities, such as Cebu or Tondo, but were quickly spread to even remote native villages and islands, long before the Spanish arrival in the 17th century.
IN THE WEST
Benjamin Franklin was the first American to mention tofu in a 1770 letter to John Bartram. Franklin, who discovered it during a trip to London, included a few soybeans and referred to it as "cheese" from China. The first tofu company in the United States was established in 1878. In 1908 Li Yuying, a Chinese anarchist and a vegetarian with a French degree in agriculture and biology, opened a soy factory, the Usine de la Caséo-Sojaïne, which was the world's first soy dairy and the first factory in France to manufacture and sell beancurd. However tofu was not well known to most Westerners before the middle of the 20th century. With increased cultural contact between the West and East Asia and growing interest in vegetarianism, knowledge of tofu has become widespread. Numerous types of pre-flavored tofu can be found in many supermarket chains throughout the West. It is also used by many vegans and vegetarians as a means to gain protein without the consumption of meat products.
NUTRITION AND CHINESE MEDICINE CLAIMS
TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE CLAIMS
Tofu is considered a cool agent in Traditional Chinese medicine. It is claimed to invigorate the spleen, replenish qi, moisture and cool off Yang vacuity, and to detoxify the body. However, there is no scientific evidence supporting neither such claims, nor their implied notions.
FUNCTIONS
In Chinese traditional medicine, tofu is suitable for those who are weak, malnourished, deficient in blood and qi; is suitable for old, slim or otherwise; suitable for those with high fat content in blood, high cholesterol, overweight, and with hardened blood vessels; suitable for people with diabetes; for mothers with low breast milk supply; for children and young adults; for those with inflamed respiratory tract, with phlegm, coughing and asthma. Tofu is also suited for people of old age; it is recommended to eat with liquor, since tofu contains cysteine, which can speed up the detoxification of alcohol in the body, and lessen the harm done to the liver, protecting the liver.
PROTEIN
Tofu is relatively high in protein, about 10.7% for firm tofu and 5.3% for soft "silken" tofu with about 5% and 2% fat respectively as a percentage of weight.
In 1995, a report from the University of Kentucky, financed by Solae, concluded that soy protein is correlated with significant decreases in serum cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein LDL (″bad cholesterol″) and triglyceride concentrations. However, High Density Lipoprotein HDL (″good cholesterol″) did not increase. Soy phytoestrogens (isoflavones: genistein and daidzein) absorbed onto the soy protein were suggested as the agent reducing serum cholesterol levels. On the basis of this research, PTI, in 1998, filed a petition with Food and Drug Administration for a health claim that soy protein may reduce cholesterol and the risk of heart disease.
The FDA granted this health claim for soy: "25 grams of soy protein a day, as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart disease." For reference, 100 grams of firm tofu coagulated with calcium sulfate contains 8.19 grams of soy protein. In January 2006, an American Heart Association review (in the journal Circulation) of a decade-long study of soy protein benefits showed only a minimal decrease in cholesterol levels, but it compared favorably against animal protein sources.
ALLERGIES
Because it is made of soy, individuals with allergies, particularly those allergic to legumes, should not consume tofu.
WIKIPEDIA
Kursus Kue, Roti & Masakan
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Kursus Masakan Eropa/European Food Course:
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Kursus Mie Kocok. Diajarkan mulai dari membuat mie, aneka resep untuk isian & cara membuat kuahnya. Diajarkan cara pembuatan mie nya dengan resep timbangan tepat untuk usaha. Praktek dengan menggunakan mesin penipis & pemotong mie yang praktis.
Kursus Aneka Mie: diajarkan aneka resep: Lo Mie, Mie Ayam Jamur, Mie Pangsit Ujung Pandang, Mie Medan.
Kursus Aneka Mie: Resep Tami Capcay, Ifumie seafood, Kwetiaw Goreng, Mie Goreng Daging & seafood ala Thailand.
Aneka Kursus & Pelatihan yang ada di Tristar Kuliner:
Kursus : Siobak, Sioke, Chasio. Resep telah teruji, dijamin Renyah.
Kursus Aneka Pie: Pie Buah, Lemon Pie, Quiche Lorraine.
Kursus Roti Taiwan: Mocca Bun, Taiwan Polo, Sausage Bun, Roti Abon.
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Pelatihan Aneka Sup: Tom Yam Sup, Sup krim Jamur, Sup Ayam Jagung, Wonton Sup.
Kursus Aneka Pudding: Montelimar Pudding, Watermelon Pudding, Yoghurt Caramel Pudding.
Kursus Masakan China: Ayam Saus Inggris, Ayam Masak Cabe Kering, Koloke, Ayam Masak Jamur.
Kursus Roti Taiwan: Chocolate Polo, Roll sausage bun, Smoke cheesy Bun, Flossy Mayo.
Kursus aneka kue lapis: kue lapis Surabaya, spiku, lapis mandarin, lapis prune
Kursus Petit Four/Small Pastry: Mocca Cake, Devil Cake, Mud Cake.
Kursus Fancy Cookies: Cinnamon Cookies, Ginger Cookies dengan Icing Animasi
Kursus aneka salad: Huzarenzla, fruit salad, shrimp cocktail, salad bar
Kursus Aneka Pizza: Supreme Pizza, Italian Pizza, Meat Lover Pizza
Kursus Bebek Peking. Diajarkan membuat Bebek Peking yang kulitnya Crispy, Kulit lumpia. Daging bebek diolah lagi. Peserta langsung praktek.
Kursus aneka dimsum: Kaki ayam, Hakau, lumpia kulit tahu, siomay. Resep telah diuji.
Kursus aneka croissant: croisant sandwich, croissant ragout, croissant cheese
Kursus aneka sup: Sup Tim Ayam Obat, Sup shanghai, Sup sehat jamur es.
Kursus aneka pasta: Spaghetti bolognaise, Lasagna, Fettucine Udang
Kursus japanesse food/resep masakan jepang: chicken teriyaki, shushi, tempura, chawan mushi.
Kursus Aneka Donut: Donat Topping Coklat, Topping Glazur, Barliner, Topping Cream cheese.
Kursus Masakan: Aneka resep: Spaghetti Bolognaise, Lasagna, Fettucine Carbonara.
Kursus Fast Food Hoka Hoka Bento: Egg Chicken Roll, Breaded Chicken Ball, Ekkado, Chicken Katsu.
Kursus aneka pastry: Chicken Curry, Cream Horn, Apple puff.
Kursus aneka steak: Beef rib with BBQ sauce, Sirloin with black peeper sauce, Chicken steak with mushroom sauce.
Kursus aneka bakso: Bakso Halus, Bakso Kasar, Siomay, Bakso Goreng, Diajarkan membuat kuah & sambalnya. Resep dengan timbangan tepat.
Kursus D’Creepes: Banana Caramel Creepes, Coctail Creepes, Sandwich Creepes, Peserta langsung Praktek.
Kursus Special Cake: Tiramisu, Opera Cake, Capucino Maker.
Kursus Sponge Pudding, Vanilla Strawberry Pudding, Cocopandan Pudding, Montelimar.
Kursus Kue Kering: Nastar, Kastengel, Butter Cookies, Lidah Kucing keju.
Kursus Cake: Black Forest, Tropical Cake, Sacher Cake.
Kursus Dimsum: Lumpia Udang Mayonaise, Lumpia 2 Telur, Lumpia Vietnam, Bubur Ayam.
Kursus Asian Food: Kepiting Singapore, Seafood ala Vietnam, Kare Tongkol ala Malaysia.
Kursus napoleon Cake: Napoleon Fruit Cake, Napoleon Coffee Cake, Palmore Cookies, Napoleon Nut Cake.
Kursus cara membuat aneka Soto & Peluang Usahanya: Uji resep Soto Ayam, Soto Banjar, Cotto Makassar, Soto Betawi.
Kursus European Food
Kursus Paket Usaha Café: minuman ala café, cocktail, moctail, alcoholic drink. Special Coffee, Special Tea, special Milk.
Kursus cara membuat Batagor, Siomay Bandung, Otak Otak Tengiri Bakar, lengkap dengan sambel kacangnya. Diajarkan resep untuk catering dengan timbangan bahan yang tepat.
Dan masih banyak lagi Kursus Masakan & Kue yang lain, Sesuai dengan permintaan anda.
Kursus Soft cara memproduksi Soft Ice cream: Vanilla – Chocolate – Strawberry.
Kursus Aneka Cup Cakes Strawberry, Mocca – Cheese dengan penampilan yang lucu & menarik. Diajarkan cara menghiasnya.
Kursus Masakan manado: Sup kacang merah, Woku Balanga, Ayam baker air madidi. Rica rica ikan tongkol.
Kursus cara membuat Mousse Cake: triple chocolate, Tiramisu, Green Tea.
Kursus Aneka Sandwich: Tuna sandwich, Montecristo, Ratatouille on Toast.
Kursus Brownies/Brownies Kukus: Topping Chocolate, Pandan Brownies, Vanilla Mocca Cake.
Kursus Chinesse Food: Ayam saus Pedas, Ayam Masak Jamur, Ayam Masak Cabe Kering, Koloke.
Kursus Pudding Bakar: Caramel Pudding, Bread & Butter pudding, Cabinet Pudding.
Kursus cara membuat aneka kue Soes: Swans Soes/Sus Angsa, Ecclair, Sandwich. Diajarkan membuat aneka model & cara penyajiannya.
Kursus masakan Thailand: Nasi Goreng Tom Yam, Sup TomYam Goong, Mie Goreng Daging & seafood, Chicken in pandan Leave.
Tofu, also known as bean curd, is a food made by coagulating soy milk and then pressing the resulting curds into soft white blocks. It is a component in East Asian and Southeast Asian cuisines. There are many different varieties of tofu, including fresh tofu and tofu that has been processed in some way. Tofu is bought or made to be soft, firm, or extra firm. Tofu has a subtle flavor and can be used in savory and sweet dishes. It is often seasoned or marinated to suit the dish.
Tofu originated in Han dynasty China some 2,000 years ago.[5] Chinese legend ascribes its invention to prince Liu An (179–122 BC). Tofu and its production technique were introduced into Korea and then Japan during the Nara period (710–794). Some scholars believe tofu arrived in Vietnam during the 10th and 11th century. It spread into other parts of Southeast Asia as well. This spread probably coincided with the spread of Buddhism because it is an important source of protein in the vegetarian diet of East Asian Buddhism. Li Shizhen in the Ming Dynasty described a method of making tofu in the Compendium of Materia Medica.
Tofu has a low calorie count and relatively large amounts of protein. It is high in iron, and depending on the coagulants used in manufacturing (e.g. calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate), it can have higher calcium or magnesium content.
The term tofu by extension can be used in similarly textured curdled dishes that do not use soy products at all, such as "almond tofu" (almond jelly), tamago-dōfu (ja) (egg), goma-dōfu (ja) (sesame), or peanut tofu (Chinese 落花生豆腐 luòhuāshēng dòufu and Okinawan jīmāmi-dōfu (ja)).
ETYMOLOGY
The English term comes from Japanese tōfu (豆腐), borrowed from the original Chinese equivalent (豆腐 or 荳腐) transcribed tou4-fu3 (Wade-Giles) or dòufu (pinyin), literally "bean" (豆) + "curdled" or "fermented" (腐).
A reference to the word "towfu" exists in a letter dated 1770 from English merchant James Flint to United States statesman and scientist Benjamin Franklin. This is believed to be the first documented usage of the word in English.
The term "bean curd(s)" for tofu has been used in the United States since at least 1840. It is not frequently used, however, in the United Kingdom, Australia or New Zealand.
PRODUCTION
Tofu is made by coagulating soy milk and pressing the resulting curds. Although pre-made soy milk may be used, some tofu producers begin by making their own soy milk, which is produced by soaking, grinding, boiling and straining dried (or, less commonly, fresh) soybeans.
Coagulation of the protein and oil (emulsion) suspended in the boiled soy milk is the most important step in the production of tofu. This process is accomplished with the aid of coagulants. Two types of coagulants (salts and acids) are used commercially.
SALT COAGULANTS
Calcium sulfate (gypsum): The traditional and most widely used coagulant to produce Chinese-style tofu. It produces a tofu that is tender but slightly brittle in texture. The coagulant itself has no perceivable taste. Use of this coagulant also makes a tofu that is rich in calcium. As such, many tofu manufacturers choose to use this coagulant to be able to market their tofu as a good source of dietary calcium.
Chloride-type Nigari salts or Lushui ( Traditional: 鹵水, 滷水; Simplified: 卤水, lǔshuǐ) - Magnesium chloride and calcium chloride: Both of these salts have a high solubility in water and affect soy protein in the same way, whereas gypsum is only very slightly soluble in water and acts differently in soy protein precipitation, the basis for tofu formation. These are the coagulants used to make tofu with a smooth and tender texture. In Japan, a white powder called nigari, which consists primarily of magnesium chloride, is produced from seawater after the sodium chloride is removed and the water evaporated. Depending on its production method, nigari/Lushui may also contain small quantities of magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt), potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and trace amounts of other naturally occurring salts. Although the term nigari is derived from nigai, the Japanese word for "bitter," neither nigari nor pure magnesium chloride imparts a perceivable taste to the finished tofu. Calcium chloride is a common coagulant for tofu in North America. Fresh clean sea water itself can also be used as a coagulant.
ACID COAGULANTS
Glucono delta-lactone (GDL): A naturally occurring organic acid also used in cheese making, which produces a very fine textured tofu that is almost jelly-like. This coagulant is used especially for "silken" and softer tofus, and confers an almost imperceptible sour taste to the finished product. Commonly used together with calcium sulfate to give soft tofu a smooth tender texture.
Other edible acids: Though they can affect the taste of the tofu more, and vary in efficacy and texture, acids such as acetic acid (vinegar) and citric acid (such as lemon juice), can also be used to coagulate soy milk and produce tofu.
ENZYME COAGULANTS
Among enzymes that have been shown to produce tofu are papain, and alkaline and neutral proteases from microorganisms. In the case of papain, the enzyme to substrate ratio, by weight, was held constant at 1:400. An aliquot of 1% crude papain was added to "uncooked" soy milk at room temperature and heated to 90–100 °C. Papain, moreover, has been studied as a gelling agent to produce "instant tofu" from soy protein isolate and soy glycinin (11S) protein.
Contemporary tofu manufacturers may choose to use one or more of these coagulants, since they each play a role in producing a desired texture in the finished tofu.Different textures result from different pore sizes and other microscopic features in tofus produced using each coagulant. The coagulant mixture is dissolved into water, and the solution is then stirred into boiled soy milk until the mixture curdles into a soft gel.
The curds are processed differently depending on the form of tofu that is being manufactured. For soft silken tofu (嫩豆腐; nèn dòufu) or tofu flower (豆花, dòuhuā) the soy milk is curdled directly in the tofu's selling package. For standard firm Asian tofu, the soy curd is cut and strained of excess liquid using cheese cloth or muslin and then lightly pressed to produce a soft cake. Firmer tofus, such as Asian dry tofu (豆干) or Western types of tofu, are further pressed to remove even more liquid. In Vietnam, the curd is strained and molded in a square mold and the end product is called đậu khuôn (molded bean) or đậu phụ (one of the Vietnamese ways to pronounce the Chinese dòufu). The tofu curds are allowed to cool and become firm. The finished tofu can then be cut into pieces, flavored or further processed.
Although tartness is sometimes desired in dessert tofu, the acid used in flavoring is usually not the primary coagulant since it is not desirable to the flavor or texture of the resulting tofu to add it in a sufficiently high concentration so as to induce coagulation. A sour taste in tofu and a slight cloudiness in its storing liquid is also usually an indication of bacterial growth and, hence, spoilage.
VARIETIES
There is a wide variety of tofu available in both Western and Eastern markets. Despite the large variety, tofu products can be split into two main categories: fresh tofu, which is produced directly from soy milk, and processed tofu, which is produced from fresh tofu. Tofu production also creates important side products which are often used in various cuisines.
FRESH TOFU
Depending on the amount of water that is extracted from the tofu curds, fresh tofu can be divided into three main varieties. Fresh tofu is usually sold completely immersed in water to maintain its moisture content.
SOFT OR SILKEN TOFU
Soft/silken tofu (嫩豆腐 or 滑豆腐, nèn dòufu or huá dòufu, in Chinese, lit. "soft tofu" or "smooth tofu"; 絹漉し豆腐, kinugoshi tōfu in Japanese, lit. "silk-filtered tofu"; 순두부, 純豆腐, sundubu in Korean, lit. "pure tofu") is undrained, unpressed tofu that contains the highest moisture content of all fresh tofus. Silken tofu is produced by coagulating soy milk without curdling it. Silken tofu is available in several consistencies, including "soft" and "firm", but all silken tofu is more delicate than regular firm tofu (pressed tofu) and has different culinary uses. In Japan and Korea, traditional soft tofu is made with seawater. Silken tofu is a versatile, reliable substitute for dairy and eggs, especially for smoothies and baked desserts.
Douhua (豆花, dòuhuā or 豆腐花, dòufuhuā in Chinese), or tofu brain (豆腐腦 or 豆腐脑, dòufunaǒ in Chinese) is often eaten as a dessert, but sometimes salty pickles or hot sauce are added instead. This is a type of soft tofu with an even higher moisture content. Because it is very difficult to pick up with chopsticks, it is generally eaten with a spoon. With the addition of flavorings such as finely chopped spring onions, dried shrimp, soy sauce, chilli sauce, douhua is a popular breakfast dish across China. In Malaysia, douhua is usually served warm with white or dark (palm) sugar syrup, or served cold with longans.
Some variation exists among soft tofus. Black douhua (黑豆花, hēidòuhuā) is a type of silken tofu made from black soybeans, which is usually made into dòuhuā (豆花) rather than firm or dry tofu. The texture of black bean tofu is slightly more gelatinous than regular douhua and the color is greyish in tone. This type of tofu is eaten for the earthy "black bean taste." Edamame tofu is a Japanese variety of kinugoshi tōfu made from edamame (fresh green soybeans); it is pale green in color and often studded with whole edamame.
FIRM TOFU
Firm tofu (called 老豆腐 lǎo dòufu in Chinese; 木綿豆腐, momen-dōfu in Japanese, lit. "cotton tofu"; 단단한두부, dandanhan dubu in Korean): Although drained and pressed, this form of fresh tofu still contains a great amount of moisture. It has the firmness of raw meat but bounces back readily when pressed. The texture of the inside of the tofu is similar to that of a firm custard. The skin of this form of tofu has the pattern of the muslin used to drain it and is slightly more resilient to damage than its inside. It can be picked up easily with chopsticks.
In some places in Japan, a very firm type of momen-dōfu is eaten, called ishi-dōfu (石豆腐; literally stone tofu) in parts of Ishikawa, or iwa-dōfu (岩豆腐; literally rock tofu) in Gokayama in the Toyama prefecture and in Iya in the prefecture of Tokushima. Due to their firmness, some of these types of tofu can be tied by rope and carried.[citation needed] These types of firm tofu are produced with seawater instead of nigari (magnesium chloride), or using concentrated soy milk. Some of them are squeezed of excess moisture using heavy weights. These products are produced in areas where travelling is inconvenient, such as remote islands, mountain villages, heavy snowfall areas, and so on.
EXTRA FIRM TOFU
Dòu gān (豆干, literally "dry tofu" in Chinese) is an extra firm variety of tofu where a large amount of liquid has been pressed out of the tofu. Dòu gān contains the least amount of moisture of all fresh tofu and has the firmness of fully cooked meat and a somewhat rubbery feel similar to that of paneer. When sliced thinly, this tofu can be crumbled easily. The skin of this form of tofu has the pattern of the muslin used to drain and press it. Western firm tofu is milled and reformed after the pressing and sometimes lacks the skin with its cloth patterning. One variety of dried tofu is pressed especially flat and sliced into long strings with a cross section smaller than 2 mm × 2 mm. Shredded dried tofu (豆干絲, dòugānsī in Chinese, or simply 干絲, gānsī), which looks like loose cooked noodles, can be served cold, stir-fried, or similar in style to Japanese aburaage.
PROCESSED TOFU
Many forms of processed tofu exist, due to the varied ways in which fresh tofu can be used. Some of these techniques probably[citation needed] originate from the need to preserve tofu before the days of refrigeration, or to increase its shelf life and longevity. Other production techniques are employed to create tofus with unique textures and flavors.
FERMENTED
Pickled tofu (豆腐乳 in Chinese, pinyin: dòufurǔ, lit. "tofu dairy," or 腐乳 fŭrŭ; chao in Vietnamese): Also called "preserved tofu" or "fermented tofu," this food consists of cubes of dried tofu that have been allowed to fully air-dry under hay and slowly ferment from aerial bacteria. The dry fermented tofu is then soaked in salt water, Chinese wine, vinegar, and minced chiles, or a unique mixture of whole rice, bean paste, and soybeans. In the case of red pickled tofu (紅豆腐乳 in Chinese, Pinyin: hóng dòufurǔ), red yeast rice (cultivated with Monascus purpureus) is added for color. And in Japan, pickled tofu with miso paste is called "tofu no misodzuke," which is a traditional preserved food in Kumamoto. In Okinawa, there is a pickled and fermented tofu called "tofuyo"(豆腐餻). It is made from "Shima-doufu" (an Okinawan variety of large and firm tofu). It is fermented, and matured with koji mold, red koji mold, and awamori.
Stinky tofu (臭豆腐 in Chinese, Pinyin: chòudòufu): A soft tofu that has been fermented in a unique vegetable and fish brine. The blocks of tofu smell strongly of certain pungent cheeses, and are described by many as rotten and fecal.[citation needed] Despite its strong odor, the flavor and texture of stinky tofu is appreciated by aficionados, who describe it as delightful. The texture of this tofu is similar to the soft Asian tofu from which it is made. The rind that stinky tofu develops from frying is said to be especially crisp, and is usually served with soy sauce, sweet sauce, or hot sauce.
DRIED TOFU
Two kinds of dried tofu are produced in Japan. They are usually rehydrated (by being soaked in water) prior to consumption. In their dehydrated state they do not require refrigeration.
FRIED
With the exception of the softest tofus, all forms of tofu can be fried. Thin and soft varieties of tofu are deep fried in oil until they are light and airy in their core 豆泡 dòupào, 豆腐泡 dòufupào, 油豆腐 yóudòufu, or 豆卜 dòubǔ in Chinese, literally "bean bubble," describing the shape of the fried tofu as a bubble).
Tofus such as firm Asian and dòu gān (Chinese dry tofu), with their lower moisture content, are cut into bite-sized cubes or triangles and deep fried until they develop a golden-brown, crispy surface (炸豆腐 in Chinese, zhádòufu, lit. "fried tofu"). These may be eaten on their own or with a light sauce, or further cooked in liquids; they are also added to hot pot dishes or included as part of the vegetarian dish called luohan zhai. This deep fried tofu is also called Atsuage (厚揚げ) or Namaage (生揚げ) in Japan. The thinner variety is called Aburaage (油揚げ) which develops a tofu pouch when fried that is often used for Inari-sushi.
FROZEN
Thousand layer tofu (千葉豆腐, 凍豆腐 dòngdòufu or 冰豆腐 bīngdòufu in Chinese, literally "thousand layer tofu" or "frozen tofu"): By freezing tofu, the large ice crystals that develop within the tofu result in the formation of large cavities that appear to be layered. The frozen tofu takes on a yellowish hue in the freezing process. Thousand layer tofu is commonly made at home from Asian soft tofu though it is also commercially sold as a specialty in parts of Taiwan. This tofu is defrosted, and sometimes pressed to remove moisture, prior to use.
Koya-dofu (kōya-dōfu, 高野豆腐 in Japanese): The name comes from Mount Koya, a center of Japanese Buddhism famed for its shōjin ryōri, or traditional Buddhist vegetarian cuisine. It is sold in freeze-dried blocks or cubes in Japanese markets. Since it is dried, it can be preserved for long term. It must be soaked in water before eating, and is typically simmered in dashi, sake or mirin and soy sauce. In shōjin ryōri, vegetarian kombu dashi, made from seaweed, is used. When prepared in the usual manner, it has a spongy texture and mild sweet and savory flavor (the taste and flavor depend on what soup or cooking stock it was simmered in). A similar form of freeze-dried tofu, in smaller pieces, is found in instant soups (such as miso soup), in which the toppings are freeze-dried and stored in sealed pouches.
BYPRODUCTS OF TOFU PRODUCTION
Tofu production creates some edible byproducts. Food products are made from the protein-oil film, or "skin," which forms over the surface of boiling soy milk in an open shallow pan. The leftover solids from pressing soy milk are called okara.
TOFU SKIN
Tofu skin is produced through the boiling of soy milk, in an open shallow pan, thus producing a film or skin composed primarily of a soy protein-lipid complex on the liquid surface. The films are collected and dried into yellowish sheets known as soy milk skin (腐皮, fǔpí in Chinese; 湯葉, yuba in Japanese). Its approximate composition is : 50–55% protein, 24–26% lipids (fat), 12% carbohydrate, 3% ash, and 9% moisture.
