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Little Sara holding her ears as a marching band passes during the Mount Holly Christmas parade today.
SFIFF52- SCARED PLACES
Director: JEAN-MARIE TENO
Cast: Nanema Boubacar, Jules Cesar Bamouni, Addo, Idrissa Ouedraogo
Wonderful documentary about the African film industry and its film audience in Africa.
The poor but proud and colorful neighborhood of St. Leon in Ouagadougou the capital of Burkina Faso (Cameroon) has its small VOTRE CINE CLUB which shows bootlegged films for 10 cents admittance fee. Nanema Boubakar the cinephile owner of the 'theatre' who dreams of a big screen TV. He is the host of films which are modern day storyteller much like Bamouni, the old fashioned djembe (drum) player of Africa past, as well as the village poet , ABBO, writes beautiful 'bon mots' on the walls. (One wishes that a book of the writings would be available. they were fantastic intelligent grafitti !)
This is definately a 5 STAR documentary film which should be seen by those who love to watch an underdog succeed. (Several audience members wanted to donated money to the owner of the VOTRE CINE CLUB so he could realize his dream of a big screen TV!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)
BEST LINES: (so many incredibly unique lines)
'The African audience who saw the film were happy to see their own heros -themselves."
"If your American government could make your own country good by putting people first."
"What's the point of making a documentary about the poor if they can't afford to see the film."
"I dream of some social change."
"It's good to be poor."
"Last year I voted and it changed nothing." (village election)
"I like African films cause theymake us see us who we are. "
"The koro (djembe player) tells stories that follow the film and open our eyes. "
"the drums used to tell stories that now film tell."
"When you (stay) at home-you will not find happeness."
"History needs someone to pass it on. "
"Everyday is a struggle."
"I give to others not just to myself."
"You have to sweat to eat. "
Feel free to criticize Aristotle writing and praix on zoon politikon, the political§ Animal.
thttp://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-politics/
Aristotle's Political Theory
First published Wed Jul 1, 1998; substantive revision Wed Jan 26, 2011
Aristotle (b. 384 – d. 322 BCE), was a Greek philosopher, logician, and scientist. Along with his teacher Plato, Aristotle is generally regarded as one of the most influential ancient thinkers in a number of philosophical fields, including political theory. Aristotle was born in Stagira in northern Greece, and his father was a court physician to the king of Macedon. As a young man he studied in Plato's Academy in Athens. After Plato's death he left Athens to conduct philosophical and biological research in Asia Minor and Lesbos, and he was then invited by King Philip II of Macedon to tutor his young son, Alexander the Great. Soon after Alexander succeeded his father, consolidated the conquest of the Greek city-states, and launched the invasion of the Persian Empire. Aristotle returned as a resident alien to Athens, and was a close friend of Antipater, the Macedonian viceroy. At this time (335–323 BCE) he wrote, or at least worked on, some of his major treatises, including the Politics. When Alexander died suddenly, Aristotle had to flee from Athens because of his Macedonian connections, and he died soon after. Aristotle's life seems to have influenced his political thought in various ways: his interest in biology seems to be expressed in the naturalism of his politics; his interest in comparative politics and his sympathies for democracy as well as monarchy may have been encouraged by his travels and experience of diverse political systems; he criticizes harshly, while borrowing extensively, from Plato's Republic, Statesman, and Laws; and his own Politics is intended to guide rulers and statesmen, reflecting the high political circles in which he moved.
In the Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle describes his subject matter as political science, which he characterizes as the most authoritative science. It prescribes which sciences are to be studied in the city-state, and the others -- such as military science, household management, and rhetoric — fall under its authority. Since it governs the other practical sciences, their ends serve as means to its end, which is nothing less than the human good. “Even if the end is the same for an individual and for a city-state, that of the city-state seems at any rate greater and more complete to attain and preserve. For although it is worthy to attain it for only an individual, it is nobler and more divine to do so for a nation or city-state” (EN I.2.1094b7-10). Aristotle's political science encompasses the two fields which modern philosophers distinguish as ethics and political philosophy. (See the entry on Aristotle's ethics.) Political philosophy in the narrow sense is roughly speaking the subject of his treatise called the Politics.
