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Dosti Shayari in Hindi Collection

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Best Dosti Shayari for Friends

लोग दौलत देखते हैं, हम इज़्ज़त देखते हैं,लोग मंज़िल देखते हैं,

हम सफ़र देखते हैं,लोग दोस्ती बनाते हैं, हम उसे निभाते हैं.

 

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Dosti Shayari in Hindi Fonts

दिल मैं में जिनको भी जगह देता हूँ खुद से ज़्यादा मैं उनका ख्याल रखता हूँ

जैसे के तुम मेरे दोस्त.

 

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Friendship Shayari in English Fonts

Sukoon sa Dil ko Milta hai Aey Dost,

Tere Dil me Apne liye Apnapan Dekh Kar.

 

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Dosti Shayari for Friends in English Fonts

Maza aata h kisi ko stane me,

Ruthe na koi to maza kya manane me,

Ek dosto se hi to khushi h,

Warna rakha kya h es zindgi or zamane me.

 

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Best Friendship Shayari in Hindi Fonts

हम वक्त गुजारने के लिए

दोस्तों को नही रखते,

दोस्तों के साथ रहने केलिए वक्त रखते है.

 

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Best Dosti Shayari Collection For Friends in Hindi

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Two Line Dosti Shayari for Friends

सच्चे दोस्त हमे कभी गिरने नहीं देते,

ना किसी कि नजरों मे, ना किसी के कदमों मे.!!

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Best Friends Shayari in Hindi

लोग रूप देखते है ,हम दिल देखते है ,

लोग सपने देखते है हम हक़ीकत देखते है,

लोग दुनिया मे दोस्त देखते है,

हम दोस्तो मे दुनिया देखते है.

 

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लोग पूछते हैं इतने गम में भी खुश क्युँ हो..

मैने कहा दुनिया साथ दे न दे.. मेरा दोस्त तो साथ हैं.”

 

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Friendship Shayari Collection for Friends

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एक बात हमेशा याद रखना दोस्तों

ढूंढने पर वही मिलेंगे जो खो गए थे,

वो कभी नहीं मिलेंगे जो बदल गए है.

 

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मेरे “शब्दों” को इतने ध्यान से ना पढ़ा करो दोस्तों,

कुछ याद रह गया तो.. मुझे भूल नहीं पाओगे!

 

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Dua karte hain hum sar jukaye,

Aye dost tu apni manzil hamse jaldi paye

 

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अपनी दोस्ती का बस इतना सा उसूल है…

ज़ब तू कुबूल है तो तेरा सब कुछ कुबूल है….

 

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कोन कहेता है की दोस्ती बराबरी वालो में होती है..

सच तो ये है की दोस्ती में सब बराबर होता है.

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Na chahat hai sitaron ki, Na tamanna hay nazaroon ki,

Aap jaisa aik Dost mila kya zarorat hay hazaron ki.

 

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Kuch dair ka intazar mila hum ko par sab se sweet yaar mila hum ko,

Na rahi tamanna kisi Aur ki teri Dosti se wo pyar mila hum ko..!

 

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Hum to dosti ke saudagar hai DIL ka sauda kar Jayege,

agar honge aap hamari dosti ke kharidar to dosti ki kasam

hum muft mei bikk jayege.

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Kuch Rishtey Anjaane Mein Ban Jaate Hain

Pehle Dil Se Phir Zindagi Se Jud Jaate Hain

Kehte Hain Uss Daur Ko Dosti

Jismein Anjaane Na Jaane Kab Apne Ban Jaate Hain

 

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Itihaas Ke Har Panne Par Likha Hai

Dosti Kabhi Badi Nahi Hoti

Nibhane Wale Hamesha Bade Hote Hain

 

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Khushiyan Itni Ho Ki Aankhon Mein Aasu Jam Jaaye

Lamhe Ho Itne Haseen Ki Waqt Bhi Tham Jaaye

Dosti Nibhayeinge Hum Aapse Iss Tarah Ki

Sath Gujra Hua Har Pal Zindagi Ban Jaaye…

 

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Phoolon Ki Mahak Ko Churaya Nahi Jaata

Sooraj Ki Kirno Ko Chupaya Nahi Jaata

Kitne Bhi Door Raho Aye Dost Tum

Dosti Mein Aap Jaise Dost Ko Bhulaya Nahi Jaata

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“हम अपने पर गुरुर नहीं करते,

याद करने के लिए किसी को मजबूर नहीं करते.

मगर जब एक बार किसी को दोस्त बना ले,

तो उससे अपने दिल से दूर नहीं करते.”

 

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“कोई दोस्त कभी पुराना नहीं होता,

कुछ दिन बात न करने से बेगाना नहीं होता,

दोस्ती में दुरी तो आती रहती हैं,

पर दुरी का मतलब भुलाना नहीं होता.”

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Teri dosti mein khud ko mehfooz maante hain,

Hum doston me tumhe sabse azeez maante hai.

Teri dosti ke saaye mein zinda hain,

Hm to tujhe khuda ka diya hua tabeez mante hai.

 

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Chal Raha Tha Tanha Zindagi Ke Safar Mein,

Kuch Nahi Tha Mayoos Baithe Dil Mein,

Jab Se Bana Diya Khuda Ne Aapko Dost Mera,

Jannat Le Kar Aayi Dosti Tumhari Meri Sunsaan Zindagi Mein…

 

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Kabhi Pasnd Na Aaye Meri Dosti To Saaf Keh Dena Dost,

Qasam Se.,Hans Kr Chale Jaengy Teri Zindagi Se Teri Khushi Ki Khatir

 

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Dosti ka rista do anjano ko jod deta hai,

har kadam per zindgi ko nya mod deta hai,

saccha dost sath deta hai tab,

jab apna saya bhi sath chod deta hai..

 

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Dosti Ek Gunaah Hai Toh Hone Mat Denaa

Dosti Khudaa Hai Toh Khoney Mat Denaa

Karte Ho Dosti Jab Kisi Se Toh Kabhi Us

Dost Ko Rone Na Denaa!!

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Dosti Ki Tadap Ko Dikhaya Nhi Jata

Dil Mein Lagi Aag Ko Bhulaya Nhi Jata

Kitni Bhi Doori Ho Dosti Mein Aap Jaise

Dost Ko Bhulaya Nhi Jata!

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Dosti Koi Khoj Nahi Hoti

Yeh Har Kisi Se Har Roz Nahi Hoti

Apni Zindagi Mein Hume Be Wajah

Mat Samajhana Kyunki Palkhein Aankhon

Par Kabhi Bhoj Nahi Hoti!

 

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भूलना चाहो तो भी याद हमारी आएगी!

दिल की गहराई मे हमारी तस्वीर बस जाएगी!!

 

ढूढ़ने चले हो हमसे बेहतर दोस्त!

तलाश हमसे शुरू होकर हम पे ही ख़त्म हो जाएगी!!

 

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Tumhari is ada ka kya jawab du,

apne dost ko kya uphar du,

koi achcha sa phool hota to mali se mangvata,

jo khud gulab hai usko kya gulab du.

 

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Labo se chu kar ik jaam dete jana,

Hathon se apne ik paigam dete jana,

Meri mohabbat ko thukraya jo tune,

To ise dosti ka nam dete jana.

 

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Ham tere dil mein rahenge ek yaad bankar,

Tere lab pa khilenge muskaan bankar,

Kabhi hamein apne se juda na samajhna,

Hum tere saath challenge aasmaan bankar.

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दोस्तों की कमी को पहचानते है हम;

दुनियाँ के गमों को भी जानते है हम;

आप जैसे दोस्तों के ही सहारे,

आज भी हँस कर जीना जानते है हम!!

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Dosti imtihan nahi viswas mangti hai,

Nazar aur kuch nahi dost ka deedar mangti hai,

Zindagi apne liye kuch nahi par aapke liye,

Dua hazaar mangti hai…

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Pyar Ki Masti Kisi Dukan Mein Nahi Bikti

Acche Doston Ki Dosti Har Waqt Nahi Milti

Rakhna Dosti Ki Ahmiyat Dil Mein Sajakar

Kyunki Yaaron Ki Yaari Kabhi Gairo Se Nahi Milti.

 

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ऐ दोस्त मै तेरी खुशीयां बाटने शायद न आ सकुं,

पर ये वादा रहा,

जब गम आऐ तो खबर कर देना, सारे के सारे ले जाउंगा.

 

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लोग दौलत देखते हैं, हम इज़्ज़त देखते हैं,

लोग मंज़िल देखते हैं, हम सफ़र देखते हैं,

लोग दोस्ती बनाते हैं, हम उसे निभाते हैं.

 

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जिन्दगी जख्मो से भरी है,

वक्त को मरहम बनाना सीख लो,

हारना तो है एक दिन मौत से,

फिलहाल दोस्तों के साथ जिन्दगी जीना सीख लो..!!

 

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दोस्त तो दोस्त होता है, उसकी कोई जात या धर्म नही होता,

वो ख़ुशी के टाइम पे भी गालियाँ सुनता है और बुरे टाइम पे भी।

 

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Teri dosti mein khud ko mehfooz maante hain,

Hum doston me tumhe sabse azeez maante hai.

Teri dosti ke saaye mein zinda hain,

Hm to tujhe khuda ka diya hua tabeez mante hai.

 

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Dosti ka shukriya kuch is trah ada karu,

Aap bhul bhi jao to main yaad karu,

Dosti ne bas itna sikhaya hai muze

Ke khud se pahle apke liye dua karu.

 

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Teri dosti ka rista pyara hai itna ke,

Har kadam pay muskuratay hain hum..!!

 

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ए दोस्त…..

कौन कहता है की मुझ में कोई कमाल रखा है……

मुझे तो बस कुछ दोस्तो ने संभाल रक्खा है……

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Dosti imtihan nahi vishwas mangti hai..

nazar aur kuchh nahi dost ka didar mangti hai…

Zindagi apne liye kuchh bhi nahi,

par dosto ke liye dua hazar mangti hai…

 

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Rishto se badi chahat kya hogi,

dosti se badi ibadat kya hogi,

jise dost mil jaye AAp jaisa,

use zindgi se shikayat kya hogi.