The skin can also be bunched up to stick form and dried into something known as "tofu bamboo" (腐竹, fǔ zhú in Chinese; phù trúc in Vietnamese; kusatake, Japanese), or myriad other forms. Since tofu skin has a soft yet rubbery texture, it is folded or shaped into different forms and cooked further to imitate meat in vegan cuisine.
Some factories dedicate production to tofu skin and other soy membrane products.
OKARA
Okara (from the Japanese, おから, okara; known as 雪花菜, xuěhuācài, in Chinese, lit. "snowflake vegetable"; 豆腐渣, dòufuzhā, also Chinese, lit. "tofu sediment/residue"; and 콩비지, kongbiji, in Korean), is a tofu by-product, sometimes known in the west as "soy pulp" or "tofu lees",[40] consisting of the fiber, protein, and starch left over when soy milk has been extracted from ground soaked soybeans. Although it is mainly used as animal feed in most tofu producing cultures, it is sometimes used in Japanese and Korean cuisines, such as in the Korean stew kongbiji jjigae (콩비지찌개). It is also an ingredient for vegetarian burgers produced in many western nations.
NON-TOFU "TOFUS"
Due to their Asian origins and their textures, many food items are called "tofu" even though their production processes are not technically similar. For instance, many sweet almond tofus are actually gelatinous desserts hardened using agar or gelatin. As well, some foods such as Burmese tofu are not coagulated from the "milk" of the legume but rather set in a manner similar to soft polenta, Korean muk, or the jidou liangfen of Yunnan province of Southwest China.
NON-TOFU SWEETS
The "almond tofu" (Chinese: 杏仁豆腐 xìngrén dòufu; Japanese: annindōfu) is a milky white and gelatinous resembling tofu, but does not use soy products or soy milk and is hardened with agar. A similar dessert made with coconut milk or mango juices might occasionally be referred to as "coconut tofu" or "mango tofu", though such names are also given to hot dishes that use soy tofu and coconut or mango in the recipe.
EGG TOFU
Egg tofu (ja) (Japanese: 玉子豆腐, 卵豆腐, tamagodōfu) (Chinese: 蛋豆腐, dàn dòufu; often called 日本豆腐, rìbĕn dòufu, lit. "Japan bean curd") is the main type of savory flavored tofu. Whole beaten eggs are combined with dashi, poured into molds, and steamed in a steamer (cf. chawanmushi). The tofu has a pale golden color that can be attributed to the addition of egg and, occasionally, food coloring. This tofu has a fuller texture and flavor than silken tofu, which can be attributed to the presence of egg fat and protein. Plain "dried tofu" can be flavored by stewing in soysauce (滷) to make soy-sauce tofu. It is quite common to see tofu sold in market in this soy-sauce stewed form.
SESAME TOFU
The goma-dōfu (ja) is made by grinding sesame into a smooth paste, combining with liquid and kudzu starch, and heating until curdling occurs. It is often served chilled as hiyayakko.
PEANUT TOFU
In Okinawa, Japan, the jīmāmi-dōfu (ja) is made in a process similar to the sesame tofu. A peanut milk (made by crushing raw peanuts, adding water and straining) is combined with starch (usually sweet potato starch known locally as umukuji or umukashi (芋澱粉?)) and heating until curdling occurs.
The Chinese equivalent is the 落花生豆腐 luòhuāshēng dòufu.
BURMESE TOFU
Burmese tofu (to hpu in Burmese) is a type of legume product made from besan (chana dal) flour; the Shan variety uses yellow split pea flour instead. Both types are yellow in color and generally found only in Myanmar, though the Burman variety is also available in some overseas restaurants serving Burmese cuisine.
Burmese tofu may be fried as fritters cut in rectangular or triangular shapes. Rice tofu, called hsan to hpu (or hsan ta hpo in Shan regions) is made from rice flour (called hsan hmont or mont hmont) and is white in color, with the same consistency as yellow Burmese tofu when set. It is eaten as a salad in the same manner as yellow tofu.
PREPARATION
Tofu has very little flavor or smell on its own. Consequently, tofu can be prepared either in savory or sweet dishes, acting as a bland background for presenting the flavors of the other ingredients used. As a method of flavoring it is often marinated in soy sauce, chilis, sesame oil, etc.
EASTERN METHODS
In Asian cooking, tofu is eaten in myriad ways, including raw, stewed, stir-fried, in soup, cooked in sauce, or stuffed with fillings. The idea of using tofu as a meat substitute is not common in East Asia. Many Chinese tofu dishes such as jiācháng dòufu (家常豆腐) and mápó dòufú (麻婆豆腐) include meat.
LIGHTLY FLVORED
In Japan, a common lunch in the summer months is hiyayakko (冷奴), silken or firm Asian tofu served with freshly grated ginger, green onions, or katsuobushi shavings with soy sauce. In the winter, tofu is frequently eaten as "yudofu," which is simmered in a claypot with some vegetables (ex:chinese cabbage, green onion etc.) using konbu dashi.
In Chinese cuisine, Dòuhuā (豆花) is served with toppings such as boiled peanuts, azuki beans, cooked oatmeal, tapioca, mung beans and a syrup flavored with ginger or almond. During the summer, "dòuhuā" is served with crushed ice; in the winter, it is served warm.[43] And also, in many parts of China, fresh tofu is similarly eaten with soy sauce or further flavored with katsuobushi shavings, century eggs (皮蛋 pídàn), and sesame seed oil.
In Korean cuisine, dubu gui (두부구이) consists of pan fried cubes of firm tofu, seasoned with soy sauce, garlic, and other ingredients. Cubes of cold, uncooked firm tofu seasoned with soy sauce, scallions, and ginger, prepared in a manner similar to the Japanese hiyayakko, are also enjoyed. The popular bar food, or anju (안주), called dubu kimchi (두부김치), features boiled, firm tofu served in rectangular slices around the edges of a plate with pan fried, sautéed or freshly mixed kimchi (김치) in the middle.
In the Philippines, the sweet delicacy taho is made of fresh tofu with brown sugar syrup and sago. The Malaysian version of taho or douhua is called tofufa. Warm soft tofu is served in "slices" (due to being scooped using a flat spoon from a wooden bucket) in a bowl with either pandan-flavored sugar syrup or palm sugar syrup.
In Vietnam, dòuhuā is pronounced đậu hủ. This variety of soft tofu is made and carried around in an earthenware jar. It is served by being scooped into a bowl with a very shallow and flat spoon, and eaten with either powdered sugar and lime juice or with a ginger-flavored syrup. It is generally eaten hot, even during summer.
FRIED
A common cooking technique in many parts of East and Southeast Asia involves deep frying tofu in vegetable oil, sunflower oil, or canola oil with varied results. In Indonesia, it is usually fried in palm oil. Although tofu is often sold preprocessed into fried items, pre-fried tofu is seldom eaten directly and requires additional cooking. Depending on the type of tofu used, the texture of deep fried tofu may range from crispy on the outside and custardy on the inside, to puffed up like a plain doughnut. The former is usually eaten plain in Chinese cuisine with garlic soy sauce, while the latter is either stuffed with fish paste to make Yong Tau Foo or cooked in soups. In Taiwan, fried tofu is made into a dish called "A-gei", which consists of a fried aburage tofu package stuffed with noodles and capped with surimi.
In Japan, cubes of lightly coated and fried tofu topped with a kombu dashi-based sauce are called agedashi-dofu (揚げ出し豆腐). Soft tofu that has been thinly sliced and deep fried, known as aburage in Japan and yubu (유부) in Korea, is commonly blanched, seasoned with soy sauce and mirin and served in dishes such as kitsune udon. Aburage is sometimes also cut open to form a pocket and stuffed with sushi rice; this dish is called inarizushi (稲荷寿司) and is also popular in Korea, where it is called yubu chobap (유부초밥). In Indonesia, tofu is called tahu, and the popular fried tofu is tahu goreng, tahu isi and tahu sumedang.
SOUPS, STEWS, AND BRAISED DISHES
A spicy Sichuan preparation using firm Asian tofu is mápó dòufu (麻婆豆腐). This involves braised tofu in a beef, chili, and a fermented bean paste sauce. A vegetarian version is known as málà dòufu (麻辣豆腐)[citation needed].
Dried tofu is usually not eaten raw but first stewed in a mixture of soy sauce and spices.[citation needed] Some types of dried tofu are pre-seasoned with special blends of spices, so that the tofu may either be called "five spice tofu" (五香豆腐 wǔxiāng dòufu) or "soy sauce stewed tofu" (鹵水豆腐 lǔshuǐ dòufu). Dried tofu is typically served thinly sliced with chopped green onions or with slices of meat for added flavor. Most dried tofu is sold after it has been fried or pre-stewed by tofu vendors.
Soft tofu can also be broken up or mashed and mixed with raw ingredients prior to being cooked. For example, Japanese ganmodoki is a mixture of chopped vegetables and mashed tofu. The mixture is bound together with starch and deep fried. Chinese families sometimes make a steamed meatloaf or meatball dish from equal parts of coarsely mashed tofu and ground pork. In India, tofu is also used as a low fat replacement for paneer providing the same texture with similar taste.
Tofu bamboos are often used in lamb stew or in a dessert soup. Tofu skins are often used as wrappers in dim sum. Freeze-dried tofu and frozen tofu are rehydrated and enjoyed in savory soups. These products are often taken along on camping trips since a small bag of these dried tofu can provide protein for many days.
Japanese 'miso soup', stocks with miso paste, is frequently made with tofu.
In Korean cuisine, soft tofu, called sundubu (순두부), is used to make a thick stew called sundubu jjigae (순두부 찌개). Firm, diced tofu often features in the staple stews doenjang jjigae (된장 찌개) and kimchi jjigae (김치
찌개).
SMOKED
At Qufu, the home town of Confucius, smoked tofu is a popular dish.
BACEM
Bacem is a method of cooking tofu originating from Java, Indonesia. The tofu is boiled in coconut water, mixed with lengkuas (galangal), Indonesian bay leaves, coriander, shallot, garlic, tamarind and palm sugar. After the spicy coconut water has completely evaporated, the tofu is fried until it is golden brown. The result is sweet, spicy, and crisp. This cooked tofu variant is commonly known as tahu bacem in Indonesian. Tahu bacem is commonly prepared along with tempeh and chicken.
AS FLAVORING
Pickled tofu is commonly used in small amounts together with its soaking liquid to flavor stir-fried or braised vegetable dishes (particularly leafy green vegetables like water spinach). It is often eaten directly as a condiment with rice or congee.
WESTERN METHODS
Generally, the firmer styles of tofu are used for kebabs, mock meats, and dishes requiring a consistency that holds together, while the softer styles can be used for desserts, soups, shakes, and sauces.
Firm western tofus can be barbecued since they will hold together on a barbecue grill. These types of tofu are usually marinated overnight as the marinade does not easily penetrate the entire block of tofu (techniques to increase penetration of marinades are stabbing repeatedly with a fork or freezing and thawing prior to marinating). Grated firm western tofu is sometimes used in conjunction with TVP as a meat substitute. Softer tofus are sometimes used as a dairy-free or low-calorie filler. Silken tofu may be used to replace cheese in certain dishes (such as lasagna).
Tofu has also been fused into other cuisines in the west, for instance used in Indian-style curries.
Tofu and soy protein can be industrially processed to match the textures and flavors to the likes of cheese, pudding, eggs, bacon, etc. Tofu's texture can also be altered by freezing, pureeing, and cooking. In the Americas, Europe, Australia and New Zealand, tofu is frequently associated with vegetarianism and veganism as it is a source of non-animal protein.
THREE THEORIES OF ORIGIN
The most commonly held of the three theories of tofu's origin maintains that tofu was invented in northern China around 164 BC by Lord Liu An, a Han Dynasty prince. Although this is possible, the paucity of concrete information about this period makes it difficult to conclusively determine whether Liu An invented the method for making tofu. Furthermore, in Chinese history, important inventions were often attributed to important leaders and figures of the time. In 1960, a stone mural unearthed from an Eastern Han dynasty tomb provided support for the theory of Han origin of tofu, however some scholars maintained that the tofu in Han dynasty was rudimentary, and lacked the firmness and taste of real tofu.
Another theory states that the production method for tofu was discovered accidentally when a slurry of boiled, ground soybeans was mixed with impure sea salt. Such sea salt would probably have contained calcium and magnesium salts, allowing the soy mixture to curdle and produce a tofu-like gel. This may have possibly been the way that tofu was discovered, since soy milk has been eaten as a savory soup in ancient as well as modern times. Its technical plausibility notwithstanding, there is little evidence to prove or disprove that tofu production originated in this way.
The last group of theories maintains that the ancient Chinese learned the method for the curdling of soy milk by emulating the milk curdling techniques of the Mongolians or East Indians. For, despite their advancement, no technology or knowledge of culturing and processing milk products existed within ancient Chinese society. (They did not seek such technology, probably because of the Confucian taboo on fermented dairy products and other so-called "barbarian foodstuffs".) The primary evidence for this theory lies with the etymological similarity between the Chinese term for Mongolian fermented milk (rufu, which literally means "milk curdled") and the term doufu ("beans curdled") or tofu. Although intriguing and possible, there is no evidence to substantiate this theory beyond the point of academic speculation.
HISTORY
IN ASIA
Tofu originated in ancient China,[5] although little else is known about the exact historic origins of tofu and of its method of production.
The theory that tofu was invented by Lord Liu An of Huainan in about 164 BC (early Han dynasty) has steadily lost favor among most scholars in China and abroad since the 1970s. The claim concerning Liu An was first made by Zhu Xi during the Song dynasty (960-1127 AD) - roughly 1,000 years after the supposed invention.
The theory that tofu-making is shown in a mural incised on a stone slab in Han Tomb No. 1, at Da-hu-ting, Mixian, Henan province attracted much attention after about 1990. Yet it too has lost favor because (1) no step of cooking the soy puree is shown in the mural, and (2) when Chinese food historians tried to make tofu without cooking the puree, the result was a tiny amount of unpalatable material.
Thus, while there are many theories regarding tofu's origins, historical information is scarce enough as to relegate the status of most theories to either speculation or legend. Like the origins of cheese and butter, the exact origin of tofu production may never be known or proven. The historical era starts in the year 965 AD (early Song dynasty) with the Qing Yilu by Tao Ku.
What is known is that tofu production is an ancient technique. Tofu was widely consumed in ancient China, and techniques for its production and preparation were eventually spread to many other parts of Asia.
Its development likely preceded Liu An, as tofu is known to have been a commonly produced and consumed food item in China by the 2nd century BC. Although the varieties of tofu produced in ancient times may not have been identical to those of today, descriptions from writings and poetry of the Song and Yuan Dynasty show that the production technique for tofu had already been standardized by then, to the extent that they would be similar to tofu of contemporary times.
In China, tofu is traditionally used as a food offering when visiting the graves of deceased relatives. It is claimed that the spirits (or ghosts) have long lost their chins and jaws, and that only tofu is soft enough for them to eat. Before refrigeration was available in China, tofu was often only sold during the winter time, due to the tofu not spoiling in the colder weather. During the warmer months, any leftover tofu would be spoiled if left for more than a day. Chinese war hero Guan Yu used to be a tofu maker before he enlisted in the army. Chinese martial arts expert and hero, Yim Wing-chun, was a celebrated tofu maker in her village. (Tofu as such plays a part in the 1994 movie about her life, Wing Chun.)
Tofu and its production technique were subsequently introduced into Korea and then Japan in the Nara period (late 8th century) as well as other parts of East Asia. The earliest document of tofu in Japan shows that the dish was served as an offering at the Kasuga Shrine in Nara in 1183. The book Tofu Hyakuchin (豆腐百珍 Dòufu Bǎizhēn), published in the Edo period, lists 100 recipes for cooking tofu.
The rise in acceptance of tofu likely coincided with that of Buddhism as it is an important source of proteins in the religion's vegetarian diet. Since then, tofu has become a staple in many countries, including Vietnam, Thailand, and Korea, with subtle regional variations in production methods, texture, flavor, and usage.
In Southeast Asia, tofu was introduced to the region by Chinese immigrants from sea-faring Fujian province, evident from the fact that many countries in Southeast Asia refer to tofu by the Min Nan Chinese pronunciations for either soft and firm tofu, or "tāu-hū" and "tāu-goan" respectively. In Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines, tofu is widely available and used in many local dishes. Tofu is called tahu in Indonesia, Indonesian dishes such as, tahu sumbat, taoge tahu, asinan, siomay and some curries, are often add slices of tofu as ingredients. In addition, tahu goreng, tahu isi and tahu sumedang are the popular fried tofu snacks. Tofu is called tauhu in Malaysia and Singapore. The Malaysian and Singaporean Indians use tofu in their cuisine such as Indian mee goreng, rojak pasembor. The strait peranakan cuisine often uses tofu, such as mee kari Penang, and laksa. The makers of tofu in these countries were originally the Chinese but tofu now is made by non-Chinese as well. Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines are major producers of tofu and have plants located within many municipalities. However, Singapore imports its tofu from its neighboring country, Malaysia.
Tofu in the Philippines is essential to the daily diet, as taho, widely eaten as breakfast, or tokwa (a dry fried variation), which is a staple or alternative to meat in main meals, and in numerous regional dishes. Tofu was introduced to the archipelago in the 10th to 13th centuries by Song Chinese mariners and merchants, along with many different foods which had become staples of the Philippine diet. The use and production of tofu were first limited to urban centers with influential Chinese minorities, such as Cebu or Tondo, but were quickly spread to even remote native villages and islands, long before the Spanish arrival in the 17th century.
IN THE WEST
Benjamin Franklin was the first American to mention tofu in a 1770 letter to John Bartram. Franklin, who discovered it during a trip to London, included a few soybeans and referred to it as "cheese" from China. The first tofu company in the United States was established in 1878. In 1908 Li Yuying, a Chinese anarchist and a vegetarian with a French degree in agriculture and biology, opened a soy factory, the Usine de la Caséo-Sojaïne, which was the world's first soy dairy and the first factory in France to manufacture and sell beancurd. However tofu was not well known to most Westerners before the middle of the 20th century. With increased cultural contact between the West and East Asia and growing interest in vegetarianism, knowledge of tofu has become widespread. Numerous types of pre-flavored tofu can be found in many supermarket chains throughout the West. It is also used by many vegans and vegetarians as a means to gain protein without the consumption of meat products.
NUTRITION AND CHINESE MEDICINE CLAIMS
TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE CLAIMS
Tofu is considered a cool agent in Traditional Chinese medicine. It is claimed to invigorate the spleen, replenish qi, moisture and cool off Yang vacuity, and to detoxify the body. However, there is no scientific evidence supporting neither such claims, nor their implied notions.
FUNCTIONS
In Chinese traditional medicine, tofu is suitable for those who are weak, malnourished, deficient in blood and qi; is suitable for old, slim or otherwise; suitable for those with high fat content in blood, high cholesterol, overweight, and with hardened blood vessels; suitable for people with diabetes; for mothers with low breast milk supply; for children and young adults; for those with inflamed respiratory tract, with phlegm, coughing and asthma. Tofu is also suited for people of old age; it is recommended to eat with liquor, since tofu contains cysteine, which can speed up the detoxification of alcohol in the body, and lessen the harm done to the liver, protecting the liver.
PROTEIN
Tofu is relatively high in protein, about 10.7% for firm tofu and 5.3% for soft "silken" tofu with about 5% and 2% fat respectively as a percentage of weight.
In 1995, a report from the University of Kentucky, financed by Solae, concluded that soy protein is correlated with significant decreases in serum cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein LDL (″bad cholesterol″) and triglyceride concentrations. However, High Density Lipoprotein HDL (″good cholesterol″) did not increase. Soy phytoestrogens (isoflavones: genistein and daidzein) absorbed onto the soy protein were suggested as the agent reducing serum cholesterol levels. On the basis of this research, PTI, in 1998, filed a petition with Food and Drug Administration for a health claim that soy protein may reduce cholesterol and the risk of heart disease.
The FDA granted this health claim for soy: "25 grams of soy protein a day, as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart disease." For reference, 100 grams of firm tofu coagulated with calcium sulfate contains 8.19 grams of soy protein. In January 2006, an American Heart Association review (in the journal Circulation) of a decade-long study of soy protein benefits showed only a minimal decrease in cholesterol levels, but it compared favorably against animal protein sources.
ALLERGIES
Because it is made of soy, individuals with allergies, particularly those allergic to legumes, should not consume tofu.
WIKIPEDIA
Dumplings are a food that consists of small pieces of dough wrapped around a filling. They can be based on flour, potatoes or bread, and may include meat, fish, vegetables, or sweets. They may be cooked by boiling, steaming, simmering, frying. They may have a filling, or there may be other ingredients mixed into the dough. Dumplings may be sweet or savoury. They can be eaten by themselves, in soups or stews, with gravy, or in any other way. While some dumplings resemble solid water-boiled doughs, such as gnocchi, others such as wontons or ravioli feature a wrapping of dough around a filling.
AFRICAN CUISINE
Banku and kenkey fit the definition of a dumpling in that they are starchy balls of dough that are steamed. They are formed from fermented cornmeal dough. Banku are boiled while kenkey are partly boiled then finished by steaming in banana leaves.
Fufu may be described as a dumpling although in actual sense, it is not. Fufu is made by pounding boiled cassava (common in Ghana) or yam (common in Nigeria) in a wooden mortar with a wooden pestle. Plantain or cocoyam may be added. There are several other versions of fufu in Africa and the Caribbean. There have been other versions of fufu which will fit better into the definition of dumplings. These are mostly common outside Africa where they originate. It is made by steaming cassava and plantain/cocoyam flour into thick starchy balls.
Tihlo - prepared from roasted barley flour - originated in the Tigray region of Ethiopia and is now very popular in Amhara as well and spreading further south.
Souskluitjies are dumplings found in South Africa. They are a steamed sweet dumpling, sometimes made with plain flour and sometimes with the addition of dried fruits or other flavors. They are often served with a syrup flavored with cinnamon or a custard sauce.
South Africa has another kind of dumpling known as melkkos. These dumplings are formed by putting milk, one teaspoon at a time, into a dry flour mixture. The flour clings to the milk and forms dumplings, which are then boiled in a mixture of milk and butter. They are served hot and sprinkled with cinnamon sugar.
AMERICAN CUISINE
Several types of dumplings are popular in the United States. Bite-sized, hand-torn pieces of dough are cooked in boiling chicken broth along with a variety of vegetables to make the dish chicken and dumplings which is served as a thick soup. Chicken and dumplings is a popular comfort food in the Southern and Midwestern U.S.
Dumplings are often used as part of the regionally popular Burgoo stew.
The baked dumpling is popular in American cuisine. These sweet dumplings are made by wrapping fruit, frequently a whole tart apple, in pastry, then baking until the pastry is browned and the filling is tender. As an alternative to simply baking them, these dumplings are surrounded by a sweet sauce in the baking dish, and may be basted during cooking. Popular flavours for apple dumplings include brown sugar, caramel, or cinnamon sauces.
Boiled dumplings are made from flour to form a dough. A pot of boiling chicken or turkey broth is used to cook this dough. The thickness and the size of the dumplings is at the cook's discretion. The size does not affect the taste but the thickness does. It is optional to serve with the meat in the dish or on the side.
Dumplings can be made with eggs, milk, baking powder or even yeast, or just from flour and water. Rolled dumplings are rolled thin and cut into small pieces for cooking, while dropped dumplings are formed into small balls.
Tortilla dumplings are made by adding tortillas and fillings to a boiling pot of stock. Popular varieties of Southern dumplings include chicken dumplings, turkey dumplings, strawberry dumplings, apple dumplings, ham dumplings, and even butter-bean dumplings.
ASIAN CUISINE
CENTRAL ASIAN CUISINE
Manti (also manty or mantu) is a steamed dumpling in Central Asian and Chinese Islamic cuisine. It contains a mixture of ground lamb (or beef) spiced with black pepper, enclosed in a dough wrapper. Manti are cooked in a multi-level steamer (mantovarka) and served topped with butter, yogurt, sour cream, or onion sauce. These dumplings are popular throughout Central Asia, including Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Xinjiang region of China and India.
Chuchvara is a very small boiled dumpling typical of Uzbek and Tajik cuisine. Made of unleavened dough squares filled with meat, it is similar to the Russian pelmeni and the Chinese wonton, but in observance of the Islamic dietary rules, the meat filling is without pork. Chuchvara can be served in a clear soup or on their own, with vinegar or sauce based on finely chopped greens, tomatoes and hot peppers. Another popular way of serving chuchvara is topped with suzma (strained qatiq) or with smetana (sour cream), Russian-style.
CHINESE CUISINE
A common legend goes that dumplings were first invented in the era of the Three Kingdoms, around 225 AD. Zhuge Liang, a general and minister of Shu Han, dammed up a poison marsh on his southern campaign against the Nanman with dumplings instead of the heads that the Nanman used.The jiaozi (Chinese: 餃子/饺子) is a common Chinese dumpling which generally consists of minced meat and finely chopped vegetables wrapped into a piece of dough skin. The skin can be either thin and elastic or thicker. Popular meat fillings include ground meat (usually pork, but can instead be beef or chicken), shrimp, and even fish. Popular mixtures include pork with Chinese cabbage, pork with garlic chives, pork and shrimp with vegetables, pork with spring onion, garlic chives with scrambled eggs. Filling mixtures vary depending on personal tastes and region. Jiaozi are usually boiled, steamed or fried and continue to be a traditional dish eaten on Chinese New Year's Eve, the evening before Chinese New Year, and special family reunions. Particularly, in Northern China, people generally eat dumpling on the Winter Solstice (December 22 of each year), a custom signifying a warm winter. Extended family members may gather together to make dumplings, and it is also eaten for farewell to family members or friends. In Northern China, dumplings are commonly eaten with a dipping sauce made of vinegar and chili oil or paste, and occasionally with some soy sauce added in.