One can also explain the existence of the city-state in terms of the four causes. It is a kind of community (koinônia), that is, a collection of parts having some functions and interests in common (Pol. II.1.1261a18, III.1.1275b20). Hence, it is made up of parts, which Aristotle describes in various ways in different contexts: as households, or economic classes (e.g., the rich and the poor), or demes (i.e., local political units). But, ultimately, the city-state is composed of individual citizens (see III.1.1274a38–41), who, along with natural resources, are the “material” or “equipment” out of which the city-state is fashioned (see VII.14.1325b38-41).
The formal cause of the city-state is its constitution (politeia). Aristotle defines the constitution as “a certain ordering of the inhabitants of the city-state” (III.1.1274b32-41). He also speaks of the constitution of a community as “the form of the compound” and argues that whether the community is the same over time depends on whether it has the same constitution (III.3.1276b1–11). The constitution is not a written document, but an immanent organizing principle, analogous to the soul of an organism. Hence, the constitution is also “the way of life” of the citizens (IV.11.1295a40-b1, VII.8.1328b1-2). Here the citizens are that minority of the resident population who possess full political rights (III.1.1275b17–20).
The existence of the city-state also requires an efficient cause, namely, its ruler. On Aristotle's view, a community of any sort can possess order only if it has a ruling element or authority. This ruling principle is defined by the constitution, which sets criteria for political offices, particularly the sovereign office (III.6.1278b8–10; cf. IV.1.1289a15–18). However, on a deeper level, there must be an efficient cause to explain why a city-state acquires its constitution in the first place. Aristotle states that “the person who first established [the city-state] is the cause of very great benefits” (I.2.1253a30–1). This person was evidently the lawgiver (nomothetês), someone like Solon of Athens or Lycurgus of Sparta, who founded the constitution. Aristotle compares the lawgiver, or the politician more generally, to a craftsman (dêmiourgos) like a weaver or shipbuilder, who fashions material into a finished product (II.12.1273b32–3, VII.4.1325b40–1365a5).
The notion of final cause dominates Aristotle's Politics from the opening lines:
Since we see that every city-state is a sort of community and that every community is established for the sake of some good (for everyone does everything for the sake of what they believe to be good), it is clear that every community aims at some good, and the community which has the most authority of all and includes all the others aims highest, that is, at the good with the most authority. This is what is called the city-state or political community. [I.1.1252a1–7]
Soon after, he states that the city-state comes into being for the sake of life but exists for the sake of the good life (2.1252b29–30). The theme that the good life or happiness is the proper end of the city-state recurs throughout the Politics (III.6.1278b17-24, 9.1280b39; VII.2.1325a7–10).
To sum up, the city-state is a hylomorphic (i.e., matter-form) compound of a particular population (i.e., citizen-body) in a given territory (material cause) and a constitution (formal cause). The constitution itself is fashioned by the lawgiver and is governed by politicians, who are like craftsmen (efficient cause), and the constitution defines the aim of the city-state (final cause, IV.1.1289a17–18).
Aristotle's constitutional theory is based on his theory of justice, which is expounded in Nicomachean Ethics book V. Aristotle distinguishes two different but related senses of “justice” — universal and particular — both of which play an important role in his constitutional theory. Firstly, in the universal sense “justice” means “lawfuless” and is concerned with the common advantage and happiness of the political community (NE V.1.1129b11–19, cf. Pol. III.12.1282b16–17). The conception of universal justice undergirds the distinction between correct (just) and deviant (unjust) constitutions. But what exactly the “common advantage” (koinion sumpheron) entails is a matter of scholarly controversy. Some passages imply that justice involves the advantage of all the citizens; for example, every citizen of the best constitution has a just claim to private property and to an education (Pol. VII.9.1329a23–4, 13.1332a32–8). But Aristotle also allows that it might be “in a way” just to ostracize powerful citizens even when they have not been convicted of any crimes (III.13.1284b15–20). Whether Aristotle understands the common advantage as safeguarding the interests of each and every citizen has a bearing on whether he anticipates what moderns would understand as a theory of individual rights. (See Fred Miller and Richard Kraut for differing interpretations.)