 

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Faasle mita kar aapas main pyaar rakhna,.

dosti ka ye rishta hamesha barkaraar rakhna,

bichhad jaaye kabhi aapse hum,

aankhon main hamesha hamara intzaar rakhna…

 

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Zindagi bhi hum apni khushi se luta de,

agar khuda hamari umar apko laga de

aur khuda se chahte kuch bhi nahi bas

hr janam me apko hamara dost bana de

 

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Hastiya mit gai naam kamane m,

Umar beet gai khusiya paane m,

Ek pal me dur na ho jana humse,

Hame to saalo lage hai,

Aap jaisha DOST pane me

 

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Dosti Karo To Hamesha Muskra K,

Kisi Ko Dhoka na Do Apna Bana K,

Kar lo yaad Jab Tak Hum Zinda hai,

Fir na Kehna Chale Gaye Dil Me Yade basa ke

 

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Meri dosti ke sare ehsas le lo,

Dil Se pyar ke sare jajbat le lo,

Nhi chorenge saath tumhare,

Is dosti ke chahe hazaron imtehan le lo…

 

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Har din ye dil akela hota hai,

Har ek pal uske bina adhura hota hai,

Koi yaad karta h koi bhoola deta hai,

Par har ek friend zaroori hota hai…

 

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Teri dosti ne diya sakun itna,

Ki tere baad koi bhi accha na lage,

Tujhe karni ho bewafai to is ada se karna,

Ki tere baad koi bhi bewafa na lage…

 

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Teri dosti ki aadat si pad gayi hai mujhe,

Kuch der tere sath chalana baki hai.

Shamshan mein jalta chodkar mat jana,

Warna ruh kahegi k ruk ja,

Abhi tere yaar ka dil jalna baki hai.

 

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करनी है खुदा से गुजारिश,

तेरी दोस्ती के सिवा कोई बंदगी न मिले,

हर जनम में मिले दोस्त तेरे जैसा,

या फिर कभी जिंदगी न मिले।

 

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गुनाह करके सजा से डरते है,

ज़हर पी के दवा से डरते है.

दुश्मनो के सितम का खौफ नहीं हमे,

हम तो दोस्तों के खफा होने से डरते है.

 

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Dooriya Toh Dosti Me Aati Rehti Hai,

Phir B Ye Dosti Dilon Ko Mila Detee Hain,

Wo Dost Hi Kya Joh Naraaz Na Ho,

Magar Sachi Dosti Doston Ko Mana Leti Hain!

 

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वातावरण को जो महका दे उसे ‘इत्र’ कहते हैं,

जीवन को जो महका दे उसे ही ‘मित्र’ कहते हैंl

 

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Maangi thi jab humne dua rab se,

Dena mujhe wo dost ho jo alag sabse,

Usne hume mila diya aapse aur kaha

Sambhaalo inhe yeh anmol hai sab se.

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Bade ajeeb hain ye zindagi ke raaste,

anjane mod par kuchh log dost ban jate hain,

milne ki khushi de ya na de

bichhadne ka gam zarur de jate hain…

 

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दोस्ती नाम है सुख दुख की कहानी का,

दोस्ती नाम है सदा मुस्कुराने का,

यह कोई पल भर की पहचान नही,

दोस्ती नाम है सदा साथ निभाने का.

 

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याद तुम्हारी ना आए ऐसा हम होने ना देंगे,

दोस्त तुम्हारे जैसा हम खोने नही देंगे,

एक दो स्मस करते रहना,

वरना रात को हम सोने नही डेनेगे.

 

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Dosti Karo To Hamesha Muskra K,

Kisi Ko Dhoka na Do Apna Bana K,

Kar lo yaad Jab Tak Hum Zinda hai,

Fir na Kehna Chale Gaye Dil Me Yade basa ke..

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Rishto se badi chahat kya hogi,

dosti se badi ibadat kya hogi,

jise dost mil jaye AAp jaisa,

use zindgi se shikayat kya hogi.

 

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Faasle mita kar aapas main pyaar rakhna,.

dosti ka ye rishta hamesha barkaraar rakhna,

bichhad jaaye kabhi aapse hum,

aankhon main hamesha hamara intzaar rakhna…

 

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Zindagi bhi hum apni khushi se luta de,

agar khuda hamari umar apko laga de

aur khuda se chahte kuch bhi nahi bas

hr janam me apko hamara dost bana de

 

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Hastiya mit gai naam kamane m,

Umar beet gai khusiya paane m,

Ek pal me dur na ho jana humse,

Hame to saalo lage hai,

Aap jaisha DOST pane me

 

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Dosti Karo To Hamesha Muskra K,

Kisi Ko Dhoka na Do Apna Bana K,

Kar lo yaad Jab Tak Hum Zinda hai,

Fir na Kehna Chale Gaye Dil Me Yade basa ke

 

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Meri dosti ke sare ehsas le lo,

Dil Se pyar ke sare jajbat le lo,

Nhi chorenge saath tumhare,

Is dosti ke chahe hazaron imtehan le lo…

 

→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→

 

Har din ye dil akela hota hai,

Har ek pal uske bina adhura hota hai,

Koi yaad karta h koi bhoola deta hai,

Par har ek friend zaroori hota hai…

 

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Teri dosti ne diya sakun itna,

Ki tere baad koi bhi accha na lage,

Tujhe karni ho bewafai to is ada se karna,

Ki tere baad koi bhi bewafa na lage…

 

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Kabhi dil ki kamzori bankar reh jati he,

Kabhi waqt ki majburi bankar reh jati he,

Ye dosti wo pani he,

Jitna bhi piyo pyas adhuri reh jati he…..

 

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Kuch Rishte Iss Jahaan Mein Khaas Hote Hai;

Hawa Ke Rukh Se Jin Ke Ehsaas Hote Hai;

Yeh Dil Ki Kashish Nahi To Aur Kiya Hai Doston;

Door Reh Kar Bhi Woh Dil Ke Kitne Paas Hote Hai!…….

 

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दोस्त को दोस्त का इशारा याद रहेता हे,

हर दोस्त को अपना दोस्ताना याद रहेता हे,

कुछ पल सच्चे दोस्त के साथ तो गुजारो,

वो अफ़साना मौत तक याद रहेता हे|

 

→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→

 

Dosti ka shukriya kuch is trah ada karu,

Aap bhul bhi jao to main yaad karu,

Dosti ne bas itna sikhaya hai muze

Ke khud se pahle apke liye dua karu.

 

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Suna Hai Khuda Ke Darbar Se..

Kuch Farishtey Faraar Ho Gaye..

Kuch to Vaapas Chale Gaye..

Aur Kuch Humare Yaar Ho Gaye.

 

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Milna bichdna sab kismat ka khel hai,

Kabhi nafrat to kabhi dilo ka mail hai,

Beek jata hai har rishta duniya me,

Sirf dosti hi yaha “NOT FOR SALE” hai.

 

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Manzilo Se Apni Kabhi Dar Na Jaana,

Raastey Ki Pareshaaniyo Se Kahi Toot Na Jaana,

Jab B Zaroorat Ho Zindagi Me Kisi Apne Ki,

Hum Aapke Apne Hi Hai Yeh Bhool Na Jaana!

 

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umar ki rah me insaan badal jata hai,

waqt ki aandhi me tufan badal jata hai,

sochta hun tumhe pareshan na karu,

lekin baad me irada badal jata hai.

→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→

 

yaad tumhari na aye aisa ham hone na denge,

dost tumhare jaisa ham khone nahi denge,

ek do SMS karte rahna,

warna raat ko ham sone nahi denege.

 

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hame ek aisa sathi chahiye,

jo hame apna maan sake,

hamare har dukh-dard ko jo baat sake,

jab ham chal bhi rahe ho tez barish me,

to hamare behte hue ansu ko vo pehchan sake.

 

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→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→

 

Dosti dard nahi khushiyo ki sogat hai

Kisi apne ka jindgi bhar ka sath hai

Ye to dilo ka wo khubsurat ahsas hai

Jiske dam se rosan ye sari kaynaat hai

 

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Dosti mein duriyaan toh aati jaati rehti hain,

Fir bhi dosti dilon ko milati rehti hain,

Woh dost hi kya jo naaraz na ho,

Par sachchi dosti doston ko manati rehti hain..

→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→

 

Dosti ki judaai ka gham mat karna,

Door rehke bhi dosti kam mat karna,

Agar milaaye zindagi kisi modh pe,

To humein dekh kar aankhein band mat karna.

 

→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→

 

Dosti aur Pyaar nadi pe gumne gye…

Pyaar nadi me gir gya Q?

Qki pyaar andha hota hai

Uske piche dosti bhi gir gai Q?

Qki dosti kisi ka sath nahi chodti.

 

→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→

 

Rate gumnaam hoti hai,

Din kisi ke naam hota hai,

Hum zindagi kuch iss tarahjeete hain,

Ki har lamha sirf doston ke hi naam hota hai.

 

→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→

 

Mehak dosti ki ishq se kam nahin hoti,

Ishq se duniya khatam nahin hoti,

Agar saath ho zindagi me doston ka,

To kathor zindagi bhi kisi jannat se kam nahin hoti.

→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→

 

Aapkee Dosti Per Maan Hai Mujhe,

Kall Tha Jitna Bhrosa Utna Aaj Hai Mujhe,

Dost Voh Nhi Jo Sukh Mein Saath Rahe,

Dost Vahi Hai Jo Hardum Apnepan Ka Ehsass De…

 

→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→

 

क्यूँ मुश्किलों में साथ देते हैं दोस्त

क्यूँ गम को बाँट लेते हैं दोस्त,

न रिश्ता खून का न रिवाज से बंधा है,

फिर भी ज़िन्दगी भर साथ देते हैं दोस्त

 

→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→

 

दोस्ती होती है दिले राज़ बताने के लिए,

हम अपनी हानशी मिटा दें आपको हसने के लिए,

मिलने की तो आपको फ़ुर्सत नही,

तो हम स्मस करते हैं अपनी याद दिलाने के लिए.

→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→

 

उमर की रह मे इंसान बदल जाता है,

वक़्त की आँधी मे तूफान बदल जाता है,

सोचता हूँ तुम्हे परेशन ना करू,

लेकिन बाद मे इरादा बदल जाता है.

 

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→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→

Tere dosti me ek nasha hai,

Tabhi to yeh saari duniya hamse khafa hai,

Naa karo hamse itni dosti,

Ki dil hi hamse puchhe teri dhadkan kahan hai.

 

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Dosti to sirf ittifaq hai,

Yeh to dillon ki mulaqat hai..

Dosti nahi dekhti ye din hai ki raat hai,

Isme to sirf wafadari or jazbaat hai..!

 

→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→

 

आओ ….. ताल्लुकात को कुछ और नाम दें,

ये दोस्ती का नाम तो बदनाम हो गया..

 

→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→

 

Tere dosti mein mujhe hogaya hai fever,

Tere dosti mein mujhe hogaya hai fever,

DEBIT the receiver, CREDIT the giver!!

 

→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→

 

“इश्क के सहारे जिया नहीं करते,

गम के प्यालों को पिया नहीं करते,

कुछ नवाब दोस्त हैं हमारे,

जिनको परेशान न करो तो वो याद ही किया नहीं करते.”