If dumplings are laid flatly on a pan, first steamed with a lid on and with a thin layer of water, then fried in oil after the water has been evaporated, they are called guotie (鍋貼/锅贴, sometimes called "potstickers"), as the Maillard reaction occurring on the bottom of the dumplings makes the skin crispy and brown. The same dumplings are called jiaozi if they are just steamed.
The wonton (雲呑/餛飩) is another kind of dumpling. It is typically boiled in a light broth or soup and made with a meatier filling. The skin wrapping for wontons is different—thinner and less elastic—than that used for jiaozi[citation needed]. Wontons are more popular in Southern China (Shanghai, Guangdong, Hong Kong etc.) whereas in Northern China, jiaozi are more popular. Jiaozi, wonton and potstickers are all wrapped differently.
Another type of Chinese dumpling is made with glutinous rice. Usually, the glutinous rice dumplings zongzi (粽子) are triangle or cone shaped, can be filled with red bean paste, Chinese dates or cured meat depending on region. Glutinous rice dumplings are traditionally eaten during the Duanwu Festival. Other types of dumplings would be soup dumplings, commonly referred to as xiaolongbao (小籠包/小笼包).
Chinese cuisine includes sweet dumplings. Tangyuan are smaller dumplings made with glutinous rice flour and filled with sweet sesame, peanut, red bean paste. Tangyuan may also be served without a filling. Tangyuan are eaten on the 15th day of Chinese New Year, or the Lantern Festival.
See also: dim sum (點心) for descriptions of several other kinds of dumplings such as har gow, fun guo, siew mai, Cha siu bao, lo mai gai and crystal dumplings.
INDIAN CUISINE
Indian cuisine features several dishes which could be characterised as dumplings:
Gujhia (Hindi) is a sweet dumpling made with wheat flour, stuffed with khoya. Bhajia are also dumplings sometimes stuffed with veggies and fruits.
Fara (Hindi) is also famous in North India which is very similar to dumplings. It is made of wheat flour with stuffing of lentils and similar delicacy.
Kachori (Hindi) is a round flattened ball made of fine flour filled with a stuffing of baked mixture of yellow moong dal or Urad Dal (crushed and washed horse beans), besan (crushed and washed gram flour), black pepper, red chili powder, salt and other spices.
Karanji (Marathi, Oriya) or Kajjikayi (Kannada, Telugu) or Kanoli are fried sweet dumplings made of wheat flour and stuffed with dry or moist coconut delicacies. They are a popular dish among Maharastrians, Oriyas and South Indians.
Pitha (Bihari, Oriya, Bengali, Assamese) are stuffed savouries either made by steam or deep frying. A wide range of pithas are available in eastern and north eastern India.
Another dumpling popular in Western India and South India is the Modak (Marathi, Oriya) or Modhaka (Kannada) or Modagam (Tamil) or Sugiyan (Malayalam), Kudumu (Telugu) where the filling is made of fresh coconut and jaggery or sugar while the covering is steamed rice dough. It is eaten hot with ghee.
Kozhakkattai (Tamil) or Kadabu (Kannada), is another South Indian dish that can be sweet, salty or spicy. The outer shell is always steamed sticky rice dough. In the sweet version, a form of sweet filling made with coconuts, boiled lentils and jaggery is used, whereas in the salty version, a mixture of steamed cracked lentils, chillies and some mild spices is used.
Ada (Malayalam) is another South Indian dish from Kerala that is sweet. Scrapped coconut mixed with sugar or jaggery is enveloped between the spread rice-dough and steamed. Sweet version of Kozhakkattai is equally famous in Kerala.
Pidi (Malayalam) is another South Indian dish from Kerala that is usually eaten with chicken curry.
Samosa is another popular savoury snack eaten in the Indian Subcontinent and Iranian Plateau. It is a fried dumpling usually stuffed with mince, vegetables (mainly potatoes) and various other spices. Vegetarian variants of samosas, without the added mince stuffing, are also popular and are sold at most eateries or roadside stalls throughout the country.
INDONESIAN CUISINE
Indonesian fish dumplings served in peanut sauce is called Siomay. Other types of dumplings are called Pangsit (wonton), steamed, boiled, or fried, and often is used as complement of bakmi ayam or chicken noodle. Indonesian dumplings were influenced and brought by Chinese immigrants to Indonesia.
FILIPINO CUISINE
Similar to Indonesia, the Chinese have brought dumplings to the Philippines since Pre-colonial times. It is also called Siomai which is made from ground pork, beef, shrimp, among others, combined with extenders like green peas, carrots and the like which is then wrapped in wonton wrappers. It is either steamed or fried and is usually dipped in soy sauce with calamansi juice.
JAPANESE CUISINE
Dango (団子) is a sweet dumpling made from rice flour, similar to mochi. Dango is eaten year-round, but the different varieties are traditionally eaten in given seasons. Three to four dango are often served on a skewer.
Gyōza (ギョーザ/餃子) is the Japanese version of the Chinese jiaozi.
KOREAN CUISINE
Korean dumplings are called "mandu" (만두). They are typically filled with a mixture of ingredients, including ground pork, kimchi, vegetables, cellophane noodles, but there are very many variations. Mandu can be steamed, fried, or boiled. The dumplings can also be used to make a soup called mandu guk (soup)(만둣국).
MONGOLIAN CUISINE
Buuz
Khuushuur
NEPALI CUISINE
In Nepal, steamed dumplings known as momos (or momo-cha) are a popular snack, often eaten as a full meal as well. They are similar to the Chinese jiaozi or the Central Asian manti. The dish is native to Tibet and was brought to Nepal by the Newar traders of Kathmandu who were trading goods with Tibet before the 1930s. Many different fillings, both meat based and vegetarian are common. Kathmandu Valley, a popular destination for momos, has with time developed its own essence for this food that differentiates it from its Tibetan counterpart.
Momos can be both fried and steamed. Momos are usually served with a dipping sauce normally consisting of tomatoes and chillies as the base ingredient, from which numerous variations can be made. Momo soup is a dish that has steamed momos immersed in a meat broth. Momos that are pan fried after steaming first are known as kothey momo, and steamed momos served in a hot sauce are called C-Momo in Nepal. Momos can also be prepared by directly deep frying without steaming first. Momos are one of the most items on the menus of Nepalese restaurants not only in Nepal but also around the world with significant Nepali populations like India, USA, UK, Australia and some Middle Eastern and European countries.
CARIBBEAN AND LATIN AMERICAN CUISINE
GENERAL
Empanadas, whose stuffing, manufacture and types are numerous and varied, differ from traditional dumplings in that they are deep fried or steamed and excess dough is not cut off.
CARIBBEAN CUISINE
Dumplings are either pan fried using a simple recipe including all-purpose flour, water, and salt made into a thick dough before frying on a pan until golden brown, or boiled in a soup. The fried version is usually served with breakfast codfish as a side.
BARBADIAN CUISINE
In Barbados, dumplings differ from those in other Caribbean islands in that they are slightly sweetened. The dumplings may either be of the flour or cornmeal variety. The dough is flavoured with spice, cinnamon and nutmeg. Dumplings are often added with Bajan soup where they are boiled. When found in Stew food, they dumplings are steamed along with ground provision, salted meat, plantain and other ingredients which is served with gravy.
JAMAICAN CUISINE
Dumplings come in three forms in Jamaica, fried, boiled, and roasted. All are made with flour, white or wheat, and the white-floured dumplings are often mixed with a bit of cornmeal. These foods are often served with a variety of dishes like ackee and saltfish, kidneys, liver salt mackerel, etc. and often taste better when refried. A refried dumpling is an already boiled dumpling left over from previous cooking that is fried, which gives it a slightly crispy outer layer and a tender middle. A purely fried white flour dumpling (also known as a "Johnny Cake") is golden brown and looks a lot like buñuelos, often substituting the boiled dumpling, but it is mostly consumed as part of breakfast. Fried dumplings can be made with or without sugar. When mixed with sugar, cornmeal and baking powder and fried, this variation is called festival. This delicious variation goes well when served with fried fish, or any other traditional Jamaican home food.
It derived from the Akan cuisine of Bofrot, with the exclusion of vanilla and yeast. For Jamaican dumplings, however, sugar and butter is optional as there are various ways to make it in Jamaica.
BRAZILIAN CUISINE
In Brazil, there are pastels, coxinhas, and bolinhas de carne which are fried dumplings filled with chicken, pork or beef mixed with olives, onions and spices. It is common to eat these on the beach or after work with fruit smoothies, beer, or fruity alcoholic drinks known as batidas.
CHILEAN CUISINE
In Chile, there are pantrucas, a type of flat, elongated irregular dumplings flavoured with fresh parsley and served in soup.
PERUVIAN CUISINE
"Papas Rellenas" or stuffed potatoes consist of a handful of mashed potatoes (without the milk and butter) flattened in the palm of the hand and stuffed with a savoury combination of ingredients. The stuffing usually consists of sautéed meat (could be beef, pork or chicken), onions and garlic. They are all seasoned with cumin, aji, raisins, peanuts, olives and sliced or chopped hard boiled eggs. After stuffing a ball is formed, rolled over flour and deep fried in hot oil. The stuffed potatoes are usually accompanied by onion sauce consisting of sliced onions, lime juice, olive oil, salt, pepper and slices of fresh peppers. The same dish may also be made with seafood. In some countries, yuca purée is used as the starch component of these Latin American dumplings.
PUERTO RICAN CUISINE
In Puerto Rico, dumplings are made of grated tubers such as yuca and malanga with added calabaza, unripe bananas and plantains mixed with flour. This dumplings are a traditional part in Puerto Rican style pigeon pea soup. Olive oil and annatto are usually added and help the mix from turning brown. The dumplings are formed into small balls and are first cooked in olive oil before boiling. Once the dumplings are crispy on the outside, they are then boiled with added ingredients.
Another dumpling that originated in Puerto Rico is the pasteles, a dumpling made of grated root vegetables, squash, plantains, and unripe bananas. The masa is then mixed with milk and annatto oil, and they are stuffed with stewed pork, chick peas, olives, capers and raisins. They are then placed on a banana leaf, tied and then boiled. The origin of pasteles leads back to Natives on the island of Borikén. Pasteles are popular in the Dominican Republic, Hawaii, Trinidad and lately seen in Cuban cuisine.
EUROPEAN CUISINE
BRITISH AND IRISH CUISINE
Savoury dumplings made from balls of dough are part of traditional British and Irish cuisine. Traditionally dumplings are made from twice the weight of self raising flour to suet, bound together by cold water to form a dough and seasoned with salt and pepper. Balls of this dough are dropped into a bubbling pot of stew or soup, or into a casserole. They sit, partly submerged in the stew, and expand as they are half-boiled half-steamed for ten minutes or so. The cooked dumplings are airy on the inside and moist on the outside. The dough may be flavoured with herbs, or it may have cheese pressed into its centre.
After beef stew is finished, a pudding can be created by topping the dumplings and gravy with sugar.[citation needed]
The Norfolk dumpling is not made with fat, but from flour and a raising agent.[8] Cotswold dumplings call for the addition of breadcrumbs and cheese, and the balls of dough may be rolled in breadcrumbs and fried, rather than cooked in a soup or stew.[9] Vegetarian dumplings can be made with vegetable suet, a type of shredded vegetable fat. When sweetened with dried fruit and spices, dumplings can be boiled in water to make a dessert. In Scotland, this is called a clootie dumpling, after the cloth.
CENTRAL EUROPEAN CUISINE
Germany, Hungary, Austria, Czech Republic and Slovakia boast a large variety of dumplings, both sweet and savoury. A dumpling is called Kloß in Northern Germany, Knödel, Nockerl or Knöpfle in Southern Germany and Austria. These are flour dumplings, the most common dumplings, thin or thick, made with eggs and semolina flour, boiled in water. Meat dumplings (called Klopse or Klöpse in North-Eastern Germany, Knöpfle and Nocken in Southern Germany) contain meat or liver. Liver dumplings are frequent additions to soup. Thüringer Klöße are made from raw or boiled potatoes, or a mixture of both, and are often filled with croutons. Bread dumplings are made with white bread and are sometimes shaped like a loaf of bread, and boiled in a napkin, in which case they are known as napkin dumplings (Serviettenknödel).
Maultaschen are a Swabian (Baden-Württemberg) specialty food, consisting of an outer layer of pasta dough with a filling traditionally made of sausage meat, spinach, bread crumbs and onions and flavored with various spices. Similar in appearance to Italian ravioli, Maultaschen are usually larger, however, each Maultasche being about 8–12 cm across.
he only potato dumpling museum in the world, the Thüringer Kloßmuseum, is located in Germany, in the municipality of Heichelheim near Weimar.Halušky are a traditional variety of dumplings cooked in the Central and Eastern European cuisines (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Ukraine). These aresmall lumps cut from a thick flour and egg batter and dropped into boiling water, similar to the German Spätzle, Knöpfle, or Knödel.
In Hungary, these dumplings are called galuska or nokedli. Sweet varieties called gombóc are made with flour and potato dough, which is wrapped around whole plums or apricots, and then boiled and rolled in hot buttered bread crumbs. Shlishkes or "Krumplinudli" are small boiled potato dumplings made from the same potato dough as the sweet plum dumplings, also rolled in hot buttered bread crumbs.
Bryndzové halušky, considered the Slovak national dish, are small potato dumplings without a filling, served with salty sheep's cheese on top. The same dumplings are also used to create a similar dish, strapačky. Also available are their related stuffed version called pirohy, usually filled with bryndza (bryndzové pirohy), quark cheese, potatoes, onions, cabbage, mushrooms, or meat.
In Czech cuisine dumplings have two main forms:
Knödel is called in Czech knedlík and in Slovakia knedliček. It can be either houskový (bread) or bramborový (potato) knödel. These dumplings are boiled in loaf shape and then cut in slices and are part of many Czech national dishes such as Vepřo knedlo zelo or Svíčková na smetaně.
Ovocné knedlíky (ball-shaped knedle) filled in with fruit: plums, strawberry, blueberry etc. Meal is completed on plate with grated quark, melted butter and powder sugar.
Idrijski žlikrofi are Slovenian dumplings, regionally located in the town of Idrija. They are made from dough with potato filling and have a characteristic form of a hat. Žlikrofi are made by a traditional recipe from the 19th century, but the source of the recipe is unknown due to lack of historical sources. The dish may be served as a starter or a side dish to meat based dishes. Žlikrofi were the first Slovenian food to be classified as a Traditional speciality guaranteed dish.
EASTERN EUROPEAN CUISINE
Pierogi of Poland and varenyky of Ukraine, Russia and Belarus are ravioli-like crescent-shaped dumplings filled with savoury or sweet filling. Varenyky are usually boiled or steamed. Pierogi are often fried after boiling.
"Little ears", variously called uszka in Poland, ushki (ушки) in Russia, vushka (вушка) in Ukraine, and vushki (вушкі) in Belarus, are folded ring-shaped dumplings similar in shape to Italian tortellini or Jewish kreplach. They are stuffed with meat or mushrooms and traditionally served in borshch or clear soup. In Romania, "little ears" (Romanian: urechiuşe) are also served in dumpling soup (supă de găluşte)
Kluski are a different variety of Polish dumplings.
Lithuanian dough dumplings are called koldūnai and virtiniai. Usually they are filled with meat or curd. One of the varieties is called Šaltanosiai and is made with blueberry filling. There are also potato dumplings called cepelinai or didžkukuliai, filled with meat or curd inside, served with soured cream. A similar dish exists in Belarus that is called klyocki (клёцкi).
Russian pelmeni are smaller than varenyky and made only of minced meat with addition of onions and spices. Sometimes the meat used is only beef, in other recipes is a mixture of beef with pork and/or mutton. Pelmeni should be juicy inside. They are unrelated to the pasta with which they are sometimes compared as it is a savoury main dish. They are usually boiled in water with spices and salt, or in meat bouillon, sometimes fried before serving. They are often served with plenty of sour cream.
An important difference between pelmeni, varenyky, and pierogi is the thickness of the dough shell—in pelmeni this is as thin as possible, and the proportion of filling to dough is usually higher.[11] Pelmeni are never served with a sweet filling, which distinguishes them from varenyky and pierogi, which sometimes are. Also, the fillings in pelmeni are usually raw, while the fillings of vareniki and pierogi are typically precooked.
The word pelmeni is derived from pel'n'an' (пельнянь) – literally "ear bread" in the native Finno-Ugric Komi, Udmurt, and Mansi languages. It is unclear when pelmeni entered the cuisines of the indigenous Siberian people and when they first appeared in Russian cuisine. One theory suggests pelmeni, or stuffed boiled dumplings in general, originated in Siberia, possibly a simplified adaptation of the Chinese Wonton (in some dialect is called Bāomiàn "包面"). Pelmeni are particularly good means of quickly preserving meat during long Siberian winter, especially eliminating the need to feed livestock during the long winter months.
The main difference between pelmeni and momos is their size—a typical pelmeni is about 2 to 3 centimetres (0.79 to 1.18 in) in diameter, whereas momos are often at least twice that size.
In Siberia, especially popular with the Buryat peoples are steamed dumplings called pozi (buuz in Mongolian, from Chinese: 包子; pinyin: bāozi). They are usually made with an unleavened dough, but are often encountered leavened. The traditional filling is meat, but the kind of meat and how it is processed varies. In Mongolia, mutton is favored, and is chopped rather than ground; pork and beef mixes are more popular in Russia.
Manti, samsa, chiburekki, and belyashi are all popular imported dumplings.
ITALIAN CUISINE
Ravioli and tortellini fit the basic definition of a dumpling: these are pockets of pasta enclosing various fillings (cheese, mushrooms, spinach, seafood, or meat). Instead of being made from a ball of dough, the dough is rolled flat, cut into a shape, filled with other ingredients, and then the dough is closed around the filling.
Gnocchi (Spanish: ñoquis, widely adopted in Argentina, Portuguese: nhoque, Slovene: Njoki) is a different kind of Italian dumpling. The word gnocchi literally means "lumps", and they are rolled and shaped from a mixture of egg with potato, semolina, flour, or ricotta cheese (with or without spinach). The lumps are boiled in water and served with melted butter, grated cheese, or other pasta sauces.
SCANDINAVIAN CUISINE
NORWAY
In Norway, dumplings have a vast variety of names, as the dialects differ substantially. Names include potetball, klubb, kløbb, raspeball, komle, kumle, kompe, kumpe, kodla, kudle, klot, kams, ball, baill, komperdøse, kumperdøse, kompadøs, ruter, ruta, raskekako, risk, klotremat, krumme and kromme. They are usually made from potatoes and various types of flour, and then boiled. Occasionally they are filled with bacon. In some areas it is common to serve the dumplings with syrup.
SWEDEN
In Sweden, potato dumplings of originally German origin[14] have several regional names, mainly depending on the type of flour used. When the potato is mixed with wheat flour, which is more common in southern Sweden, it is called kroppkaka. In Blekinge[15] and parts of the island of Öland, it is traditionally made from grated raw potato, which makes it greyish in colour, while on Gotland and in Småland it is predominantly made from mashed boiled potato, and is thus whiter in colour. The kroppkaka is usually filled with diced, smoked bacon and chopped, raw onion, and is often spiced with allspice.
When the potato is mixed with barley flour, which is traditional in northern Sweden, it is known as palt in Lapland, Västerbotten and Norrbotten, and as kams in Jämtland, Ångermanland and Medelpad. Originally, palt was eaten all over Sweden and was made from barley or rye flour alone, but during the 19th century, when potato was added and wheat became more common and inexpensive, the northern recipes retained the original name, while kroppkaka, which had always been the name used on Öland for the flour dumpling, became the name for the variant in southern Sweden.
Palt and kams is usually filled with diced, unsmoked bacon. However, sometimes fried bacon is served on the side of unfilled palt or kams, which then is known as flatpalt or flatkams, as the lack of filling makes it flatter. The most well-known palt variant is the Pitepalt from Piteå. In Dalarna, where the dish is known as klabbe, it is still made without potatoes and is never filled. Klabbe is instead served with diced bacon on the side.
A variant of palt is blodpalt, where pig, beef or reindeer blood is mixed into the dough. Other palt variants are leverpalt, with minced liver added to the dough, and njurpalt, with diced kidney mixed into the bacon filling. Blodpalt also existed across the country originally, and has been found in iron age graves in Halland.
The filled kroppkaka, palt or kams ball - as well as the flatter, unfilled flatpalt, flatkams and klabbe - is dropped into boiling salted water and cooked until it floats. It is traditionally served warm with melted butter and lingonberry jam, although in some parts of southern Sweden the melted butter is replaced by half cream (a mix of milk and cream) or a warm milk sauce, and in parts of northern Sweden the butter is replaced by a warm milk sauce spiced with messmör. Leftover kroppkaka is often served halved and fried.
Unfilled flour dumplings for use in soup are called klimp if the flour is wheat, but mjölpalt if the flour is barley or rye.
MIDDLE EASTERN CUISINE
ARABIC CUISINE
Asida
Kibbeh
Qatayef
Shishbarak
CAUCASIAN CUISINE
Meat-filled manti in Armenia are typically served with yogurt or sour cream, accompanied by clear soup. Mantapour is an Armenian beef soup with manta.
Boraki (Armenian: Բորակի) are a kind of Armenian fried dumplings. The main distinction of boraki is that the minced meat is pre-fried, the boraki are formed as small cylinders with an open top, the cylinders are lightly boiled in broth and then fried. Boraki are served garnished with yogurt and chopped garlic.
Dushbara (Azerbaijan: Düşbərə) is an Azeri soup with tiny lamb-filled dumplings.
Khinkali (Georgian: ხინკალი) are Georgian dumplings usually filled with spiced meat. herbs (usually coriander), onions, and garlic. Mushrooms, potatoes, or cheese may be used in place of meat. The khinkali is typically consumed first by sucking the juices while taking the first bite, in order to prevent the dumpling from bursting. The towns of Dusheti, Pasanauri and Mtskheta are particularly famous for their khinkali.
Mataz are dumplings in Circassian and some other Caucasian cuisines, closely related to manti. They typically consist of a spiced meat mixture, usually lamb or ground beef, with greens and onions, put in a dough wrapper, either boiled or steamed. Mushrooms, potatoes, or cheese may be used in place of meat.
JEWISH CUISINE
Kreplach
Kubbeh
Matzah ball
Knish
TURKISH CUISINE
Manti
WIKIPEDIA
Pelatihan Membuat Frozen Food
Pelatihan Tataboga & Patiseri - Info: 0813 3200 3300.
www.tristarculinaryinstitute.com
Pin BB: 2699992D.
Telp: 031-8480821-22.
HP: 0817321024. 085731804143.
Graha Tristar
Jln. Raya Jemursari 244. Surabaya.
Kelas Pagi - Siang - Malam.
Info Jadwal Pelatihan Tataboga:
tristarculinaryinstitute.com/?q=id/node/181
Kursus Masak untuk Anak Anak & Remaja. Setiap Sabtu pk 14.00.
Info Jadwal Kursus Anak & Remaja, KLIK:
www.tristarculinaryinstitute.com/?q=id/node/1331
Pelatihan Tata Boga. PIN BB: 326C81C1.
Royal Plaza lantai 3 blok N1 no. 17. PIN BB:
Info: 082140388070. Flexi: 031 83109709, Esia: 031-91938824.
Pelatihan Cara Membuat Kue Kering & Cookies Tanpa Telur.
Kursus Kue: All About Rainbow.
KUrsus Patiseri: Cara Membuat Ombree Cake
Kursus Kue: All About Red Velvet.