Secondly, in the particular sense “justice” means “equality” or “fairness”, and this includes distributive justice, according to which different individuals have just claims to shares of some common asset such as property. Aristotle analyzes arguments for and against the different constitutions as different applications of the principle of distributive justice (III.9.1280a7–22). Everyone agrees, he says, that justice involves treating equal persons equally, and treating unequal persons unequally, but they do not agree on the standard by which individuals are deemed to be equally (or unequally) meritorious or deserving. He assumes his own analysis of distributive justice set forth in Nicomachean Ethics V.3: Justice requires that benefits be distributed to individuals in proportion to their merit or desert. The oligarchs mistakenly think that those who are superior in wealth should also have superior political rights, whereas the democrats hold that those who are equal in free birth should also have equal political rights. Both of these conceptions of political justice are mistaken in Aristotle's view, because they assume a false conception of the ultimate end of the city-state. The city-state is neither a business enterprise to maximize wealth (as the oligarchs suppose) nor an association to promote liberty and equality (as the democrats maintain). Instead, Aristotle argues, “the good life is the end of the city-state,” that is, a life consisting of noble actions (1280b39–1281a4). Hence, the correct conception of justice is aristocratic, assigning political rights to those who make a full contribution to the political community, that is, to those with virtue as well as property and freedom (1281a4–8). This is what Aristotle understands by an “aristocratic” constitution: literally, the rule of the aristoi, i.e., best persons. Aristotle explores the implications of this argument in the remainder of Politics III, considering the rival claims of the rule of law and the rule of a supremely virtuous individual. Here absolute kingship is a limiting case of aristocracy. Again, in books VII-VIII, Aristotle describes the ideal constitution in which the citizens are fully virtuous.
Aristotle's Politics did not have an immediate impact because it defended the Greek city-state, which was already becoming obsolete in his own lifetime. (As mentioned above, the Greek city-states permanently lost their independence due to the conquest by the kings of Macedon.) For similar reasons much of his discussion of particular political institutions is not directly applicable to modern nation-states (apart from his objectionable defenses of slavery, female subservience, and disenfranchisement of the working classes). Even so, Aristotle's Politics has exerted a deep influence on political philosophy until the present day, because it contains deep and thought-provoking discussions of perennial concerns of political philosophy: the role of human nature in politics, the relation of the individual to the state, the place of morality in politics, the theory of political justice, the rule of law, the analysis and evaluation of constitutions, the relevance of ideals to practical politics, the causes and cures of political change and revolution, and the importance of a morally educated citizenry.
Glossary of Aristotelian Terms
•action: praxis
•citizen: politês
•city-state: polis (also ‘city’ or ‘state’)
•community: koinônia
•constitution: politeia (also ‘regime’)
•free: eleutheros
•good: agathos
•happiness: eudaimonia
•happy: eudaimôn
•justice: dikaiosunê
•law: nomos
•lawgiver: nomothetês
•master: despotês
•nature: phusis
•noble: kalon (also ‘beautiful’ or ‘fine’)
•political: politikos (of, or pertaining to, the polis)
•political science: politikê epistêmê
•politician: politikos (also ‘statesman’)
•practical: praktikos
•practical wisdom: phronêsis
•revolution: metabolê (also ‘change’)
•right: exousia (also ‘liberty’)
•ruler: archôn
•self-sufficient: autarkês
•sovereign: kurios
•virtue: aretê (also ‘excellence’)
•without qualification: haplôs (also ‘absolute’)
•without authority: akuron
Bibliography
Note on Citations. Passages in Aristotle are cited as follows: title of treatise (italics), book (Roman numeral), chapter (Arabic numeral), line reference. Line references are keyed to the 1831 edition of Immanuel Bekker which had two columns (“a” and “b”) on each page. Politics is abbreviated as Pol. and Nicomachean Ethics as NE. In this article, “Pol. I.2.1252b27”, for example, refers to Politics book I, chapter 2, page 1252, column b, line 27. Most translations include the Bekker page number with column letter in the margin followed by every fifth line number.
Passages in Plato are cited in a similar fashion, except the line references are to the Stephanus edition of 1578 in which pages were divided into five parts (“a” through “e”).
A. Greek Text of Aristotle's Politics
Dreizehnter, Alois. Aristoteles' Politik. Munich: Wilhelm Fink, 1970.
Ross, W. D. Aristotelis Politica. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1957.
B. English Translations of Aristotle's Politics
Barker, Ernest, revised by Richard Stalley. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Jowett, Benjamin, in The Complete Works of Aristotle, The Revised Oxford Translation, vol. 2, ed. Jonathan Barnes. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.
Lord, Carnes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
Reeve, C. D. C. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co., 1998.
Simpson, Peter L. P. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
Sinclair, T. A., revised by Trevor J. Saunders. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1983.
The Clarendon Aristotle Series (Oxford University Press) includes translation and commentary of the Politics in four volumes:
•Trevor J. Saunders, Politics I-II (1995).