 

→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→

 

Dosti Ki Mahek Ishq Se Kam Nahi Hoti,

Ishq Pe Hi Zindgi Khatm Nahi Hoti,

Agar Sath Ho Zindgi Mein Achche Doston Ka,

Zindagi Kisi Jannat Se Kam Nahi Hoti.

 

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Dosti aisi ho ke dhadkan main bas jaye.

Saans bhi loo to khushboo yaar uski aaye..!

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→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→

Rishto se badi chahat kya hogi,

dosti se badi ibadat kya hogi,

jise dost mil jaye AAp jaisa,

use zindgi se shikayat kya hogi.

 

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Aankhon Mein Basne Wale Pyara Sa Ishara Ho

Andheri Raat Me Chamkta Sitara Ho

Chubh Nahi Sakti Udasi kabhi usko

Jiska Koi Dost Itna Pyara Ho.

 

→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→

 

Pyaar aur dosti mein itna fark paya hai.

Pyaar ne sahaara diya aur dost ne nibhaaya hai.

Kis rishte ko gehara kahu?

Ek ne zindagi di aur dusre ne jeena sikhaaya hai.

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Dosti Najaron Se Ho To Kudrat Kehte Hai,

Sitaron Se Ho To Jannat Kehte Hai,

Husn Se Ho To Mohabbat Kehte Hai,

Aur Aapse Ho To Use Kismat Kehte Hai.

 

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Kehte hain dost banana zindagi hai

Dosti nibhana zindagi hai

Kitne bhi busy kyun na rahe din bhar

Magar ek pal ke liye hi sahi

Doston ki yaad aana hi zindagi hai

 

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Kuchh fasle sirf aankhon se hote hain,

Dil ke fasle do baton se hote hai,

Koi lakh bhulane ki koshish kare,

Par dosti ke rishte khatam sirf saanson se hote hai.

 

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Waqt bahut kam hai sath bitane ke liye,

Isko na ganwana kabhi roothne manane ke liye,

Dosti to hamne kar li aap se,

Bas thoda sa sath dena is ko nibhane ke liye.

 

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Jaam pe jaam pine se kya fayada,

Shaam ko pee subaha phir utar jayegi,

Peena hai to do bund dosti ke pee,

Sari zindagi teri nashe mein guzar jayegi.

→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→

 

Dost ka pyar dua se kam nahi hota,

Woh chahe door ho phir bhi koi gham nahi hota,

Aksar pyar mein dosti kam ho jati hain,

Magar dosti mein pyar kabhi kam nahi hota.

 

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Kitne azeez ho tum ye batayein kaise,

Hamari sachchai aap ko dikhayein kaise,

Aapki dosti hai anmol hamare liye,

Aapko chand lafzon mein samjhayein kaise.

→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→ www.fullystuff.com/dosti-shayari/

Some interesting shots framed by my Associate Baskar, while teaching him Photography

Shots i could pull with my brand new "Hoya Circular Polarizer Filter"... I'm loving it.. :)

Y do we need to jail them...?

A busy wrap-up for the day.... :)

No common language we shared by words, but had lovely time with them sharing universal sign of Humans LOVE... <3 <3 <3

 

Shots i could pull with my brand new "Hoya Circular Polarizer Filter"... I'm loving it.. :)

Photo-shoot with my bro...

All rights reserved © Sayed Shuvo

www.facebook.com/Sayed.Shuvo.photography/

 

happy teachers day pano guru

  

Explore 367 on Tuesday, May 12, 2009

 

Seethayanam - NangyarKoothu

The second chapter/day(Randam divasam of seethayanam) Seetha in Ashokavanam, in Lankapuri. The story defines her persona and paints her growth from an innocent maiden to a matured woman and a mellowed noble lady who acquires an iconic status.Seetha is the quintessence of the feminine,fallible but strong and dignified.

Artist:Margi Sathi Devi(Kalamandalam)

Yup... The responsibility to protect the nature is MineNa... :)

I'm Flying...

Shots i could pull with my brand new "Hoya Circular Polarizer Filter"... I'm loving it.. :)

BR standard class 9F number 92220 Evening Star is a preserved British steam locomotive completed in 1960. It was the last steam locomotive to be built by British Railways. It was the only British main line steam locomotive earmarked for preservation from the date of construction.[1] It was the 999th locomotive of the whole British Railways Standard range.[2

Construction

 

Evening Star was built at Swindon railway works in 1960. Though the last to be built, it was not the last 9F numerically as Crewe Works had already completed engines with higher numbers.[3] It was equipped with a BR1G-type tender[4] and given BR Brunswick green livery, normally reserved for passenger locomotives, and was completed with a copper-capped double chimney.[5] All other members of the class of heavy freight locomotives were painted unlined black.[6]

Naming

 

92220 was the only Class 9F to be named (and liveried in lined passenger express brunswick green) when running with BR, although other 9Fs have subsequently been named in preservation.

 

The name Evening Star was chosen following a competition run in 1959-60 by the BR Western Region Staff Magazin

There were three competition winners, Driver T.M. Phillips (Aberystwyth), Boilermaker J.S. Sathi (Old Oak Common) and F.L. Pugh (Paddington), who had all suggested Evening Star.[5]

Nameplate and plaque

 

A special commemorative plate was affixed below the nameplate on the smoke deflectors.]

  

BR Standard Class 9F 92220 Evening Star

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Awaited for the Monkey long, sad it didn turned up...

All rights reserved - Copyright © Yasir Nisar /Max Loxton

 

All images are exclusive property and may not be copied, downloaded, reproduced, transmitted, manipulated or used in any way without expressed, written permission of the photographer.

  

Facebook Page | YasirNisar

 

Bridal Photoshoot

Achole tobo shomeshwari bohe,

ga beye garo giri-

ochena majhi,tobo chena nao choliche-

ele kotha hote viri?

Viro jatri tobo jatrar sathi

ghuriche odrikonna chiri. . . Faisal

ہمارا ساتھی کون

Kumbakonam, also spelt as Coombaconum or Combaconum in the records of British India, is a town and a special grade municipality in the Thanjavur district in the southeast Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located 40 km from Thanjavur and 273 km from Chennai and is the headquarters of the Kumbakonam taluk of Thanjavur district. The town is bounded by two rivers, the Kaveri River to the north and Arasalar River to the south. According to the 2011 census, Kumbakonam has a population of 140,156 and has a strong Hindu majority; but it also has sizeable Muslim and Christian populations. Kumbakonam is known as a "temple town" due to the prevalence of a number of temples here and is noted for its Mahamaham festival which attracts people from all over the globe.

 

Kumbakonam dates back to the Sangam period and was ruled by the Early Cholas, Pallavas, Medieval Cholas, Later Cholas, Pandyas, the Vijayanagar Empire, Madurai Nayaks, Thanjavur Nayaks and the Thanjavur Marathas. It rose to be a prominent city between the 7th and 9th centuries AD, when it served as a capital of the Medieval Cholas. The town reached the zenith of its prosperity during the British Raj when it was a prominent centre of European education and Hindu culture; and it acquired the cultural name, the "Cambridge of South India". In 1866, Kumbakonam was officially constituted as a municipality, which today comprises 45 wards, making it the largest municipality and second largest local civil body in Thanjavur district.

 

ETYMOLOGY

The name "Kumbakonam", roughly translated in English as the "Pot's Corner", is believed to be an allusion to the mythical pot (kumbha) of the Hindu god Brahma that contained the seed of all living beings on earth. The kumbha is believed to have been displaced by a pralaya (dissolution of the universe) and ultimately came to rest at the spot where the town of Kumbakonam now stands. This event is now commemorated in the Mahamaham festival held every 12 years. Kumbakonam is also known as Baskarashetram and Kumbam from time immemorial and as Kudanthai in ancient times. Kumbakonam is also spelt as Coombaconum in the records of British India. Kumbakonam was also formerly known by the Tamil name of Kudamukku. Kumbakonam is also identified with the Sangam age settlement of Kudavayil.

 

HISTORY

The region around Kumbakonam was inhabited as early as the Sangam Age (3rd century BC to 3rd century AD). The present-day Kumbakonam is believed to be the site of the ancient town of Kudavayil where the Early Chola king Karikala held his court. Some scholars identify Kumbakonam as the site of the fabled prison of Kudavayir-kottam where the Chera king Kanaikkal Irumporai was imprisoned by the Early Chola king Kocengannan. Kumbakonam is identified with the town of Malaikūrram which had served as the Chola capital as early as the 7th century and with the town of Solamaligai which had also served as a Chola capital. According to the Sinnamanur plates, Kumbakonam was the site of a battle between the Pallava king Sri Vallabha and the then Pandya king in 859 and between the Pandya king Srimara Pandya and a confederacy of the Cholas and Gangas.

 

Kumbakonam came into limelight during the rule of the Medieval Cholas who ruled from the 9th century to the 12th century. The town of Pazhaiyaarai, 8 km from Kumbakonam was the capital of the Chola Empire in the 9th century.

 

Following the decline of the Chola kingdom, Kumbakonam was conquered by the Pandyas in 1290. Following the demise of the Pandya kingdom in the 14th century, Kumbakonam was conquered by the Vijayanagar Empire. Krishnadevaraya (1509–29), the emperor of Vijayanagara visited the town in 1524 and is believed to have bathed in the famous Mahamaham tank during the Mahamaham festival. Kumbakonam was ruled by the Madurai Nayaks and the Thanjavur Nayaks from 1535 to 1673 when it fell to the Marathas. Each of these foreign dynasties had a considerable impact on the demographics and culture of the region. When the Vijayanagar Empire fell in 1565, there was a mass influx of poets, musicians and cultural artists from the kingdom.

 

According to the chronicles of the Hindu monastic institution, the Kanchi matha, the matha was temporarily transferred to Kumbakonam in the 1780s following an invasion of Kanchipuram by Hyder Ali of Mysore. When Tipu Sultan invaded the east coast of South India in 1784, Kumbakonam bore the brunt of his invasion. The produce fell sharply and the economy collapsed. Kumbakonam did not recover from the calamity till the beginning of the 19th century.

 

Kumbakonam was eventually ceded to the British East India Company in 1799 by the Thanjavur Maratha ruler Serfoji II (1777 -1832) and reached the zenith of its prosperity in the late 19th and early 20th century when it emerged as an important center of Brahminism, Hindu religion and European education in the Madras Presidency. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 fostered trade contacts with the United Kingdom. In 1877, railway lines were completed linking Kumbakonam with the ports of Madras, Tuticorin and Nagapattinam. The Tanjore district court was established in Kumbakonam in 1806 and functioned from 1806 to 1863.