Kudapan Tradisional II : Bolu Kukus Mambo, Bolu Kukus Ceria, Brownies Putu Ayu, Putu Ayu
(Biaya Termasuk : Bahan-Bahan Praktek, Coffee Break, Celemek,dan Sertifikat)
Takoyaki : Chicken Cheese, Seafood & Okonomiyaki (Pizza Jepang)
Pelatihan Aneka Roll Tart : Tiger Roll, Japanese Roll Tart (Nori + Tuna + Telor + Wortel), Beef Flossy Roll Tart
Kursus Aneka Western Snack : Macaroni Schotel, Lasagna Ferara, Zupa Soup
Pelatihan Chinese Food : Kakap Asam Manis, Daging Sapi Lada Hitam, Ayam Saus Inggris, Udang Mayonaise
Pelatihan Kue Kering : Peppermint Cookies, Tiramisu Cookies, Brownies Cookies, Cashew nut Cookies
Kursus Masakan Aneka Seafood : Crab in Chili Oyster Sauce, Grilled Prawn with Mushroom Sauce, Squid Pocked Mixed Grill
Kursus Kudapan Tradisional I: Pisang Goreng Pasir, Kroket, Risoles Mayonaise, Lumpia Basah
Pelatihan Aneka Brownies Oven : Chocolate, Spiku (Keju + Coklat), dan Irish Brownies Kukus : Marble (Strawberry + Coklat)
Kursus Aneka Donut : Donut Kentang, Donut Pisang, Donut Ubi
Pelatihan Masakan: Chinese Food : Bakmi goreng Ayam, Tami Cap Cay, I Fu Mie Seafood, Kweetiauw Siram
Kursus Kudapan Tradisional II : Bolu Kukus Mambo, Bolu Kukus Ceria, Brownies Putu Ayu, Putu Ayu
Aneka Pudding : Pudding Dingin : Machiato & Buah, Pudding Panas: Caramel & Chocolate
Aneka Nasi Goreng : Nasi Goreng Daging Asap, Nasi Goreng Tuna, Nasi Goreng Kambing, Nasi Goreng Ulam
Sushi Indonesia/Nasi Gulung 3 isi : Ayam Suwir Pedas, Daging Rendang, Ikan Rica-Rica + Taiwan Chicken Snack
Pelatihan Aneka Puding Roti Tawar (Roti Kukus, Roti Mentega, Roti Kelapa, Brownies)
Kursus Masakan Chinese Food : Kakap Asam Manis, Daging Sapi Lada Hitam, Ayam Saus Inggris, Udang Mayonaise
Pelatihan Aneka Minuman Ala Cafe :
- Milk Shake ( Basic: Vanilla, Coklat, Strawberry + pengembangan 2 resep dgn menggunakan buah
- Smoothies (Buah + Milk : 2 resep)
- Coffee (Basic : Latte & Capucinno + pengembangan 2 resep)
- Coklat (Hot Coklat Cream & Coklat Float)
- Mocktail (Minuman non alcohol yang terdiri dari rasa/sari buah yang di mix : 2 resep)
Cara Membuat Aneka Soes (2 manis + 2 asin) : Soes Buah, Soes Vla, Soes Ragout, Soes Mayonnaise
Kursus Kue Aneka Spiku (Resep Kuno + Modern), Lapis Legit Special
Pelatihan Chinese Food : Bakmi goreng Ayam, Tami Cap Cay, I Fu Mie Seafood, Kweetiauw Siram Sapi
Kursus Aneka Minuman Ala Cafe :
- Smoothies : Mix Fruit Smoothies (2 resep)
- Coffee : Cappucino Caramel
Espresso Coffee Mix
- Chocolate : Choco Peanut Butter
Choco Berry Cream
- Mocktail : Minuman non alcohol yang terdiri dari rasa/sari buah yang
di mix (2 resep)
Aneka Muffin : Chocolate, Strawberry, Almond, Mente
Sajian Khas Bali : Balinesse Fresh Salad, Ayam Betutu, Lawar Ayam/Babi, Dewata Island Fruit Cocktail (Dessert)
Aneka Minuman :
- Milk Shake ( Basic: Vanilla, Coklat, Strawberry + pengembangan 2 resep dgn menggunakan buah
- Smoothies (Buah + Milk : 2 resep)
- Coffee (Basic : Latte & Capucinno + pengembangan 2 resep)
- Coklat (Hot Coklat Cream & Coklat Float)
- Mocktail (Minuman non alcohol yang terdiri dari rasa/sari buah yang di mix : 2 resep)
Kudapan Tradisional I: Pisang Goreng Pasir, Kroket, Risoles Mayonaise, Lumpia Basah
Aneka Steak : Sirloin Steak with Black Pepper Sauce, Grilled Oxtail with Sweet & Sour Mango Sauce, Lamb Chop with Mushroom Sauce
Aneka Roll Tart : Tiger Roll, Japanese Roll Tart (Nori + Tuna + Telor + Wortel), Beef Flossy Roll Tart
Aneka Western Snack : Macaroni Schotel, Lasagna Ferara, Zupa Soup
Aneka Chiffon Cake : Pandan, Coklat, Strawberry, Green Tea
Cooking Course:
Varient of Herb’s Poultry : Chicken Stuffed with Herbs, Fried Pigeon in Chinese Herbs, Grilled Duck With Honey Sauce
Dim Sum : Tim Siomay Babi Dengan Udang, Tim Siomay Ayam Dengan Udang, Tim Kulit Tahu Saos Tiram, Tim Bola Babi dengan Fatcoy, Tim Udang Jamur Saos Telur
Pelatihan Cara Membuat Bakpau Dim Sum : Bakpau Tausa, Bakpau Landak, Bakpau Bawang, Bakpau Babi, Bakpau Lipat
Pelatihan Aneka Masakan Babi : Sate Babi, Bistik Babi, Baikut dan Sayur Asin
Kursus Mexican Food: Caesar Salad, Quesadillas, Burrito with Cheese Sauce, Beef Rib with BBQ Sauce
Pelatihan Masakan Thailand: Sup Tom Yam Gong, Chicken in Pandan Leaf, Mie Goreng Daging & Seafood, Nasi goreng ala Thailand
Croissant : Croissant Sandwich, Croissant Ragout, Croissant Cheese. Diajarkan cara memberikan lapisan dan membuat isiannya
Kursus Italian Food : Osso Bucco, Pizza, Fettucine Napolitane, Poach Dori with Cream Mustard Sauce.
Cara Membuat Bebek Panggang : Diajarkan mengolah dari Bebek Import, memanggangnya serta membuat sausnya.
Kursus 8 Macam Variasi Sambal : Sambal Bawang, Sambal Tomat Hijau, Sambal Ikan Teri, Sambal Matha, Sambal Terasi, Sambal Tumpang Kediri, Sambal Bakar Rica, Sambal Dabu-Dabu
Pelatihan Boga: Gudeg Komplit : Gudeg Tewel, Telur Bacem, Ayam Opor, Sambal Goreng Krecek.
Kursus Masakan Indonesia : Rawon, Sup Buntut, Gulai Kambing
Pie Susu (Madam Pie) : Rasa Original, Coklat, Strawberry
Kursus Aneka Mie Hot Plate: Mie Hot Plate Tom Yam, Mie Hot Plate Ayam Jamur, Mie Hot Plate Sapi Lada Hitam, Mie Hot Plate Ayam Kungpao.
Pelatihan Usaha Boga: Siokee, Siobak, Jasio. Peserta Langsung Praktek. Dijamin Renyah
Cotton Cake : Marble Cotton Cake, Mandarin Catton Cake, Roll Cotton Cake. Diajarkan membuat cake yang banyak menggunakan putih telur, sehingga hasilnya lembut & halus.
Bebek goreng ungkep, Ayam Kalasan, Ayam goreng ala Pemuda. Diajarkan membuat Sambalnya.
Cara Membuat Tahu Crispy, Crispy Jamur, Kentang Goreng, diajarkan membuat mayonaise: rasa BBQ, Pizza dan Cheese.
Kursus Aneka Bapau : Ayam, Tausa, Kacang Tanah, Kacang Hijau. Diajarkan membuat adonan bapau, adonan isi, dan cara membentuknya.
Pelatihan Usaha Boga: Steak Kampung : Demiglaze, Crispy Chicken Steak mushroom, Tenderloin Steak, Chicken Buffalo + Vegetable
Aneka Pasta : Lasagna, Spaghetti Bolognaise, Fettucine Saus Tuna
Aneka Roti : Roti Tawar Kombinasi, Roti Sisir, Roti Sobek
Bebakaran Ikan : Ikan Bakar Saus Padang, Ikan Bakar Rica-Rica, Ikan Bakar Saus Pedas.
Empal Gepuk, Ayam Goreng Lengkuas, Bebek Goreng Kremes, diajarkan membuat kremesan dan sambalnya.
Aneka Chiffon Cake : Pandan Chiffon Cake, Mocha Chiffon Cake, Talas Chiffon Cake
Yong Tahu, Siomay, Bakwan Goreng Mekar. Peserta Langsung Praktek.
Aneka Nasi Goreng: Nasi Goreng Tom Yam, Nasi Goreng XO, Nasi Goreng Seafood, Nasi Goreng Jawa
Roti Manis : Mocha Bun, Cheese Pillow, Mushroom Pizza, Taiwan Polo
Fried Chicken Crispy & Keriting tahan 3 jam. Diajarkan juga cara memproduksi tepung ayamnya. Chicken Karage, Chicken Katzu, Chicken Strip & Saos sambal botol.
Special Cake : Black Forest, Sacher Cake, Tropical Cake
Aneka Empek-Empek Palembang : Kapal Selam, Lenjer, Lenggang, Adaan + Saus Cuko
Aneka Cup Cakes : Green Tea Cup Cake, Chocolate Orange Cup Cake, Mocha Almond Cup Cake. Dihias dengan Cream, Coklat dan Plastic Icing.
Aneka Bakso : Bakso Halus, Bakso Kasar, Siomay, Tahu. Diajarkan membuat kuah & sambalnya.
Kursus Aneka Soto : Soto Ayam, Soto Daging, Soto Banjar, Cotto Makasar
Cara Membuat Siomay Bandung, Batagor, Otak-Otak Tengiri Bakar, diajarkan membuat Saus Kacang
Pelatihan Masakan Aneka Ayam : Ayam Kanton, Ayam Madu, Ayam Rosemary
Kursus Kue: Aneka Muffin : Coklat, Keju, Mocha, Jagung Manis
Aneka Salad : Salad Buah, Salad Bar, Shrimp Cocktail, German Potato Salad. Diajarkan membuat mayonaise dan Dressingnya.
Pelatihan Japanese Food : Chicken Teriyaki, Chawan Mushi, Tempura, Sushi
Aneka Soes : Swans, Soes, Eclair, Sandwich. Diajarkan cara membuat Soes dan model-model penyajiannya
Pelatihan Membuat Frozen Food
Pelatihan Tataboga & Patiseri - Info: 0813 3200 3300.
www.tristarculinaryinstitute.com
Pin BB: 2699992D.
Telp: 031-8480821-22.
HP: 0817321024. 085731804143.
Graha Tristar
Jln. Raya Jemursari 244. Surabaya.
Kelas Pagi - Siang - Malam.
Info Jadwal Pelatihan Tataboga:
tristarculinaryinstitute.com/?q=id/node/181
Kursus Masak untuk Anak Anak & Remaja. Setiap Sabtu pk 14.00.
Info Jadwal Kursus Anak & Remaja, KLIK:
www.tristarculinaryinstitute.com/?q=id/node/1331
Pelatihan Tata Boga. PIN BB: 326C81C1.
Royal Plaza lantai 3 blok N1 no. 17. PIN BB:
Info: 082140388070. Flexi: 031 83109709, Esia: 031-91938824.
Pelatihan Cara Membuat Kue Kering & Cookies Tanpa Telur.
Kursus Kue: All About Rainbow.
KUrsus Patiseri: Cara Membuat Ombree Cake
Kursus Kue: All About Red Velvet.
Kudapan Tradisional II : Bolu Kukus Mambo, Bolu Kukus Ceria, Brownies Putu Ayu, Putu Ayu
(Biaya Termasuk : Bahan-Bahan Praktek, Coffee Break, Celemek,dan Sertifikat)
Takoyaki : Chicken Cheese, Seafood & Okonomiyaki (Pizza Jepang)
Pelatihan Aneka Roll Tart : Tiger Roll, Japanese Roll Tart (Nori + Tuna + Telor + Wortel), Beef Flossy Roll Tart
Kursus Aneka Western Snack : Macaroni Schotel, Lasagna Ferara, Zupa Soup
Pelatihan Chinese Food : Kakap Asam Manis, Daging Sapi Lada Hitam, Ayam Saus Inggris, Udang Mayonaise
Pelatihan Kue Kering : Peppermint Cookies, Tiramisu Cookies, Brownies Cookies, Cashew nut Cookies
Kursus Masakan Aneka Seafood : Crab in Chili Oyster Sauce, Grilled Prawn with Mushroom Sauce, Squid Pocked Mixed Grill
Kursus Kudapan Tradisional I: Pisang Goreng Pasir, Kroket, Risoles Mayonaise, Lumpia Basah
Pelatihan Aneka Brownies Oven : Chocolate, Spiku (Keju + Coklat), dan Irish Brownies Kukus : Marble (Strawberry + Coklat)
Kursus Aneka Donut : Donut Kentang, Donut Pisang, Donut Ubi
Pelatihan Masakan: Chinese Food : Bakmi goreng Ayam, Tami Cap Cay, I Fu Mie Seafood, Kweetiauw Siram
Kursus Kudapan Tradisional II : Bolu Kukus Mambo, Bolu Kukus Ceria, Brownies Putu Ayu, Putu Ayu
Aneka Pudding : Pudding Dingin : Machiato & Buah, Pudding Panas: Caramel & Chocolate
Aneka Nasi Goreng : Nasi Goreng Daging Asap, Nasi Goreng Tuna, Nasi Goreng Kambing, Nasi Goreng Ulam
Sushi Indonesia/Nasi Gulung 3 isi : Ayam Suwir Pedas, Daging Rendang, Ikan Rica-Rica + Taiwan Chicken Snack
Pelatihan Aneka Puding Roti Tawar (Roti Kukus, Roti Mentega, Roti Kelapa, Brownies)
Kursus Masakan Chinese Food : Kakap Asam Manis, Daging Sapi Lada Hitam, Ayam Saus Inggris, Udang Mayonaise
Pelatihan Aneka Minuman Ala Cafe :
- Milk Shake ( Basic: Vanilla, Coklat, Strawberry + pengembangan 2 resep dgn menggunakan buah
- Smoothies (Buah + Milk : 2 resep)
- Coffee (Basic : Latte & Capucinno + pengembangan 2 resep)
- Coklat (Hot Coklat Cream & Coklat Float)
- Mocktail (Minuman non alcohol yang terdiri dari rasa/sari buah yang di mix : 2 resep)
Cara Membuat Aneka Soes (2 manis + 2 asin) : Soes Buah, Soes Vla, Soes Ragout, Soes Mayonnaise
Kursus Kue Aneka Spiku (Resep Kuno + Modern), Lapis Legit Special
Pelatihan Chinese Food : Bakmi goreng Ayam, Tami Cap Cay, I Fu Mie Seafood, Kweetiauw Siram Sapi
Kursus Aneka Minuman Ala Cafe :
- Smoothies : Mix Fruit Smoothies (2 resep)
- Coffee : Cappucino Caramel
Espresso Coffee Mix
- Chocolate : Choco Peanut Butter
Choco Berry Cream
- Mocktail : Minuman non alcohol yang terdiri dari rasa/sari buah yang
di mix (2 resep)
Aneka Muffin : Chocolate, Strawberry, Almond, Mente
Sajian Khas Bali : Balinesse Fresh Salad, Ayam Betutu, Lawar Ayam/Babi, Dewata Island Fruit Cocktail (Dessert)
Aneka Minuman :
- Milk Shake ( Basic: Vanilla, Coklat, Strawberry + pengembangan 2 resep dgn menggunakan buah
- Smoothies (Buah + Milk : 2 resep)
- Coffee (Basic : Latte & Capucinno + pengembangan 2 resep)
- Coklat (Hot Coklat Cream & Coklat Float)
- Mocktail (Minuman non alcohol yang terdiri dari rasa/sari buah yang di mix : 2 resep)
Kudapan Tradisional I: Pisang Goreng Pasir, Kroket, Risoles Mayonaise, Lumpia Basah
Aneka Steak : Sirloin Steak with Black Pepper Sauce, Grilled Oxtail with Sweet & Sour Mango Sauce, Lamb Chop with Mushroom Sauce
Aneka Roll Tart : Tiger Roll, Japanese Roll Tart (Nori + Tuna + Telor + Wortel), Beef Flossy Roll Tart
Aneka Western Snack : Macaroni Schotel, Lasagna Ferara, Zupa Soup
Aneka Chiffon Cake : Pandan, Coklat, Strawberry, Green Tea
Cooking Course:
Varient of Herb’s Poultry : Chicken Stuffed with Herbs, Fried Pigeon in Chinese Herbs, Grilled Duck With Honey Sauce
Dim Sum : Tim Siomay Babi Dengan Udang, Tim Siomay Ayam Dengan Udang, Tim Kulit Tahu Saos Tiram, Tim Bola Babi dengan Fatcoy, Tim Udang Jamur Saos Telur
Pelatihan Cara Membuat Bakpau Dim Sum : Bakpau Tausa, Bakpau Landak, Bakpau Bawang, Bakpau Babi, Bakpau Lipat
Pelatihan Aneka Masakan Babi : Sate Babi, Bistik Babi, Baikut dan Sayur Asin
Kursus Mexican Food: Caesar Salad, Quesadillas, Burrito with Cheese Sauce, Beef Rib with BBQ Sauce
Pelatihan Masakan Thailand: Sup Tom Yam Gong, Chicken in Pandan Leaf, Mie Goreng Daging & Seafood, Nasi goreng ala Thailand
Croissant : Croissant Sandwich, Croissant Ragout, Croissant Cheese. Diajarkan cara memberikan lapisan dan membuat isiannya
Kursus Italian Food : Osso Bucco, Pizza, Fettucine Napolitane, Poach Dori with Cream Mustard Sauce.
Cara Membuat Bebek Panggang : Diajarkan mengolah dari Bebek Import, memanggangnya serta membuat sausnya.
Kursus 8 Macam Variasi Sambal : Sambal Bawang, Sambal Tomat Hijau, Sambal Ikan Teri, Sambal Matha, Sambal Terasi, Sambal Tumpang Kediri, Sambal Bakar Rica, Sambal Dabu-Dabu
Pelatihan Boga: Gudeg Komplit : Gudeg Tewel, Telur Bacem, Ayam Opor, Sambal Goreng Krecek.
Kursus Masakan Indonesia : Rawon, Sup Buntut, Gulai Kambing
Pie Susu (Madam Pie) : Rasa Original, Coklat, Strawberry
Kursus Aneka Mie Hot Plate: Mie Hot Plate Tom Yam, Mie Hot Plate Ayam Jamur, Mie Hot Plate Sapi Lada Hitam, Mie Hot Plate Ayam Kungpao.
Pelatihan Usaha Boga: Siokee, Siobak, Jasio. Peserta Langsung Praktek. Dijamin Renyah
Cotton Cake : Marble Cotton Cake, Mandarin Catton Cake, Roll Cotton Cake. Diajarkan membuat cake yang banyak menggunakan putih telur, sehingga hasilnya lembut & halus.
Bebek goreng ungkep, Ayam Kalasan, Ayam goreng ala Pemuda. Diajarkan membuat Sambalnya.
Cara Membuat Tahu Crispy, Crispy Jamur, Kentang Goreng, diajarkan membuat mayonaise: rasa BBQ, Pizza dan Cheese.
Kursus Aneka Bapau : Ayam, Tausa, Kacang Tanah, Kacang Hijau. Diajarkan membuat adonan bapau, adonan isi, dan cara membentuknya.
Pelatihan Usaha Boga: Steak Kampung : Demiglaze, Crispy Chicken Steak mushroom, Tenderloin Steak, Chicken Buffalo + Vegetable
Aneka Pasta : Lasagna, Spaghetti Bolognaise, Fettucine Saus Tuna
Aneka Roti : Roti Tawar Kombinasi, Roti Sisir, Roti Sobek
Bebakaran Ikan : Ikan Bakar Saus Padang, Ikan Bakar Rica-Rica, Ikan Bakar Saus Pedas.
Empal Gepuk, Ayam Goreng Lengkuas, Bebek Goreng Kremes, diajarkan membuat kremesan dan sambalnya.
Aneka Chiffon Cake : Pandan Chiffon Cake, Mocha Chiffon Cake, Talas Chiffon Cake
Yong Tahu, Siomay, Bakwan Goreng Mekar. Peserta Langsung Praktek.
Aneka Nasi Goreng: Nasi Goreng Tom Yam, Nasi Goreng XO, Nasi Goreng Seafood, Nasi Goreng Jawa
Roti Manis : Mocha Bun, Cheese Pillow, Mushroom Pizza, Taiwan Polo
Fried Chicken Crispy & Keriting tahan 3 jam. Diajarkan juga cara memproduksi tepung ayamnya. Chicken Karage, Chicken Katzu, Chicken Strip & Saos sambal botol.
Special Cake : Black Forest, Sacher Cake, Tropical Cake
Aneka Empek-Empek Palembang : Kapal Selam, Lenjer, Lenggang, Adaan + Saus Cuko
Aneka Cup Cakes : Green Tea Cup Cake, Chocolate Orange Cup Cake, Mocha Almond Cup Cake. Dihias dengan Cream, Coklat dan Plastic Icing.
Aneka Bakso : Bakso Halus, Bakso Kasar, Siomay, Tahu. Diajarkan membuat kuah & sambalnya.
Kursus Aneka Soto : Soto Ayam, Soto Daging, Soto Banjar, Cotto Makasar
Cara Membuat Siomay Bandung, Batagor, Otak-Otak Tengiri Bakar, diajarkan membuat Saus Kacang
Pelatihan Masakan Aneka Ayam : Ayam Kanton, Ayam Madu, Ayam Rosemary
Kursus Kue: Aneka Muffin : Coklat, Keju, Mocha, Jagung Manis
Aneka Salad : Salad Buah, Salad Bar, Shrimp Cocktail, German Potato Salad. Diajarkan membuat mayonaise dan Dressingnya.
Pelatihan Japanese Food : Chicken Teriyaki, Chawan Mushi, Tempura, Sushi
Aneka Soes : Swans, Soes, Eclair, Sandwich. Diajarkan cara membuat Soes dan model-model penyajiannya
Pelatihan Membuat Kue Kering Tanpa Telur.
Pelatihan Tataboga & Patiseri - Info: 0813 3200 3300.
www.tristarculinaryinstitute.com
Pin BB: 2699992D.
Telp: 031-8480821-22.
HP: 0817321024. 085731804143.
Graha Tristar
Jln. Raya Jemursari 244. Surabaya.
Kelas Pagi - Siang - Malam.
Info Jadwal Pelatihan Tataboga:
tristarculinaryinstitute.com/?q=id/node/181
Kursus Masak untuk Anak Anak & Remaja. Setiap Sabtu pk 14.00.
Info Jadwal Kursus Anak & Remaja, KLIK:
www.tristarculinaryinstitute.com/?q=id/node/1331
Pelatihan Tata Boga. PIN BB: 326C81C1.
Royal Plaza lantai 3 blok N1 no. 17. PIN BB:
Info: 082140388070. Flexi: 031 83109709, Esia: 031-91938824.
Pelatihan Cara Membuat Kue Kering & Cookies Tanpa Telur.
Kursus Kue: All About Rainbow.
KUrsus Patiseri: Cara Membuat Ombree Cake
Kursus Kue: All About Red Velvet.