•Richard Robinson with a supplementary essay by David Keyt, Politics III-IV (1995).
•David Keyt, Politics V-VI (1999).
•Richard Kraut, Politics VII-VIII (1997).
C. Anthologies
Barnes, Jonathan, Malcolm Schofield, and Richard Sorabji (eds.). Articles on Aristotle, vol. 2, Ethics and Politics. London: Duckworth, 1977.
Höffe, Otfried ( ed.). Aristoteles Politik. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2001.
Keyt, David, and Fred D. Miller, Jr. (eds.). A Companion to Aristotle's Politics. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991.
Kraut, Richard and Steven Skultety. Aristotle's Politics: Critical Essays (eds.). Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005.
Lord, Carnes, and David O'Connor (eds.). Essays on the Foundations of Aristotelian Political Science. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.
Patzig, Günther (ed.). Aristoteles' Politik: Akten des XI. Symposium Aristotelicum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1990.
D. Single-authored Commentaries and Overviews
Aquinas, Thomas. Commentary on Aristotle's Politics. Trans. Richard J. Regan. Indianapolis Publishing Co.: Hackett, 2007.
Barker, Ernest. The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle. London: Methuen, 1906; repr. New York: Russell & Russell, 1959
Bodéüs, Richard. The Political Dimensions of Aristotle's Ethics. Albany: SUNY Press, 1993.
Kraut, Richard. Aristotle: Political Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Miller, Fred D., Jr. Nature, Justice, and Rights in Aristotle's Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Mulgan, Richard G. Aristotle's Political Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977.
Newman, W. L. The Politics of Aristotle, 4 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1887–1902; repr. Salem, NH: Ayer, 1985.
Nichols, Mary. Citizens and Statesmen: A Study of Aristotle's Politics. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefied, 1992.
Roberts, Jean. Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Aristotle and the Politics. London and New York: Routledge, 2009.
Schütrumpf, Eckart. Aristoteles Politik, 4 vols. Berlin and Darmstadt: Akademie Verlag, 1999–2005.
Simpson, Peter. A Philosophical Commentary on the Politics of Aristotle. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.
Susemihl, Franz, and R. D. Hicks. The Politics of Aristotle. London: Macmillan, 1894. [Omits books IV-VI.]
Yack, Bernard. The Problems of a Political Animal: Community, Justice, and Conflict in Aristotelian Political Thought. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
E. Studies of Particular Topics
1. Biographical and Textual Studies
Barker, Ernest. “The Life of Aristotle and the Composition and Structure of the Politics.” Classical Review 45 (1931), 162–72.
Jaeger, Werner. Aristotle: Fundamentals of the History of His Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1948.
Kelsen, Hans. “Aristotle and the Hellenic-Macedonian Policy.” In Jonathan Barnes et al. (eds.) Articles on Aristotle, vol. 2, Ethics and Politics. London: Duckworth, 1977, pp. 170–94.
Lord, Carnes. “The Character and Composition of Aristotle's Politics.” Political Theory 9 (1981), 459–78.
2. Methodology and Foundations of Aristotle's Political Theory
Adkins, A. W. H. “The Connection between Aristotle's Ethics and Politics.” In David Keyt and Fred D. Miller, Jr. (eds.) A Companion to Aristotle's Politics. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991, pp. 75–93.
Depew, David J. “The Ethics of Aristotle's Politics.” In Ryan K. Balot (ed.) A Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, pp. 399-418.
Irwin, Terence H. “Moral Science and Political Theory in Aristotle.” History of Political Thought 6 (1985), pp. 150–68.
Kahn, Charles H. “The Normative Structure of Aristotle's Politics.” In Günther Patzig (ed.) Aristoteles' ‘Politik’. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1990, pp. 369–84.
Ober, Joshua. “Aristotle's Political Sociology: Class, Status, and Order in the Politics.” In Carnes Lord and David O'Connor (eds.) Essays on the Foundations of Aristotelian Political Science. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.
Pellegrin, Pierre. “On the ‘Platonic’ Part of Aristotle's Politics.” In Willaim Wians (ed.) Aristotle's Philosophical Development. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996, pp. 347–59.
Rowe, Christopher J. “Aims and Methods in Aristotle's Politics.” In David Keyt and Fred D. Miller, Jr. (eds.) A Companion to Aristotle's Politics. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991, pp. 57–74.
