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History:
The name "Side" means "Pomegranate" in the Anatolian language. This feature and the information obtained from some inscriptions found in the document show that the history of Side dates back to the Hittites. However, it is also said that Side, one of the oldest settlements in Anatolia, was founded before the 7th century BC. In Anatolian history, Side went through the same stages as other Pamphylia cities. The Greeks came to Side during the migrations in the 7th century BC. According to the available inscriptions, they spoke a language specific to the city until the 3rd century BC. This language is one of the Indo-European languages. Side came under the rule of the Lydians in the first half of the 6th century BC and the Persians in 547-546 BC. The city, which developed under Persian rule, was surrendered to Alexander after Alexander's death. The city came under the control of the Ptolemies (301-215) and the Syrian Kingdom in the 2nd century BC, thanks to the powerful war and trade fleets of the Ptolemies. During this period, it was reconstructed and turned into a science and culture center. Side, which was left to the Kingdom of Pergamon with the Peace of Apameia in 188 BC, preserved its independence along with the Eastern Pamphylia region and achieved prosperity and wealth with its large merchant navy. The city, which was under Roman rule after 78 BC, became the trade center of the region in the 2nd and 3rd centuries. It was a rich and bright period, especially provided by the slave trade. It was a center of science and culture during the 2nd century. VII of the Syrian kings. Antiochus was educated here before ascending to the throne. When he became king (138 BC) he took the name Sidetes. The people of Side, who until this period believed in and worshiped many gods such as Athena and Apollo, Aphrodite, Ares, Asklepios, Hegeia, Charites, Demeter, Dionysus and Hermes, started to become Christians in the 4th century. Side experienced its heyday in the 5th and 6th centuries, when it became the Pamphylia Metropolis (Episcopal Centre) in the 5th century. This development ended with the Arab raids between the 7th and 9th centuries. During the excavations, traces of a large fire and many earthquakes were found. Arab invasion and natural disasters led to the abandonment of the city. In the 12th century, Arab geographer El Idrisi shows this place as a dead city and describes it as Burnt Antalya. According to Idrisi, the people of the city migrated from Side around 1150, and Side was completely evacuated in the 12th century. Side, which came under the rule of the Seljuks in the 13th century and the Hamitoğulları Principality and Tekelioğulları Principality and Tekelioğulları in the 14th century, was not settled in these periods. It was definitely annexed to Turkish territory in the 15th century. However, since neither the Ottomans nor the Seljuks lived in Side, there are no works from the Seljuk or Ottoman periods on the peninsula.
Cretan Muslims who fled due to the Greek rebellion in 1895-97, established a village at the tip of the peninsula and immigrants from Crete Island were settled here.
Seleukid Empire, Cleopatra Thea Eueteria AR Tetradrachm. Sole reign. Ake-Ptolemais, dated SE 126/125 BC. Diademed and veiled bust of Cleopatra Thea right, wearing stephane / BAΣIΛIΣΣHΣ KΛEOΠATΡAΣ ΘEAΣ EΥETHPIAΣ, double-cornucopiae tied with fillet, monogram to right, [date IΠP (= year 187) in exergue]. SC 2258.2; BMC 1 = LSM, NNM 84, 7; Houghton, CSE 803; Seyrig, Tresors II, 30.242; Spink 3014, 87 (same obverse die). 16.74g, 30mm, 12h.
About Extremely Fine. Excessively Rare; the fifth known example.
The life of Kleopatra Thea Eueteria ("Kleopatra the Goddess of Plenty") would have been worthy of immortalisation in Shakespearean tragedy as few but the lives of the Ptolemies are; such was the complexity of her life and the constant intrigue that surrounded her, it is most surprising that she has never been the subject of major artistic work or representation in historical fiction.
Born into the Ptolemaic royal family of Egypt in circa 164 BC, Cleopatra was the daughter of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II, who were brother and sister. It seems that early in her life she had been betrothed to her uncle Ptolemy VIII Physcon, who was the rival King of Egypt in an uneasy triumvirate. However in 150 BC she was married to the usurper king of the Seleukid Empire, Alexander Balas, at a sumptuous ceremony in Ake Ptolemais; this marriage would produce a son, Antiochos VI Dionysos. In 145 though, her father invaded Syria, defeated Balas in battle and remarried her to Demetrios II, the son of the former king deposed by Balas, only to die himself a few days later in uncertain circumstances. With the death then of her father Ptolemy VII Philometor, Cleopatra Thea's erstwhile fiancé Ptolemy Physcon married her mother Cleopatra II, and six years later replaced her with her daughter Cleopatra III, Cleopatra Thea's sister.
Cleopatra bore her new husband Demetrios II two sons who would later grow up to be kings themselves: Seleukos V Philometor, and Antiochos VII Grypos. In 139, Demetrios II was captured while fighting the Parthians, and held hostage. With the loss of the king, Demetrios' younger brother Antiochos VII Sidetes assumed the throne, taking Cleopatra Thea as his wife the following year. She bore him too at least one son, Antiochos IX Kyzikenos.