 

Kumbakonam continued to grow even after India's independence though it fell behind the nearby town of Thanjavur in terms of population and administrative importance. The population growth rate began to fall sharply after 1981. This decline has been attributed to limited land area and lack of industrial potential. During the Mahamaham festival of 1992, there was a major stampede in which 48 people were killed and 74 were injured. On July 16, 2004, a devastating fire accident in the Sri Krishna school killed 94 children.

 

GEOGRAPHY

Kumbakonam is located at 10.97°N 79.42°E. It is situated 273 km south of Chennai, 96 km east of Tiruchirappalli, and about 40 km north-east of Thanjavur. It lies in the region called the "Old delta" which comprises the north-western taluks of Thanjavur district that have been naturally irrigated by the waters of the Cauvery and its tributaries for centuries in contrast to the "New Delta" comprising the southern taluks that were brought under irrigation by the construction of the Grand Anicut canal and the Vadavar canal in 1934. It has an average elevation of 26 metres. The town is bounded by two rivers, the Cauvery River on the north and Arasalar River on the south.

 

Although the Cauvery delta is usually hot, the climate of Kumbakonam and other surrounding towns is generally healthy and moderate. Kumbakonam is cooler than Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu. The maximum temperature in summer is about 40 °C while the minimum temperature is about 20 °C. Kumbakonam receives an annual rainfall of 114.78 cm every year. The region is covered with mainly alluvial or black soil which is conducive for rice cultivation. Other crops grown in Kumbakonam include mulberry, cereals and sugarcane.

 

The town of Kumbakonam is surrounded by extensive paddy fields. Methods of irrigation were considerably improved following the opening of the Mettur Dam in 1934. The fauna of the Cauvery Delta is limited to cattle and goats. The town is situated at the western flank of the Kumbakonam-Shiyali ridge which runs along the Kollidam river basin separating the Ariyalur-Puducherry depression from the Nagapattinam depression. This granular ridge projects further eastwards penetrating the Puducherry depression and forms a hard layer of cretaceous rock underneath the sedimentary top soil.

 

TEMPLES

Kumbakonam is known for its temples and mathas (monasteries). There are around 188 Hindu temples within the municipal limits of Kumbakonam. Apart from these, there several thousand temples around the town thereby giving the town the sobriquets "Temple Town" and "City of temples".

 

Adi Kumbeswarar Temple is considered to be the oldest Shaiva (the sect of the god Shiva) shrine in the town, believed to be constructed by the Cholas in the 7th century. The Nageswaraswamy Temple has a separate shrine for the Sun god Surya who is believed to have worshipped Shiva at this place. Adi Kumbeswarar temple, Nageswaraswamy temple and Kasi Viswanathar temple are Shiva temples in the town revered in the Tevaram, a Tamil Shaiva canonical work of the 7th–8th century. Kumbakonam has one of the few temples dedicated to the god Brahma.

 

Sarangapani temple is the largest Vaishnava (the sect of the god Vishnu) shrine present in Kumbakonam. The present structure of the temple having a twelve storey high tower was constructed by Nayak kings in the 15th century. It is one of the "Divya Desams", the 108 temples of Vishnu revered by the 12 Alvar saint-poets. The Ramaswamy temple, which has scenes from the Hindu epic Ramayana depicted on its walls, was constructed by Govinda Dikshitar, the minister of successive Nayak rulers, Achuthappa Nayak (1560–1614) and Raghunatha Nayak (1600–34). He added a commercial corridor between the temple and the older Chakrapani temple, which in modern times is called Chinna Kadai Veethi, a commercial street in the town.

 

Pilgrims from all parts of India take a holy dip once every 12 years during the Mahamaham festival in the Mahamaham tank. An estimated 2 million pilgrims participated in the festival during the 2004 event. Govinda Dikshitar constructed the sixteen mandapams (shrines) and stone steps around this tank.

 

Kumbakonam also has a number of mathas. The Sri Sankara matha of Kanchipuram was moved to Kumbakonam during the reign of Pratap Singh (1739–63) and remained in Kumbakonam until the 1960s. There are also two Vellalar mathas in the nearby towns of Dharmapuram and Thiruppanandal and a Raghavendra matha in Kumbakonam. There is also a branch of the Vaishnava Ahobila mutt in Kumbakonam.

 

The Thenupuriswarar Temple at Patteeswaram, the Oppiliappan Kovil, the Swamimalai Murugan temple and the Airavateswarar temple at Darasuram are located in the vicinity of Kumbakonam. The Airavatesvara Temple built by Rajaraja Chola II (1146–73) during 12th century is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, along with the Brihadeeswara Temple at Thanjavur, the Gangaikondacholisvaram Temple at Gangaikonda Cholapuram that are referred as the Great Living Chola Temples.

 

DEMOGRAPHICS

According to 2011 census, Kumbakonam had a population of 140,156 with a sex-ratio of 1,021 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 12,791 were under the age of six, constituting 6,495 males and 6,296 females.The average literacy of the city was 83.21%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. There were a total of 9,519 workers, comprising 32 cultivators, 83 main agricultural labourers, 1,206 in house hold industries, 7,169 other workers, 1,029 marginal workers, 24 marginal cultivators, 45 marginal agricultural labourers, 212 marginal workers in household industries and 0 other marginal workers.

 

Kumbakonam has a strong Hindu majority; but it also has sizeable Muslim and Christian populations. Among Hindus, Kallars, Vanniyars Thondaimandala Mudaliars, Brahmins and Dalits are the numerically dominant Tamil-speaking groups. Brahmins are more numerous and affluent in Kumbakonam than in other parts of Tamil Nadu. There are also large populations of Moopanars, Konars and Nadars. Amongst Muslims, the Sunnis are dominant. However, there is also a significant Shia minority. Most of the Muslims are Marakkayars or Labbays. The majority of Muslims in Kumbakonam are involved in commerce or maritime trade. Kumbakonam also has a large population of Protestant Christians largely due to the efforts of the German missionary Christian Friedrich Schwarz. The Catholics in Kumbakonam are mainly affiliated to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kumbakonam which was separated from the Archdiocese of Pondicherry in 1899.

 

The population of Kumbakonam is predominantly Tamil-speaking. The commonly used dialects is the Central Tamil dialect. There are significant minorities speaking Thanjavur Marathi, Telugu, Kannada and Saurashtrian as their mother tongue.

 

Residential areas make up 32.09% of the town's total area while commercial enterprises and industrial units make up 2.75% and 1.21% respectively. The non-urban portion of the town constitutes about 44.72% of the total area. Kumbakonam has a total of 45 slums with a population of 49,117.

 

As per the religious census of 2011, Kumbakonam had 86.07% Hindus, 9.57% Muslims, 3.99% Christians, 0.% Sikhs, 0.% Buddhists, 0.23% Jains, 0.13% following other religions and 0.% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.

 

MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION AND POLITICS

The Kumbakonam municipality was officially constituted in the year 1866. Initially, the municipality exercised its jurisdiction over an area of 7.68 km2 and its affairs were administered by a town-level committee or municipal committee. Later it was constituted special-grade municipality and currently, exercises its authority over an area of 12.58 km2 out of the town's total area of 64.02 km2. It comprises 45 wards and is the second biggest municipality in Thanjavur district.

 

The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: General, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, Town planning and the Computer Wing. All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the supreme executive head. The legislative powers are vested in a body of 45 members, one each from each of the 45 wards. The legislative body is headed by an elected Chairperson who is assisted by a Deputy Chairperson.

 

Kumbakonam is a part of the Kumbakonam Legislative Assembly constituency and elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years. Despite being a hub of militant Communism in the 1950s, Kumbakonam voted for the Indian National Congress in the first five state elections held between 1952 and 1977. The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam won the elections in 1977 and between 1977 and 1989, the seat was alternatively held by the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or the Indian National Congress. Since 1989, barring an interregnum of five years between 1991 and 1996, the seat has been held by Ko. Si. Mani of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Kumbakonam was a part of the Kumbakonam Lok Sabha constituency from 1952 till 1977, when the constituency was disbanded. The assembly segments in the erstwhile Kumbakonam Lok Sabha constituency were included in the Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency and have remained so ever since.

 

Law and order in Kumbakonam in maintained by the Thanjavur sub division of the Tamil Nadu Police headed by a Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP). There are four police stations in the town, one of them being an all-women police station. There are special units like prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and special branch that operate at the district level police division headed by a Superintendent of Police (SP).

 

ECONOMY

The important products of Kumbakonam include brass, bronze, copper and pewter vessels, silk and cotton cloths, sugar, indigo and pottery. Kumbakonam is considered to be the chief commercial centre for the Thanjavur region. In 1991, around 30% of the population was engaged in economic activity. Rice production is an important activity in Kumbakonam. Of 194 industrial units in Kumbakonam, 57 are rice and flour mills. Kumbakonam is also a leading producer of betel leaves and nuts; the betel leaves produced in Kumbakonam are ranked amongst the best in the world in terms of quality. The A. R. R. Agencies, a leading manufacturer of arecanut slices has its factory in Kumbakonam. The main administrative offices of T. S. R. & Co., a cosmetic company, are also based in Kumbakonam. Kumbakonam is also famous for its metal works. The Tamil Nadu Handicraft Development Corporation had been established in the nearby town of Swamimalai in order to train bronze artisans. Kumbakonam is an important silk-weaving centre and more than 5,000 families were employed either directly or indirectly in silk weaving. Silk weaved in Kumbakonam is regarded as one of the finest in the subcontinent. They are largely used in the manufacture of Thirubuvanam silk sarees. Kumbakonam was also an important salt-manufacturing area during British rule. The town lends its name to the Kumbakonam Degree Coffee, a blend of coffee prepared using undiluted pure milk. In recent times, Kumbakonam has emerged as an important manufacturer of fertilizers.

 

Apart from its manufactures, tourism is also a major source of income for the town. The Hindu temples and colonial-era buildings have been recognised for their tourism potential. The 12th-century Airavatesvara Temple in the town of Darasuram near Kumbakonam is an UNESCO World Heritage Site. Kumbakonam is also frequented by art collectors interested in handloom cloth and other curios. Banks such as the Axis Bank, Bank of Baroda, State Bank of India, Tamilnad Mercantile Bank, Canara Bank, Indian Bank Indian Overseas Bank, Bank of India, Union Bank of India, Corporation Bank, Lakshmi Vilas Bank, ICICI Bank, ING Vysya Bank, Karur Vysya Bank, Punjab National Bank, Syndicate Bank and Vijaya Bank have their branches in Kumbakonam. The City Union Bank was founded in Kumbakonam in 1904 as the Kumbakonam Bank Limited and it is headquartered in the town.