Salkever, Stephen G. “Aristotle's Social Science.” Political Theory 9 (1981), pp. 479–508. Repr. in Richard Kraut and Steven Skultety (eds.) Aristotle's Politics: Critical Essays. Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005, pp. 27–64.
–––. Finding the Mean: Theory and Practice in Aristotelian Political Philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.
Smith, Nicholas D. and Robert Mayhew. “Aristotle on What the Political Scientist Needs to Know.” In K. I. Boudouris (ed.) Aristotelian Political Philosophy, vol. 1. Athens: International Center for Greek Philosophy and Culture, 1995, pp. 189–98.
3. Political Naturalism
Ambler, Wayne. “Aristotle's Understanding of the Naturalness of the City.” Review of Politics 47 (1985), 163–85.
Annas, Julia. “Aristotle on Human Nature and Political Virtue.” The Review of Metaphysics 49 (1996), 731–54.
Chappell, Timothy. “‘Naturalism’ in Aristotle's Political Philosophy.” In Ryan K. Balot (ed.) A Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, pp. 382–98.
Cooper, John M. “Political Animals and Civic Friendship.” In Günther Patzig (ed.) Aristoteles' ‘Politik’. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1990, pp. 220–41. Repr. in Richard Kraut and Steven Skultety (eds.) Aristotle's Politics: Critical Essays. Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005, pp. 65–89.
DePew, David J. “Humans and Other Political Animals in Aristotle's Historia Animalium.” Phronesis 40 (1995), 156–76.
Everson, Stephen. “Aristotle on the Foundations of the State.” Political Studies 36 (1988), 89–101.
Keyt, David. “Three Basic Theorems in Aristotle's Politics.” In David Keyt and Fred D. Miller, Jr. (eds.) A Companion to Aristotle's Politics. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991, pp. 118–41.
Kullmann, Wolfgang. “Man as a Political Animal in Aristotle.” In David Keyt and Fred D. Miller, Jr. (eds.) A Companion to Aristotle's Politics. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991, pp. 94–117.
Miller, Fred D., Jr. “Aristotle: Naturalism.” In Christopher J. Rowe and Malcolm Schofield (eds.) The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 321–43.
Reeve, C. D. C. “The Naturalness of the Polis in Aristotle.” In Georgios Anagnostopoulos (ed.) A Companion to Aristotle. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, pp. 512-25.
4. Household: Women, Slaves, and Children
Booth, William James. “Politics and the Household: A Commentary on Aristotle's Politics Book One.” History of Political Thought 2 (1981), 203–26.
Brunt, P. A. “Aristotle and Slavery.” In Studies in Greek History and Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 434–88.
Chambliss, J. J. “Aristotle's Conception of Children and the Poliscraft.” Educational Studies 13 (1982), 33–43.
Cole, Eve Browning. “Women, Slaves, and ‘Love of Toil’ in Aristotle's Moral Psychology.” In Bat-Ami Bar On (ed.) Engendering Origins: Critical Feminist Readings in Plato and Aristotle. Albany: SUNY Press, 1994, pp. 127–44.
Fortenbaugh, W. W. “Aristotle on Slaves and Women.” In Jonathan Barnes et al. (eds.) Articles on Aristotle, vol. 2, Ethics and Politics. London: Duckworth, 1977, pp. 135–9.
Freeland, Cynthia. Feminist Interpretations of Aristotle. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998.
Garnsey, Peter. Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Lindsay, Thomas K. “Was Aristotle Racist, Sexist, and Anti-Democratic?: A Review Essay.” Review of Politics 56 (1994), 127–51.
Mayhew, Robert. The Female in Aristotle's Biology: Reason or Rationalization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
Modrak, Deborah. “Aristotle: Women, Deliberation, and Nature.” In Bat-Ami Bar On (ed.) Engendering Origins: Critical Feminist Readings in Plato and Aristotle. Albany: SUNY Press, 1994, pp. 207–21.
Mulgan, Robert G. “Aristotle and the Political Role of Women.” History of Political Thought 15 (1994), 179–202.
Saxenhouse, Arlene W. “Family, Polity, and Unity: Aristotle on Socrates' Community of Wives.” Polity 15 (1982), 202–19.
Schofield, Malcolm. “Ideology and Philosophy in Aristotle's Theory of Slavery.” In Günther Patzig (ed.) Aristoteles' ‘Politik’. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1990, pp. 1–27. Repr. in Richard Kraut and Steven Skultety (eds.) Aristotle's Politics: Critical Essays. Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005, pp. 91–119.