Kudapan Tradisional II : Bolu Kukus Mambo, Bolu Kukus Ceria, Brownies Putu Ayu, Putu Ayu
(Biaya Termasuk : Bahan-Bahan Praktek, Coffee Break, Celemek,dan Sertifikat)
Takoyaki : Chicken Cheese, Seafood & Okonomiyaki (Pizza Jepang)
Pelatihan Aneka Roll Tart : Tiger Roll, Japanese Roll Tart (Nori + Tuna + Telor + Wortel), Beef Flossy Roll Tart
Kursus Aneka Western Snack : Macaroni Schotel, Lasagna Ferara, Zupa Soup
Pelatihan Chinese Food : Kakap Asam Manis, Daging Sapi Lada Hitam, Ayam Saus Inggris, Udang Mayonaise
Pelatihan Kue Kering : Peppermint Cookies, Tiramisu Cookies, Brownies Cookies, Cashew nut Cookies
Kursus Masakan Aneka Seafood : Crab in Chili Oyster Sauce, Grilled Prawn with Mushroom Sauce, Squid Pocked Mixed Grill
Kursus Kudapan Tradisional I: Pisang Goreng Pasir, Kroket, Risoles Mayonaise, Lumpia Basah
Pelatihan Aneka Brownies Oven : Chocolate, Spiku (Keju + Coklat), dan Irish Brownies Kukus : Marble (Strawberry + Coklat)
Kursus Aneka Donut : Donut Kentang, Donut Pisang, Donut Ubi
Pelatihan Masakan: Chinese Food : Bakmi goreng Ayam, Tami Cap Cay, I Fu Mie Seafood, Kweetiauw Siram
Kursus Kudapan Tradisional II : Bolu Kukus Mambo, Bolu Kukus Ceria, Brownies Putu Ayu, Putu Ayu
Aneka Pudding : Pudding Dingin : Machiato & Buah, Pudding Panas: Caramel & Chocolate
Aneka Nasi Goreng : Nasi Goreng Daging Asap, Nasi Goreng Tuna, Nasi Goreng Kambing, Nasi Goreng Ulam
Sushi Indonesia/Nasi Gulung 3 isi : Ayam Suwir Pedas, Daging Rendang, Ikan Rica-Rica + Taiwan Chicken Snack
Pelatihan Aneka Puding Roti Tawar (Roti Kukus, Roti Mentega, Roti Kelapa, Brownies)
Kursus Masakan Chinese Food : Kakap Asam Manis, Daging Sapi Lada Hitam, Ayam Saus Inggris, Udang Mayonaise
Pelatihan Aneka Minuman Ala Cafe :
- Milk Shake ( Basic: Vanilla, Coklat, Strawberry + pengembangan 2 resep dgn menggunakan buah
- Smoothies (Buah + Milk : 2 resep)
- Coffee (Basic : Latte & Capucinno + pengembangan 2 resep)
- Coklat (Hot Coklat Cream & Coklat Float)
- Mocktail (Minuman non alcohol yang terdiri dari rasa/sari buah yang di mix : 2 resep)
Cara Membuat Aneka Soes (2 manis + 2 asin) : Soes Buah, Soes Vla, Soes Ragout, Soes Mayonnaise
Kursus Kue Aneka Spiku (Resep Kuno + Modern), Lapis Legit Special
Pelatihan Chinese Food : Bakmi goreng Ayam, Tami Cap Cay, I Fu Mie Seafood, Kweetiauw Siram Sapi
Kursus Aneka Minuman Ala Cafe :
- Smoothies : Mix Fruit Smoothies (2 resep)
- Coffee : Cappucino Caramel
Espresso Coffee Mix
- Chocolate : Choco Peanut Butter
Choco Berry Cream
- Mocktail : Minuman non alcohol yang terdiri dari rasa/sari buah yang
di mix (2 resep)
Aneka Muffin : Chocolate, Strawberry, Almond, Mente
Sajian Khas Bali : Balinesse Fresh Salad, Ayam Betutu, Lawar Ayam/Babi, Dewata Island Fruit Cocktail (Dessert)
Aneka Minuman :
- Milk Shake ( Basic: Vanilla, Coklat, Strawberry + pengembangan 2 resep dgn menggunakan buah
- Smoothies (Buah + Milk : 2 resep)
- Coffee (Basic : Latte & Capucinno + pengembangan 2 resep)
- Coklat (Hot Coklat Cream & Coklat Float)
- Mocktail (Minuman non alcohol yang terdiri dari rasa/sari buah yang di mix : 2 resep)
Kudapan Tradisional I: Pisang Goreng Pasir, Kroket, Risoles Mayonaise, Lumpia Basah
Aneka Steak : Sirloin Steak with Black Pepper Sauce, Grilled Oxtail with Sweet & Sour Mango Sauce, Lamb Chop with Mushroom Sauce
Aneka Roll Tart : Tiger Roll, Japanese Roll Tart (Nori + Tuna + Telor + Wortel), Beef Flossy Roll Tart
Aneka Western Snack : Macaroni Schotel, Lasagna Ferara, Zupa Soup
Aneka Chiffon Cake : Pandan, Coklat, Strawberry, Green Tea
Cooking Course:
Varient of Herb’s Poultry : Chicken Stuffed with Herbs, Fried Pigeon in Chinese Herbs, Grilled Duck With Honey Sauce
Dim Sum : Tim Siomay Babi Dengan Udang, Tim Siomay Ayam Dengan Udang, Tim Kulit Tahu Saos Tiram, Tim Bola Babi dengan Fatcoy, Tim Udang Jamur Saos Telur
Pelatihan Cara Membuat Bakpau Dim Sum : Bakpau Tausa, Bakpau Landak, Bakpau Bawang, Bakpau Babi, Bakpau Lipat
Pelatihan Aneka Masakan Babi : Sate Babi, Bistik Babi, Baikut dan Sayur Asin
Kursus Mexican Food: Caesar Salad, Quesadillas, Burrito with Cheese Sauce, Beef Rib with BBQ Sauce
Pelatihan Masakan Thailand: Sup Tom Yam Gong, Chicken in Pandan Leaf, Mie Goreng Daging & Seafood, Nasi goreng ala Thailand
Croissant : Croissant Sandwich, Croissant Ragout, Croissant Cheese. Diajarkan cara memberikan lapisan dan membuat isiannya
Kursus Italian Food : Osso Bucco, Pizza, Fettucine Napolitane, Poach Dori with Cream Mustard Sauce.
Cara Membuat Bebek Panggang : Diajarkan mengolah dari Bebek Import, memanggangnya serta membuat sausnya.
Kursus 8 Macam Variasi Sambal : Sambal Bawang, Sambal Tomat Hijau, Sambal Ikan Teri, Sambal Matha, Sambal Terasi, Sambal Tumpang Kediri, Sambal Bakar Rica, Sambal Dabu-Dabu
Pelatihan Boga: Gudeg Komplit : Gudeg Tewel, Telur Bacem, Ayam Opor, Sambal Goreng Krecek.
Kursus Masakan Indonesia : Rawon, Sup Buntut, Gulai Kambing
Pie Susu (Madam Pie) : Rasa Original, Coklat, Strawberry
Kursus Aneka Mie Hot Plate: Mie Hot Plate Tom Yam, Mie Hot Plate Ayam Jamur, Mie Hot Plate Sapi Lada Hitam, Mie Hot Plate Ayam Kungpao.
Pelatihan Usaha Boga: Siokee, Siobak, Jasio. Peserta Langsung Praktek. Dijamin Renyah
Cotton Cake : Marble Cotton Cake, Mandarin Catton Cake, Roll Cotton Cake. Diajarkan membuat cake yang banyak menggunakan putih telur, sehingga hasilnya lembut & halus.
Bebek goreng ungkep, Ayam Kalasan, Ayam goreng ala Pemuda. Diajarkan membuat Sambalnya.
Cara Membuat Tahu Crispy, Crispy Jamur, Kentang Goreng, diajarkan membuat mayonaise: rasa BBQ, Pizza dan Cheese.
Kursus Aneka Bapau : Ayam, Tausa, Kacang Tanah, Kacang Hijau. Diajarkan membuat adonan bapau, adonan isi, dan cara membentuknya.
Pelatihan Usaha Boga: Steak Kampung : Demiglaze, Crispy Chicken Steak mushroom, Tenderloin Steak, Chicken Buffalo + Vegetable
Aneka Pasta : Lasagna, Spaghetti Bolognaise, Fettucine Saus Tuna
Aneka Roti : Roti Tawar Kombinasi, Roti Sisir, Roti Sobek
Bebakaran Ikan : Ikan Bakar Saus Padang, Ikan Bakar Rica-Rica, Ikan Bakar Saus Pedas.
Empal Gepuk, Ayam Goreng Lengkuas, Bebek Goreng Kremes, diajarkan membuat kremesan dan sambalnya.
Aneka Chiffon Cake : Pandan Chiffon Cake, Mocha Chiffon Cake, Talas Chiffon Cake
Yong Tahu, Siomay, Bakwan Goreng Mekar. Peserta Langsung Praktek.
Aneka Nasi Goreng: Nasi Goreng Tom Yam, Nasi Goreng XO, Nasi Goreng Seafood, Nasi Goreng Jawa
Roti Manis : Mocha Bun, Cheese Pillow, Mushroom Pizza, Taiwan Polo
Fried Chicken Crispy & Keriting tahan 3 jam. Diajarkan juga cara memproduksi tepung ayamnya. Chicken Karage, Chicken Katzu, Chicken Strip & Saos sambal botol.
Special Cake : Black Forest, Sacher Cake, Tropical Cake
Aneka Empek-Empek Palembang : Kapal Selam, Lenjer, Lenggang, Adaan + Saus Cuko
Aneka Cup Cakes : Green Tea Cup Cake, Chocolate Orange Cup Cake, Mocha Almond Cup Cake. Dihias dengan Cream, Coklat dan Plastic Icing.
Aneka Bakso : Bakso Halus, Bakso Kasar, Siomay, Tahu. Diajarkan membuat kuah & sambalnya.
Kursus Aneka Soto : Soto Ayam, Soto Daging, Soto Banjar, Cotto Makasar
Cara Membuat Siomay Bandung, Batagor, Otak-Otak Tengiri Bakar, diajarkan membuat Saus Kacang
Pelatihan Masakan Aneka Ayam : Ayam Kanton, Ayam Madu, Ayam Rosemary
Kursus Kue: Aneka Muffin : Coklat, Keju, Mocha, Jagung Manis
Aneka Salad : Salad Buah, Salad Bar, Shrimp Cocktail, German Potato Salad. Diajarkan membuat mayonaise dan Dressingnya.
Pelatihan Japanese Food : Chicken Teriyaki, Chawan Mushi, Tempura, Sushi
Aneka Soes : Swans, Soes, Eclair, Sandwich. Diajarkan cara membuat Soes dan model-model penyajiannya
Kursus Kue, Roti & Masakan
Info: 0813 3200 3300.
Pin BB: 2699992D.
Telp: 031- 8433224-25.
Jln. Raya Jemursari 234 & 244. Surabaya.
Royal Plaza lantai 3 blok N1 no. 17.
Info: 082140388070. Flexi: 031 83109709, Esia: 031-91938824
Tristar mengadakan aneka kursus singkat, peserta praktek langsung (on hands training) dibimbing oleh dosen yang berpengalaman dibidangnya.
Kursus Masakan Eropa/European Food Course:
Kursus Beef Stroganoff with spaghetti, Potato Soup, Chicken Cordon Blue, Mix Vegetables
Kursus French Onion Soup, Rosemary Roast Chicken, Macaroni w/Corn & Smoke Beef, Mashed Potato.
Kursus Clam Chowder, Chicken Chasseur, Beef Bourguignon, Grill Corn on Cob
Kursus Mushroom Soup, Tuna Fettucine, Beef Goulash, Onion Ring
Kursus Mineston, Chicken Primavera, Calamari, Baked Potato.
Kursus Aneka Permen. Diajarkan aneka resep dengan timbangan tepat: Permen Jelly, Hard Candy, Soft Candy.
Kursus Wedding Cake/Kue pengantin: Hiasan Gum Paste, Plastic Icing, Royal Icing.
Kursus Mie Kocok. Diajarkan mulai dari membuat mie, aneka resep untuk isian & cara membuat kuahnya. Diajarkan cara pembuatan mie nya dengan resep timbangan tepat untuk usaha. Praktek dengan menggunakan mesin penipis & pemotong mie yang praktis.
Kursus Aneka Mie: diajarkan aneka resep: Lo Mie, Mie Ayam Jamur, Mie Pangsit Ujung Pandang, Mie Medan.
Kursus Aneka Mie: Resep Tami Capcay, Ifumie seafood, Kwetiaw Goreng, Mie Goreng Daging & seafood ala Thailand.
Aneka Kursus & Pelatihan yang ada di Tristar Kuliner:
Kursus : Siobak, Sioke, Chasio. Resep telah teruji, dijamin Renyah.
Kursus Aneka Pie: Pie Buah, Lemon Pie, Quiche Lorraine.
Kursus Roti Taiwan: Mocca Bun, Taiwan Polo, Sausage Bun, Roti Abon.
Kursus Indonesian Food/resep masakan indonesia: Tahu Tek, Tahu Campur, Lontong Balap.
Pelatihan Aneka Sup: Tom Yam Sup, Sup krim Jamur, Sup Ayam Jagung, Wonton Sup.
Kursus Aneka Pudding: Montelimar Pudding, Watermelon Pudding, Yoghurt Caramel Pudding.
Kursus Masakan China: Ayam Saus Inggris, Ayam Masak Cabe Kering, Koloke, Ayam Masak Jamur.
Kursus Roti Taiwan: Chocolate Polo, Roll sausage bun, Smoke cheesy Bun, Flossy Mayo.
Kursus aneka kue lapis: kue lapis Surabaya, spiku, lapis mandarin, lapis prune
Kursus Petit Four/Small Pastry: Mocca Cake, Devil Cake, Mud Cake.
Kursus Fancy Cookies: Cinnamon Cookies, Ginger Cookies dengan Icing Animasi
Kursus aneka salad: Huzarenzla, fruit salad, shrimp cocktail, salad bar
Kursus Aneka Pizza: Supreme Pizza, Italian Pizza, Meat Lover Pizza
Kursus Bebek Peking. Diajarkan membuat Bebek Peking yang kulitnya Crispy, Kulit lumpia. Daging bebek diolah lagi. Peserta langsung praktek.
Kursus aneka dimsum: Kaki ayam, Hakau, lumpia kulit tahu, siomay. Resep telah diuji.
Kursus aneka croissant: croisant sandwich, croissant ragout, croissant cheese
Kursus aneka sup: Sup Tim Ayam Obat, Sup shanghai, Sup sehat jamur es.
Kursus aneka pasta: Spaghetti bolognaise, Lasagna, Fettucine Udang
Kursus japanesse food/resep masakan jepang: chicken teriyaki, shushi, tempura, chawan mushi.
Kursus Aneka Donut: Donat Topping Coklat, Topping Glazur, Barliner, Topping Cream cheese.
Kursus Masakan: Aneka resep: Spaghetti Bolognaise, Lasagna, Fettucine Carbonara.
Kursus Fast Food Hoka Hoka Bento: Egg Chicken Roll, Breaded Chicken Ball, Ekkado, Chicken Katsu.
Kursus aneka pastry: Chicken Curry, Cream Horn, Apple puff.
Kursus aneka steak: Beef rib with BBQ sauce, Sirloin with black peeper sauce, Chicken steak with mushroom sauce.
Kursus aneka bakso: Bakso Halus, Bakso Kasar, Siomay, Bakso Goreng, Diajarkan membuat kuah & sambalnya. Resep dengan timbangan tepat.
Kursus D’Creepes: Banana Caramel Creepes, Coctail Creepes, Sandwich Creepes, Peserta langsung Praktek.
Kursus Special Cake: Tiramisu, Opera Cake, Capucino Maker.
Kursus Sponge Pudding, Vanilla Strawberry Pudding, Cocopandan Pudding, Montelimar.
Kursus Kue Kering: Nastar, Kastengel, Butter Cookies, Lidah Kucing keju.
Kursus Cake: Black Forest, Tropical Cake, Sacher Cake.
Kursus Dimsum: Lumpia Udang Mayonaise, Lumpia 2 Telur, Lumpia Vietnam, Bubur Ayam.
Kursus Asian Food: Kepiting Singapore, Seafood ala Vietnam, Kare Tongkol ala Malaysia.
Kursus napoleon Cake: Napoleon Fruit Cake, Napoleon Coffee Cake, Palmore Cookies, Napoleon Nut Cake.
Kursus cara membuat aneka Soto & Peluang Usahanya: Uji resep Soto Ayam, Soto Banjar, Cotto Makassar, Soto Betawi.
Kursus European Food
Kursus Paket Usaha Café: minuman ala café, cocktail, moctail, alcoholic drink. Special Coffee, Special Tea, special Milk.
Kursus cara membuat Batagor, Siomay Bandung, Otak Otak Tengiri Bakar, lengkap dengan sambel kacangnya. Diajarkan resep untuk catering dengan timbangan bahan yang tepat.
Dan masih banyak lagi Kursus Masakan & Kue yang lain, Sesuai dengan permintaan anda.
Kursus Soft cara memproduksi Soft Ice cream: Vanilla – Chocolate – Strawberry.
Kursus Aneka Cup Cakes Strawberry, Mocca – Cheese dengan penampilan yang lucu & menarik. Diajarkan cara menghiasnya.
Kursus Masakan manado: Sup kacang merah, Woku Balanga, Ayam baker air madidi. Rica rica ikan tongkol.
Kursus cara membuat Mousse Cake: triple chocolate, Tiramisu, Green Tea.
Kursus Aneka Sandwich: Tuna sandwich, Montecristo, Ratatouille on Toast.
Kursus Brownies/Brownies Kukus: Topping Chocolate, Pandan Brownies, Vanilla Mocca Cake.
Kursus Chinesse Food: Ayam saus Pedas, Ayam Masak Jamur, Ayam Masak Cabe Kering, Koloke.
Kursus Pudding Bakar: Caramel Pudding, Bread & Butter pudding, Cabinet Pudding.
Kursus cara membuat aneka kue Soes: Swans Soes/Sus Angsa, Ecclair, Sandwich. Diajarkan membuat aneka model & cara penyajiannya.
Kursus masakan Thailand: Nasi Goreng Tom Yam, Sup TomYam Goong, Mie Goreng Daging & seafood, Chicken in pandan Leave.
Kursus Kue, Roti & Masakan
Info: 0813 3200 3300.
Pin BB: 2699992D.
Telp: 031- 8433224-25.
Jln. Raya Jemursari 234 & 244. Surabaya.
Royal Plaza lantai 3 blok N1 no. 17.
Info: 082140388070. Flexi: 031 83109709, Esia: 031-91938824
Tristar mengadakan aneka kursus singkat, peserta praktek langsung (on hands training) dibimbing oleh dosen yang berpengalaman dibidangnya.
Kursus Masakan Eropa/European Food Course:
Kursus Beef Stroganoff with spaghetti, Potato Soup, Chicken Cordon Blue, Mix Vegetables
Kursus French Onion Soup, Rosemary Roast Chicken, Macaroni w/Corn & Smoke Beef, Mashed Potato.
Kursus Clam Chowder, Chicken Chasseur, Beef Bourguignon, Grill Corn on Cob
Kursus Mushroom Soup, Tuna Fettucine, Beef Goulash, Onion Ring
Kursus Mineston, Chicken Primavera, Calamari, Baked Potato.
Kursus Aneka Permen. Diajarkan aneka resep dengan timbangan tepat: Permen Jelly, Hard Candy, Soft Candy.
Kursus Wedding Cake/Kue pengantin: Hiasan Gum Paste, Plastic Icing, Royal Icing.
Kursus Mie Kocok. Diajarkan mulai dari membuat mie, aneka resep untuk isian & cara membuat kuahnya. Diajarkan cara pembuatan mie nya dengan resep timbangan tepat untuk usaha. Praktek dengan menggunakan mesin penipis & pemotong mie yang praktis.
Kursus Aneka Mie: diajarkan aneka resep: Lo Mie, Mie Ayam Jamur, Mie Pangsit Ujung Pandang, Mie Medan.
Kursus Aneka Mie: Resep Tami Capcay, Ifumie seafood, Kwetiaw Goreng, Mie Goreng Daging & seafood ala Thailand.
Aneka Kursus & Pelatihan yang ada di Tristar Kuliner:
Kursus : Siobak, Sioke, Chasio. Resep telah teruji, dijamin Renyah.
Kursus Aneka Pie: Pie Buah, Lemon Pie, Quiche Lorraine.
Kursus Roti Taiwan: Mocca Bun, Taiwan Polo, Sausage Bun, Roti Abon.
Kursus Indonesian Food/resep masakan indonesia: Tahu Tek, Tahu Campur, Lontong Balap.
Pelatihan Aneka Sup: Tom Yam Sup, Sup krim Jamur, Sup Ayam Jagung, Wonton Sup.
Kursus Aneka Pudding: Montelimar Pudding, Watermelon Pudding, Yoghurt Caramel Pudding.
Kursus Masakan China: Ayam Saus Inggris, Ayam Masak Cabe Kering, Koloke, Ayam Masak Jamur.
Kursus Roti Taiwan: Chocolate Polo, Roll sausage bun, Smoke cheesy Bun, Flossy Mayo.
Kursus aneka kue lapis: kue lapis Surabaya, spiku, lapis mandarin, lapis prune
Kursus Petit Four/Small Pastry: Mocca Cake, Devil Cake, Mud Cake.
Kursus Fancy Cookies: Cinnamon Cookies, Ginger Cookies dengan Icing Animasi
Kursus aneka salad: Huzarenzla, fruit salad, shrimp cocktail, salad bar
Kursus Aneka Pizza: Supreme Pizza, Italian Pizza, Meat Lover Pizza
Kursus Bebek Peking. Diajarkan membuat Bebek Peking yang kulitnya Crispy, Kulit lumpia. Daging bebek diolah lagi. Peserta langsung praktek.
Kursus aneka dimsum: Kaki ayam, Hakau, lumpia kulit tahu, siomay. Resep telah diuji.
Kursus aneka croissant: croisant sandwich, croissant ragout, croissant cheese
Kursus aneka sup: Sup Tim Ayam Obat, Sup shanghai, Sup sehat jamur es.
Kursus aneka pasta: Spaghetti bolognaise, Lasagna, Fettucine Udang
Kursus japanesse food/resep masakan jepang: chicken teriyaki, shushi, tempura, chawan mushi.
Kursus Aneka Donut: Donat Topping Coklat, Topping Glazur, Barliner, Topping Cream cheese.
Kursus Masakan: Aneka resep: Spaghetti Bolognaise, Lasagna, Fettucine Carbonara.
Kursus Fast Food Hoka Hoka Bento: Egg Chicken Roll, Breaded Chicken Ball, Ekkado, Chicken Katsu.
Kursus aneka pastry: Chicken Curry, Cream Horn, Apple puff.
Kursus aneka steak: Beef rib with BBQ sauce, Sirloin with black peeper sauce, Chicken steak with mushroom sauce.
Kursus aneka bakso: Bakso Halus, Bakso Kasar, Siomay, Bakso Goreng, Diajarkan membuat kuah & sambalnya. Resep dengan timbangan tepat.
Kursus D’Creepes: Banana Caramel Creepes, Coctail Creepes, Sandwich Creepes, Peserta langsung Praktek.
Kursus Special Cake: Tiramisu, Opera Cake, Capucino Maker.
Kursus Sponge Pudding, Vanilla Strawberry Pudding, Cocopandan Pudding, Montelimar.
Kursus Kue Kering: Nastar, Kastengel, Butter Cookies, Lidah Kucing keju.
Kursus Cake: Black Forest, Tropical Cake, Sacher Cake.
Kursus Dimsum: Lumpia Udang Mayonaise, Lumpia 2 Telur, Lumpia Vietnam, Bubur Ayam.
Kursus Asian Food: Kepiting Singapore, Seafood ala Vietnam, Kare Tongkol ala Malaysia.
Kursus napoleon Cake: Napoleon Fruit Cake, Napoleon Coffee Cake, Palmore Cookies, Napoleon Nut Cake.
Kursus cara membuat aneka Soto & Peluang Usahanya: Uji resep Soto Ayam, Soto Banjar, Cotto Makassar, Soto Betawi.
Kursus European Food
Kursus Paket Usaha Café: minuman ala café, cocktail, moctail, alcoholic drink. Special Coffee, Special Tea, special Milk.
Kursus cara membuat Batagor, Siomay Bandung, Otak Otak Tengiri Bakar, lengkap dengan sambel kacangnya. Diajarkan resep untuk catering dengan timbangan bahan yang tepat.
Dan masih banyak lagi Kursus Masakan & Kue yang lain, Sesuai dengan permintaan anda.
Kursus Soft cara memproduksi Soft Ice cream: Vanilla – Chocolate – Strawberry.
Kursus Aneka Cup Cakes Strawberry, Mocca – Cheese dengan penampilan yang lucu & menarik. Diajarkan cara menghiasnya.
Kursus Masakan manado: Sup kacang merah, Woku Balanga, Ayam baker air madidi. Rica rica ikan tongkol.
Kursus cara membuat Mousse Cake: triple chocolate, Tiramisu, Green Tea.
Kursus Aneka Sandwich: Tuna sandwich, Montecristo, Ratatouille on Toast.
Kursus Brownies/Brownies Kukus: Topping Chocolate, Pandan Brownies, Vanilla Mocca Cake.
Kursus Chinesse Food: Ayam saus Pedas, Ayam Masak Jamur, Ayam Masak Cabe Kering, Koloke.
Kursus Pudding Bakar: Caramel Pudding, Bread & Butter pudding, Cabinet Pudding.
Kursus cara membuat aneka kue Soes: Swans Soes/Sus Angsa, Ecclair, Sandwich. Diajarkan membuat aneka model & cara penyajiannya.
Kursus masakan Thailand: Nasi Goreng Tom Yam, Sup TomYam Goong, Mie Goreng Daging & seafood, Chicken in pandan Leave.
Kursus Kue, Roti & Masakan
Info: 0813 3200 3300.
Pin BB: 2699992D.
Telp: 031- 8433224-25.
Jln. Raya Jemursari 234 & 244. Surabaya.
Royal Plaza lantai 3 blok N1 no. 17.
Info: 082140388070. Flexi: 031 83109709, Esia: 031-91938824
Tristar mengadakan aneka kursus singkat, peserta praktek langsung (on hands training) dibimbing oleh dosen yang berpengalaman dibidangnya.
Kursus Masakan Eropa/European Food Course:
Kursus Beef Stroganoff with spaghetti, Potato Soup, Chicken Cordon Blue, Mix Vegetables
Kursus French Onion Soup, Rosemary Roast Chicken, Macaroni w/Corn & Smoke Beef, Mashed Potato.
Kursus Clam Chowder, Chicken Chasseur, Beef Bourguignon, Grill Corn on Cob
Kursus Mushroom Soup, Tuna Fettucine, Beef Goulash, Onion Ring
Kursus Mineston, Chicken Primavera, Calamari, Baked Potato.
Kursus Aneka Permen. Diajarkan aneka resep dengan timbangan tepat: Permen Jelly, Hard Candy, Soft Candy.
Kursus Wedding Cake/Kue pengantin: Hiasan Gum Paste, Plastic Icing, Royal Icing.
Kursus Mie Kocok. Diajarkan mulai dari membuat mie, aneka resep untuk isian & cara membuat kuahnya. Diajarkan cara pembuatan mie nya dengan resep timbangan tepat untuk usaha. Praktek dengan menggunakan mesin penipis & pemotong mie yang praktis.
Kursus Aneka Mie: diajarkan aneka resep: Lo Mie, Mie Ayam Jamur, Mie Pangsit Ujung Pandang, Mie Medan.