 

TRANSPORT AND UTILITY SERVICES

Kumbakonam is well-connected by road and rail with the rest of India. The nearest international airport is at Tiruchirapalli, which is 91 km from Kumbakonam. The nearest seaport is located at Nagapattinam which is about 50 km away. The town has around 141 km of roads, 544 municipal roads making up 122.29 km. There are also around 18.71 km of state highways running through Kumbakonam. Over 87% of the municipal roads are paved. There are regular government and private bus services to Chennai, Thanjavur, Mannargudi, Tiruchirapalli, Chidambaram, Mayiladuthurai, Nagapattinam, Coimbatore, Palani, Tiruppur, Thoothukudi, Madurai, Sivagangai, Puducherry, and Tirunelveli. The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) operates daily services from Bengaluru and mysuru to Kumbakonam. On March 1, 1972, the Cholan Roadways Corporation was established by the Government of Tamil Nadu with its headquarters in Kumbakonam in order to improve transportation facilities in the districts of central Tamil Nadu. The organisation acquired the fleets of buses earlier owned by private operators – Sri Ramavilas Service, Raman and Raman Limited and Sathi Vilas. On July 1, 1997, the organization was renamed Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation, Kumbakonam and presently forms division no. 1 of the Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation. The corporation runs a reconditioning unit and a tyre re-threading unit in Kumbakonam. Kumbakonam is connected by rail with most important towns and cities in South India. The Mysuru- Mayiladuthurai Express connects Kumbakonam with Mysuru and Bengaluru. There are regular express trains that connect Kumbakonam with major cities in the state like Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tiruchirapalli. There are passenger trains that connect Kumbakonam with Thanjavur, Tiruchirapalli, Chidambaram and and Mayiladuthurai.

 

The traditional modes of transportation are bullock carts. It is recorded that as late as the 1950s, landlords and rich farmers travelled mostly by bullock carts with the exception of rare long journeys which they undertook by buses or motor Kumbakonam has an efficient local bus transportation system. The mofussil bus stand is located in the south-east of Kumbakonam and is situated just opposite to the Arignar Anna Bus Stand where the long-distance buses are stationed. There are occasional ferries that transport people and goods across the Cauvery. Till the beginning of the 20th century, students of the Government Arts College used to cross the Cauvery on coracle ferries in order to attend college. Since the construction of a bridge in 1944, the practice of transporting men and goods by coracles has greatly diminished.

 

Electricity supply to Kumbakonam is regulated and distributed by the Kumbakonam circle of Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB). Water supply is provided by the Kumbakonam municipality from Cauvery river and Coleroon river; the distribution is managed through head works located at Valayapettai and Kudithangi, supplying 3,265 kl (863,000 US gal) of water to the town. About 18 t of solid waste is collected from the town everyday; 53% domestic wastes and 32% commercial wastes. The collected wastes are dumped in yards outside the town and segregated to produce organic manure. Kumbakonam municipality has partial underground drainage connectivity and the municipality is implementing the underground drainage to the uncovered areas. The major sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks and public conveniences. Roadside drains carry untreated sewage out of the town to let out raw into the sea or accumulates in low-lying area.

 

Kumbakonam comes under the Cauvery River Delta Area (CRDA) of the Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecom and internet services provider. Apart from telecom, BSNL also provides broadband internet service. There are two government hospitals, 34 private hospitals & clinics and numerous medical shops catering to the healthcare need of the town.

 

EDUCATION

The Raja Veda Padasala, established by Govinda Dikshitar during 1542 in Kumbakonam, teaches Sanskrit vedic scriptures in specialised fields of Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda, Agamas and Sastras. Kumbakonam emerged as an important centre of education in the late 19th century and was known as the "Cambridge of South India". The Government Arts College, established in Kumbakonam in 1867, is one of the oldest educational institutions in the Madras Presidency. It began as a provincial school on October 19, 1854, before being upgraded to a government college in 1867. It was affiliated to the Madras University in 1877. One of the early principals of the college was William Archer Porter, a Cambridge Wrangler, who, along with T. Gopala Rao, was instrumental in its elevation to a government college. He is also credited with framing the college's acclaimed educational policy. In 1881, it became a full-fledged college and high school courses ceased to be taught. Notable faculty members included U. V. Swaminatha Iyer (1855–1942) while the Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887–1920) who studied from 1904 until 1906 when he dropped out and V. S. Srinivasa Sastri (1869–1946), an Indian politician and administrator, are its notable alumni. The Government Arts College for Women was started in 1963 and had a total strength of 2,597 pupils in February 2006. The college offers various undergraduate courses and one post-graduate course and is affiliated to the Bharathidasan University. Other colleges in Kumbakonam include Idhya Colleges of Arts and Sciences, Annai College of Arts and Sciences, Government College Of Fine Arts and Arasu Engineering College. The Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy has a satellite campus based in Kumbakonam where all disciplines of Engineering, arts and sciences are taught.

 

The Native High School, founded in 1876, and the Town Higher Secondary School, one of whose students was Srinivasa Ramanujan, were some of the oldest schools in the Madras Presidency. At present, there a total of 36 government and private schools in Kumbakonam.

 

WIKIPEDIA

A Lovely sunset with a splash of colours...

Dattagiri / Baba Budangiri (or Bababudangiri or Baba Budan Giri) is a mountain in the Dattagiri Hill Range / Baba Budan Giri Range of the Western Ghats of India. Located in the Chikkamagaluru District of Karnataka, Dattagiri/ Baba Budangiri is known for its shrine which is a place of pilgrimage for both Hindus and Muslims.

 

Peaks in the Dattagiri / Baba Budan Giri Range are the Mullayanagiri and Dattagiri/Baba Budangiri (height 1895 m).

 

Mullayanagiri also spelt Mullayangiri or Mullainagiri is the highest peak in the Baba Budan Giri Range. With a height of 1930 m (6317 ft.), it is the highest peak between the Himalayas and the Nilgiris.

 

Baba Budan was a 17th century Sufi, revered by Muslims , whose shrine is at Baba Budangiri, Karnataka, India. According to legend, he introduced coffee to India by bringing beans from the port of Mocha, Yemen.Stewart Lee Allen (The Devil's Cup: Coffee, the Driving Force in History), Mark Pendergrast Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World, and Antony Wild (Coffee: A Dark History) relate that legend attributes Baba Budan—an Indian Sufi whose real name was Hazrat Shah Jamer Allah Mazarabi (Allen) -- with breaking the Arab monopoly over the coffee trade around 1600. Apparently, when on a pilgrimage to Mecca, he brought out seven live coffee beans, via Yemen back to India to plant in the Baba Budangiri mountain ranges.

 

The available history says that one Dada Hayath, his real name being Abdul Azeez Macci, considered to be a direct disciple of the Prophet, was sent to India in 11th century from Saudi Arabia to spread the message of Islam and peace, in true tradition of Sufism. In fact, Dada Hayath’s religious preaching did not target Hindus as a religious community. Rather, it targeted local landlords (palegars in local parlance) who were highly oppressive against the common masses. History says that the palegars did not tolerate the intervention of Dada Hayath into their domain, as his mission was about to affect their stronghold and dominance. On many occasions, they tried to eliminate him but failed.

 

According to some accounts, Dattatreya is a later phenomenon and it could develop a syncretic culture by synthesizing Shaivite, Vaishnavite and Sufi culture together. The people of the region believe that Bababudan is an incarnation of Dattatreya. Having a long history in Karnataka, the Dattatreya tradition – a part of Awadhut tradition, upholds the idea of a formless god, and condemns caste and sacrificial rituals performed by Brahmin priests. Also a long tradition of the Dattatreya and Sufism going hand in hand can be witnessed by the fact that Baba Budan and Dattatreya have become interchangeable.

 

Baba Budangiri is small shrine named after the saint Sufi saint Baba Budan (also called Guru Dattatreya), who is revered by both Muslims and Hindus. Its origin appears to be a syncretization of reverence for an 11th century Sufi, Dada Hayath (Abdul Azeez Macci); for the 17th century Sufi Baba Budan, said to have brought coffee to India; and for Dattatreya, an incarnation of Shiva (or of Brahma, Shiva and Vishnu). It has been controversial due to political and religious tension over its status as a syncretic shrine.

 

Dattatreya, for whom the shrine was once named, is considered by some Hindus to be God who is an incarnation of the Divine Trinity Brahma, Vishnu and Maheshwara (Shiva), in the form of an ascetic in the discipline of Avadhuutha (God intoxicated monk). A Sufi saint known as Baba Budan is believed to have later been in the same cave for some time. Some Hindus have making a claim over the shrine, which is controlled by Muslims. This has led to tension between the two communities. This has become the place of communal riots on the occasion of Urs (the death anniversary of the Sufi saint) and the occasion of Datta Jayanti in the month of December. Hindu Shobha Yatras have been organized at the same time give rise to the communal conflict.

 

The Supreme Court of India has ruled that only religious ceremonies which were performed prior to 1975 be permitted. As Shobha Yatra was not performed prior to 1975, police have in some years denied buses permission to approach Bababudangiri on Datta Jayanti.

 

Baba Budan Giri represents a unique syncretic culture of Hindus and Muslims where both offer prayers in a cave-like structure. It derived its name from a Muslim Sufi saint who was in turn the disciple of another Sufi saint called Hazrath Dada Hayath Meer Khalandar. Dada was one of the earliest to arrive in India (1005 AD) from west Asia to preach Sufism in India. When he came to south India, he selected the present cave for his meditation. In fact, the Puranic name of the hills was Chandra Dona, as it look like a crescent or a horse shoe. The place Dada selected was equally believed to be the seat of Dattaraya Swamy, who is said to be the last avatar of Vishnu; he is believed to have vanished from one of the caves to Kashi to be reincarnated in future. Another belief is that Dada Khalandar and Dattaraya Swamy are one and the same person. The story goes that after clearing the area Dada decided to settle down for meditation. “He needed water to perform ‘wazu’ for his prayers. He was a stranger in this area and did not know where water was available. He prayed and started digging the ground in front of the place he had selected as his seat of meditation and found a perennial spring. He thanked god and spent the night in prayers and meditation. Early in the next morning a brahmin and a jangama entered the cave, as per their custom, for worship. Seeing Dada absorbed in meditation they thought that he was the incarnation of Sri Dattaraya Swamy” (Sajjade Nishin, Hazrat Dada Hayat Meer Khalandar, 1979:10). Likewise the Hindus, Muslims also believe that Dada had disappeared from one of the caves to Mecca and Madina and is alive and will in due course appear before the disciples. After him, Baba Budan, one of his closest disciples who introduced coffee to this hilly region, brought from Mocha in the west Asia, carried his mission further. Baba Budan, whose history is usually traced to Bagdhad, reached Chickmagalur via Malabar and Mangalore. Baba Budan was killed in an ambush near the present cave and was buried along with two other Sufis inside the cave. Interestingly, he is also called Hazrath Syed Meran Baba and also Jan-e-Pak Shaheed. The institution of custodian of the site although it is traced to Dada, began to centralise in a single family after the death of another Sufi saint, Hazrat Syed Shah Jamaluddin. “For reasons not known Jamaluddin also became famous as Baba Budan during his life time” (Ibid, p 43). The custodian of the site/shrine is called Sajjade Nishin. There are a few characteristics attached to him: “only Sayyads can become swami, either Husseins or Khadris, the descendents of Hussen or Hassan, sons of Ali. After initiation, a Khadri becomes Shah Khadri, and after apostolic seat, he is styled Sajjade. No unmarried man can become Sajjade”