Senack, Christine M. “Aristotle on the Woman's Soul.” In Bat-Ami Bar On (ed.) Engendering Origins: Critical Feminist Readings in Plato and Aristotle. Albany: SUNY Press, 1994, pp. 223–36.
Smith, Nicholas D. “Plato and Aristotle on the Nature of Women.” Journal of the History of Philosophy 21 (1983), 467–78.
–––. “Aristotle's Theory of Natural Slavery.” In David Keyt and Fred D. Miller, Jr. (eds.) A Companion to Aristotle's Politics. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991, pp. 142–55.
Spelman, E. V. “Aristotle and the Politicization of the Soul.” In Sandra Harding and M. B. Hintikka (eds) Discovering Reality: Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1983, pp. 17–30.
–––. “Who's Who in the Polis.” In Bat-Ami Bar On (ed.) Engendering Origins: Critical Feminist Readings in Plato and Aristotle. Albany: SUNY Press, 1994, pp. 99–125.
5. Political Economy
Dobbs, Darrell. “Aristotle's Anticommunism.” American Journal of Political Science 29 (1985), 29–46.
Finley, M. I. “Aristotle and Economic Analysis.” In Jonathan Barnes et al. (eds.) Articles on Aristotle, vol. 2, Ethics and Politics. London: Duckworth, 1977, pp. 140–58.
Irwin, Terence H. “Aristotle's Defense of Private Property.” In In David Keyt and Fred D. Miller, Jr. (eds.). A Companion to Aristotle's Politics. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991, pp. 200–25.
Judson, Lindsay. “Aristotle on Fair Exchange.” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 15 (1997), 147–75.
Mayhew, Robert. “Aristotle on Property.” The Review of Metaphysics 46 (1993), 802–31.
McNeill, D. “Alternative Interpretations of Aristotle on Exchange and Reciprocity.” Public Affairs Quarterly 4 (1990), 55–68.
Meikle, Scott. Aristotle's Economic Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Miller, Fred D. Jr. “Property Rights in Aristotle.” In Richard Kraut and Steven Skultety (eds.) Aristotle's Politics: Critical Essays, Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005, pp. 121–44.
–––. “Was Aristotle the First Economist?” Apeiron 31 (1998), 387–98.
6. Political Justice
Brunschwig, Jacques. “The Aristotelian Theory of Equity.” In Michael Frede and Gisela Striker (eds.) Rationality in Greek Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 115–55.
Georgiadis, Constantine. “Equitable and Equity in Aristotle.” In Spiro Panagiotou (ed.) Justice, Law and Method in Plato and Aristotle. Edmonton: Academic Printing & Publishing, 1987, pp. 159–72.
Keyt, David. “Aristotle's Theory of Distributive Justice.” In David Keyt and Fred D. Miller, Jr. (eds.) A Companion to Aristotle's Politics. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991, pp. 238–78.
Nussbaum, Martha C. “Nature, Function, and Capability: Aristotle on Political Distribution.” In Günther Patzig (ed.) Aristoteles' ‘Politik’. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1990, pp. 153–87.
Roberts, Jean. “Justice and the Polis.” In Christopher J. Rowe and Malcolm Schofield (eds.) The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 344–65.
Young, Charles M. “Aristotle on Justice.” The Southern Journal of Philosophy 27 (1988), 233–49.
7. Citizenship and Political Rights
Allan, D. J. “Individual and State in the Ethics and Politics.” Entretiens sur l'Antiquité Classique IX, La ‘Politique’ d'Aristote. Geneva: Fondation Hardt, 1964, pp. 53–95.
Barnes, Jonathan. “Aristotle and Political Liberty.” In Günther Patzig (ed.) Aristoteles' ‘Politik’. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1990, pp. 249–63. Repr. in Richard Kraut and Steven Skultety (eds.) Aristotle's Politics: Critical Essays. Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005, pp. 185–201.
Frede, Dorothea. “Citizenship in Aristotle's Politics.” In Richard Kraut and Steven Skultety (eds.) Aristotle's Politics: Critical Essays. Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005, pp. 167–84.
Irwin, Terence H. “The Good of Political Activity.” In Günther Patzig (ed.) Aristoteles' ‘Politik’. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1990, pp. 73–98.
Kraut, Richard. “Are There Natural Rights in Aristotle?” The Review of Metaphysics 49 (1996), 755–74.