Kursus Aneka Mie: Resep Tami Capcay, Ifumie seafood, Kwetiaw Goreng, Mie Goreng Daging & seafood ala Thailand.
Aneka Kursus & Pelatihan yang ada di Tristar Kuliner:
Kursus : Siobak, Sioke, Chasio. Resep telah teruji, dijamin Renyah.
Kursus Aneka Pie: Pie Buah, Lemon Pie, Quiche Lorraine.
Kursus Roti Taiwan: Mocca Bun, Taiwan Polo, Sausage Bun, Roti Abon.
Kursus Indonesian Food/resep masakan indonesia: Tahu Tek, Tahu Campur, Lontong Balap.
Pelatihan Aneka Sup: Tom Yam Sup, Sup krim Jamur, Sup Ayam Jagung, Wonton Sup.
Kursus Aneka Pudding: Montelimar Pudding, Watermelon Pudding, Yoghurt Caramel Pudding.
Kursus Masakan China: Ayam Saus Inggris, Ayam Masak Cabe Kering, Koloke, Ayam Masak Jamur.
Kursus Roti Taiwan: Chocolate Polo, Roll sausage bun, Smoke cheesy Bun, Flossy Mayo.
Kursus aneka kue lapis: kue lapis Surabaya, spiku, lapis mandarin, lapis prune
Kursus Petit Four/Small Pastry: Mocca Cake, Devil Cake, Mud Cake.
Kursus Fancy Cookies: Cinnamon Cookies, Ginger Cookies dengan Icing Animasi
Kursus aneka salad: Huzarenzla, fruit salad, shrimp cocktail, salad bar
Kursus Aneka Pizza: Supreme Pizza, Italian Pizza, Meat Lover Pizza
Kursus Bebek Peking. Diajarkan membuat Bebek Peking yang kulitnya Crispy, Kulit lumpia. Daging bebek diolah lagi. Peserta langsung praktek.
Kursus aneka dimsum: Kaki ayam, Hakau, lumpia kulit tahu, siomay. Resep telah diuji.
Kursus aneka croissant: croisant sandwich, croissant ragout, croissant cheese
Kursus aneka sup: Sup Tim Ayam Obat, Sup shanghai, Sup sehat jamur es.
Kursus aneka pasta: Spaghetti bolognaise, Lasagna, Fettucine Udang
Kursus japanesse food/resep masakan jepang: chicken teriyaki, shushi, tempura, chawan mushi.
Kursus Aneka Donut: Donat Topping Coklat, Topping Glazur, Barliner, Topping Cream cheese.
Kursus Masakan: Aneka resep: Spaghetti Bolognaise, Lasagna, Fettucine Carbonara.
Kursus Fast Food Hoka Hoka Bento: Egg Chicken Roll, Breaded Chicken Ball, Ekkado, Chicken Katsu.
Kursus aneka pastry: Chicken Curry, Cream Horn, Apple puff.
Kursus aneka steak: Beef rib with BBQ sauce, Sirloin with black peeper sauce, Chicken steak with mushroom sauce.
Kursus aneka bakso: Bakso Halus, Bakso Kasar, Siomay, Bakso Goreng, Diajarkan membuat kuah & sambalnya. Resep dengan timbangan tepat.
Kursus D’Creepes: Banana Caramel Creepes, Coctail Creepes, Sandwich Creepes, Peserta langsung Praktek.
Kursus Special Cake: Tiramisu, Opera Cake, Capucino Maker.
Kursus Sponge Pudding, Vanilla Strawberry Pudding, Cocopandan Pudding, Montelimar.
Kursus Kue Kering: Nastar, Kastengel, Butter Cookies, Lidah Kucing keju.
Kursus Cake: Black Forest, Tropical Cake, Sacher Cake.
Kursus Dimsum: Lumpia Udang Mayonaise, Lumpia 2 Telur, Lumpia Vietnam, Bubur Ayam.
Kursus Asian Food: Kepiting Singapore, Seafood ala Vietnam, Kare Tongkol ala Malaysia.
Kursus napoleon Cake: Napoleon Fruit Cake, Napoleon Coffee Cake, Palmore Cookies, Napoleon Nut Cake.
Kursus cara membuat aneka Soto & Peluang Usahanya: Uji resep Soto Ayam, Soto Banjar, Cotto Makassar, Soto Betawi.
Kursus European Food
Kursus Paket Usaha Café: minuman ala café, cocktail, moctail, alcoholic drink. Special Coffee, Special Tea, special Milk.
Kursus cara membuat Batagor, Siomay Bandung, Otak Otak Tengiri Bakar, lengkap dengan sambel kacangnya. Diajarkan resep untuk catering dengan timbangan bahan yang tepat.
Dan masih banyak lagi Kursus Masakan & Kue yang lain, Sesuai dengan permintaan anda.
Kursus Soft cara memproduksi Soft Ice cream: Vanilla – Chocolate – Strawberry.
Kursus Aneka Cup Cakes Strawberry, Mocca – Cheese dengan penampilan yang lucu & menarik. Diajarkan cara menghiasnya.
Kursus Masakan manado: Sup kacang merah, Woku Balanga, Ayam baker air madidi. Rica rica ikan tongkol.
Kursus cara membuat Mousse Cake: triple chocolate, Tiramisu, Green Tea.
Kursus Aneka Sandwich: Tuna sandwich, Montecristo, Ratatouille on Toast.
Kursus Brownies/Brownies Kukus: Topping Chocolate, Pandan Brownies, Vanilla Mocca Cake.
Kursus Chinesse Food: Ayam saus Pedas, Ayam Masak Jamur, Ayam Masak Cabe Kering, Koloke.
Kursus Pudding Bakar: Caramel Pudding, Bread & Butter pudding, Cabinet Pudding.
Kursus cara membuat aneka kue Soes: Swans Soes/Sus Angsa, Ecclair, Sandwich. Diajarkan membuat aneka model & cara penyajiannya.
Kursus masakan Thailand: Nasi Goreng Tom Yam, Sup TomYam Goong, Mie Goreng Daging & seafood, Chicken in pandan Leave.
Kursus Kue, Roti & Masakan
Info: 0813 3200 3300.
Pin BB: 2699992D.
Telp: 031- 8433224-25.
Jln. Raya Jemursari 234 & 244. Surabaya.
Royal Plaza lantai 3 blok N1 no. 17.
Info: 082140388070. Flexi: 031 83109709, Esia: 031-91938824
Tristar mengadakan aneka kursus singkat, peserta praktek langsung (on hands training) dibimbing oleh dosen yang berpengalaman dibidangnya.
Kursus Masakan Eropa/European Food Course:
Kursus Beef Stroganoff with spaghetti, Potato Soup, Chicken Cordon Blue, Mix Vegetables
Kursus French Onion Soup, Rosemary Roast Chicken, Macaroni w/Corn & Smoke Beef, Mashed Potato.
Kursus Clam Chowder, Chicken Chasseur, Beef Bourguignon, Grill Corn on Cob
Kursus Mushroom Soup, Tuna Fettucine, Beef Goulash, Onion Ring
Kursus Mineston, Chicken Primavera, Calamari, Baked Potato.
Kursus Aneka Permen. Diajarkan aneka resep dengan timbangan tepat: Permen Jelly, Hard Candy, Soft Candy.
Kursus Wedding Cake/Kue pengantin: Hiasan Gum Paste, Plastic Icing, Royal Icing.
Kursus Mie Kocok. Diajarkan mulai dari membuat mie, aneka resep untuk isian & cara membuat kuahnya. Diajarkan cara pembuatan mie nya dengan resep timbangan tepat untuk usaha. Praktek dengan menggunakan mesin penipis & pemotong mie yang praktis.
Kursus Aneka Mie: diajarkan aneka resep: Lo Mie, Mie Ayam Jamur, Mie Pangsit Ujung Pandang, Mie Medan.
Kursus Aneka Mie: Resep Tami Capcay, Ifumie seafood, Kwetiaw Goreng, Mie Goreng Daging & seafood ala Thailand.
Aneka Kursus & Pelatihan yang ada di Tristar Kuliner:
Kursus : Siobak, Sioke, Chasio. Resep telah teruji, dijamin Renyah.
Kursus Aneka Pie: Pie Buah, Lemon Pie, Quiche Lorraine.
Kursus Roti Taiwan: Mocca Bun, Taiwan Polo, Sausage Bun, Roti Abon.
Kursus Indonesian Food/resep masakan indonesia: Tahu Tek, Tahu Campur, Lontong Balap.
Pelatihan Aneka Sup: Tom Yam Sup, Sup krim Jamur, Sup Ayam Jagung, Wonton Sup.
Kursus Aneka Pudding: Montelimar Pudding, Watermelon Pudding, Yoghurt Caramel Pudding.
Kursus Masakan China: Ayam Saus Inggris, Ayam Masak Cabe Kering, Koloke, Ayam Masak Jamur.
Kursus Roti Taiwan: Chocolate Polo, Roll sausage bun, Smoke cheesy Bun, Flossy Mayo.
Kursus aneka kue lapis: kue lapis Surabaya, spiku, lapis mandarin, lapis prune
Kursus Petit Four/Small Pastry: Mocca Cake, Devil Cake, Mud Cake.
Kursus Fancy Cookies: Cinnamon Cookies, Ginger Cookies dengan Icing Animasi
Kursus aneka salad: Huzarenzla, fruit salad, shrimp cocktail, salad bar
Kursus Aneka Pizza: Supreme Pizza, Italian Pizza, Meat Lover Pizza
Kursus Bebek Peking. Diajarkan membuat Bebek Peking yang kulitnya Crispy, Kulit lumpia. Daging bebek diolah lagi. Peserta langsung praktek.
Kursus aneka dimsum: Kaki ayam, Hakau, lumpia kulit tahu, siomay. Resep telah diuji.
Kursus aneka croissant: croisant sandwich, croissant ragout, croissant cheese
Kursus aneka sup: Sup Tim Ayam Obat, Sup shanghai, Sup sehat jamur es.
Kursus aneka pasta: Spaghetti bolognaise, Lasagna, Fettucine Udang
Kursus japanesse food/resep masakan jepang: chicken teriyaki, shushi, tempura, chawan mushi.
Kursus Aneka Donut: Donat Topping Coklat, Topping Glazur, Barliner, Topping Cream cheese.
Kursus Masakan: Aneka resep: Spaghetti Bolognaise, Lasagna, Fettucine Carbonara.
Kursus Fast Food Hoka Hoka Bento: Egg Chicken Roll, Breaded Chicken Ball, Ekkado, Chicken Katsu.
Kursus aneka pastry: Chicken Curry, Cream Horn, Apple puff.
Kursus aneka steak: Beef rib with BBQ sauce, Sirloin with black peeper sauce, Chicken steak with mushroom sauce.
Kursus aneka bakso: Bakso Halus, Bakso Kasar, Siomay, Bakso Goreng, Diajarkan membuat kuah & sambalnya. Resep dengan timbangan tepat.
Kursus D’Creepes: Banana Caramel Creepes, Coctail Creepes, Sandwich Creepes, Peserta langsung Praktek.
Kursus Special Cake: Tiramisu, Opera Cake, Capucino Maker.
Kursus Sponge Pudding, Vanilla Strawberry Pudding, Cocopandan Pudding, Montelimar.
Kursus Kue Kering: Nastar, Kastengel, Butter Cookies, Lidah Kucing keju.
Kursus Cake: Black Forest, Tropical Cake, Sacher Cake.
Kursus Dimsum: Lumpia Udang Mayonaise, Lumpia 2 Telur, Lumpia Vietnam, Bubur Ayam.
Kursus Asian Food: Kepiting Singapore, Seafood ala Vietnam, Kare Tongkol ala Malaysia.
Kursus napoleon Cake: Napoleon Fruit Cake, Napoleon Coffee Cake, Palmore Cookies, Napoleon Nut Cake.
Kursus cara membuat aneka Soto & Peluang Usahanya: Uji resep Soto Ayam, Soto Banjar, Cotto Makassar, Soto Betawi.
Kursus European Food
Kursus Paket Usaha Café: minuman ala café, cocktail, moctail, alcoholic drink. Special Coffee, Special Tea, special Milk.
Kursus cara membuat Batagor, Siomay Bandung, Otak Otak Tengiri Bakar, lengkap dengan sambel kacangnya. Diajarkan resep untuk catering dengan timbangan bahan yang tepat.
Dan masih banyak lagi Kursus Masakan & Kue yang lain, Sesuai dengan permintaan anda.
Kursus Soft cara memproduksi Soft Ice cream: Vanilla – Chocolate – Strawberry.
Kursus Aneka Cup Cakes Strawberry, Mocca – Cheese dengan penampilan yang lucu & menarik. Diajarkan cara menghiasnya.
Kursus Masakan manado: Sup kacang merah, Woku Balanga, Ayam baker air madidi. Rica rica ikan tongkol.
Kursus cara membuat Mousse Cake: triple chocolate, Tiramisu, Green Tea.
Kursus Aneka Sandwich: Tuna sandwich, Montecristo, Ratatouille on Toast.
Kursus Brownies/Brownies Kukus: Topping Chocolate, Pandan Brownies, Vanilla Mocca Cake.
Kursus Chinesse Food: Ayam saus Pedas, Ayam Masak Jamur, Ayam Masak Cabe Kering, Koloke.
Kursus Pudding Bakar: Caramel Pudding, Bread & Butter pudding, Cabinet Pudding.
Kursus cara membuat aneka kue Soes: Swans Soes/Sus Angsa, Ecclair, Sandwich. Diajarkan membuat aneka model & cara penyajiannya.
Kursus masakan Thailand: Nasi Goreng Tom Yam, Sup TomYam Goong, Mie Goreng Daging & seafood, Chicken in pandan Leave.
Kursus Kue, Roti & Masakan
Info: 0813 3200 3300.
Pin BB: 2699992D.
Telp: 031- 8433224-25.
Jln. Raya Jemursari 234 & 244. Surabaya.
Royal Plaza lantai 3 blok N1 no. 17.
Info: 082140388070. Flexi: 031 83109709, Esia: 031-91938824
Tristar mengadakan aneka kursus singkat, peserta praktek langsung (on hands training) dibimbing oleh dosen yang berpengalaman dibidangnya.
Kursus Masakan Eropa/European Food Course:
Kursus Beef Stroganoff with spaghetti, Potato Soup, Chicken Cordon Blue, Mix Vegetables
Kursus French Onion Soup, Rosemary Roast Chicken, Macaroni w/Corn & Smoke Beef, Mashed Potato.
Kursus Clam Chowder, Chicken Chasseur, Beef Bourguignon, Grill Corn on Cob
Kursus Mushroom Soup, Tuna Fettucine, Beef Goulash, Onion Ring
Kursus Mineston, Chicken Primavera, Calamari, Baked Potato.
Kursus Aneka Permen. Diajarkan aneka resep dengan timbangan tepat: Permen Jelly, Hard Candy, Soft Candy.
Kursus Wedding Cake/Kue pengantin: Hiasan Gum Paste, Plastic Icing, Royal Icing.
Kursus Mie Kocok. Diajarkan mulai dari membuat mie, aneka resep untuk isian & cara membuat kuahnya. Diajarkan cara pembuatan mie nya dengan resep timbangan tepat untuk usaha. Praktek dengan menggunakan mesin penipis & pemotong mie yang praktis.
Kursus Aneka Mie: diajarkan aneka resep: Lo Mie, Mie Ayam Jamur, Mie Pangsit Ujung Pandang, Mie Medan.
Kursus Aneka Mie: Resep Tami Capcay, Ifumie seafood, Kwetiaw Goreng, Mie Goreng Daging & seafood ala Thailand.
Aneka Kursus & Pelatihan yang ada di Tristar Kuliner:
Kursus : Siobak, Sioke, Chasio. Resep telah teruji, dijamin Renyah.
Kursus Aneka Pie: Pie Buah, Lemon Pie, Quiche Lorraine.
Kursus Roti Taiwan: Mocca Bun, Taiwan Polo, Sausage Bun, Roti Abon.
Kursus Indonesian Food/resep masakan indonesia: Tahu Tek, Tahu Campur, Lontong Balap.
Pelatihan Aneka Sup: Tom Yam Sup, Sup krim Jamur, Sup Ayam Jagung, Wonton Sup.
Kursus Aneka Pudding: Montelimar Pudding, Watermelon Pudding, Yoghurt Caramel Pudding.
Kursus Masakan China: Ayam Saus Inggris, Ayam Masak Cabe Kering, Koloke, Ayam Masak Jamur.
Kursus Roti Taiwan: Chocolate Polo, Roll sausage bun, Smoke cheesy Bun, Flossy Mayo.
Kursus aneka kue lapis: kue lapis Surabaya, spiku, lapis mandarin, lapis prune
Kursus Petit Four/Small Pastry: Mocca Cake, Devil Cake, Mud Cake.
Kursus Fancy Cookies: Cinnamon Cookies, Ginger Cookies dengan Icing Animasi
Kursus aneka salad: Huzarenzla, fruit salad, shrimp cocktail, salad bar
Kursus Aneka Pizza: Supreme Pizza, Italian Pizza, Meat Lover Pizza
Kursus Bebek Peking. Diajarkan membuat Bebek Peking yang kulitnya Crispy, Kulit lumpia. Daging bebek diolah lagi. Peserta langsung praktek.
Kursus aneka dimsum: Kaki ayam, Hakau, lumpia kulit tahu, siomay. Resep telah diuji.
Kursus aneka croissant: croisant sandwich, croissant ragout, croissant cheese
Kursus aneka sup: Sup Tim Ayam Obat, Sup shanghai, Sup sehat jamur es.
Kursus aneka pasta: Spaghetti bolognaise, Lasagna, Fettucine Udang
Kursus japanesse food/resep masakan jepang: chicken teriyaki, shushi, tempura, chawan mushi.
Kursus Aneka Donut: Donat Topping Coklat, Topping Glazur, Barliner, Topping Cream cheese.
Kursus Masakan: Aneka resep: Spaghetti Bolognaise, Lasagna, Fettucine Carbonara.
Kursus Fast Food Hoka Hoka Bento: Egg Chicken Roll, Breaded Chicken Ball, Ekkado, Chicken Katsu.
Kursus aneka pastry: Chicken Curry, Cream Horn, Apple puff.
Kursus aneka steak: Beef rib with BBQ sauce, Sirloin with black peeper sauce, Chicken steak with mushroom sauce.
Kursus aneka bakso: Bakso Halus, Bakso Kasar, Siomay, Bakso Goreng, Diajarkan membuat kuah & sambalnya. Resep dengan timbangan tepat.
Kursus D’Creepes: Banana Caramel Creepes, Coctail Creepes, Sandwich Creepes, Peserta langsung Praktek.
Kursus Special Cake: Tiramisu, Opera Cake, Capucino Maker.
Kursus Sponge Pudding, Vanilla Strawberry Pudding, Cocopandan Pudding, Montelimar.
Kursus Kue Kering: Nastar, Kastengel, Butter Cookies, Lidah Kucing keju.
Kursus Cake: Black Forest, Tropical Cake, Sacher Cake.
Kursus Dimsum: Lumpia Udang Mayonaise, Lumpia 2 Telur, Lumpia Vietnam, Bubur Ayam.
Kursus Asian Food: Kepiting Singapore, Seafood ala Vietnam, Kare Tongkol ala Malaysia.
Kursus napoleon Cake: Napoleon Fruit Cake, Napoleon Coffee Cake, Palmore Cookies, Napoleon Nut Cake.
Kursus cara membuat aneka Soto & Peluang Usahanya: Uji resep Soto Ayam, Soto Banjar, Cotto Makassar, Soto Betawi.
Kursus European Food
Kursus Paket Usaha Café: minuman ala café, cocktail, moctail, alcoholic drink. Special Coffee, Special Tea, special Milk.
Kursus cara membuat Batagor, Siomay Bandung, Otak Otak Tengiri Bakar, lengkap dengan sambel kacangnya. Diajarkan resep untuk catering dengan timbangan bahan yang tepat.
Dan masih banyak lagi Kursus Masakan & Kue yang lain, Sesuai dengan permintaan anda.
Kursus Soft cara memproduksi Soft Ice cream: Vanilla – Chocolate – Strawberry.
Kursus Aneka Cup Cakes Strawberry, Mocca – Cheese dengan penampilan yang lucu & menarik. Diajarkan cara menghiasnya.
Kursus Masakan manado: Sup kacang merah, Woku Balanga, Ayam baker air madidi. Rica rica ikan tongkol.
Kursus cara membuat Mousse Cake: triple chocolate, Tiramisu, Green Tea.
Kursus Aneka Sandwich: Tuna sandwich, Montecristo, Ratatouille on Toast.
Kursus Brownies/Brownies Kukus: Topping Chocolate, Pandan Brownies, Vanilla Mocca Cake.
Kursus Chinesse Food: Ayam saus Pedas, Ayam Masak Jamur, Ayam Masak Cabe Kering, Koloke.
Kursus Pudding Bakar: Caramel Pudding, Bread & Butter pudding, Cabinet Pudding.
Kursus cara membuat aneka kue Soes: Swans Soes/Sus Angsa, Ecclair, Sandwich. Diajarkan membuat aneka model & cara penyajiannya.
Kursus masakan Thailand: Nasi Goreng Tom Yam, Sup TomYam Goong, Mie Goreng Daging & seafood, Chicken in pandan Leave.
Kursus Kue, Roti & Masakan
Info: 0813 3200 3300.
Pin BB: 2699992D.
Telp: 031- 8433224-25.
Jln. Raya Jemursari 234 & 244. Surabaya.
Royal Plaza lantai 3 blok N1 no. 17.
Info: 082140388070. Flexi: 031 83109709, Esia: 031-91938824
Tristar mengadakan aneka kursus singkat, peserta praktek langsung (on hands training) dibimbing oleh dosen yang berpengalaman dibidangnya.
Kursus Masakan Eropa/European Food Course:
Kursus Beef Stroganoff with spaghetti, Potato Soup, Chicken Cordon Blue, Mix Vegetables
Kursus French Onion Soup, Rosemary Roast Chicken, Macaroni w/Corn & Smoke Beef, Mashed Potato.
Kursus Clam Chowder, Chicken Chasseur, Beef Bourguignon, Grill Corn on Cob
Kursus Mushroom Soup, Tuna Fettucine, Beef Goulash, Onion Ring
Kursus Mineston, Chicken Primavera, Calamari, Baked Potato.
Kursus Aneka Permen. Diajarkan aneka resep dengan timbangan tepat: Permen Jelly, Hard Candy, Soft Candy.
Kursus Wedding Cake/Kue pengantin: Hiasan Gum Paste, Plastic Icing, Royal Icing.
Kursus Mie Kocok. Diajarkan mulai dari membuat mie, aneka resep untuk isian & cara membuat kuahnya. Diajarkan cara pembuatan mie nya dengan resep timbangan tepat untuk usaha. Praktek dengan menggunakan mesin penipis & pemotong mie yang praktis.
Kursus Aneka Mie: diajarkan aneka resep: Lo Mie, Mie Ayam Jamur, Mie Pangsit Ujung Pandang, Mie Medan.
Kursus Aneka Mie: Resep Tami Capcay, Ifumie seafood, Kwetiaw Goreng, Mie Goreng Daging & seafood ala Thailand.
Aneka Kursus & Pelatihan yang ada di Tristar Kuliner:
Kursus : Siobak, Sioke, Chasio. Resep telah teruji, dijamin Renyah.
Kursus Aneka Pie: Pie Buah, Lemon Pie, Quiche Lorraine.
Kursus Roti Taiwan: Mocca Bun, Taiwan Polo, Sausage Bun, Roti Abon.
Kursus Indonesian Food/resep masakan indonesia: Tahu Tek, Tahu Campur, Lontong Balap.
Pelatihan Aneka Sup: Tom Yam Sup, Sup krim Jamur, Sup Ayam Jagung, Wonton Sup.
Kursus Aneka Pudding: Montelimar Pudding, Watermelon Pudding, Yoghurt Caramel Pudding.
Kursus Masakan China: Ayam Saus Inggris, Ayam Masak Cabe Kering, Koloke, Ayam Masak Jamur.
Kursus Roti Taiwan: Chocolate Polo, Roll sausage bun, Smoke cheesy Bun, Flossy Mayo.
Kursus aneka kue lapis: kue lapis Surabaya, spiku, lapis mandarin, lapis prune
Kursus Petit Four/Small Pastry: Mocca Cake, Devil Cake, Mud Cake.
Kursus Fancy Cookies: Cinnamon Cookies, Ginger Cookies dengan Icing Animasi
Kursus aneka salad: Huzarenzla, fruit salad, shrimp cocktail, salad bar
Kursus Aneka Pizza: Supreme Pizza, Italian Pizza, Meat Lover Pizza
Kursus Bebek Peking. Diajarkan membuat Bebek Peking yang kulitnya Crispy, Kulit lumpia. Daging bebek diolah lagi. Peserta langsung praktek.
Kursus aneka dimsum: Kaki ayam, Hakau, lumpia kulit tahu, siomay. Resep telah diuji.
Kursus aneka croissant: croisant sandwich, croissant ragout, croissant cheese
Kursus aneka sup: Sup Tim Ayam Obat, Sup shanghai, Sup sehat jamur es.