 

A large number of stories have been constructed around Dada’s dargah. These stories pertain to the spiritual and healing powers including the power to bestow children, relief to physical disorders, property disputes, etc. This is one of the reasons why the site has become famous. There are stories about how Dada protected a princess who later on came to be known as Sathi Samyukta by Hindus and Mama Jigni by the Muslims. Most important is the story about how the princely state of Mysore was bestowed with an heir to the throne by Dada, and how the maharaja would be able to break the stone laid before the cave. This is a typical story which has similarities with the stories surrounding the birth of Jahangir (with the blessings of Sufi saint Nazrath Shah Sali) and Tippu Sultan (with the blessings of Tippu Aulia of Arcot). This story is important for two obvious reasons: It provided legitimacy to the claims of spiritual power of the Sufi saints, secondly, it made the state liberal, moderate and secular:

 

Sri Krishna Raja Wadiyar had no son in his family for a long time. He was worried much about it. Once, coming out of the dargah, he saw the stone slab where devotees broke the offered coconuts. Struck with an idea, he made a vow quietly that he would split that stone with coconuts on the birth of a son in the family. Soon after that his brother had a son, Sri Jaya Chamaraja Wadiyar. He came to the dargah with cart-loads of coconuts to fulfil his vow and began breaking coconuts one by one. The stone remained solid even after many cart-loads were finished. He was in a dilemma. He had to fulfil his vow but it appeared impossible. At long last he realised that in his anxiety he made a vow which was apparently impossible. He explained the situation and requested Hazrath Peer to take him to Dada and pray for his pardon and suggest a solution. After Hazrath Peer recited the Fateha, Maharaja expressed his gratitude to Dada, repented his folly, sought out of the dargah and following the instructions, he broke the coconut on the stone slab. To his pleasant surprise the stone developed a crack”

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Kodiveri Falls, Gobichettipalayam

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A Casual act of sleep on the mid of day along side of a busy road...

Watch tower....

**** MUJHSE MERI TANHAYEE

PUCHHTI HAI

TU AKELA KYUN HAI ?

MAI SISAK UDTA HU JAVED

" TU MERI SATHI TO HAI ?"

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Happy New Year Shayari 2017: After Good Night Shayari & Good Morning Shayari, Today We are going to share TOP 100+ Happy New Year Shayari in Hindi. Happy New Year is Coming Soon. Here You can check New Year Shayari SMS Wishes Quotes. We also have a Collection of Attitude Shayari in Hindi & Hindi Shayari.

 

Happy New Year Shayari in Hindi 2017

 

इस रिश्ते को यूँ ही बनाये रखना,

दिल में यादों के चिराग जलाये रखना,

बहुत प्यारा सफर रहा 2016 का…

बस ऐसा ही साथ 2017 में भी बनाये रखना।

नव वर्ष की शुभ कामनाएं..

 

*****New Year 2017 Shayari in Hindi******

   

हम आपके दिल में रहते हैं,सारे दर्द आपके सहते हैं,कोई हम से पहले विश न कर दे आपको,इस लिए सबसे पहले हैप्पी न्यू ईयर कहते हैं.हैप्पी न्यू ईयर…

   

*****Happy New Year 2017 Shayari*****

   

फूल खिलेंगे गुलशन में खूबसूरती नज़र आएगी,

 

बीते साल की खट्टी मीठी यादें संग रह जाएगी,

 

आओ मिलकर जशन मनाएं नए साल का हँसी ख़ुशी से,

 

नए साल की पहली सुबह ख़ुशियाँ अनगिनत लाएगी।

 

हैप्पी न्यू इयर…

 

*****Hindi Happy New Year Shayari 2017*****

   

सबके दिलों में हो सबके लिए प्यार;

 

आने वाला हर दिन लाए खुशियों का त्यौहार,

 

इस उम्मीद के साथ आओ भूलके सारे गम,

 

न्यू इयर 2015 को हम सब करें वेलकम।

 

हैप्पी न्यू इयर..

   

*****2017 Happy New Year Shayari Hindi*****

   

बीत गया जो साल भूल जाएँ,

 

इस नए साल को गले लगाएँ,

 

करते हैं हम दुआ रब से सर झुका के,

 

इस साल के सारे सपने पूरे हों आपके।

 

नव वर्ष की हार्दिक शुभकामनाएं…

   

*****Happy New Year 2017 Shayari SMS*****

   

पुराना साल सबसे हो रहा है दूर,

 

क्या करें यही है कुदरत का दस्तूर,

 

पुरानी यादें सोच कर उदास ना हो तुम,

 

नया साल आया है चलो,

 

धूम मचा ले धूम मचा ले धूम।

 

नव वर्ष की हार्दिक शुभकामनाएं…

   

*****Happy New Year 2017 SMS Wishes*****

   

आपकी आँखों में सजे हैं जो भी सपने,

 

और दिल में छुपी हैं जो भी अभिलाषाएं,

 

यह नया वर्ष उन्हें सच कर जाए,

 

आपके लिए यही है हमारी शुभकामनाएं!

 

नव वर्ष की शुभकामनाएं…

   

*****Happy New Year 2017 Quotes*****

   

सदा दूर रहो ग़म की परछाइयों से,

 

सामना ना हो कभी तन्हाइयों से,

 

हर अरमान हर ख़्वाब पूरा हो आपका,

 

यही दुआ है दिल की गहराइयों से।

 

नव वर्ष की शुभकामनाएं..

   

*****Shayari Hindi Happy New Year 2017*****

   

इस रिश्ते को यूँ ही बनाये रखना,

 

दिल में यादों के चिराग जलाये रखना,

 

बहुत प्यारा सफर रहा 2015 का…

 

बस ऐसा ही साथ 2016 में भी बनाये रखना।

 

नव वर्ष की शुभ कामनाएं..

   

*****Happy New Year 2017 Wishes*****

   

ये फूल ये खुशबू ये बहार !

 

तुमको मिले ये सब उपहार !!

 

आसमा के चाँद और सितारे !

 

इन सब से तुम करो सृंगार !!

 

तुम खुश रहों आवाद रहों……

 

खुशियों का हो ऐसी फुहार !

 

हमारी ऐसी दुआ हैं हजार !!

 

दामन तुम्हारा छोटा पर जाए !

 

जीवन में मिले तुम्हे इतना प्यार !!

 

*****Happy New Year 2017 Shayari in Hindi*****

   

मंजिले आसान सारे मुस्किले वे नूर हो !

 

दिल की जो हो तम्मना वो हमेशा दूर हो !!

 

लब पे लब की बात हो, खुशियों में सिमटी जिन्दगी !

 

गम भरी पारछाइया आँचल से लाखो दूर हो !!

 

*****Happy New Year 2017 Shayari*****

   

जब से ये नया साल आया !

 

जुबा पे तेरा नाम लाया !!

 

छुपते – छुपते मिलना हैं होता !

 

मुहब्बत में कैसा मुकाम लाया !!

   

*****Happy New Year 2017 Shayari for Love*****

   

हस गुजरेगा साल नया हमें एतवार हैं !

 

बसे परदेश तो क्या, नहीं कम प्यार हैं !!

 

ख्वाबे मत देखना, आवाज़ रहता जिगर ख़याल हैं !

 

मिलेगी इजाजत जानेमन लौट पहनाना बाँहे हार हैं !!

   

*****Happy New Year 2017 Shayari for Girlfriend*****

   

हर साल आता है, हर साल जाता है

 

इस साल आपको वो सब मिले

 

जो आपका दिल चाहता है.

   

*****Happy New Year 2017 Shayari*****

   

मुबारक हो तुम्हे नववर्ष का महिना !

 

चमको तुम जैसे फागुन का महिना !!

 

पतझर न आये तेरी जिन्दगी में !

 

यही हैं दोस्त अपनी तम्मना !!

   

*****Happy New Year 2017 Shayari in English*****

   

Raat Ka Chand Salaam Kare Aapko,

 

Pariyo Ki Awaaz Adaab Kare Aapko.

 

Sari Dunia Ko Khush Rakhne Wala Khuda,

 

New Year Ke Har Pal Me Khush Rakhe Aapko…

   

*****Happy New Year 2017 SMS Wishes*****

   

Din Ko Raat Se Pehle

 

Chand Ko Sitron Se Pehle

 

Dil Ko Dhadkan Se Pehle

 

Aur Aapko Sabse Pehle

 

Happy New Year 2017

   

*****SMS for Happy New Year 2017*****

   

Machhli Ko English Mein Kehte Hain Fish

 

Hum Aapko Bada Karte Hain Miss

 

Humse Pehle Koi Kar Na De Wish

 

Isliye Sabse Pehle Aaplo

 

Kar Rahe Hain Dil Se Wish…

 

Happy New Year 2016

   

*****Hindi Shayari Happy New Year 2017*****

   

Na Sathi Hai, Na Humsafar Hai Koi

 

Na Kisi Ke Hum Na Humara Hai Koi

 

Par Apko Dekh Kar Keh Sakte Hain

 

Ek Pyara Sa Dost Humara Bhi Koi…

 

Happy new Year 2016

   

*****Happy New Year 2017 Shayari in Hindi*****

   

Aap Jahan Jaye Wahan Se Kare Fly All Tear

 

Sab Log Aap Ko Hi Maane Apna Dear

 

Aap Ki Har Raah Ho Always Clear

 

Aur God De Aap Ko Ek Very Happy New Year

   

*****Happy New Year 2017 Hindi Shayari*****

   

Sada Dur Raho Gham Ki Parchaiyon Se

 

Samna Na Ho Kabhi Tanhayion Se

 

Har Arman Har Khwab Pura Ho Aapka

 

Yahi Dua Hai Dil Ki Gehraiyon Se

 

*****New Year 2017 Shayari for Lover*****

 

पुराण साल सबसे हो रहा है दूर,क्या करे यही हैं कुदरत का दस्तूर,बीती यादें सोच कर उदास ना हो तुम,करो खुशियों के साथ नए साल को मंजूर.