Long, Roderick T. “Aristotle's Conception of Freedom.” The Review of Metaphysics 49 (1996), 775–802. Repr. in Richard O. Brooks and James Bernard Murphy (eds.) Aristotle and Modern Law. Aldershot Hants UK: Ashgate Publishing Co., 2003, pp. 384–410.
Miller, Fred D., Jr. “Aristotle and the Origins of Natural Rights.” The Review of Metaphysics 49 (1996), 873–907.
–––. “Aristotle's Theory of Political Rights.” In Richard O. Brooks and James Bernard Murphy (eds.) Aristotle and Modern Law. Aldershot Hants UK: Ashgate Publishing Co., 2003, pp. 309–50.
Morrison, Donald. “Aristotle's Definition of Citizenship: A Problem and Some Solutions.” History of Philosophy Quarterly 16 (1999), 143–65.
Mulgan, Robert G. “Aristotle and the Value of Political Participation.” Political Theory 18 (1990), 195–215.
Roberts, Jean. “Excellences of the Citizen and of the Individual.” In Georgios Anagnostopoulos (ed.) A Companion to Aristotle. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, pp. 555-65.
Schofield, Malcolm. “Sharing in the Constitution.” The Review of Metaphysics 49 (1996), 831–58. Repr. in Richard O. Brooks and James Bernard Murphy (eds.) Aristotle and Modern Law. Aldershot Hants UK: Ashgate Publishing Co., 2003, pp. 353–80.
Zuckert, Catherine H. “Aristotle on the Limits and Satisfactions of Political Life.” Interpretation 11 (1983), 185–206.
8. Constitutional Theory
Bates, Clifford A. Aristotle's “Best Regime”: Kingship, Democracy, and the Rule of Law. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003.
Collins, Susan D. Aristotle and the Rediscovery of Citzenship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Huxley, G. “On Aristotle's Best State.” In Paul Cartledge and F. D. Harvey (eds.) Crux: Essays Presented to G. E. M. de Ste. Croix. London: Duckworth, 1985, pp. 139–49.
Johnson, Curtis N. Aristotle's Theory of the State. New York: Macmillan, 1990.
Keyt, David. “Aristotle and Anarchism.” Reason Papers 18 (1993), 133–52. Repr. in Richard Kraut and Steven Skultety. Aristotle's Politics: Critical Essays. Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005, pp. 203–22.
Kraut, Richard. “Aristotle's Critique of False Utopias.” In Otfried Höffe, Otfried ( ed.) Aristoteles Politik. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2001, pp. 59–73.
Lintott, Andrew. “Aristotle and Democracy.” The Classical Quarterly (New Series) 42 (1992), 114–28.
Mayhew, Robert. Aristotle's Criticism of Plato's Republic. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1997.
–––. “Rulers and Ruled.” In Georgios Anagnostopoulos (ed.) A Companion to Aristotle. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, pp. 526-39.
Miller, Fred D., Jr. “Aristotle on the Ideal Constitution.” In Georgios Anagnostopoulos (ed.) A Companion to Aristotle. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, pp. 540-54.
Mulgan, Richard. “Aristotle's Analysis of Oligarchy and Democracy.” In David Keyt and Fred D. Miller, Jr. (eds.) A Companion to Aristotle's Politics. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991, pp. 307–22.
–––. “Constitutions and the Purpose of the State.” In Otfried Höffe, Otfried ( ed.) Aristoteles Politik. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2001, pp. 93–106.
Ober, Joshua. “Aristotle's Natural Democracy.” In Richard Kraut and Steven Skultety (eds.) Aristotle's Politics: Critical Essays. Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005, pp. 223–43.
Polansky, Ronald. “Aristotle on Political Change.” In David Keyt and Fred D. Miller, Jr. (eds.) A Companion to Aristotle's Politics. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991, pp. 322–45.
Rosler, Andres. Political Authority and Obligation in Aristotle. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Rowe, C. J. “Reality and Utopia.” Elenchos 10 (1989), 317–36.
–––. “Aristotelian Constitutions.” In Christopher J. Rowe and Malcolm Schofield (eds.) The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 366–89.
Strauss, Barry. “On Aristotle's Critique of Athenian Democracy.” In Carnes Lord and David O'Connor (eds.) Essays on the Foundations of Aristotelian Political Science. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991, pp. 212–33.
Vander Waert, Paul A. “Kingship and Philosophy in Aristotle's Best Regime.” Phronesis 30 (1985), 249–73.