In 129, in a bid to destabilise the Seleukid Empire, the Parthians released Demetrios II to reclaim his throne and wife from his brother. Conveniently, that same year Sidetes was killed in battle against the Parthians, and thus Demetrios regained his throne, taking Cleopatra as his wife once more. By now though the empire was a shadow of its former self, and Demetrios faced difficulties maintaining his control over his reduced territories. Recollections of his old cruelties and vices, along with his humiliating defeat and apparent good treatment in Parthia, caused him to be detested. Ptolemy Physcon, now at odds with his former wife Cleopatra II, who had fled Egypt to the court of her daughter and son-in-law, set up the usurper Alexander II Zabinas in opposition to Demetrios. Alexander defeated Demetrios in battle at Damascus in 126, and fled to Ptolemais whereupon Cleopatra closed the gates against him. After this final desertion by his wife, he was captured, possibly tortured, and died a miserable death on a ship near Tyre.
This coin was struck in the brief period after the death of Demetrios and before his eldest son Seleukos V became king in 125. During that time Cleopatra held the reins of empire and ruled as Queen in her own right, issuing this very brief (and today extremely rare) coinage. Seleukos V was murdered on his mother's orders soon after his accession, and then from 125 to 121 BC Cleopatra Thea ruled jointly with Demetrios' younger son Antiochos VIII Grypos, who was still a teenager at his crowning. Defeating Alexander II Zabinas in 123, the victorious returning king was offered a poisoned cup of wine by his mother, who apparently feared losing her control over him, but the suspicious Antiochos instead forced her to drink it herself. So perished Cleopatra Thea, though her influence was yet felt for many years: while Antiochos Grypos proved a competent king, reorganising the state and providing stability and financial recovery, all this would end in 114 when Cleopatra's son by Antiochos Sidetes, Antiochos Kyzikenos, returned to Syria to claim the throne, sparking renewed civil war.
ROMA13, 448
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Denarius. 58BC. 4.11grams. Rome mint. Marcia. Crawford 425/01 PHILLIPVS AQUA MAR. Obverse: hd Ancius Marcius r. Reverse: equestrian statue on Aqua Marcia. Common.
From Mark Passehl:
There's a problem about the celebration of King Ancus and the aqua Marcia on the enormous Philippus denarius issue (RRC 425) which Crawford doesn't address, although he does say many appropriate things about the traditions pertaining to the Marcian water works and the equestrian statue of Q. Marcius Rex who built those works in the properly historical period (RRC, pp. 448-9).
This topic reaches back to the origins of the Roman Republic and rushes forwards again to the origins and early development of its native historiography. But to keep things in bounds for the moment : much about the patriciate was the invention of patrician historiography, just as a very great deal about the rise of the Caesarian monarchy was the fabrication of Caesarian writings, beginning with Caesar's own mendacious memoirs, and even before that his public laudations of deceased propinqui. The main relevant point here is that the early Roman kings were not patricians and accordingly they could and did have plebeian descendants. All the Marcian political houses of Rome, great and small, were plebeian. It was the Marci Reges, in the Sergia tribe, who claimed descent from King Ancus and assumed the appropriate cognomen. When the patriciate pushed its early ownership of the Roman free state and collective memory further and further into the past the potential embarassment of royal lineages of plebeian status had to be addressed, and so the institutional fiction of transitiones ad plebem was invented. Nowhere on record in any properly historical period or authentic context, let alone in Roman law.
The Marci Philippi didn't have any very deep Roman antiquity. They came in from Tusculum (as Marci Tremuli) in the late 4th century BC under the patronage of the patrician Claudi, and were enrolled in the normal tribe for Tusculani (Papiria - ILLRP 515). It's even possible that their connections with Makedonian kings which gave rise to the Greek style cognomen goes back to Argead times (Philip III Arrhidaios or his father Philip II) and diplomacy of great Latin towns like Tusculum and Praeneste with the earliest Hellenistic world.
However that may be, the solution to the mentioned problem is fairly straightforward : Philippus the mint magistrate responsible for RRC 425 belonged to a tochterstem of the Marci Reges. Most likely the requisite marriage belongs c.104/3 BC when L. Philippus the orator (RRC 293) took his second wife who promptly produced his third, homonymous, son (pr. 62, cos. 56, born 102 BC or a little earlier). The gap between praetura and consulate should be noted for this coeval of Caesar. In the mid 60s he had given his daughter to the fiesty Republican traditionalist Marcus Cato, and a vir praetorius who wanted a consulate after the Gang of Three took hold of the Roman political scene had Buckley's chance or none if inclined to emphasize that close adfinitas. Indeed Philippus pr. 62 took another tack altogether, and not only secured an Atian wife when she became available for remarriage (in 57 BC, ten months after the death of her first husband C. Octavius pr. 61), but within a dec ade his son (probably the RRC 425 mint magistrate) had the younger sister in his own home, the matertera Augusti as she later became known. It seems pretty unlikely that this doubly important Caesarian connection could have eventuated without a pre-existing propinquitas in the form of shared blood of the Marci Reges. That Caesar himself made a big deal about the sanctitas of his royal lineage from the Reges is certain from speeches delivered and published in the early 60s (Suet. Div.Iul. 6.1, quoting the man at length, including : "nam ab Anco Marcio sunt Marcii Reges").