 

*****Happy New Year 2017 Quotes*****

   

+++ Very Happy New Year +++

 

Beet Gaya Jo Saal, Bhul Jaayein

 

Is Naye Saal Ko Gale Lagayein

 

Karte Hain Dua Hum Rab Se Sar Jhukake

 

Naye Saal Ke Sare Sapne Pure Ho Aapke

   

*****Happy New Year Shayari 2017 in Hindi for Love*****

     

Is Naye Saal MeinJo Tu Chahe Vo Tera HoHar Din Khubsoorat Aur Raatein Roshan HonKamyaabi Chumti Rahe Tere Kadam Hamesha YaarNaya Saal Mubarak Ho Tujhe Mere Yaar.

 

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ift.tt/2isZWqO Happy New Year 2017 Hindi Shayari, Happy New Year 2017 Shayari in Hindi, Hindi Happy New Year 2017 Shayari, Shayari Hindi Happy New Year 2017

Kumbakonam, also spelt as Coombaconum or Combaconum in the records of British India, is a town and a special grade municipality in the Thanjavur district in the southeast Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located 40 km from Thanjavur and 273 km from Chennai and is the headquarters of the Kumbakonam taluk of Thanjavur district. The town is bounded by two rivers, the Kaveri River to the north and Arasalar River to the south. According to the 2011 census, Kumbakonam has a population of 140,156 and has a strong Hindu majority; but it also has sizeable Muslim and Christian populations. Kumbakonam is known as a "temple town" due to the prevalence of a number of temples here and is noted for its Mahamaham festival which attracts people from all over the globe.

 

Kumbakonam dates back to the Sangam period and was ruled by the Early Cholas, Pallavas, Medieval Cholas, Later Cholas, Pandyas, the Vijayanagar Empire, Madurai Nayaks, Thanjavur Nayaks and the Thanjavur Marathas. It rose to be a prominent city between the 7th and 9th centuries AD, when it served as a capital of the Medieval Cholas. The town reached the zenith of its prosperity during the British Raj when it was a prominent centre of European education and Hindu culture; and it acquired the cultural name, the "Cambridge of South India". In 1866, Kumbakonam was officially constituted as a municipality, which today comprises 45 wards, making it the largest municipality and second largest local civil body in Thanjavur district.

 

ETYMOLOGY

The name "Kumbakonam", roughly translated in English as the "Pot's Corner", is believed to be an allusion to the mythical pot (kumbha) of the Hindu god Brahma that contained the seed of all living beings on earth. The kumbha is believed to have been displaced by a pralaya (dissolution of the universe) and ultimately came to rest at the spot where the town of Kumbakonam now stands. This event is now commemorated in the Mahamaham festival held every 12 years. Kumbakonam is also known as Baskarashetram and Kumbam from time immemorial and as Kudanthai in ancient times. Kumbakonam is also spelt as Coombaconum in the records of British India. Kumbakonam was also formerly known by the Tamil name of Kudamukku. Kumbakonam is also identified with the Sangam age settlement of Kudavayil.

 

HISTORY

The region around Kumbakonam was inhabited as early as the Sangam Age (3rd century BC to 3rd century AD). The present-day Kumbakonam is believed to be the site of the ancient town of Kudavayil where the Early Chola king Karikala held his court. Some scholars identify Kumbakonam as the site of the fabled prison of Kudavayir-kottam where the Chera king Kanaikkal Irumporai was imprisoned by the Early Chola king Kocengannan. Kumbakonam is identified with the town of Malaikūrram which had served as the Chola capital as early as the 7th century and with the town of Solamaligai which had also served as a Chola capital. According to the Sinnamanur plates, Kumbakonam was the site of a battle between the Pallava king Sri Vallabha and the then Pandya king in 859 and between the Pandya king Srimara Pandya and a confederacy of the Cholas and Gangas.

 

Kumbakonam came into limelight during the rule of the Medieval Cholas who ruled from the 9th century to the 12th century. The town of Pazhaiyaarai, 8 km from Kumbakonam was the capital of the Chola Empire in the 9th century.

 

Following the decline of the Chola kingdom, Kumbakonam was conquered by the Pandyas in 1290. Following the demise of the Pandya kingdom in the 14th century, Kumbakonam was conquered by the Vijayanagar Empire. Krishnadevaraya (1509–29), the emperor of Vijayanagara visited the town in 1524 and is believed to have bathed in the famous Mahamaham tank during the Mahamaham festival. Kumbakonam was ruled by the Madurai Nayaks and the Thanjavur Nayaks from 1535 to 1673 when it fell to the Marathas. Each of these foreign dynasties had a considerable impact on the demographics and culture of the region. When the Vijayanagar Empire fell in 1565, there was a mass influx of poets, musicians and cultural artists from the kingdom.

 

According to the chronicles of the Hindu monastic institution, the Kanchi matha, the matha was temporarily transferred to Kumbakonam in the 1780s following an invasion of Kanchipuram by Hyder Ali of Mysore. When Tipu Sultan invaded the east coast of South India in 1784, Kumbakonam bore the brunt of his invasion. The produce fell sharply and the economy collapsed. Kumbakonam did not recover from the calamity till the beginning of the 19th century.

 

Kumbakonam was eventually ceded to the British East India Company in 1799 by the Thanjavur Maratha ruler Serfoji II (1777 -1832) and reached the zenith of its prosperity in the late 19th and early 20th century when it emerged as an important center of Brahminism, Hindu religion and European education in the Madras Presidency. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 fostered trade contacts with the United Kingdom. In 1877, railway lines were completed linking Kumbakonam with the ports of Madras, Tuticorin and Nagapattinam. The Tanjore district court was established in Kumbakonam in 1806 and functioned from 1806 to 1863.

 

Kumbakonam continued to grow even after India's independence though it fell behind the nearby town of Thanjavur in terms of population and administrative importance. The population growth rate began to fall sharply after 1981. This decline has been attributed to limited land area and lack of industrial potential. During the Mahamaham festival of 1992, there was a major stampede in which 48 people were killed and 74 were injured. On July 16, 2004, a devastating fire accident in the Sri Krishna school killed 94 children.

 

GEOGRAPHY

Kumbakonam is located at 10.97°N 79.42°E. It is situated 273 km south of Chennai, 96 km east of Tiruchirappalli, and about 40 km north-east of Thanjavur. It lies in the region called the "Old delta" which comprises the north-western taluks of Thanjavur district that have been naturally irrigated by the waters of the Cauvery and its tributaries for centuries in contrast to the "New Delta" comprising the southern taluks that were brought under irrigation by the construction of the Grand Anicut canal and the Vadavar canal in 1934. It has an average elevation of 26 metres. The town is bounded by two rivers, the Cauvery River on the north and Arasalar River on the south.

 

Although the Cauvery delta is usually hot, the climate of Kumbakonam and other surrounding towns is generally healthy and moderate. Kumbakonam is cooler than Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu. The maximum temperature in summer is about 40 °C while the minimum temperature is about 20 °C. Kumbakonam receives an annual rainfall of 114.78 cm every year. The region is covered with mainly alluvial or black soil which is conducive for rice cultivation. Other crops grown in Kumbakonam include mulberry, cereals and sugarcane.

 

The town of Kumbakonam is surrounded by extensive paddy fields. Methods of irrigation were considerably improved following the opening of the Mettur Dam in 1934. The fauna of the Cauvery Delta is limited to cattle and goats. The town is situated at the western flank of the Kumbakonam-Shiyali ridge which runs along the Kollidam river basin separating the Ariyalur-Puducherry depression from the Nagapattinam depression. This granular ridge projects further eastwards penetrating the Puducherry depression and forms a hard layer of cretaceous rock underneath the sedimentary top soil.

 

TEMPLES

Kumbakonam is known for its temples and mathas (monasteries). There are around 188 Hindu temples within the municipal limits of Kumbakonam. Apart from these, there several thousand temples around the town thereby giving the town the sobriquets "Temple Town" and "City of temples".

 

Adi Kumbeswarar Temple is considered to be the oldest Shaiva (the sect of the god Shiva) shrine in the town, believed to be constructed by the Cholas in the 7th century. The Nageswaraswamy Temple has a separate shrine for the Sun god Surya who is believed to have worshipped Shiva at this place. Adi Kumbeswarar temple, Nageswaraswamy temple and Kasi Viswanathar temple are Shiva temples in the town revered in the Tevaram, a Tamil Shaiva canonical work of the 7th–8th century. Kumbakonam has one of the few temples dedicated to the god Brahma.

 

Sarangapani temple is the largest Vaishnava (the sect of the god Vishnu) shrine present in Kumbakonam. The present structure of the temple having a twelve storey high tower was constructed by Nayak kings in the 15th century. It is one of the "Divya Desams", the 108 temples of Vishnu revered by the 12 Alvar saint-poets. The Ramaswamy temple, which has scenes from the Hindu epic Ramayana depicted on its walls, was constructed by Govinda Dikshitar, the minister of successive Nayak rulers, Achuthappa Nayak (1560–1614) and Raghunatha Nayak (1600–34). He added a commercial corridor between the temple and the older Chakrapani temple, which in modern times is called Chinna Kadai Veethi, a commercial street in the town.

 

Pilgrims from all parts of India take a holy dip once every 12 years during the Mahamaham festival in the Mahamaham tank. An estimated 2 million pilgrims participated in the festival during the 2004 event. Govinda Dikshitar constructed the sixteen mandapams (shrines) and stone steps around this tank.

 

Kumbakonam also has a number of mathas. The Sri Sankara matha of Kanchipuram was moved to Kumbakonam during the reign of Pratap Singh (1739–63) and remained in Kumbakonam until the 1960s. There are also two Vellalar mathas in the nearby towns of Dharmapuram and Thiruppanandal and a Raghavendra matha in Kumbakonam. There is also a branch of the Vaishnava Ahobila mutt in Kumbakonam.

 

The Thenupuriswarar Temple at Patteeswaram, the Oppiliappan Kovil, the Swamimalai Murugan temple and the Airavateswarar temple at Darasuram are located in the vicinity of Kumbakonam. The Airavatesvara Temple built by Rajaraja Chola II (1146–73) during 12th century is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, along with the Brihadeeswara Temple at Thanjavur, the Gangaikondacholisvaram Temple at Gangaikonda Cholapuram that are referred as the Great Living Chola Temples.

 

DEMOGRAPHICS

According to 2011 census, Kumbakonam had a population of 140,156 with a sex-ratio of 1,021 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 12,791 were under the age of six, constituting 6,495 males and 6,296 females.The average literacy of the city was 83.21%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. There were a total of 9,519 workers, comprising 32 cultivators, 83 main agricultural labourers, 1,206 in house hold industries, 7,169 other workers, 1,029 marginal workers, 24 marginal cultivators, 45 marginal agricultural labourers, 212 marginal workers in household industries and 0 other marginal workers.