Waldron, Jeremy. “The Wisdom of the Multitude: Some Reflections on Book 3, Chapter 11 of Aristotle's Politics.” Political Theory 20 (1992), 613–41. Repr. in Richard Kraut and Steven Skultety (eds.) Aristotle's Politics: Critical Essays. Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005, pp. 145–65.
9. Education
Burnyeat, Myles F. “Aristotle on Learning to Be Good.” In Amelie O. Rorty (ed.) Essays on Aristotle's Ethics. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980, pp. 69–92.
Curren, Randall R. Aristotle on the Necessity of Public Education. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000.
Depew, David J. “Politics, Music, and Contemplation in Aristotle's Ideal State.” In David Keyt and Fred D. Miller, Jr. (eds.) A Companion to Aristotle's Politics. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991, pp. 346–80.
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Stalley, Richard. “Education and the State.” In Georgios Anagnostopoulos (ed.) A Companion to Aristotle. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, pp. 566-76.
10. Law
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Burns, Tony. “Aristotle and Natural Law.” History of Political Thought 19 (1998), 142–66.
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11. Aristotle and Contemporary Politics
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Mulgan, Robert G. “Was Aristotle an ‘Aristotelian Social Democrat’?” Ethics 111 (2000), 79–101.
Murphy, James Bernard. The Moral Economy of Labor: Aristotelian Themes in Economic Theory. New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1993.
Nussbaum, Martha. “Aristotlian Social Democracy.” In R. Bruce Douglas, Gerald M. Mara, and Henry S. Richardson (eds) Liberalism and the Good. London: Routledge, 1990, pp. 203–52.
–––. “Capabilities and Human Rights.” Fordham Law Review 66 (1997), 273–300. Repr. in Richard O. Brooks and James Bernard Murphy (eds.) Aristotle and Modern Law. Aldershot Hants UK: Ashgate Publishing Co., 2003, pp. 413–40.
–––. “Aristotle, Politics, and Human Capabilities: A Response to Anthony, Arneson, Charlesworth, and Mulgan.” Ethics 111 (2000), 102–40.
Rasmussen, Douglas B. and Douglas J. Den Uyl. Norms of Liberty: A Perfectionist Basis for Non-Perfectionist Politics. University Park PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2005.
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Wallach, John C. “Contemporary Aristotelianism.” Political Theory 20 (1992), 613–41.
Scared from the flash I think.
(I've just found some of my old favourite photos on my HDD. This is one of them.)
This morning my wife and I found this possum hidden in the verandah storage cabinet... what a surprise for the three of us!
It was my very first model portrait photo shoot. And not only that, it was a nighttime.
Some point, I was lost control of flash light but luckily I've got two of them like this.
When I first saw this photo, I thought it looked quite scary.
But it wasn't scared enough. Or not even scare.
Model: Sera Haith
Thank you, Sera.
I was told that I am expected to put my hand through this.
My hand!
I have put them on my coffee table so as to befriend them, but I suspect that they will win at least the first round..
I mean - one builds walls with these. Surely they are not meant to be easily punched holes through?
I feel like a coward, and I am very, very scared.
Also I currently wish I had taken up tkd instead.
In an attempt to figure out what to do for this day I figured some close self portraits were in order. I tried various faces (didn't like a one), poses, reactions to imaginary events, I tried it all.
This one I am not sure exactly what I was going for, think I just wanted my body still and my head moving.
Thanks for the texture.
I like this picture because I could get a different angle of this fellow. This is not a masterpiece but an interesting one. Perhaps the story behind the picture is more interesting than the picture itself. I was at the Zoo waiting for the "Seal's feeding" and this guy was there waiting too along with 4 big Seals. One of the Seals got angry with this Heron and scared him off as he was waiting to steal their food. I got this shot exactly at the moment this Heron was running away from the Seal.
photocopyright & upload: Ruud-Rook Sept.16 2008.
"how can i go forward when i
don't know
wich way i'm facing?............................
how can i have feeling when i don't
know if it's a feeling?............................
how can give love when i don't know
what it is i'm giving?........................
how can i give love when love is
something i have never had?
you know life can be long and
you got to be so strong and the
world is so tough,sometimes i feel i've
had enough
how can we go forward when we
don't wich way we're facing?
how can we go forward when we
don't know wich way to turn?
how can we go forward into something we're not sure of............................ "
John Lennon /part of the song HOW on IMAGINE.