Kursus aneka pasta: Spaghetti bolognaise, Lasagna, Fettucine Udang
Kursus japanesse food/resep masakan jepang: chicken teriyaki, shushi, tempura, chawan mushi.
Kursus Aneka Donut: Donat Topping Coklat, Topping Glazur, Barliner, Topping Cream cheese.
Kursus Masakan: Aneka resep: Spaghetti Bolognaise, Lasagna, Fettucine Carbonara.
Kursus Fast Food Hoka Hoka Bento: Egg Chicken Roll, Breaded Chicken Ball, Ekkado, Chicken Katsu.
Kursus aneka pastry: Chicken Curry, Cream Horn, Apple puff.
Kursus aneka steak: Beef rib with BBQ sauce, Sirloin with black peeper sauce, Chicken steak with mushroom sauce.
Kursus aneka bakso: Bakso Halus, Bakso Kasar, Siomay, Bakso Goreng, Diajarkan membuat kuah & sambalnya. Resep dengan timbangan tepat.
Kursus D’Creepes: Banana Caramel Creepes, Coctail Creepes, Sandwich Creepes, Peserta langsung Praktek.
Kursus Special Cake: Tiramisu, Opera Cake, Capucino Maker.
Kursus Sponge Pudding, Vanilla Strawberry Pudding, Cocopandan Pudding, Montelimar.
Kursus Kue Kering: Nastar, Kastengel, Butter Cookies, Lidah Kucing keju.
Kursus Cake: Black Forest, Tropical Cake, Sacher Cake.
Kursus Dimsum: Lumpia Udang Mayonaise, Lumpia 2 Telur, Lumpia Vietnam, Bubur Ayam.
Kursus Asian Food: Kepiting Singapore, Seafood ala Vietnam, Kare Tongkol ala Malaysia.
Kursus napoleon Cake: Napoleon Fruit Cake, Napoleon Coffee Cake, Palmore Cookies, Napoleon Nut Cake.
Kursus cara membuat aneka Soto & Peluang Usahanya: Uji resep Soto Ayam, Soto Banjar, Cotto Makassar, Soto Betawi.
Kursus European Food
Kursus Paket Usaha Café: minuman ala café, cocktail, moctail, alcoholic drink. Special Coffee, Special Tea, special Milk.
Kursus cara membuat Batagor, Siomay Bandung, Otak Otak Tengiri Bakar, lengkap dengan sambel kacangnya. Diajarkan resep untuk catering dengan timbangan bahan yang tepat.
Dan masih banyak lagi Kursus Masakan & Kue yang lain, Sesuai dengan permintaan anda.
Kursus Soft cara memproduksi Soft Ice cream: Vanilla – Chocolate – Strawberry.
Kursus Aneka Cup Cakes Strawberry, Mocca – Cheese dengan penampilan yang lucu & menarik. Diajarkan cara menghiasnya.
Kursus Masakan manado: Sup kacang merah, Woku Balanga, Ayam baker air madidi. Rica rica ikan tongkol.
Kursus cara membuat Mousse Cake: triple chocolate, Tiramisu, Green Tea.
Kursus Aneka Sandwich: Tuna sandwich, Montecristo, Ratatouille on Toast.
Kursus Brownies/Brownies Kukus: Topping Chocolate, Pandan Brownies, Vanilla Mocca Cake.
Kursus Chinesse Food: Ayam saus Pedas, Ayam Masak Jamur, Ayam Masak Cabe Kering, Koloke.
Kursus Pudding Bakar: Caramel Pudding, Bread & Butter pudding, Cabinet Pudding.
Kursus cara membuat aneka kue Soes: Swans Soes/Sus Angsa, Ecclair, Sandwich. Diajarkan membuat aneka model & cara penyajiannya.
Kursus masakan Thailand: Nasi Goreng Tom Yam, Sup TomYam Goong, Mie Goreng Daging & seafood, Chicken in pandan Leave.
Kursus Kue, Roti & Masakan
Info: 0813 3200 3300.
Pin BB: 2699992D.
Telp: 031- 8433224-25.
Jln. Raya Jemursari 234 & 244. Surabaya.
Royal Plaza lantai 3 blok N1 no. 17.
Info: 082140388070. Flexi: 031 83109709, Esia: 031-91938824
Tristar mengadakan aneka kursus singkat, peserta praktek langsung (on hands training) dibimbing oleh dosen yang berpengalaman dibidangnya.
Kursus Masakan Eropa/European Food Course:
Kursus Beef Stroganoff with spaghetti, Potato Soup, Chicken Cordon Blue, Mix Vegetables
Kursus French Onion Soup, Rosemary Roast Chicken, Macaroni w/Corn & Smoke Beef, Mashed Potato.
Kursus Clam Chowder, Chicken Chasseur, Beef Bourguignon, Grill Corn on Cob
Kursus Mushroom Soup, Tuna Fettucine, Beef Goulash, Onion Ring
Kursus Mineston, Chicken Primavera, Calamari, Baked Potato.
Kursus Aneka Permen. Diajarkan aneka resep dengan timbangan tepat: Permen Jelly, Hard Candy, Soft Candy.
Kursus Wedding Cake/Kue pengantin: Hiasan Gum Paste, Plastic Icing, Royal Icing.
Kursus Mie Kocok. Diajarkan mulai dari membuat mie, aneka resep untuk isian & cara membuat kuahnya. Diajarkan cara pembuatan mie nya dengan resep timbangan tepat untuk usaha. Praktek dengan menggunakan mesin penipis & pemotong mie yang praktis.
Kursus Aneka Mie: diajarkan aneka resep: Lo Mie, Mie Ayam Jamur, Mie Pangsit Ujung Pandang, Mie Medan.
Kursus Aneka Mie: Resep Tami Capcay, Ifumie seafood, Kwetiaw Goreng, Mie Goreng Daging & seafood ala Thailand.
Aneka Kursus & Pelatihan yang ada di Tristar Kuliner:
Kursus : Siobak, Sioke, Chasio. Resep telah teruji, dijamin Renyah.
Kursus Aneka Pie: Pie Buah, Lemon Pie, Quiche Lorraine.
Kursus Roti Taiwan: Mocca Bun, Taiwan Polo, Sausage Bun, Roti Abon.
Kursus Indonesian Food/resep masakan indonesia: Tahu Tek, Tahu Campur, Lontong Balap.
Pelatihan Aneka Sup: Tom Yam Sup, Sup krim Jamur, Sup Ayam Jagung, Wonton Sup.
Kursus Aneka Pudding: Montelimar Pudding, Watermelon Pudding, Yoghurt Caramel Pudding.
Kursus Masakan China: Ayam Saus Inggris, Ayam Masak Cabe Kering, Koloke, Ayam Masak Jamur.
Kursus Roti Taiwan: Chocolate Polo, Roll sausage bun, Smoke cheesy Bun, Flossy Mayo.
Kursus aneka kue lapis: kue lapis Surabaya, spiku, lapis mandarin, lapis prune
Kursus Petit Four/Small Pastry: Mocca Cake, Devil Cake, Mud Cake.
Kursus Fancy Cookies: Cinnamon Cookies, Ginger Cookies dengan Icing Animasi
Kursus aneka salad: Huzarenzla, fruit salad, shrimp cocktail, salad bar
Kursus Aneka Pizza: Supreme Pizza, Italian Pizza, Meat Lover Pizza
Kursus Bebek Peking. Diajarkan membuat Bebek Peking yang kulitnya Crispy, Kulit lumpia. Daging bebek diolah lagi. Peserta langsung praktek.
Kursus aneka dimsum: Kaki ayam, Hakau, lumpia kulit tahu, siomay. Resep telah diuji.
Kursus aneka croissant: croisant sandwich, croissant ragout, croissant cheese
Kursus aneka sup: Sup Tim Ayam Obat, Sup shanghai, Sup sehat jamur es.
Kursus aneka pasta: Spaghetti bolognaise, Lasagna, Fettucine Udang
Kursus japanesse food/resep masakan jepang: chicken teriyaki, shushi, tempura, chawan mushi.
Kursus Aneka Donut: Donat Topping Coklat, Topping Glazur, Barliner, Topping Cream cheese.
Kursus Masakan: Aneka resep: Spaghetti Bolognaise, Lasagna, Fettucine Carbonara.
Kursus Fast Food Hoka Hoka Bento: Egg Chicken Roll, Breaded Chicken Ball, Ekkado, Chicken Katsu.
Kursus aneka pastry: Chicken Curry, Cream Horn, Apple puff.
Kursus aneka steak: Beef rib with BBQ sauce, Sirloin with black peeper sauce, Chicken steak with mushroom sauce.
Kursus aneka bakso: Bakso Halus, Bakso Kasar, Siomay, Bakso Goreng, Diajarkan membuat kuah & sambalnya. Resep dengan timbangan tepat.
Kursus D’Creepes: Banana Caramel Creepes, Coctail Creepes, Sandwich Creepes, Peserta langsung Praktek.
Kursus Special Cake: Tiramisu, Opera Cake, Capucino Maker.
Kursus Sponge Pudding, Vanilla Strawberry Pudding, Cocopandan Pudding, Montelimar.
Kursus Kue Kering: Nastar, Kastengel, Butter Cookies, Lidah Kucing keju.
Kursus Cake: Black Forest, Tropical Cake, Sacher Cake.
Kursus Dimsum: Lumpia Udang Mayonaise, Lumpia 2 Telur, Lumpia Vietnam, Bubur Ayam.
Kursus Asian Food: Kepiting Singapore, Seafood ala Vietnam, Kare Tongkol ala Malaysia.
Kursus napoleon Cake: Napoleon Fruit Cake, Napoleon Coffee Cake, Palmore Cookies, Napoleon Nut Cake.
Kursus cara membuat aneka Soto & Peluang Usahanya: Uji resep Soto Ayam, Soto Banjar, Cotto Makassar, Soto Betawi.
Kursus European Food
Kursus Paket Usaha Café: minuman ala café, cocktail, moctail, alcoholic drink. Special Coffee, Special Tea, special Milk.
Kursus cara membuat Batagor, Siomay Bandung, Otak Otak Tengiri Bakar, lengkap dengan sambel kacangnya. Diajarkan resep untuk catering dengan timbangan bahan yang tepat.
Dan masih banyak lagi Kursus Masakan & Kue yang lain, Sesuai dengan permintaan anda.
Kursus Soft cara memproduksi Soft Ice cream: Vanilla – Chocolate – Strawberry.
Kursus Aneka Cup Cakes Strawberry, Mocca – Cheese dengan penampilan yang lucu & menarik. Diajarkan cara menghiasnya.
Kursus Masakan manado: Sup kacang merah, Woku Balanga, Ayam baker air madidi. Rica rica ikan tongkol.
Kursus cara membuat Mousse Cake: triple chocolate, Tiramisu, Green Tea.
Kursus Aneka Sandwich: Tuna sandwich, Montecristo, Ratatouille on Toast.
Kursus Brownies/Brownies Kukus: Topping Chocolate, Pandan Brownies, Vanilla Mocca Cake.
Kursus Chinesse Food: Ayam saus Pedas, Ayam Masak Jamur, Ayam Masak Cabe Kering, Koloke.
Kursus Pudding Bakar: Caramel Pudding, Bread & Butter pudding, Cabinet Pudding.
Kursus cara membuat aneka kue Soes: Swans Soes/Sus Angsa, Ecclair, Sandwich. Diajarkan membuat aneka model & cara penyajiannya.
Kursus masakan Thailand: Nasi Goreng Tom Yam, Sup TomYam Goong, Mie Goreng Daging & seafood, Chicken in pandan Leave.
Kursus Kue, Roti & Masakan
Info: 0813 3200 3300.
Pin BB: 2699992D.
Telp: 031- 8433224-25.
Jln. Raya Jemursari 234 & 244. Surabaya.
Royal Plaza lantai 3 blok N1 no. 17.
Info: 082140388070. Flexi: 031 83109709, Esia: 031-91938824
Tristar mengadakan aneka kursus singkat, peserta praktek langsung (on hands training) dibimbing oleh dosen yang berpengalaman dibidangnya.
Kursus Masakan Eropa/European Food Course:
Kursus Beef Stroganoff with spaghetti, Potato Soup, Chicken Cordon Blue, Mix Vegetables
Kursus French Onion Soup, Rosemary Roast Chicken, Macaroni w/Corn & Smoke Beef, Mashed Potato.
Kursus Clam Chowder, Chicken Chasseur, Beef Bourguignon, Grill Corn on Cob
Kursus Mushroom Soup, Tuna Fettucine, Beef Goulash, Onion Ring
Kursus Mineston, Chicken Primavera, Calamari, Baked Potato.
Kursus Aneka Permen. Diajarkan aneka resep dengan timbangan tepat: Permen Jelly, Hard Candy, Soft Candy.
Kursus Wedding Cake/Kue pengantin: Hiasan Gum Paste, Plastic Icing, Royal Icing.
Kursus Mie Kocok. Diajarkan mulai dari membuat mie, aneka resep untuk isian & cara membuat kuahnya. Diajarkan cara pembuatan mie nya dengan resep timbangan tepat untuk usaha. Praktek dengan menggunakan mesin penipis & pemotong mie yang praktis.
Kursus Aneka Mie: diajarkan aneka resep: Lo Mie, Mie Ayam Jamur, Mie Pangsit Ujung Pandang, Mie Medan.
Kursus Aneka Mie: Resep Tami Capcay, Ifumie seafood, Kwetiaw Goreng, Mie Goreng Daging & seafood ala Thailand.
Aneka Kursus & Pelatihan yang ada di Tristar Kuliner:
Kursus : Siobak, Sioke, Chasio. Resep telah teruji, dijamin Renyah.
Kursus Aneka Pie: Pie Buah, Lemon Pie, Quiche Lorraine.
Kursus Roti Taiwan: Mocca Bun, Taiwan Polo, Sausage Bun, Roti Abon.
Kursus Indonesian Food/resep masakan indonesia: Tahu Tek, Tahu Campur, Lontong Balap.
Pelatihan Aneka Sup: Tom Yam Sup, Sup krim Jamur, Sup Ayam Jagung, Wonton Sup.
Kursus Aneka Pudding: Montelimar Pudding, Watermelon Pudding, Yoghurt Caramel Pudding.
Kursus Masakan China: Ayam Saus Inggris, Ayam Masak Cabe Kering, Koloke, Ayam Masak Jamur.
Kursus Roti Taiwan: Chocolate Polo, Roll sausage bun, Smoke cheesy Bun, Flossy Mayo.
Kursus aneka kue lapis: kue lapis Surabaya, spiku, lapis mandarin, lapis prune
Kursus Petit Four/Small Pastry: Mocca Cake, Devil Cake, Mud Cake.
Kursus Fancy Cookies: Cinnamon Cookies, Ginger Cookies dengan Icing Animasi
Kursus aneka salad: Huzarenzla, fruit salad, shrimp cocktail, salad bar
Kursus Aneka Pizza: Supreme Pizza, Italian Pizza, Meat Lover Pizza
Kursus Bebek Peking. Diajarkan membuat Bebek Peking yang kulitnya Crispy, Kulit lumpia. Daging bebek diolah lagi. Peserta langsung praktek.
Kursus aneka dimsum: Kaki ayam, Hakau, lumpia kulit tahu, siomay. Resep telah diuji.
Kursus aneka croissant: croisant sandwich, croissant ragout, croissant cheese
Kursus aneka sup: Sup Tim Ayam Obat, Sup shanghai, Sup sehat jamur es.
Kursus aneka pasta: Spaghetti bolognaise, Lasagna, Fettucine Udang
Kursus japanesse food/resep masakan jepang: chicken teriyaki, shushi, tempura, chawan mushi.
Kursus Aneka Donut: Donat Topping Coklat, Topping Glazur, Barliner, Topping Cream cheese.
Kursus Masakan: Aneka resep: Spaghetti Bolognaise, Lasagna, Fettucine Carbonara.
Kursus Fast Food Hoka Hoka Bento: Egg Chicken Roll, Breaded Chicken Ball, Ekkado, Chicken Katsu.
Kursus aneka pastry: Chicken Curry, Cream Horn, Apple puff.
Kursus aneka steak: Beef rib with BBQ sauce, Sirloin with black peeper sauce, Chicken steak with mushroom sauce.
Kursus aneka bakso: Bakso Halus, Bakso Kasar, Siomay, Bakso Goreng, Diajarkan membuat kuah & sambalnya. Resep dengan timbangan tepat.
Kursus D’Creepes: Banana Caramel Creepes, Coctail Creepes, Sandwich Creepes, Peserta langsung Praktek.
Kursus Special Cake: Tiramisu, Opera Cake, Capucino Maker.
Kursus Sponge Pudding, Vanilla Strawberry Pudding, Cocopandan Pudding, Montelimar.
Kursus Kue Kering: Nastar, Kastengel, Butter Cookies, Lidah Kucing keju.
Kursus Cake: Black Forest, Tropical Cake, Sacher Cake.
Kursus Dimsum: Lumpia Udang Mayonaise, Lumpia 2 Telur, Lumpia Vietnam, Bubur Ayam.
Kursus Asian Food: Kepiting Singapore, Seafood ala Vietnam, Kare Tongkol ala Malaysia.
Kursus napoleon Cake: Napoleon Fruit Cake, Napoleon Coffee Cake, Palmore Cookies, Napoleon Nut Cake.
Kursus cara membuat aneka Soto & Peluang Usahanya: Uji resep Soto Ayam, Soto Banjar, Cotto Makassar, Soto Betawi.
Kursus European Food
Kursus Paket Usaha Café: minuman ala café, cocktail, moctail, alcoholic drink. Special Coffee, Special Tea, special Milk.
Kursus cara membuat Batagor, Siomay Bandung, Otak Otak Tengiri Bakar, lengkap dengan sambel kacangnya. Diajarkan resep untuk catering dengan timbangan bahan yang tepat.
Dan masih banyak lagi Kursus Masakan & Kue yang lain, Sesuai dengan permintaan anda.
Kursus Soft cara memproduksi Soft Ice cream: Vanilla – Chocolate – Strawberry.
Kursus Aneka Cup Cakes Strawberry, Mocca – Cheese dengan penampilan yang lucu & menarik. Diajarkan cara menghiasnya.
Kursus Masakan manado: Sup kacang merah, Woku Balanga, Ayam baker air madidi. Rica rica ikan tongkol.
Kursus cara membuat Mousse Cake: triple chocolate, Tiramisu, Green Tea.
Kursus Aneka Sandwich: Tuna sandwich, Montecristo, Ratatouille on Toast.
Kursus Brownies/Brownies Kukus: Topping Chocolate, Pandan Brownies, Vanilla Mocca Cake.
Kursus Chinesse Food: Ayam saus Pedas, Ayam Masak Jamur, Ayam Masak Cabe Kering, Koloke.
Kursus Pudding Bakar: Caramel Pudding, Bread & Butter pudding, Cabinet Pudding.
Kursus cara membuat aneka kue Soes: Swans Soes/Sus Angsa, Ecclair, Sandwich. Diajarkan membuat aneka model & cara penyajiannya.
Kursus masakan Thailand: Nasi Goreng Tom Yam, Sup TomYam Goong, Mie Goreng Daging & seafood, Chicken in pandan Leave.
Pelatihan Usaha Kuliner: Aneka Soto.
Info: 0813 3200 3300.
Kursus cara membuat aneka Soto & Peluang Usahanya: Uji resep Soto Ayam, Soto Banjar, Cotto Makassar, Soto Betawi.
Diajarkan Cara Memasak Aneka Soto dengan Metode Praktek Langsung.
Setelah mengikuti pelatihan, peserta bisa memulai usaha dibidang kuliner dengan menu andalan Aneka Soto.
Kursus Kue, Roti & Masakan
Info: 0813 3200 3300.
Pin BB: 2699992D.
Telp: 031- 8433224-25.
Jln. Raya Jemursari 234 & 244. Surabaya.
Royal Plaza lantai 3 blok N1 no. 17.
Info: 082140388070. Flexi: 031 83109709, Esia: 031-91938824
Tristar mengadakan aneka kursus singkat, peserta praktek langsung (on hands training) dibimbing oleh dosen yang berpengalaman dibidangnya.
Kursus Masakan Eropa/European Food Course:
Kursus Beef Stroganoff with spaghetti, Potato Soup, Chicken Cordon Blue, Mix Vegetables
Kursus French Onion Soup, Rosemary Roast Chicken, Macaroni w/Corn & Smoke Beef, Mashed Potato.
Kursus Clam Chowder, Chicken Chasseur, Beef Bourguignon, Grill Corn on Cob
Kursus Mushroom Soup, Tuna Fettucine, Beef Goulash, Onion Ring
Kursus Mineston, Chicken Primavera, Calamari, Baked Potato.
Kursus Aneka Permen. Diajarkan aneka resep dengan timbangan tepat: Permen Jelly, Hard Candy, Soft Candy.
Kursus Wedding Cake/Kue pengantin: Hiasan Gum Paste, Plastic Icing, Royal Icing.
Kursus Mie Kocok. Diajarkan mulai dari membuat mie, aneka resep untuk isian & cara membuat kuahnya. Diajarkan cara pembuatan mie nya dengan resep timbangan tepat untuk usaha. Praktek dengan menggunakan mesin penipis & pemotong mie yang praktis.
Kursus Aneka Mie: diajarkan aneka resep: Lo Mie, Mie Ayam Jamur, Mie Pangsit Ujung Pandang, Mie Medan.
Kursus Aneka Mie: Resep Tami Capcay, Ifumie seafood, Kwetiaw Goreng, Mie Goreng Daging & seafood ala Thailand.
Aneka Kursus & Pelatihan yang ada di Tristar Kuliner:
Kursus : Siobak, Sioke, Chasio. Resep telah teruji, dijamin Renyah.
Kursus Aneka Pie: Pie Buah, Lemon Pie, Quiche Lorraine.
Kursus Roti Taiwan: Mocca Bun, Taiwan Polo, Sausage Bun, Roti Abon.
Kursus Indonesian Food/resep masakan indonesia: Tahu Tek, Tahu Campur, Lontong Balap.
Pelatihan Aneka Sup: Tom Yam Sup, Sup krim Jamur, Sup Ayam Jagung, Wonton Sup.
Kursus Aneka Pudding: Montelimar Pudding, Watermelon Pudding, Yoghurt Caramel Pudding.
Kursus Masakan China: Ayam Saus Inggris, Ayam Masak Cabe Kering, Koloke, Ayam Masak Jamur.
Kursus Roti Taiwan: Chocolate Polo, Roll sausage bun, Smoke cheesy Bun, Flossy Mayo.
Kursus aneka kue lapis: kue lapis Surabaya, spiku, lapis mandarin, lapis prune
Kursus Petit Four/Small Pastry: Mocca Cake, Devil Cake, Mud Cake.
Kursus Fancy Cookies: Cinnamon Cookies, Ginger Cookies dengan Icing Animasi
Kursus aneka salad: Huzarenzla, fruit salad, shrimp cocktail, salad bar
Kursus Aneka Pizza: Supreme Pizza, Italian Pizza, Meat Lover Pizza
Kursus Bebek Peking. Diajarkan membuat Bebek Peking yang kulitnya Crispy, Kulit lumpia. Daging bebek diolah lagi. Peserta langsung praktek.
Kursus aneka dimsum: Kaki ayam, Hakau, lumpia kulit tahu, siomay. Resep telah diuji.
Kursus aneka croissant: croisant sandwich, croissant ragout, croissant cheese
Kursus aneka sup: Sup Tim Ayam Obat, Sup shanghai, Sup sehat jamur es.
Kursus aneka pasta: Spaghetti bolognaise, Lasagna, Fettucine Udang
Kursus japanesse food/resep masakan jepang: chicken teriyaki, shushi, tempura, chawan mushi.
Kursus Aneka Donut: Donat Topping Coklat, Topping Glazur, Barliner, Topping Cream cheese.
Kursus Masakan: Aneka resep: Spaghetti Bolognaise, Lasagna, Fettucine Carbonara.
Kursus Fast Food Hoka Hoka Bento: Egg Chicken Roll, Breaded Chicken Ball, Ekkado, Chicken Katsu.
Kursus aneka pastry: Chicken Curry, Cream Horn, Apple puff.
Kursus aneka steak: Beef rib with BBQ sauce, Sirloin with black peeper sauce, Chicken steak with mushroom sauce.
Kursus aneka bakso: Bakso Halus, Bakso Kasar, Siomay, Bakso Goreng, Diajarkan membuat kuah & sambalnya. Resep dengan timbangan tepat.
Kursus D’Creepes: Banana Caramel Creepes, Coctail Creepes, Sandwich Creepes, Peserta langsung Praktek.
Kursus Special Cake: Tiramisu, Opera Cake, Capucino Maker.
Kursus Sponge Pudding, Vanilla Strawberry Pudding, Cocopandan Pudding, Montelimar.
Kursus Kue Kering: Nastar, Kastengel, Butter Cookies, Lidah Kucing keju.
Kursus Cake: Black Forest, Tropical Cake, Sacher Cake.
Kursus Dimsum: Lumpia Udang Mayonaise, Lumpia 2 Telur, Lumpia Vietnam, Bubur Ayam.