 

Kumbakonam has a strong Hindu majority; but it also has sizeable Muslim and Christian populations. Among Hindus, Kallars, Vanniyars Thondaimandala Mudaliars, Brahmins and Dalits are the numerically dominant Tamil-speaking groups. Brahmins are more numerous and affluent in Kumbakonam than in other parts of Tamil Nadu. There are also large populations of Moopanars, Konars and Nadars. Amongst Muslims, the Sunnis are dominant. However, there is also a significant Shia minority. Most of the Muslims are Marakkayars or Labbays. The majority of Muslims in Kumbakonam are involved in commerce or maritime trade. Kumbakonam also has a large population of Protestant Christians largely due to the efforts of the German missionary Christian Friedrich Schwarz. The Catholics in Kumbakonam are mainly affiliated to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kumbakonam which was separated from the Archdiocese of Pondicherry in 1899.

 

The population of Kumbakonam is predominantly Tamil-speaking. The commonly used dialects is the Central Tamil dialect. There are significant minorities speaking Thanjavur Marathi, Telugu, Kannada and Saurashtrian as their mother tongue.

 

Residential areas make up 32.09% of the town's total area while commercial enterprises and industrial units make up 2.75% and 1.21% respectively. The non-urban portion of the town constitutes about 44.72% of the total area. Kumbakonam has a total of 45 slums with a population of 49,117.

 

As per the religious census of 2011, Kumbakonam had 86.07% Hindus, 9.57% Muslims, 3.99% Christians, 0.% Sikhs, 0.% Buddhists, 0.23% Jains, 0.13% following other religions and 0.% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.

 

MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION AND POLITICS

The Kumbakonam municipality was officially constituted in the year 1866. Initially, the municipality exercised its jurisdiction over an area of 7.68 km2 and its affairs were administered by a town-level committee or municipal committee. Later it was constituted special-grade municipality and currently, exercises its authority over an area of 12.58 km2 out of the town's total area of 64.02 km2. It comprises 45 wards and is the second biggest municipality in Thanjavur district.

 

The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: General, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, Town planning and the Computer Wing. All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the supreme executive head. The legislative powers are vested in a body of 45 members, one each from each of the 45 wards. The legislative body is headed by an elected Chairperson who is assisted by a Deputy Chairperson.

 

Kumbakonam is a part of the Kumbakonam Legislative Assembly constituency and elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years. Despite being a hub of militant Communism in the 1950s, Kumbakonam voted for the Indian National Congress in the first five state elections held between 1952 and 1977. The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam won the elections in 1977 and between 1977 and 1989, the seat was alternatively held by the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or the Indian National Congress. Since 1989, barring an interregnum of five years between 1991 and 1996, the seat has been held by Ko. Si. Mani of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Kumbakonam was a part of the Kumbakonam Lok Sabha constituency from 1952 till 1977, when the constituency was disbanded. The assembly segments in the erstwhile Kumbakonam Lok Sabha constituency were included in the Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency and have remained so ever since.

 

Law and order in Kumbakonam in maintained by the Thanjavur sub division of the Tamil Nadu Police headed by a Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP). There are four police stations in the town, one of them being an all-women police station. There are special units like prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and special branch that operate at the district level police division headed by a Superintendent of Police (SP).

 

ECONOMY

The important products of Kumbakonam include brass, bronze, copper and pewter vessels, silk and cotton cloths, sugar, indigo and pottery. Kumbakonam is considered to be the chief commercial centre for the Thanjavur region. In 1991, around 30% of the population was engaged in economic activity. Rice production is an important activity in Kumbakonam. Of 194 industrial units in Kumbakonam, 57 are rice and flour mills. Kumbakonam is also a leading producer of betel leaves and nuts; the betel leaves produced in Kumbakonam are ranked amongst the best in the world in terms of quality. The A. R. R. Agencies, a leading manufacturer of arecanut slices has its factory in Kumbakonam. The main administrative offices of T. S. R. & Co., a cosmetic company, are also based in Kumbakonam. Kumbakonam is also famous for its metal works. The Tamil Nadu Handicraft Development Corporation had been established in the nearby town of Swamimalai in order to train bronze artisans. Kumbakonam is an important silk-weaving centre and more than 5,000 families were employed either directly or indirectly in silk weaving. Silk weaved in Kumbakonam is regarded as one of the finest in the subcontinent. They are largely used in the manufacture of Thirubuvanam silk sarees. Kumbakonam was also an important salt-manufacturing area during British rule. The town lends its name to the Kumbakonam Degree Coffee, a blend of coffee prepared using undiluted pure milk. In recent times, Kumbakonam has emerged as an important manufacturer of fertilizers.

 

Apart from its manufactures, tourism is also a major source of income for the town. The Hindu temples and colonial-era buildings have been recognised for their tourism potential. The 12th-century Airavatesvara Temple in the town of Darasuram near Kumbakonam is an UNESCO World Heritage Site. Kumbakonam is also frequented by art collectors interested in handloom cloth and other curios. Banks such as the Axis Bank, Bank of Baroda, State Bank of India, Tamilnad Mercantile Bank, Canara Bank, Indian Bank Indian Overseas Bank, Bank of India, Union Bank of India, Corporation Bank, Lakshmi Vilas Bank, ICICI Bank, ING Vysya Bank, Karur Vysya Bank, Punjab National Bank, Syndicate Bank and Vijaya Bank have their branches in Kumbakonam. The City Union Bank was founded in Kumbakonam in 1904 as the Kumbakonam Bank Limited and it is headquartered in the town.

 

TRANSPORT AND UTILITY SERVICES

Kumbakonam is well-connected by road and rail with the rest of India. The nearest international airport is at Tiruchirapalli, which is 91 km from Kumbakonam. The nearest seaport is located at Nagapattinam which is about 50 km away. The town has around 141 km of roads, 544 municipal roads making up 122.29 km. There are also around 18.71 km of state highways running through Kumbakonam. Over 87% of the municipal roads are paved. There are regular government and private bus services to Chennai, Thanjavur, Mannargudi, Tiruchirapalli, Chidambaram, Mayiladuthurai, Nagapattinam, Coimbatore, Palani, Tiruppur, Thoothukudi, Madurai, Sivagangai, Puducherry, and Tirunelveli. The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) operates daily services from Bengaluru and mysuru to Kumbakonam. On March 1, 1972, the Cholan Roadways Corporation was established by the Government of Tamil Nadu with its headquarters in Kumbakonam in order to improve transportation facilities in the districts of central Tamil Nadu. The organisation acquired the fleets of buses earlier owned by private operators – Sri Ramavilas Service, Raman and Raman Limited and Sathi Vilas. On July 1, 1997, the organization was renamed Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation, Kumbakonam and presently forms division no. 1 of the Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation. The corporation runs a reconditioning unit and a tyre re-threading unit in Kumbakonam. Kumbakonam is connected by rail with most important towns and cities in South India. The Mysuru- Mayiladuthurai Express connects Kumbakonam with Mysuru and Bengaluru. There are regular express trains that connect Kumbakonam with major cities in the state like Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tiruchirapalli. There are passenger trains that connect Kumbakonam with Thanjavur, Tiruchirapalli, Chidambaram and and Mayiladuthurai.

 

The traditional modes of transportation are bullock carts. It is recorded that as late as the 1950s, landlords and rich farmers travelled mostly by bullock carts with the exception of rare long journeys which they undertook by buses or motor Kumbakonam has an efficient local bus transportation system. The mofussil bus stand is located in the south-east of Kumbakonam and is situated just opposite to the Arignar Anna Bus Stand where the long-distance buses are stationed. There are occasional ferries that transport people and goods across the Cauvery. Till the beginning of the 20th century, students of the Government Arts College used to cross the Cauvery on coracle ferries in order to attend college. Since the construction of a bridge in 1944, the practice of transporting men and goods by coracles has greatly diminished.

 

Electricity supply to Kumbakonam is regulated and distributed by the Kumbakonam circle of Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB). Water supply is provided by the Kumbakonam municipality from Cauvery river and Coleroon river; the distribution is managed through head works located at Valayapettai and Kudithangi, supplying 3,265 kl (863,000 US gal) of water to the town. About 18 t of solid waste is collected from the town everyday; 53% domestic wastes and 32% commercial wastes. The collected wastes are dumped in yards outside the town and segregated to produce organic manure. Kumbakonam municipality has partial underground drainage connectivity and the municipality is implementing the underground drainage to the uncovered areas. The major sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks and public conveniences. Roadside drains carry untreated sewage out of the town to let out raw into the sea or accumulates in low-lying area.

 

Kumbakonam comes under the Cauvery River Delta Area (CRDA) of the Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecom and internet services provider. Apart from telecom, BSNL also provides broadband internet service. There are two government hospitals, 34 private hospitals & clinics and numerous medical shops catering to the healthcare need of the town.

 

EDUCATION

The Raja Veda Padasala, established by Govinda Dikshitar during 1542 in Kumbakonam, teaches Sanskrit vedic scriptures in specialised fields of Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda, Agamas and Sastras. Kumbakonam emerged as an important centre of education in the late 19th century and was known as the "Cambridge of South India". The Government Arts College, established in Kumbakonam in 1867, is one of the oldest educational institutions in the Madras Presidency. It began as a provincial school on October 19, 1854, before being upgraded to a government college in 1867. It was affiliated to the Madras University in 1877. One of the early principals of the college was William Archer Porter, a Cambridge Wrangler, who, along with T. Gopala Rao, was instrumental in its elevation to a government college. He is also credited with framing the college's acclaimed educational policy. In 1881, it became a full-fledged college and high school courses ceased to be taught. Notable faculty members included U. V. Swaminatha Iyer (1855–1942) while the Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887–1920) who studied from 1904 until 1906 when he dropped out and V. S. Srinivasa Sastri (1869–1946), an Indian politician and administrator, are its notable alumni. The Government Arts College for Women was started in 1963 and had a total strength of 2,597 pupils in February 2006. The college offers various undergraduate courses and one post-graduate course and is affiliated to the Bharathidasan University. Other colleges in Kumbakonam include Idhya Colleges of Arts and Sciences, Annai College of Arts and Sciences, Government College Of Fine Arts and Arasu Engineering College. The Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy has a satellite campus based in Kumbakonam where all disciplines of Engineering, arts and sciences are taught.

 

The Native High School, founded in 1876, and the Town Higher Secondary School, one of whose students was Srinivasa Ramanujan, were some of the oldest schools in the Madras Presidency. At present, there a total of 36 government and private schools in Kumbakonam.

 

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