This context explains why the family's previous numismatic stress on its association with Makedonian royalty (RRC 259 and 293) becomes shifted on 425 to old Roman royalty. But Roman culture was strongly agnatic, so the move in such a cognate direction, even if primarily symbolic, needed an even stronger immediate motivation. No doubt that spur was family ambition for another consulate, so that both the 425 coinage and the Atian marriage of L. Philippus pr. 62, cos. 56, belong in 57 BC, and the first half of the year, as key components of that political campaign.
The RRC 425 obverse is especially attractive for the simplicity and the realism of the portrait, which is certainly not an authentic portrayal of King Ancus. Probably instead copied from a wax mask of the Philippi. Possibly the twice consul Q. Philippus, who at one stage commanded the war to bring down the Antigonid monarchy (though none too successfully). Most likely the moneyer's grandfather Lucius the orator (cos. 91). Crawford wants the lituus to symbolize the latter's attested augurate, rather than a suppositious priesthood of the moneyer. This is certainly correct because the lituus is associated with Ancus on the obv. rather than the moneyer's name on the rev., while none of the Philippi appear in Cicero's extensive evidence on membership of the Caesarian augural college in 45-44 BC (the resultant list is almost complete), when the cos. 56 and his sons were still alive. One could imagine the moneyer employing the lituus as an indictor (for himself, or anyone else who w anted to know) of whose mask he had used; the family history was long and the consular imagines plentiful. The face of the cos. 91 more or less selected itself in the 57 B.C. context if it's correct that this prince's second marriage introduced the blood of the Reges to the Philippi. It was certainly not yet permissable to depict living relatives, such as the pr. 62 pater, on coinage.
A final intriguing element on the coinage of the Philippi which unites it across half a century and the shift in emphasis from Makedonian to Roman royalty, is the flower which appears in the same place on the reverses of RRC 293 and 425 (beneath the hooves of the horseman and the equestrian statue of Q. Marcius Rex). Crawford (RRC, 308) calls attention to the Roman tradition about the conception of Mars (legendary ancestor of clan Marcia) when Juno was fertilised by a flower. But to accomodate the distinctively Makedonian theme of RRC 293, it might be preferable to see it as a lily and already understood as a generic symbol of royal blood. This notion seems to originate with the shift of the Achaemenid seat of government from Persepolis to Susa (literally, the city or place of the lily), and this flower is found on both Hasmonaean and Seleukid royal coinage in Hellenistic times before eventually finding its way into the Merovingian and eventually the Capetian regalia. As it happens it appears on coinage of Antiochos VII Euergetes ("Sidetes") who perished about the same time (129 BC) and in like circumstances (on campaign) as the great far eastern Hellenistic monarch Menandros. The latter's innovation on Indo-Greek royal silver of the main dynasty (the introduction of royal portraiture with the striking image of the left facing king, viewed from behind, about to hurl a spear from raised r. hand, e.g. ANS SNG 9, nos. 686-763, following the initial Athena head / owl drachms and gold, nos. 682-685) became a favoured perspective theme on the obverses of the RR denarii, after the traditional Roma/Minerva Troica head gave way to a variety of deities. This change may be dated about 106 B.C. whereafter the wing-helmed Roma obverse is increasingly rare. But really there was only a brief revival across the censura years 109-07 (RRC 299-302) and the main move to her replacement took place in the preceding handful of years, where L. Philippus' ro yal Makedonian head belongs (c.112 BC), together with the RRC 298/1 denarius (c.111 BC), the first and closest imitation of Menandros' obverse bust where the heroic-image spear throwing king is modified to a thunderbolt hurling Apollo or Veiovis. The likely colleague of this moneyer is also the first with a Hercules bust on the obverse, and in similar rear-view style facing left with club raised behind his head to smite some evidently deserving villain (RRC 297/1).
Mark K.P.
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Obverse: Laureate, draped, cuirassed bust of Aemilian to right. Inscriptions in Greek. Reverse: Archaistic statue of Apollo Sidetes walking left, patera in outstretched right hand, scepter (?) in left. Inscription in Greek. (see media screen for Greek inscriptions)
Provenance
By date unknown: with Edward J. Waddell, Ltd., Suite 1100, 1050 Seventeenth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 (Waddell auction 1, Barbizon Plaza Hotel, 106 Central Park South, New York City, December 9, 1982, lot 439); 1985: with Edward J. Waddell, Ltd., Suite 1104, 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814 (List 21, December 1985, no. 172); purchased by MFA from Edward J. Waddell, Ltd., March 26, 1986 (recorded as Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Cornelius C. Vermeule III in the name of Cornelius Adrian Comstock Vermeule)
Credit Line
Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Cornelius C. Vermeule III in the Name of Cornelius Adrian Comstock Vermeule
Roman Provincial, Imperial Period, A.D. 252–253
Mint
Side, Pamphylia
Dimensions
Diameter: 32.5 mm. Weight: 14.57 gm. Die Axis: 6
Accession Number
1986.77
Medium or Technique
Bronze