Kursus Asian Food: Kepiting Singapore, Seafood ala Vietnam, Kare Tongkol ala Malaysia.
Kursus napoleon Cake: Napoleon Fruit Cake, Napoleon Coffee Cake, Palmore Cookies, Napoleon Nut Cake.
Kursus cara membuat aneka Soto & Peluang Usahanya: Uji resep Soto Ayam, Soto Banjar, Cotto Makassar, Soto Betawi.
Kursus European Food
Kursus Paket Usaha Café: minuman ala café, cocktail, moctail, alcoholic drink. Special Coffee, Special Tea, special Milk.
Kursus cara membuat Batagor, Siomay Bandung, Otak Otak Tengiri Bakar, lengkap dengan sambel kacangnya. Diajarkan resep untuk catering dengan timbangan bahan yang tepat.
Dan masih banyak lagi Kursus Masakan & Kue yang lain, Sesuai dengan permintaan anda.
Kursus Soft cara memproduksi Soft Ice cream: Vanilla – Chocolate – Strawberry.
Kursus Aneka Cup Cakes Strawberry, Mocca – Cheese dengan penampilan yang lucu & menarik. Diajarkan cara menghiasnya.
Kursus Masakan manado: Sup kacang merah, Woku Balanga, Ayam baker air madidi. Rica rica ikan tongkol.
Kursus cara membuat Mousse Cake: triple chocolate, Tiramisu, Green Tea.
Kursus Aneka Sandwich: Tuna sandwich, Montecristo, Ratatouille on Toast.
Kursus Brownies/Brownies Kukus: Topping Chocolate, Pandan Brownies, Vanilla Mocca Cake.
Kursus Chinesse Food: Ayam saus Pedas, Ayam Masak Jamur, Ayam Masak Cabe Kering, Koloke.
Kursus Pudding Bakar: Caramel Pudding, Bread & Butter pudding, Cabinet Pudding.
Kursus cara membuat aneka kue Soes: Swans Soes/Sus Angsa, Ecclair, Sandwich. Diajarkan membuat aneka model & cara penyajiannya.
Kursus masakan Thailand: Nasi Goreng Tom Yam, Sup TomYam Goong, Mie Goreng Daging & seafood, Chicken in pandan Leave.
Kursus Kue, Roti & Masakan
Info: 0813 3200 3300.
Pin BB: 2699992D.
Telp: 031- 8433224-25.
Jln. Raya Jemursari 234 & 244. Surabaya.
Royal Plaza lantai 3 blok N1 no. 17.
Info: 082140388070. Flexi: 031 83109709, Esia: 031-91938824
Tristar mengadakan aneka kursus singkat, peserta praktek langsung (on hands training) dibimbing oleh dosen yang berpengalaman dibidangnya.
Kursus Masakan Eropa/European Food Course:
Kursus Beef Stroganoff with spaghetti, Potato Soup, Chicken Cordon Blue, Mix Vegetables
Kursus French Onion Soup, Rosemary Roast Chicken, Macaroni w/Corn & Smoke Beef, Mashed Potato.
Kursus Clam Chowder, Chicken Chasseur, Beef Bourguignon, Grill Corn on Cob
Kursus Mushroom Soup, Tuna Fettucine, Beef Goulash, Onion Ring
Kursus Mineston, Chicken Primavera, Calamari, Baked Potato.
Kursus Aneka Permen. Diajarkan aneka resep dengan timbangan tepat: Permen Jelly, Hard Candy, Soft Candy.
Kursus Wedding Cake/Kue pengantin: Hiasan Gum Paste, Plastic Icing, Royal Icing.
Kursus Mie Kocok. Diajarkan mulai dari membuat mie, aneka resep untuk isian & cara membuat kuahnya. Diajarkan cara pembuatan mie nya dengan resep timbangan tepat untuk usaha. Praktek dengan menggunakan mesin penipis & pemotong mie yang praktis.
Kursus Aneka Mie: diajarkan aneka resep: Lo Mie, Mie Ayam Jamur, Mie Pangsit Ujung Pandang, Mie Medan.
Kursus Aneka Mie: Resep Tami Capcay, Ifumie seafood, Kwetiaw Goreng, Mie Goreng Daging & seafood ala Thailand.
Aneka Kursus & Pelatihan yang ada di Tristar Kuliner:
Kursus : Siobak, Sioke, Chasio. Resep telah teruji, dijamin Renyah.
Kursus Aneka Pie: Pie Buah, Lemon Pie, Quiche Lorraine.
Kursus Roti Taiwan: Mocca Bun, Taiwan Polo, Sausage Bun, Roti Abon.
Kursus Indonesian Food/resep masakan indonesia: Tahu Tek, Tahu Campur, Lontong Balap.
Pelatihan Aneka Sup: Tom Yam Sup, Sup krim Jamur, Sup Ayam Jagung, Wonton Sup.
Kursus Aneka Pudding: Montelimar Pudding, Watermelon Pudding, Yoghurt Caramel Pudding.
Kursus Masakan China: Ayam Saus Inggris, Ayam Masak Cabe Kering, Koloke, Ayam Masak Jamur.
Kursus Roti Taiwan: Chocolate Polo, Roll sausage bun, Smoke cheesy Bun, Flossy Mayo.
Kursus aneka kue lapis: kue lapis Surabaya, spiku, lapis mandarin, lapis prune
Kursus Petit Four/Small Pastry: Mocca Cake, Devil Cake, Mud Cake.
Kursus Fancy Cookies: Cinnamon Cookies, Ginger Cookies dengan Icing Animasi
Kursus aneka salad: Huzarenzla, fruit salad, shrimp cocktail, salad bar
Kursus Aneka Pizza: Supreme Pizza, Italian Pizza, Meat Lover Pizza
Kursus Bebek Peking. Diajarkan membuat Bebek Peking yang kulitnya Crispy, Kulit lumpia. Daging bebek diolah lagi. Peserta langsung praktek.
Kursus aneka dimsum: Kaki ayam, Hakau, lumpia kulit tahu, siomay. Resep telah diuji.
Kursus aneka croissant: croisant sandwich, croissant ragout, croissant cheese
Kursus aneka sup: Sup Tim Ayam Obat, Sup shanghai, Sup sehat jamur es.
Kursus aneka pasta: Spaghetti bolognaise, Lasagna, Fettucine Udang
Kursus japanesse food/resep masakan jepang: chicken teriyaki, shushi, tempura, chawan mushi.
Kursus Aneka Donut: Donat Topping Coklat, Topping Glazur, Barliner, Topping Cream cheese.
Kursus Masakan: Aneka resep: Spaghetti Bolognaise, Lasagna, Fettucine Carbonara.
Kursus Fast Food Hoka Hoka Bento: Egg Chicken Roll, Breaded Chicken Ball, Ekkado, Chicken Katsu.
Kursus aneka pastry: Chicken Curry, Cream Horn, Apple puff.
Kursus aneka steak: Beef rib with BBQ sauce, Sirloin with black peeper sauce, Chicken steak with mushroom sauce.
Kursus aneka bakso: Bakso Halus, Bakso Kasar, Siomay, Bakso Goreng, Diajarkan membuat kuah & sambalnya. Resep dengan timbangan tepat.
Kursus D’Creepes: Banana Caramel Creepes, Coctail Creepes, Sandwich Creepes, Peserta langsung Praktek.
Kursus Special Cake: Tiramisu, Opera Cake, Capucino Maker.
Kursus Sponge Pudding, Vanilla Strawberry Pudding, Cocopandan Pudding, Montelimar.
Kursus Kue Kering: Nastar, Kastengel, Butter Cookies, Lidah Kucing keju.
Kursus Cake: Black Forest, Tropical Cake, Sacher Cake.
Kursus Dimsum: Lumpia Udang Mayonaise, Lumpia 2 Telur, Lumpia Vietnam, Bubur Ayam.
Kursus Asian Food: Kepiting Singapore, Seafood ala Vietnam, Kare Tongkol ala Malaysia.
Kursus napoleon Cake: Napoleon Fruit Cake, Napoleon Coffee Cake, Palmore Cookies, Napoleon Nut Cake.
Kursus cara membuat aneka Soto & Peluang Usahanya: Uji resep Soto Ayam, Soto Banjar, Cotto Makassar, Soto Betawi.
Kursus European Food
Kursus Paket Usaha Café: minuman ala café, cocktail, moctail, alcoholic drink. Special Coffee, Special Tea, special Milk.
Kursus cara membuat Batagor, Siomay Bandung, Otak Otak Tengiri Bakar, lengkap dengan sambel kacangnya. Diajarkan resep untuk catering dengan timbangan bahan yang tepat.
Dan masih banyak lagi Kursus Masakan & Kue yang lain, Sesuai dengan permintaan anda.
Kursus Soft cara memproduksi Soft Ice cream: Vanilla – Chocolate – Strawberry.
Kursus Aneka Cup Cakes Strawberry, Mocca – Cheese dengan penampilan yang lucu & menarik. Diajarkan cara menghiasnya.
Kursus Masakan manado: Sup kacang merah, Woku Balanga, Ayam baker air madidi. Rica rica ikan tongkol.
Kursus cara membuat Mousse Cake: triple chocolate, Tiramisu, Green Tea.
Kursus Aneka Sandwich: Tuna sandwich, Montecristo, Ratatouille on Toast.
Kursus Brownies/Brownies Kukus: Topping Chocolate, Pandan Brownies, Vanilla Mocca Cake.
Kursus Chinesse Food: Ayam saus Pedas, Ayam Masak Jamur, Ayam Masak Cabe Kering, Koloke.
Kursus Pudding Bakar: Caramel Pudding, Bread & Butter pudding, Cabinet Pudding.
Kursus cara membuat aneka kue Soes: Swans Soes/Sus Angsa, Ecclair, Sandwich. Diajarkan membuat aneka model & cara penyajiannya.
Kursus masakan Thailand: Nasi Goreng Tom Yam, Sup TomYam Goong, Mie Goreng Daging & seafood, Chicken in pandan Leave.
Kursus Kue, Roti & Masakan
Info: 0813 3200 3300.
Pin BB: 2699992D.
Telp: 031- 8433224-25.
Jln. Raya Jemursari 234 & 244. Surabaya.
Royal Plaza lantai 3 blok N1 no. 17.
Info: 082140388070. Flexi: 031 83109709, Esia: 031-91938824
Tristar mengadakan aneka kursus singkat, peserta praktek langsung (on hands training) dibimbing oleh dosen yang berpengalaman dibidangnya.
Kursus Masakan Eropa/European Food Course:
Kursus Beef Stroganoff with spaghetti, Potato Soup, Chicken Cordon Blue, Mix Vegetables
Kursus French Onion Soup, Rosemary Roast Chicken, Macaroni w/Corn & Smoke Beef, Mashed Potato.
Kursus Clam Chowder, Chicken Chasseur, Beef Bourguignon, Grill Corn on Cob
Kursus Mushroom Soup, Tuna Fettucine, Beef Goulash, Onion Ring
Kursus Mineston, Chicken Primavera, Calamari, Baked Potato.
Kursus Aneka Permen. Diajarkan aneka resep dengan timbangan tepat: Permen Jelly, Hard Candy, Soft Candy.
Kursus Wedding Cake/Kue pengantin: Hiasan Gum Paste, Plastic Icing, Royal Icing.
Kursus Mie Kocok. Diajarkan mulai dari membuat mie, aneka resep untuk isian & cara membuat kuahnya. Diajarkan cara pembuatan mie nya dengan resep timbangan tepat untuk usaha. Praktek dengan menggunakan mesin penipis & pemotong mie yang praktis.
Kursus Aneka Mie: diajarkan aneka resep: Lo Mie, Mie Ayam Jamur, Mie Pangsit Ujung Pandang, Mie Medan.
Kursus Aneka Mie: Resep Tami Capcay, Ifumie seafood, Kwetiaw Goreng, Mie Goreng Daging & seafood ala Thailand.
Aneka Kursus & Pelatihan yang ada di Tristar Kuliner:
Kursus : Siobak, Sioke, Chasio. Resep telah teruji, dijamin Renyah.
Kursus Aneka Pie: Pie Buah, Lemon Pie, Quiche Lorraine.
Kursus Roti Taiwan: Mocca Bun, Taiwan Polo, Sausage Bun, Roti Abon.
Kursus Indonesian Food/resep masakan indonesia: Tahu Tek, Tahu Campur, Lontong Balap.
Pelatihan Aneka Sup: Tom Yam Sup, Sup krim Jamur, Sup Ayam Jagung, Wonton Sup.
Kursus Aneka Pudding: Montelimar Pudding, Watermelon Pudding, Yoghurt Caramel Pudding.
Kursus Masakan China: Ayam Saus Inggris, Ayam Masak Cabe Kering, Koloke, Ayam Masak Jamur.
Kursus Roti Taiwan: Chocolate Polo, Roll sausage bun, Smoke cheesy Bun, Flossy Mayo.
Kursus aneka kue lapis: kue lapis Surabaya, spiku, lapis mandarin, lapis prune
Kursus Petit Four/Small Pastry: Mocca Cake, Devil Cake, Mud Cake.
Kursus Fancy Cookies: Cinnamon Cookies, Ginger Cookies dengan Icing Animasi
Kursus aneka salad: Huzarenzla, fruit salad, shrimp cocktail, salad bar
Kursus Aneka Pizza: Supreme Pizza, Italian Pizza, Meat Lover Pizza
Kursus Bebek Peking. Diajarkan membuat Bebek Peking yang kulitnya Crispy, Kulit lumpia. Daging bebek diolah lagi. Peserta langsung praktek.
Kursus aneka dimsum: Kaki ayam, Hakau, lumpia kulit tahu, siomay. Resep telah diuji.
Kursus aneka croissant: croisant sandwich, croissant ragout, croissant cheese
Kursus aneka sup: Sup Tim Ayam Obat, Sup shanghai, Sup sehat jamur es.
Kursus aneka pasta: Spaghetti bolognaise, Lasagna, Fettucine Udang
Kursus japanesse food/resep masakan jepang: chicken teriyaki, shushi, tempura, chawan mushi.
Kursus Aneka Donut: Donat Topping Coklat, Topping Glazur, Barliner, Topping Cream cheese.
Kursus Masakan: Aneka resep: Spaghetti Bolognaise, Lasagna, Fettucine Carbonara.
Kursus Fast Food Hoka Hoka Bento: Egg Chicken Roll, Breaded Chicken Ball, Ekkado, Chicken Katsu.
Kursus aneka pastry: Chicken Curry, Cream Horn, Apple puff.
Kursus aneka steak: Beef rib with BBQ sauce, Sirloin with black peeper sauce, Chicken steak with mushroom sauce.
Kursus aneka bakso: Bakso Halus, Bakso Kasar, Siomay, Bakso Goreng, Diajarkan membuat kuah & sambalnya. Resep dengan timbangan tepat.
Kursus D’Creepes: Banana Caramel Creepes, Coctail Creepes, Sandwich Creepes, Peserta langsung Praktek.
Kursus Special Cake: Tiramisu, Opera Cake, Capucino Maker.
Kursus Sponge Pudding, Vanilla Strawberry Pudding, Cocopandan Pudding, Montelimar.
Kursus Kue Kering: Nastar, Kastengel, Butter Cookies, Lidah Kucing keju.
Kursus Cake: Black Forest, Tropical Cake, Sacher Cake.
Kursus Dimsum: Lumpia Udang Mayonaise, Lumpia 2 Telur, Lumpia Vietnam, Bubur Ayam.
Kursus Asian Food: Kepiting Singapore, Seafood ala Vietnam, Kare Tongkol ala Malaysia.
Kursus napoleon Cake: Napoleon Fruit Cake, Napoleon Coffee Cake, Palmore Cookies, Napoleon Nut Cake.
Kursus cara membuat aneka Soto & Peluang Usahanya: Uji resep Soto Ayam, Soto Banjar, Cotto Makassar, Soto Betawi.
Kursus European Food
Kursus Paket Usaha Café: minuman ala café, cocktail, moctail, alcoholic drink. Special Coffee, Special Tea, special Milk.
Kursus cara membuat Batagor, Siomay Bandung, Otak Otak Tengiri Bakar, lengkap dengan sambel kacangnya. Diajarkan resep untuk catering dengan timbangan bahan yang tepat.
Dan masih banyak lagi Kursus Masakan & Kue yang lain, Sesuai dengan permintaan anda.
Kursus Soft cara memproduksi Soft Ice cream: Vanilla – Chocolate – Strawberry.
Kursus Aneka Cup Cakes Strawberry, Mocca – Cheese dengan penampilan yang lucu & menarik. Diajarkan cara menghiasnya.
Kursus Masakan manado: Sup kacang merah, Woku Balanga, Ayam baker air madidi. Rica rica ikan tongkol.
Kursus cara membuat Mousse Cake: triple chocolate, Tiramisu, Green Tea.
Kursus Aneka Sandwich: Tuna sandwich, Montecristo, Ratatouille on Toast.
Kursus Brownies/Brownies Kukus: Topping Chocolate, Pandan Brownies, Vanilla Mocca Cake.
Kursus Chinesse Food: Ayam saus Pedas, Ayam Masak Jamur, Ayam Masak Cabe Kering, Koloke.
Kursus Pudding Bakar: Caramel Pudding, Bread & Butter pudding, Cabinet Pudding.
Kursus cara membuat aneka kue Soes: Swans Soes/Sus Angsa, Ecclair, Sandwich. Diajarkan membuat aneka model & cara penyajiannya.
Kursus masakan Thailand: Nasi Goreng Tom Yam, Sup TomYam Goong, Mie Goreng Daging & seafood, Chicken in pandan Leave.
Kursus Kue, Roti & Masakan
Info: 0813 3200 3300.
Pin BB: 2699992D.
Telp: 031- 8433224-25.
Jln. Raya Jemursari 234 & 244. Surabaya.
Royal Plaza lantai 3 blok N1 no. 17.
Info: 082140388070. Flexi: 031 83109709, Esia: 031-91938824
Tristar mengadakan aneka kursus singkat, peserta praktek langsung (on hands training) dibimbing oleh dosen yang berpengalaman dibidangnya.
Kursus Masakan Eropa/European Food Course:
Kursus Beef Stroganoff with spaghetti, Potato Soup, Chicken Cordon Blue, Mix Vegetables
Kursus French Onion Soup, Rosemary Roast Chicken, Macaroni w/Corn & Smoke Beef, Mashed Potato.
Kursus Clam Chowder, Chicken Chasseur, Beef Bourguignon, Grill Corn on Cob
Kursus Mushroom Soup, Tuna Fettucine, Beef Goulash, Onion Ring
Kursus Mineston, Chicken Primavera, Calamari, Baked Potato.
Kursus Aneka Permen. Diajarkan aneka resep dengan timbangan tepat: Permen Jelly, Hard Candy, Soft Candy.
Kursus Wedding Cake/Kue pengantin: Hiasan Gum Paste, Plastic Icing, Royal Icing.
Kursus Mie Kocok. Diajarkan mulai dari membuat mie, aneka resep untuk isian & cara membuat kuahnya. Diajarkan cara pembuatan mie nya dengan resep timbangan tepat untuk usaha. Praktek dengan menggunakan mesin penipis & pemotong mie yang praktis.
Kursus Aneka Mie: diajarkan aneka resep: Lo Mie, Mie Ayam Jamur, Mie Pangsit Ujung Pandang, Mie Medan.
Kursus Aneka Mie: Resep Tami Capcay, Ifumie seafood, Kwetiaw Goreng, Mie Goreng Daging & seafood ala Thailand.
Aneka Kursus & Pelatihan yang ada di Tristar Kuliner:
Kursus : Siobak, Sioke, Chasio. Resep telah teruji, dijamin Renyah.
Kursus Aneka Pie: Pie Buah, Lemon Pie, Quiche Lorraine.
Kursus Roti Taiwan: Mocca Bun, Taiwan Polo, Sausage Bun, Roti Abon.
Kursus Indonesian Food/resep masakan indonesia: Tahu Tek, Tahu Campur, Lontong Balap.
Pelatihan Aneka Sup: Tom Yam Sup, Sup krim Jamur, Sup Ayam Jagung, Wonton Sup.
Kursus Aneka Pudding: Montelimar Pudding, Watermelon Pudding, Yoghurt Caramel Pudding.
Kursus Masakan China: Ayam Saus Inggris, Ayam Masak Cabe Kering, Koloke, Ayam Masak Jamur.
Kursus Roti Taiwan: Chocolate Polo, Roll sausage bun, Smoke cheesy Bun, Flossy Mayo.
Kursus aneka kue lapis: kue lapis Surabaya, spiku, lapis mandarin, lapis prune
Kursus Petit Four/Small Pastry: Mocca Cake, Devil Cake, Mud Cake.
Kursus Fancy Cookies: Cinnamon Cookies, Ginger Cookies dengan Icing Animasi
Kursus aneka salad: Huzarenzla, fruit salad, shrimp cocktail, salad bar
Kursus Aneka Pizza: Supreme Pizza, Italian Pizza, Meat Lover Pizza
Kursus Bebek Peking. Diajarkan membuat Bebek Peking yang kulitnya Crispy, Kulit lumpia. Daging bebek diolah lagi. Peserta langsung praktek.
Kursus aneka dimsum: Kaki ayam, Hakau, lumpia kulit tahu, siomay. Resep telah diuji.
Kursus aneka croissant: croisant sandwich, croissant ragout, croissant cheese
Kursus aneka sup: Sup Tim Ayam Obat, Sup shanghai, Sup sehat jamur es.
Kursus aneka pasta: Spaghetti bolognaise, Lasagna, Fettucine Udang
Kursus japanesse food/resep masakan jepang: chicken teriyaki, shushi, tempura, chawan mushi.
Kursus Aneka Donut: Donat Topping Coklat, Topping Glazur, Barliner, Topping Cream cheese.
Kursus Masakan: Aneka resep: Spaghetti Bolognaise, Lasagna, Fettucine Carbonara.
Kursus Fast Food Hoka Hoka Bento: Egg Chicken Roll, Breaded Chicken Ball, Ekkado, Chicken Katsu.
Kursus aneka pastry: Chicken Curry, Cream Horn, Apple puff.
Kursus aneka steak: Beef rib with BBQ sauce, Sirloin with black peeper sauce, Chicken steak with mushroom sauce.
Kursus aneka bakso: Bakso Halus, Bakso Kasar, Siomay, Bakso Goreng, Diajarkan membuat kuah & sambalnya. Resep dengan timbangan tepat.
Kursus D’Creepes: Banana Caramel Creepes, Coctail Creepes, Sandwich Creepes, Peserta langsung Praktek.
Kursus Special Cake: Tiramisu, Opera Cake, Capucino Maker.
Kursus Sponge Pudding, Vanilla Strawberry Pudding, Cocopandan Pudding, Montelimar.
Kursus Kue Kering: Nastar, Kastengel, Butter Cookies, Lidah Kucing keju.
Kursus Cake: Black Forest, Tropical Cake, Sacher Cake.
Kursus Dimsum: Lumpia Udang Mayonaise, Lumpia 2 Telur, Lumpia Vietnam, Bubur Ayam.
Kursus Asian Food: Kepiting Singapore, Seafood ala Vietnam, Kare Tongkol ala Malaysia.
Kursus napoleon Cake: Napoleon Fruit Cake, Napoleon Coffee Cake, Palmore Cookies, Napoleon Nut Cake.
Kursus cara membuat aneka Soto & Peluang Usahanya: Uji resep Soto Ayam, Soto Banjar, Cotto Makassar, Soto Betawi.
Kursus European Food
Kursus Paket Usaha Café: minuman ala café, cocktail, moctail, alcoholic drink. Special Coffee, Special Tea, special Milk.
Kursus cara membuat Batagor, Siomay Bandung, Otak Otak Tengiri Bakar, lengkap dengan sambel kacangnya. Diajarkan resep untuk catering dengan timbangan bahan yang tepat.
Dan masih banyak lagi Kursus Masakan & Kue yang lain, Sesuai dengan permintaan anda.
Kursus Soft cara memproduksi Soft Ice cream: Vanilla – Chocolate – Strawberry.
Kursus Aneka Cup Cakes Strawberry, Mocca – Cheese dengan penampilan yang lucu & menarik. Diajarkan cara menghiasnya.
Kursus Masakan manado: Sup kacang merah, Woku Balanga, Ayam baker air madidi. Rica rica ikan tongkol.
Kursus cara membuat Mousse Cake: triple chocolate, Tiramisu, Green Tea.
Kursus Aneka Sandwich: Tuna sandwich, Montecristo, Ratatouille on Toast.
Kursus Brownies/Brownies Kukus: Topping Chocolate, Pandan Brownies, Vanilla Mocca Cake.
Kursus Chinesse Food: Ayam saus Pedas, Ayam Masak Jamur, Ayam Masak Cabe Kering, Koloke.
Kursus Pudding Bakar: Caramel Pudding, Bread & Butter pudding, Cabinet Pudding.
Kursus cara membuat aneka kue Soes: Swans Soes/Sus Angsa, Ecclair, Sandwich. Diajarkan membuat aneka model & cara penyajiannya.
Kursus masakan Thailand: Nasi Goreng Tom Yam, Sup TomYam Goong, Mie Goreng Daging & seafood, Chicken in pandan Leave.